Trng : i Hc Ty Bc Sinh vin lp : K49 - H QTKD

Nhm 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Nguyn Th Ngc Chm Dng Th H Thi Ngc H Trn Th Hng Phng Huyn Mai Th Lin Nguyn Hng Quyn Nguyn nh Quyt Phm Vn Thnh Trn c Tun Nguyn Xun Thim Nguyn Th Ti Nguyn Bo Trung

BI THO LUN MN QUN TR SN XUT V TC NGHIP

I. L thuyt 1. Nng sut Trong sn xut, vn mu cht nhm gip doanh nghip n nh v pht trin, u nm trong 3 t: nng sut, cht lng v chi ph. Nhng 3 hay ch l 1? Tht ra, trong qun l, nn tp trung nh hng vo 1 trong 3 yu t trn,v d vi nh hng no cng s u t c kt qu vi c 3. V mun t kt qu tt mt ny, th u phi c cc gii php lin quan n 2 mt kia. Mc tiu tng li nhun ca cc doanh nghip ch c th t c bng cch tng doanh thu thng qua m rng th trng, tng s lng sn phm tiu th v h gi thnh sn phm. Ci tin nng sut gip cho doanh nghip t c mc tiu nu trn. C th ni, ci tin nng sut l yu t gn lin vi s tn ti v pht trin ca doanh nghip. Nng sut chnh l thc o hiu qu v hiu lc trong vic s dng cc ngun lc v trong vic t c mc tiu. Nng sut c hiu mt cch chung nht v c bn nht nh sau: - Ci tin nng sut l nhu cu tt yu tn ti v pht trin. - Nng cao nng sut lun ng hnh vi m bo cht lng. - Nng sut nhn mnh vo vic gim lng ph; - Ngun nhn lc l yu t quan trng nht ci tin nng sut. Nh vy, trong qun l nng sut, cn lu n cc lng ph xy ra trong qu trnh, t s c nhng phng thc qun l tt hn, nhm gim chi ph sn xut thng qua qun l nng sut.
2. Cht lng Cht lng tt khng nht thit l cht lng cao, n c ngha l mc ng u (v hnh thc, tnh cht...) v s tin cy, vi gi thnh thp nhng cht lng c th trng chp nhn Tin s W.E. Deming

Cht lng quan tm n: t c yu cu, n nh, v Tin cy V th no l cht lng? y xin khng bn n cc nh ngha v cht lng, m ch xin ni n nhng suy ngh v cht lng ca mt s DN, cht lng c hiu l lm sao em n cho khch hng nhng sn phm t cht lng, cn nhng sn phm li phi loi b, nhng lng ph do ti ch trong qu trnh sn xut th khng c quan tm qun l. 3. Chi ph V cng t 2 khi nim v nng sut v cht lng trn, vic qun l chi ph c nh hng r rt, bng gii php i tm cc lng ph trong qu trnh sn xut: nhng ph phm, ph liu, nhng thao tc tha, nhng di chuyn khng ph hp c bin php

loi tr chng, t chi ph c tit gim, cht lng h thng cng s c qun l tt hn, v th l nng sut cng gia tng theo . Cc dng lng ph ny c th n cha trong bt k cng on/qu trnh no ca qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Do hot ng qun l l phi nhn din v gim tr cc dng lng ph trong cc qu trnh nhm nng cao hiu qu cc hot ng. Ngha l gim cc ngun lc u vo nhng vn m bo u ra theo yu cu. Nh vy chng ta mi c th a ra nhng gii php khc phc nng cao cht lng sn xut v t gim chi ph. Theo h thng sn xut ca Toyota, cc dng lng ph ny bao gm: Sn xut tha (Overproduction): Sn xut nhiu hn nhng g c yu cu mt cch khng cn thit. Vic ny c th gy ra s li thi ca sn phm, sai chng loi sn phm h hng sn phm, chi ph cho vic bo qun, tn kho. Sn xut tha c th gia cc qu trnh vi nhau (bn thnh phm) hay sn phm cui cng trc khi n khch hng. - Ch i (Waiting time): Thi gian nhn ri ca my mc thit b hay ngi thc hin. - Ph phm (Defects): Cc sn phm sai quy cch, sn phm hng trong qu trnh sn xut, ph liu, - Vn chuyn (Transportation): Vic vn chuyn nguyn vt liu/bn thnh phm gia cc qu trnh/hot ng sn xut. - Di chuyn (Motion): Bt k cc chuyn ng tay chn hay vic i li khng cn thit ca cc cng nhn khng gn lin vi vic gia cng sn phm. V d: vic di chuyn tm kim cc cng c/dng c cho qu trnh sn xut, - Thao tc tha (Overprocessing): Gia cng tha tc tin hnh nhiu cng vic gia cng hn mc khch hng yu cu di hnh thc cht lng hay cng nng ca sn phm. V d: nh bng k nhng im trn sn phm m khch hng khng yu cu v khng quan tm. - Tn kho (Inventory): Lng ph v tn kho ngha l d tr qu mc cn thit v nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm. Do , trong qun l, mi DN nn tp trung nh hng vo 1 trong 3 yu t trn. II. V d 1. S lc v cng ty Toyota 1.1. S sng lp ca TOYOTA Ngi sng lp ra cng ty Toyota l ng Kiichiro Toyota. B ca ng Kiichiro, Sakichi Toyota, l ngi pht minh ra my dt t ng nhng ngay t thi ng tin tng rng y l k nguyn ca oto, ng mun bt u sn xut oto. Tuy nhin, i ng khng th nhn thy s pht trin ca cng nghip oto, ng Kiichiro thnh cng vi gic m ca ngi cha v bt u sn xut t cho th trng ni a Nht Bn. 1.2. Lch s

1937: Cng ty Toyota Motor Co.,Ltd. c thnh lp 1938: Nh my Koromo bt u hot ng (Hin nay l nh Honsha)

1950: Cng ty Toyota Motor Sales Co.,Ltd c thnh lp 1957: Xe du lch u tin (CROWN) c xut khu vo th trng M 1962: Tng sn lng ni a ca Toyota t 1 triu xe 1972: Tng sn lng ni a ca Toyota t 10 triu xe 1979: Xut khu c 10 triu xe Toyota 1982: Cng ty Tyota Motor Co.,Ltd v Toyota Motor Sales Co,.,Ltd st nhp thnh Toyota Motor Corporation 1986: Tng sn lng ni a ca Toyota t 50 triu xe 1999: Tng sn lng ni a ca Toyota t 100 triu xe HIN TRNG CA CNG TY TOYOTA (NM 2000)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Tn cng ty: Toyota Motor Corporation Ngy thnh lp: 28/08/1937 Tr s chnh: thnh ph Toyota, qun Aichi, Japan Tng vn: 397,0 triu yn S lng nhn vin: 65,290 Sn phm: t( xe du lch, xe ti v xe but), xe cng nghip, ph tng t, bt ng sn.

2. H thng sn xut ca Toyota

H thng sn xut ca Toyota chnh l mt v d in hnh thy c vn mu cht nhm gip doanh nghip n nh v pht trin, u nm trong 3 t: nng sut, cht lng v chi ph. Nhng trong qun l, nn tp trung nh hng vo 1 trong 3 yu t trn,v d vi nh hng no cng s u t c kt qu vi c 3. V mun t kt qu tt mt ny, th u phi c cc gii php lin quan n 2 mt kia. Toyota gy c s ch ln u tin ca th gii vo nhng nm 1980 khi m khch hng bt u nhn ra rng xe Toyota c tui th di hn v t sa cha hn xe M. Ngy nay h l mt trong nhng nh sn xut xe hi c li nht trn th gii, sn xut xe hi cht lng cao, theo th hiu ca ngi dng, s dng t gi lao ng v hng ha tn kho. n ngy hm nay, Toyota vn tip tc gia tng sn xut, pht trin sn phm v han thin quy trnh Con ng thnh cng ca Toyota gii thch nguyn tc qun l v trit l kinh doan mang n s thnh cng ca Toyota. Sch trnh by cch tip cn ca Toyota i vi vic sn xut tit kim (c bit n nh h thng sn xut Toyota) Sc mnh tm c th gii ca Con ng Toyota Con ng Toyota: ly kh nng sn xut xut sc lm v kh chin lc.

H thng sn xut Toyota: Sn xut sn phm theo ng s lng cn thit vo thi im cn thit c m t bng cm t ng thi im. V yu t nng cao nng sut ca Toyota chnh l m hnh sn xut c hai nh lnh o tin bi ca Tp on Toyota l Eiji Toyoda v Taiichi Ohno a ra sau Th chin ln th 2. M hnh ny c nhiu cng ty v cc ngnh cng nghip ca Nht Bn sao chp v p dng thnh cng, gp phn vo s pht trin ca nn kinh t Nht Bn. Nhiu nh sn xut trn th gii cng ang c gng tm hiu h thng ci tin ny. Phng php sn xut ti u ho h thng sn xut, Tp on t Toyota kt ni cc li ch ca hnh thc sn xut th cng v sn xut hng lot. Phng thc ny gip t chc va trnh c chi ph cao ca phng thc sn xut trc y, va khc phc c s cng nhc ca phng thc sn xut hin thi. Thm vo , h tuyn dng mt i ng nhn vin a k nng ti mi cp ca t chc v s dng nhng my mc c linh hot cao v t ng sn xut ra mt lng ln cc sn phm a chng loi. H thng Toyota c nh ngha l phng php sn xut tit kim (lean production), bi n s dng t hn tt c cc ngun lc so vi phng thc sn xut hng lot hin thi nh ch s dng mt na s lng nhn lc, mt na khng gian sn xut, mt na vn u t vo cc cng c, mt na thi gian k thut pht trin mt sn phm mi v vic sn xut ch tn mt na thi gian so vi phng php sn xut hng lot. C l s khc bit ln nht gia phng thc sn xut hng lot v h thng Toyota l mc tiu cui cng ca cng ty. Cc nh sn xut hng lot ch t ra mt mc tiu gii hn va , nh a ra mt s lng hng sai li c th chp nhn c, mt mc ti a lng hng tn kho, v mt phm vi hp cc sn phm tiu chun ho. Trong khi , cc nh sn xut tit kim li t ra cc mc tiu r rng hn v s hon thin. Sn xut ng thi im H thng sn xut Toyota l mt cng ngh qun l sn xut ton din ca ngi Nht. tng c bn ca h thng ny l duy tr mt dng chy lin tc cc sn phm trong nh my v thch ng mt cch linh hot vi s thay i ca nhu cu. Sn xut sn phm theo ng s lng cn thit vo thi im cn thit c m t bng cm t ng thi im. Ly v d, trong mt qu trnh lp rp xe, cn phi c nhng ph kin cn thit ca qu trnh trc ti thi im cn thit vi s lng cn thit. Nu khi nim ny c nhn thc trong ton nh my, th lng tn kho khng cn thit s b xo b hon ton, do vy nh my s khng cn n vic to ra cc nh kho v gim bt c chi ph lu kho. Trong h thng Toyota, ngi cng nhn lm vic ti qu trnh sau s phi i n qu trnh trc ly nhng ph kin cn thit vi mt s lng cn thit ti thi im cn thit. Sau , cng vic m qu trnh trc cn lm l ch sn xut s lng n v sn phm thay th nhng ci b ly i. T kim sot li : thc hin qu trnh sn xut ng thi im, 100% hng ho c cht lng tt phi chy vo dy chuyn u tin, v dy chuyn ny phi hot ng nhp nhng m khng b gin on. Do vy, cng tc qun l cht lng l rt quan trng v

ng thi phi tn ti vi hot ng sn xut. T kim sot li c ngha l xy dng mt c ch trong c phng tin hn ch vic sn xut hng lot cc sn phm sai li trong my mc v dy chuyn sn phm. T kim sot li l s t ng kim tra nhng im khng bnh thng trong qu trnh. B my kim sot li l mt b my c ci t mt thit b t ng dng. Ti cc nh my Toyota, hu ht my mc u t ng, do vy c th ngn cn c vic sn xut ra hng lot cc sn phm sai li v vic hng hc my mc s c t ng kim tra. tng t kim sot li cng c m rng ra cc dy chuyn th cng. Nu c im g khng bnh thng xy ra trong dy chuyn sn phm, ngi cng nhn s bm vo nt dng v ton b dy chuyn dng li. Nhm mc ch pht hin ra li ti cc qu trnh, ti cc phn xng u treo mt bng in t (c gi l Andon) dng ch im dng ca dy chuyn mi ngi c th trng thy. Bng in t Andon trong h thng Toyota ng mt vai tr quan trng gip cho vic kim sot li t ng, ng thi cng l mt v d in hnh ca H thng kim sot trc quan Toyota. Fujio Cho Ngi cho li Toyota Va qua, tp ch kinh t, thng mi Fortune bnh chn ng Fujio Cho, Tng gim c Toyota, l Doanh nhn xut sc nht chu nm 2004. Con ngi ny c g c bit? ng Cho bt u lm vic ti Toyota vo nm 1960, khi ng trn 23 tui, va tt nghip i hc Tokyo. n nm 1999, ng tr thnh Tng gim c ca Toyota. ng cng hin c cuc i mnh cho s nghip pht trin ca hng xe hi Nht ny. L ngi khim tn, ng Cho lun cp n ng gp ca cc nh lnh o tin nhim v cng s hn l ni v bn thn mnh. ng cng l ngi bit ng bin mau l v nhanh chng thch nghi vi tnh th. Cho ni ng hc tnh linh hot ny trong thi gian chn nm lm tng gim c nh my Georgetown. y l nh my Toyota u tin M. Nh cng nhn M lin tc cht vn v cch lm vic m ng nhn ra nhiu chi tit trong h thng sn xut Toyota cn c thay i cho hp vi cc nh my M v hn th, c th gip ci tin c cc nh my ti Nht. ng tha nhn: Chng ti lm nhiu vic mt cch my mc khng suy ngh ch v c dy lm nh th v cch lm y c v c vic nn chng ti c th m tip tc. ng ni tip: Vic bnh trng hot ng ca Toyota qua M c tc dng nh mt liu thuc ci lo hon ng cho ton b cng ty, buc mi nhn vin phi thay i nhng kin lc hu. B quyt thnh cng Trong cuc phng vn vi mt nh bo Nht, ng Cho ni rng thnh cng ca Toyota n t np vn ha ca cng ty: Suy ngh khng ch bng ci u m c i tay. ng ni ng hc c Toyota tnh kin cng, khng nn ch d gp tht bi. B quyt thnh cng ngy nay ca Toyota l hun luyn c cho cng nhn suy ngh. Theo ng, lun c hai cu hi chnh c t ra: Chng ta ang lng ph thi gian, nhn lc v vt liu khu no? v: Lm cch no gim bt cc ph phm ny?. ng a ra v d v bng ti. Mt s nh sn xut dng bng ti chuyn sn phm t mt cng nhn n ngi k tip trn mt dy chuyn sn xut. Nhng vic ny lm lng ph thi gian v cng nhn phi nhc sn phm khi bng chuyn khi lm

vic. S tit kim thi gian nu gi sn phm c nh v cng nhn tip cn sn phm lp rp khi cn thit. ng ni Toyota ngy nay l kt qu hn 40 nm ci tin khng ngng, t nhng chi tit nh nh vy. Cc mu xe thng minh v ting tm v cht lng gip th phn Toyota M tng n 12,2% vo nm 2004 so vi 6,4% nm 1986. Cc mu xe hi ca Toyota thuc vo s nhng mu xe ph bin nht M; t Camry n Lexus v Scion xB lng ly trn ng ph. Nhiu nh phn tch d bo Toyota s gt DaimlerChrysler nhy ln v tr ba cng ty xe hi ln nht nc M. Trn th trng th gii, Toyota ngon mc vt qua Ford, tr thnh cng ty xe hi ln th nh th gii. Vi pht trin ny, thm ch Toyota c th s vt qua c General Motors chim v tr s mt th gii trong vng hai nm ti. Nm ngoi, lng xe hi Toyota bn ra trn ton cu tng 10% t 7, 5 triu xe. Li ca nm ti chnh kt thc vo thng 3/2003 ca Toyota tng 67% t 10,3 t -la M, nhiu hn c li nhun ca bn hng GM, Ford, Volkswagen v DaimlerChrysler cng li. Xe thn thin vi mi trng Mt trong nhng t ph chinh phc th trng ca Toyota l vic gii thiu mu xe sch, thn thin vi mi trng kt hp va xng va in hoc va diesel va in. Nhng ngi trong ngh Detroit vng quc xe hi ca M tng khinh khnh khi Toyota gii thiu ln u mu xe sch Prius (ting Latinh c ngha l tin ln pha trc). Nhng nay chnh Toyota l ngi ci rui tr li: Nhin liu hn hp gi y l mt thi thng, thm ch Toyota khng c xe cung cp cho th trng. Chnh ph Trung Quc ang tch cc c v dn chng s dng xe khng gy nhim mi trng. H hy vng Toyota, thng qua lin doanh ti Trung Quc sn xut xe Prius, s chuyn giao cng ngh sn xut xe sch cho i tc Trung Quc. ng Cho cho bit Toyota cng d nh m thm nh my ti M vo nm 2006 sn xut loi xe ny. Nhiu nh phn tch ph phn Toyota v khon l hin cng ty ang phi chu trn mi u xe sch bn ra. Nhng, theo ng Cho, ginh c v tr thng tr trn th trng xe sch hin ti l im mu cht s to ra kh nng tng li cho cng ty trong tng lai. Trong qu kh, Toyota ch gii hn hot ng ca mnh ti Nht. Nhng hin nay Toyota li theo ui mt chin dch ton cu ha y tham vng. T 20 nh my ti 14 nc, hin cng ty c 47 nh my 26 nc, khng k Nht. Sp ti cng ty s tip tc m thm nh my ti Mexico, Tip Khc v M. Toyota ang th nghim gim thi gian hon thin mu xe mi (tnh bng thng) v lm vic vi nh cung cp tit gim chi ph cho ph tng. im mi trong ch trng ton cu ha ca Toyota l quan nim th gii nh mt th trng ng nht thay v nhng th trng ni a ring l. Cng ty ang p nhiu d n to bo trong vic gii thiu cc mu xe mi cng mt lc trn khp th gii, vi ph tng sn xut t nc ny s dng ti nc khc. Tham vng ca ng Cho, d khng xc nhn chnh thc, l ginh c 15% th trng xe hi th gii vo cui thp nin ny. Nhng ng khim tn ni: y ch l ch tiu ni b nhm nhc nh mi nhn vin Toyota cn lm vic hng say hn na. Th thch ln nht m ng Cho v cc cng s ang i u trong vic thc hin chin dch ton cu ha ny l lm sao duy tr cho c nguyn tc kaizen.

Nguyn tc kaizen Linh hn h thng sn xut Toyota l nguyn tc kaizen. Kaizen c hiu nh s i mi lin tc. im ct yu ca n nm ch mi k s, nh qun tr, cng nhn trong dy chuyn cng tc vi nhau khng ngng ngh t ng ha dy chuyn sn xut v xc nh cc thay i thit yu gip cng vic din tin sun s. Toyota c gng duy tr hng tn kho cng t cng tt, khng ch gim chi ph m cn truy cu sai st ngay lc xy ra. Dy chuyn sn xut ca Toyota c chy vi cng sut ti a. D vy, mi cng nhn u c quyn ngng dy chuyn v yu cu h tr cp tc nu pht hin c sai st. Mt v d tiu biu cho thnh tu ca vic thc hin nguyn tc ny l nh my Tsutsumi vi sn lng nm trm ngn xe hi mi nm, tm kiu khc nhau vi tc mt chic mt pht. Dy chuyn sn xut Tsutsumi l mt v iu ba-l vi chnh xc ng khm phc, to nn t nhng ci tin nh trong nh my. Chng hn, cc cng nhn lp rp bng ng h ngi trn cc gh c gii ha cho php h di chuyn ra vo phn bn trong xe m khng cn ngi xm hay ci xung. Hoc sng kin s dng ng kim loi v nam chm chn inh vt t thng cha theo kch c v th t nh sn. Kaizen c coi l h thng nhim sc th c trng ca c th Toyota. Mi gen u c th c nhn bn trong th gii hin i ngy nay, tng t nh h thng dy chuyn sn xut Toyota. Nh nguyn tc kaizen, cc nh lnh o Toyota hy vng i th cnh tranh s khng bao gi ui kp Toyota trong lnh vc ci tin v hon thin h thng sn xut. Bn cha kha vng ca Toyota Ti sao Toyota thnh cng? l cu hi ln, hc hoi vn cha bit ht v bit ht cng cha lm theo c. Nhng ngi ta vn c tm hiu, mong mun gii m gene v sao chp ADN thnh cng ca hng xe hi ang vt ln ng u th gii. Gc r ca thnh cng gt li ch mt dng: bin cng vic thnh mt chui cc thc nghim an xen v din ra cng mt lc. Lm th no c th ha iu ny? C bn b quyt, c coi l cha kha vng. Th nht: quan st cng vic. Ti Toyota, mi ngi phi quan st nm chc cng vic phi lm trc khi bt tay vo vic. Nm na l ngh trc khi hnh ng. Cng nhn phi quan st cc quy trnh ng tc ca mnh. Lnh o phi quan st cng nhn tm cch sp xp hp l cc thao tc. Mt nh qun l phi b ra 12 tun, l thi gian ngi quan st thao tc ca cc cng nhn, nghin cu tngng tc, quy trnh c khi ch i mt ci nt bm t bn tri sang bn phi chng hn. Hoc l thay i v tr cc linh kin gim thi gian i li, mang vc. Toyota coi trng vic tm cch ci thin quy trnh, tnh ti vic gii quyt cc li c th pht sinh, hn l i gii quyt cc s c xy ra. Th hai: mi thay i lnh o mun lm, u phi coi l th nghim. Khng phi c lnh o cho kin u l ng c. Cc nh qun l phi c trang b t tng ny v

sn sng cng th nghim. Nguyn tc ny gip tm ra kh nhiu nhng gii php ng v tt hn ht. Th ba: c cng nhn ln cc nh qun l, lun lun th nghim i mi, cng nhiu cng tt. Toyota mun tin hnh nhiu th nghim nh hc hi trc khi bt tay vo cc th nghim ln hn. iu ny gip cc sai lm nu xy ra cng khng qu ln v c th c nhanh chng sa cha. Th t: ngi qun l ng vai tr nh cc hun luyn vin v cho nhn vin tin hnh cc cng vic c th v thc hin nhng thay i cn thit. iu ny gip c hai pha cng phi th nghim thc t, pht trin sng to. Bn nguyn tc ny kh n gin. Tuy vy, cc chuyn gia cho rng phi thc s tri nghim qua h thng sn xut ca Toyota mi c th tht s hiu bit v h thng ny. H cng cho rng khng ai c th ng ha hoc ti to c h thng ny. Cc doanh nghip khc kh c th copy y chang ADN ca Toyota, nhng nu p dng c th c s khi u tt. Tp ch Harvard Business Review tun ri va vit thm cc bi v vn gii m ADN ca h thng sn xut Toyota cho rng nhiu cng ty mun hc theo cch lm ca Toyota nhng li sai lm khi qu ch trng vo cc vn cng c v chin thut m qun nhng nguyn tc c bn, vn l mu cht ca h thng Toyota. Tc gi ca cc bi bo ny, ph gio s Steven Spear cho rng nu p dng cc nguyn tc ny, d khng thnh cng nh Toyota, ch t cng tit kim c nhiu chi ph v ci thin c sn phm.