Basics of Deciston-making Decision-making- involves the selection of a course of action from among two or more possible alternatives 19 arrive at a solution for a given problem. ‘Steps t Defining the problem Gathering information and collecting data Developing and weighing the options Choosing best possible option Plan and execute Take follow up action on eune Problem Solving vs Decision Making Problem solving- is an analytical process used to identify the possible solutions to the situation at hand. It is a complex process, and judgement calls — or decisions — will have to be made on the way. It is a process. Decision making- is a choice made by using one’s judgment. Itis a part of problem solving. It is an action based on insights derived during the problem-solving process. Individual Decision Making Techniques it 1L. Directive- uses quick, decisive thinking to come to a solution. This is characterized by low tolerance for Unclear or ambiguous ideas. It is focused on the task and will use own knowledge and judgment to come, te on with selective input from other individuals. 2 Analytical- this carefully analyze data to come up with a solution. \t invests on time to compile data and evidence before they come to a conclusion. It looks at all the details and formed what believe is the best possible solution. 3. Conceptual- big picture type of thinking which is_willing to take risks. It looks forward to what could happen if the decision is made, The conclusions come from visualizing different opportunities and ‘outcomes for the future. This is most advantageous in making long-term decisions, 4, Behavioral- focuses on relationships more than the task. It evaluates the feelings of others as part of their decision-making process. The decisions are often based on how the choice will impact relationships. Group Decision Making Techniques 1. Bralnstorming- this offers a free-flowing structure to the discussion and allows the whole team an opportunity to share their ideas on how to apiproach a particular situation. The main goal of brainstorming is to come up with as many suggestions as possible and to then decipher which idea may be the best approach. 2. The Delphi Method - this group decision-making process takes all of the ideas generated by your team and compiles them for the leader of the group to break down into a smaller list of possible approaches. Those fewer options are then taken back ta the group for further discussion and collective consideration. Essentially, the choices are condensed until a majority decision can be made. 3. Welghted Scoring - Is ideal to use ina situation where your team has many ideas for possible Scanned with CamScannerGroup Decision Making Techniques 1. Brainstorming - this offers a free-flowing structure to the discussion and allows the whole team an ‘opportunity to share their ideas on how to approach a particular situation. The main goal of brainstorming is to come up with as many suggestions as possible and to then decipher which idea may be the best approach. 2. The Delph! Method - this group decision-making procesy takes all of the ideas generated by your team and compiles them for the leader of the group to Ykeak down into a smaller list of possible approaches. Those fewer options are then taken back to the group for further discussion and collective consideration. Essentially, the choices are condensed until a majority decision can be made. 3. Welghted Scoring - is ideal to use in a situation where your team has many ideas for possible solutions but have not necessarily considered the implications of each decision thoroughly. It is founded on the idea that certain ideas or approaches may be riskier than others and therefore their implications need to be considered. 4, Nominal Group Technique - builds on the brainstorming discussion by including a voting process at the end. Not only does each group member cast a vote, but each person is given the opportunity to also give an explanation as to why they voted for whichever decision or option and why they feel as if it's the best choice. f 5. Passibility Ranking - means determining the best option through a voting system. Everyone is asked. to make a personal list of how they might rank different options or approaches. After you determine the average of the best option, you can take that approach knowing that the majority support it and agree with it. 6. The Stepladder Technique - s each team member to give thei the rest of the group. 7. Pros and Cons list=is often referred to as Dialectical Inquiry. tis a group decision-making approach that tries to fight against groupthink. When using this technique, split participants into two groups: those advocating for an idea and those advocating against it and allows them to explain it: 8, Didactic Interaction - is similar to your pros and cons list or do dialectical inquiry. but unfolds alittle differently, The type of problem should be such that it results in a “yes” at a “no” solution. Using this, ‘approach, you can simplify the process of investigation, waste no time and get straight to the point, without asking for any kind of elaboration. 9. Decision-trees - is great for forecasting outcomes to different decisions, Decision trees are highly visual and operate as a type of non-linear mind map so that you can predict how certain approaches toa situation may turn out. Because this model of decision-making isn’t linear, you and your team can the Delphi method. The difference is that: inal opinion on a matter, before anyone can be influenced by Scanned with CamScannerto make a personal list of how they might rank different options or approaches. After you determine the average of the best option, you can take that approach knowing that the majority support it and agree with it. i 6. The Stepladder Technique - ‘each team member to give th the rest of the group. 7. Pros and Cons list -is often referred to as Dialectical inckiry. tis a group decision-making approach that tries to fight against groupthink. When using this technique, split participants into two groups: those advocating for an idea and those advocating against it and allows them to explain. it. 8. Didactic Interaction - is similar to your pros and cons list or do dialectical inquiry. but unfolds a little differently. The type of problem should be such that it results in a “yes” or a “no” solution. Using this approach, you can simplify the process of investigation, waste no time and get straight to the point, without asking for any kind of elaboration. 9, Decislon-trees - is great for forecasting outcomes to different decisions. Decision trees are highly visual and operate as a type of non-linear mind map so that you can predict how certain approaches toa situation may turn out. Because this model of decision-making isn’t linear, you and your team can come up with creative ideas and make multiple potential decisions to understand which one has the most beneficial outcome. 10. Consensus Mapping - begins with your team generating and developing ideas. It then attempts to arrive at a decision by pooling these ideas together, which have been generated by several task sub- groups. The ideas generated by the task sub-groups are further developed collectively and then narrowed down into a smaller number of ideas, with a stronger focus. Police Officers’ Decision Frames and Response Styles 1. The tough law enforcer- arrests serious criminals and rule violators. 2. The negotlator- emphasizes maintaining community peace and often uses mediation and other informal methods to resolve disturbances. 3. The rule follower- bases arrest decisions on organizational policies or legal statutes. 2 the Delphi method. The difference is that this encourages inal opinion on a matter, before anyone can be influenced by Guldes for Quick or Fast Decision Making ‘= Know your problem: You must have clarity on the problem before deciding on how best to address it. © Lots of small decisions are better than fewer large decisions: Too many of the decisions we make are unnecessarily large or require too much evidence for us to proceed quickly. Large decisions are risky; break them down into a set of smaller decisions or actionable experiments. as early as possible and use the decision-making process to iterate and improve on th . Continuously review your assumptions and find your blind spots. Rapid learning and course correction isa key part of an agile decision-making process. Scanned with CamScanner