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Lecture 6
Lecture 6
Amit Verma
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
1
Recap: Techniques of Circuit Analysis
Concept of equivalent circuits
Two circuits are equivalent if they have the same current-voltage behavior
Series combination Parallel combination
Voltage Division
A voltage applied to resistors connected in series is divided among them
Current Division
The total current flowing into a parallel combination of resistors is divided among them
Nodal Analysis
1. Identify and number the nodes
2. Pick Ground node/Reference node wisely, if it is not already specified
3. Writing KCL Equations in Terms of the Node Voltages
Mesh Analysis
3
4
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?
I1 i1
I 2 i2
I 3 i1 i2
I2
I3
I 2 i1 i3 I 3 i1 i2
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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?
7
Mesh Analysis
8
Example
i3
i1 i2
Mesh-1
Mesh-2 R3 (i2 i1 ) vB R4 i2 0
Mesh-3
9
Example
Mesh-1
Mesh-2 10
Example
Mesh-3
Mesh-4
11
12
Mesh Currents in Circuits Containing Current Sources
15i1 10(i1 i2 ) ? 0
13
Current source common to 2 mesh
i1 2(i1 i3 ) ? 0
14
Super Mesh
Super mesh
Mesh-3
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Example
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Exercise!
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Example: Identify the super mesh
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Example contd..: Identify the super mesh
i1 i2 3 19
Example:
2i1 4i3 8(i3 i4 ) 6i2 0
2i4 10 8(i4 i3 ) 0
i2 i1 5 i2 i3 3I O I O i4
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Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
To select the method that results in the smaller number of
equations. For example:
• Superposition Method
• Thevenin Method
• Norton Method
Homogeneity Superposition
Linear circuits
Homogeneity Superposition
A1 A1
C y C ya
A2 A2
Inputs Output Inputs Output
B1
C yb
B2
Inputs Output
ƞA1 A1 + B1
C ya + yb
C ƞy A2 + B2
ƞA2
Inputs Output Inputs Output
Reference: MIT 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007 (Anant Agarwal)
Example: Our favorite element ‘Resistor’
V IR
Increasing the current by a constant k
kIR kV Homogeneity
V1 I1R V2 I 2 R
V I1 I 2 R I1R I 2 R V1 V2
Superposition
24
Superposition Principle
The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of
the responses to each of the independent sources acting individually.
25
Vs1
C v1
0
Inputs Output
0
C v2
Is2
Inputs Output
Vs1
C v1+v2 = vT
Is2
Inputs Output
Vs1
C v1 0A
0
Inputs Output
0
C v2
Is2
Inputs Output
Vs1
2. Sum up the individual/partial responses to C v1+v2 = vT
Is2
get the total response
Inputs Output
27
Example-1
Circuit with only voltage source Circuit with only current source
active. Current source is open active. Voltage source is short
circuited. circuited.
iT i1 i2 vT v1 v2
5
v1 15 5V 10 20
v2 5 2 V
15 15 3
vT v1 v2
iT i1 i2
20 35
vT v1 v2 5 V
3 3
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Example-2
iT i1 i2 vT v1 v2
Example-3