UNLOCK Reading, Writing & Critical Thinking STUDENT’S BOOK Chris Sowton and Alan S. Kennedy with Jessica Williams, Christina Cavage and Anita Sunda (@ CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCAMBRIDGE nies Piting Hoe, Cambridge cess, United Kingda, (ne ery ln, th oo, New York, 006 USA 47) Wilanstown Rod Pot Meo, 307 Astala ‘3432s oo Plt Splendor Fora, Joo Dstt Cone New Deh 11035. Ina 79 Ase Roa, a-Si crac ‘Contrige Univers Press pr fhe Unies of aig. fut th Univers on ysgol the parm dso lag and serch the higher lve fxn sorncambigeons Inmate tle wrecanbigeorrSi086re35 Cambie Unirty Pe 019 ‘Ths uation in copyright Stet sso ecepton nd the provisos of lea cole eesng een ‘sept ay part ay ae ple ih! he wen en of Cage Univer res i pbs 04 Send ation 019 Pri in Da by Ose Pres ‘A ctalge confor ths pub vale fom he Bosh Lary ISBN s7.-168-6745 Reding Wetiog and Cet Taking Sen oak, Mabse App & One Workbook wih Downouaile Vie CanrigeUivrsty res has no espns fr te perstene or accuracy {TUL fo eterno hr party itr wees ere tn is pubeston {cnet gaxha any coment on sch wes Wl ‘Seat or appointing pce rave inten sd tet ictal ifr gven nt wo cae the in of pring at ‘Cig Univer rs dos not artes be acrney och iran teraCONTENTS Map of the book Your guide to Unlock UNIT Globalization UNIT2 Education UNITS Medicine UNIT4 The environment UNITS Architecture UNIT6 Energy UNIT? Artand design UNITS Ageing Glossary Video scripts Acknowledgements Unlock Second Edition Advisory Panel 202 207 208MAP OF THE BOO! TGLOBALIZATION | chnwpirs, | Kayrecdngtilt ‘eae erates reoalofsik | Matngpedctonefemater | “tophmalvets | feng GRE eben | Ronde ype lsteaton nen faites op seen vest | frag Charge stg habs | Adena ate inray raestanig ey vocab | (inom Cut sues) | Urey feng terran es | Read for deta Nalgene Idi pupa dence Srahenire Ctscantaged | Keveadngsi Eaton orb Saas Chidertte | Macgifeences fees wesiyecures | parinuit | aganoaratie Busnes ve rgneeng, Pater | Crdetandig ey voc (ution / Slog) o> tng yuna Fang Dt ing ecient face o-ring, fea fr deat stn) Sphere 3 MEDICINE eb ocean at oi rmeckton: | Aetrngs text ‘ese oebry Reng Thehomeopatiy dtste_| Shot sage me (el ec) onthe ey ecakey eng hol ere | ing yur now eter Sarg eno) | rec oan eager deat | Heninger | Seng ein wed | kang teow — ENT | Poplin ant | keyed sit ‘Acad oin pases Se ea ae eer core oe ater erg bate gion a ‘eau (eeorlog) raestaeig ey vcty Retr Combating uh Ling your iol inv Aes sme) Freacngcotert ig vals Sine ftp rin dae fewdeg fer deat Wak eee Sresang‘conor for wi austin supporting expe Hour pases sng ables and aga Tepes tg nective hess trent ring to pe: ‘Whitea explanatory say Wingo How ts lbaleatn charge you county ie ealying sis snd ‘cade tings: onpareonandcontast | ferences red rar-n sentences and comma sles Targuage ing enn gar Compaen aed conta says nations to show ook mmparton sed const ‘ite scorpion and contrast sy + hire dae of cone ing ok Deu th rte aed dilferences beeen Sung» lrgge oc tig Mather Seonmar for wrt tvohating Hes coder wrt sit wiles ‘SSnerce ie ‘ans thon cneenion eee ite amopion ey i dete prevention the responsibilty oft and tefl, oF oF ‘Sema for wing Drayargacase sy Upreeng solesonsingit | Calutingtenents Developgides Parle ities Witea protlemsluton ey iting tok ‘Wie ae which rovides bth she and Tor term slain to an enetonent Problem a take the conte consti, Refer aspect ave ty nyour =a.TURE cower | ama iesenevenint ence TUBE, grants for ‘Skimming a text Aschitecture and teagivermige | ag | mt eng an ao" cama, tlio Seer tengo aya tm sae piles STi icone a | tema Sass Nok ‘the wind ‘Working out meaning from FFoeral and informal tte etn ae Soees ee saat feayznor es eee ae ieeeutenee oa ane eens cen partes ST veo | ra tara TART AND DESIGN [meets Hema [ne ‘ade fecal mn | SE ny fee? peepee ieetee ry ely cree ere avin sae Tac | eat Se) nee and women ‘Identifying evidence ina text “vith prepositions repre es eee pe ees eg eas ees tages ie ae ee ee pases) creams ae‘Gommefrsetios eating pasunive argument | Academic writing sil: Fogitern academe weting Srderngieformston| Penta gums ring cas yo: ‘Wes prune sy ein tase ‘iis mote irpatant when ung or ang new home lotion or ae? (Gonna for ting alaing benefits nd candace | Acadoni wrt il: ate ces Crgmtingien eran eva oding setge ad deahatees shee rig oe ‘ite an adartags and diadharages ey en pine adage nd adurages of thee type of neva enya dead ‘th weak wer estin your county Praphrang woraions | Understanding andevaitrg | cadet writng ils pattie esopes grants cuter pment ard efuaors Sbstuton Weng task ye: ‘ps ‘Wit an argue sy Weng tke Fan cooking ard video games have allen ned to fear Choe ene of theses {cargubi to panting or scape ‘cane sd fect Dring sppropratecondusons | Academic wen sa: 3 from gape data Numeral wor ae phrases Langage of precton Inerpreting ahs a charts Theat condor ting tsk np White anarasesay ing ase Deserbepopultion wedin Japan Use the ata fromthe pap sppart yur eins Sagest thepotental impact onthe county e200 projections recone,(OUR GUIDE TO UNLOCK Unlock Second Edition isa sclevelacademic-light English course created to bul the skis an Pre-Al to Ci. It develops students’ ability to think critically in an academic context right from the start of thei language learning, Every level has 100% new inspiring video on a range of academic topics language students need for ther stuces wit UNLOCK SECOND EDITION Better Learning is our simple approach where insights weve gained from research have helped shape content that drives results, Weve listened to teachers al around the world and made changes so that Unlock Second Edition better supports students along the way te academic success CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking in Unlock Second Edition loner-order critical thinking skills 1p * lsmeasurable, with objectives and set-evaluation 0 students can track thelr rtcal thinking progress + Is transparent so teachers and students know when and H wry theyre developing ertical think + ls supported with professional development material for ‘teachers so teachers can teach with confidence 0 that students have the best possible chance of owencn academic success,ASSROOM APP The Uni dition Classroom App «offers extra, motivating practice in speaking critical thinking and language + provides a convenient bank of language and skis reference Ez song + eay aecenble andnvgable fom tet’ phones a «fly neta nto everyunt ts cs «prods Unocspecte cts to extend thelesson é seers Mieneveryouse tis nba nae so that students can easily get the right, extra practice they need, when they need it. (7a have gained deeper insights to inform Unlock Second Edit + carrying out extensive market research with teachers and students to fully understand ‘throughout the course’ development ir needs consulting academic researc into critical thinking refiring 1ocabulay syllabus using our exclusive Corpus esearch © fierUnlock your knowledge Encourages discussion around the ‘themes of the unit with inspiration from interesting que: striking images. ns and Watch and listen Features an engaging and motivating video which generates interest in the topic and develops listening sil READING Reading 1 The first text offers students the ‘opportunity to develop the reading skills required to process academic texts, and presents and practises the vocabulary needed to comprehend the text itself. 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UYU L <(OIA EAS SZ GLOBALIZATIONWATCH AND LISTEN PREPARING TO WATCH 1 You are going to watch a video about an important transport route. ACTIVATING YOUR SoWienee Before you watch, work with a partner and discuss the questions. 1 Where do most of the imported products in your country come from? 2 What products does your country export to other countries? 3. How are these products usually transported in and out of the country? Why? PREDICUNG 22 Work with a partner. Look atthe pictures from the video and discuss the ‘CONTENT USING questions VISUALS 11 What kind of location is shown in the first picture? Where do you think ae | *e 2 What forms of transport do you seein the other pictures? What does It tell you about the location? 3 What do you think they are transporting? Where do you think they are coming from and going to? the Sik Road o) an ancient trade route from Aa to Europe, mally across nd dry por (ra anspor centre where goods we loaded and unloaded, but which snot {ogists hub r)a cere fem which completed acts ar dec te Infrastructure) the system of services na courte. including rads, bridges power tnd water ‘ink tank) group of experts who work together to study a problem and suggest ‘olution domestic) rated to suesinside a countryWHILE WATCHING 3 Q Watch the video. Circle the sentence which best summarizes the main idea UNDERSTANDING (MAIN IDEAS 1 The Sik Road is an important part of Chinas history. 2 The Chinese government is aiming to create a giant trade network to connect Asia and Europe. 3 Korgas could be lke other Chinese cities, such as Shenzhen and Shanghai 4. Watch again. WteT (true) oF false) next to the statements below UNDERSTANDING Correct the false statements. DETAIL 1 Korgas in Chinas the starting point of a new trading route, 2 Five years ago there was already lots of infrastructure inthe area, _— 3 People in the area believe the project will be a success. —— 4 Building new roads and raltways will help to create trade between countries 5 The Chinese government's project only has economic goals. '5 Work with a partner. Read the sentences from the video. What do you think the words and phrases in bold mean? Wore our: MEANING FROM. | Five years ago, there was almost nothing here. All of this has been buitt ‘CONTEXT from scratch. a 2 Buld the roads and ral links out into the regions’ developing countries and the trade wil follow, so the theory goes. 3 Thisis very much the image of the modem sik Road the Chinese government wants to projec. DISCUSSION {6 Werk with a partner and answer the questions 1 Do you think international trade wil increase or decrease in the future? Explain your answer. 2. What large infrastructure projects (a new airport, facilities fora large sporting event, ec) have there been in your country recently? What Impact have they had on the country?READING 1 UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY PREPARING TO READ 1 Read the sentences and write the words in bold next to the definitions. 11 The countries withthe strongest economies play the most dominant role in globalization. 2 My country experienced high inflation last year. Now things like food, housing and transport are much more expensive. 3 Nothing at that shop is soldat a discount — it's very expensive, 4 The shipping company has a reputation for thorough and on-time delivery. Customers have been very happy with their work. 5 Besides the excellent food at that restaurant, another selling point is the beautiful tracitional Japanese art and furniture. 6 The corporation is a multinational organization with offices in Asia, Europe and Africa, 7 We can't repair the computers until our supplier sends us the special parts that we need to do it 8 | usually buy fruit from local farmers to support the domestie economy, {ad relating to a person's own country b fad) more important, strong, or noticeable than anything. ‘else of the same type ¢ fad) a reduction in the usual price d______ fr} the general opinion that people have about someone or something based on their behaviour or character in the past ¢ —____(r) a person or company that provides goods of a particular kind [na continuing rise in prices in an economy § ad) operating indifferent countries h(n) a feature that persuades people to buy a product Making predictions from a text type Different text types, such as essays, articles and blogs, have different characteristics. Some will be more suitable for academic study than others. Before reading a text, ou can make predictions about the information and the style of the writing. The source tle and any visuals can help you predict the content2 You are going to read a blog post. Before reading, which of the statements do you think will be true? 1 The style willbe informal 2 The contents will be appropriate for an academic essay. 3 The writer wil give his or her personal opinions 4 The information will be up-to-date, USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE 3 Read the blog and check your predictions. Find examples to support your ideas. eee GLOBAL SUCCESS In this enty to my biog sores about successful ‘multinational comparies, | vil check out the furniture chain IKEA. IKEA has been the worlds dominant furniture chain snce 2008, according to Forbes magazine, 2. Swedish entrepreneur Ingvar Kamprad was only 17 yeers old when he started the company in 1943, “These day, the chain has about 400 stores seling ‘apilznces’,urtie and other househokf tems in ‘over 40 counties around the world, So how have they managed to become such a global ht? ‘Well tome t seems that tree features ofthe chain stand out ther dedication to researc, tir alordabla prices and thar eco-fiandly reputation, '3. The exocutves at IKEA have long understood the need to research other markets in oder to succeed globaly. The company is constant conducting research on how poopie use that furniture and wha they ae looking for. They recenty conducted research in eight cites worldwide. This is how they learned, for example, that Korean customers want a special inc rtigeratox. 4 But in order to sol at discount prices, hey nee to make and sel alt ofthe same thing to eap costs ton. This way they can get lw pices fom suppliers, and charge super-tow prives to their customers. AS a resull, thy can kegp their rces economical even dng periods inflation. This is why they wil show the same products in diferent ways f ther stores, ‘depending onthe local culture. A Brith bedroom csplay might nave a Brith lag bedspread on It, whereas one in Tokyo may have a racttonal mat onthe oor. China, IKEA’ fastest roving ‘market. domestic manufacturers make most ofthe products they sal in order to keep transport costs im 5 A na solling point fr many customers i the mage ofthe company. They sol their frit fiat bores which use less space and paper and are easier to transport. A company represertaive recently said that they ae working on creatng new products out of materia we current tow ‘aay, such as recycled plastic and fol. n some markets, they plan to market an elect biel, ‘and in Soul, they recently planted a toe to celebrate the opening ofa new store {6 Next wok, 100k at other mutnational companies which speciaize in household goods and automobile production. ‘appliances na vice, usualy oecrica, tat is used nthe nome “household rated o pela hemes 2eco-lndly a dosiged todo the ast posable darage tothe envrormar ‘time racial Koren vagetate danWHILE READING READING FOR DETAIL“ AfSWer the questions wit information from the blog. 1 According to the introduction, why has the blogger written this blog entry about IKEA? 2. How might a display ina Japanese IKEA be different from one in the UK? 3 Why does the writer think that IKEAS shipping packaging is eco-friendly? 4 What does the writer plan to write about soon? 5 Read the biog again. Write T {true} (false), or DNS [does not say) next to the statements. Correct the false statements 1 IKEA’: founder is from Sweden. 2 The author identifies three main characteristics of the chain which has | made it globally successful 3. The desire for IKEA executives to understand new markets is very recent. 4 IKEA has stores in China, 5 Some IKEA products use recycled glass. 6 IKEA has plans to sel electric bicycles in all markets where they operate. 66 The blog author uses some informal language. Match informal words and. phrases to formal words, Use the context to help you. 1 check out a abig success 2 superlow b investigate. 3 abit «very inexpensive READING BETWEEN THE LINES 7 Work with a partner Discuss the questions. 11 What is the point of mentioning the kimchi refrigerator? 2 Why would eco-friendliness be a ‘selling point’ for some customers? 3. Do you think the author kes eco-friendly retailers? Why / Why not? MAKING INFERENCES.DISCUSSION 8 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions 1 Do you read blogs or reviews online? Why / Why not? Ifyou do, iat are they usually about? 2 Have you ever written an online review? What wast for? 3 To what extent do online reviews influence whether or not you buy something? READING 2 PREPARING TO READ 1) edt defeat th sree th covet ede “TRQDESENORE” nbol KEY VOCABULARY consumption (n} the amount of something that someone uses, eats or drinks convenience (r) the state of being suitable for your purposes and causing the least difficuty ‘ensure (y) to make certain that something is done or happens ‘experiment (x) to test or to try a new way of doing something increase (y} to become larger or greater influence (r) the power to have an effect on people or things, or -emeone ov seething that is able to de this relatively (adv) quite good, bad, et. in comparison with other similar things or with what you expect “specialty (n) a product that a place is especially known for ter ere acre ee with unfamiliar dishes,Topic sentences Good paragraphs in formal writing usualy stat with topic sentences. These tell you the subject of the paragraph. After the topic sentence you can usually make a prediction about what information will follow. By reading the first sentence of each paragraph in a text, you can often identify which paragraph +0 look at if you need some specific information, 2 You are going to read an essay about changing eating habits in Italy. Read the topic sentences. Work with a partner and discuss what you think the rest of each paragraph will be about. 1 In tay, changing trends have affected the preparation of food. 2 Italians’ food tastes have changed because of globalization 3 A third major change in Italy's food culture has been the rse of large restaurant chains. 3. Skim the essay and check your predictions from Exercise 2. WHILE READING FEIDRSS FOR 4 Read the xa. Do the top nthe tbl refer tothe pst, the prevent or MAIN IDEAS. ick (¥) the correct column. ‘mass production of pasta v ‘making pasta sauce at home popularity of frozen food lack of foreign food in italy the rice of large restaurant chains worldwide popularity of Italian food 5 Complete the sentences with your own words. 1 ttallan restaurants can be found —_____ 2 In the past, it was not common for Italians to 3 Intalian shops, you can now buy 4 Although recent changes mean Italians have more time and more choice, some diske the fact that local food igSee eee eee ee Ree eee Changing eating habits in Italy 1 Globalization casing aa of angen irteational alto, om the TV hows we wate fo the lties we wea. One majr area which hasbeen afected by olobaation food cat. na recent survey taken in Japan, Bai and Canada, 72% of people al that lbaleaton ha impraved thelr eting habits seems clea that lobalzaton as sgnteany atte food inmost pats ofthe word, but on courty whose fod asa ong history of wing ‘gobalae is tay. you wak down ny main soa inany aor wr cy, you wl ida east, ‘ane Haan restaurant Furthermore, aly has een ‘tangas ints oun eating habits de to from ter counties. This nuance, whic sa resut of he ‘ater tend at plotlaton, has ha both acantages an savages. In tay changing wends hae alerted the preparation ‘of fod, aan amis have ahays taken a tof pide in preparing ood, Unt ea, pasta ~a ase aan food would hae been ade by people in hac ‘na Fale would also ave ade he sauces to eat with the past at home. Pople no longer spend so moch ime preparing tel meals. Indeed ftazen ‘or take-out alan meal ave become very popular ia hay, Furthermore, red pasta fs now mass-produced! ands sald cheaply in supermarkets. eady-made pasa saves are also increasing'y popular sales have doubled inthe ast ve years, cording to one manufacture. Ths has added to the ‘convene of making mea, bt has dninisoda call radon, 3 Halas’ food tastes have change because of ‘otalzation. People are traveling more, bang ‘exposed to ther eutures more, an eating about ad seing foreign ingens an recipes on the Intaret and socal media, Iigrants to ly bring ‘he fo trations with then. used to be that people’ opportunites to ith eign food ‘ee very ited, since ont pizza and pasta were vale inthe oa town square. Now he can eat st resaurans with foreign cuisine and buy foreign food shops. Inlan, Chinese and Japan ood have al become especialy popula Whe ts ren |smare common in utan areas such as Ree, Mian ‘nd Venza, many smal towns aralso @perenciog ‘sila ehangs, Many alias would say a this has teen postive change, but oes wary ht hey are losing to sense oratory 2s frez ood becomes mare commen, {4 Ati major change nay’ fondcature tas been the ‘eof age restaurant chains. hase chainsare often foci, ahr uber have enormously inca years. Many people he the ‘oft ood. Some ales, however, el a this has reuntedestucton ot oa an rational 1986, atmos fast-o0d cain opened restaurant ina istrc Rome ighboucod. Mary tnhapy poole responded by aig te ‘Sow Foo ‘movement Tis movement encourages pee o eat malty acl sourced oo, 5 In summary, lobalaton has hada sgniteant tet ‘nthe way that alas eat. ts inluence can be sen ‘sboth postive and negate. Conenienc foods have replaced many ofthe atonal home-cooked wal, andthe avalabily of frig foods and inberational Chains has greatly ineeaed. aan no loger have toon fod whichis produced acl, While fame people welcome this extra choice, ters fear the camage tay cause to Haan adn, culture and oa businesses. On te other hang, ie reat opuatyof alan food wordvide wl ensures ‘eat cuisine never isappears. ‘mas-prodoced (al) made in ge aounts, sng machinery ina fctory diminished (4) made smaller, decreas *easina o) sje ofcookingREADING BETWEEN THE LINES 6 Work with a partner, Discuss the questions and choose the best answer. IDENTIFYING PURPOSE AND 11 What types of readers do you think this essay is meant to appeal to? AUDIENCE 2 people who have a general interest in food = __ people who are experts in Italian food 2 What do you think is the author's main intention in writing ths essay? 8 to say that globalization has had a largely postive impact on Italian food bb to say that globalization has fundamentally changed Italian food DISCUSSION THES 7 Work witha partner. Using ideas from Reading land Reading 2, discuss the following questions. 1 Should governments limit the growth of multinational restaurant chains to allow local, traditional restaurants to compete for customers? 2. When you eat at a foreign food restaurant, which of these three iS Qualities is most important to you: that it inexpensive, that it iz is locally owned or that it is authentic? Why? © LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT ACADEMIC ALTERNATIVES TO PHRASAL VERBS ‘When writing essays, its important to use language which is more formal than you would use when speaking or writing informal pieces. Phrasal verbs, which usually consist of a main verb followed by a particle (eg. up. on), are less common in academic writing than in informal writing, In academic writing, phrasal verbs can often be replaced by a single word, Using these alternatives will make your werlting more formal and academic. 1 Match the phrasal verbs to the academic verbs, 1 goon a increase 2 goup b continue 3 tum down study 4 lookinto d confuse 5 use up € remove 6 mixup F refuse 7 leave out 8 exclude 8 take away hh exhaust2 Replace the phrasal verbs in bold with the corect form ofthe academic verbs from Exercise | 1 The amount of migrant labour is expected to go up. 2 | multinational companies go on expanding, smaller local suppliers may die out. 3 Academics have been looking into the implications of globalization for many years. 4 Immigration can lead to people becoming mixed up about their sense ‘of nationality 5 Although many people benefit from globalization, others can also be left out 6 Immigrants without sutable qualifications may have their visa requests ‘ued down, 7 When a countrys natural resources are used up, they may need to rely €on other countries to supply them. 8 Some supporters of global economic freedom believe that all trade barriers shouldbe taken away. GLOBALIZATION VOCABULARY 3 Complete the text about globalization with words from the box. Use the Glossary on pages 190-91 to help you consumption discounts domestic inflation yl I outlets Customer buying habits have changed greatly in this age Of globalization. Now, rather than just spending money on »____ products, people ae interested in buying items from all over the world. In other words, globalization has changed patterns of __ internationally. When certain chains become very popular worldwide, there is sometimes a fear that their local Indifferent countries will cause unfair competition. Large"!__ companies which operate in many countries such as IKEA or Starbucks, could start to have a ___‘on the products they sellin foreign markets “The local companies ae forced to compete with big retailers ‘who can keep prices low. Ifthe local companies can't match theseM!___, they will suffer financially. This is especially true in cases where there is" ___inlocal economy Which is causing the prices of many other things to risefee NE tal Laie) [At the end of this unt, you are going to write an explanatory essay. Look at this units writing task below. V How has globaliztion changed your country? Evaluating supporting examples In academic writing, you need to justify and give supporting examples to any statements or opinions that you write to show that they are true. Is important to ony use supporting examples which ae relevant and appropriate for the point which you are making. n order to do this, you need to evaluate the examples properly Tea 1 Read these statements. What examples are given in Reading 2 that can support them? 1 alians pride themselves on the making and preparation of food 2 People's opportunity to experiment with foreign food was very limited, 3 People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. 4 Italians worry that they are losing their sense of nationality 5 Globalization has become such a significant influence. ‘Think of an aspect of globalization that you would like to write about in the Writing task This can be about food, clothing, entertainment, holidays language, technology or other aspects of globalization. Write this idea in the midale of the ideas map below, and add any supporting ‘examples which you can think of, ANALYZEUsing tables and diagrams ‘Tables and diagrams can often help you organize information that you can use 10 support your ideas in an essay. 3 Complete the table below with the best three supporting examples GEATE frorn the ideas rap in Exercise 2. It should follow the format of a body paragraph in an essay on the topic you chose in Exercise 2 Topic: Supporting example Supporting example 2: Supporting example 3 Concluding sentence: GRAMMAR FOR WRITING NOUN PHRASES Noun phrases are two or more words which function as @ noun ina sentence and contain one idea Noun phrases can be made by combining nouns with: + other nouns: technology companies + relative clauses: a. chain which is growing globally + prepositional phrases: marufacturing in China. + adjectives: the dominant market In academic writin, many noun phrases are created by joining two nouns with of. “These common phrases with of are used to talk about quantity: & range of: 1 Match the sets of noun phrases to grammar structures. 1 world cuisine adjective + noun car factories noun + prepositional 2 people in their local area phrase a fact of modem life «¢ noun phrase + relative 3 large chains clause major city d noun + noun 4 a contribution that benefits us the most ‘recent change which is unstoppable2 Rearrange the words to make noun phrases. 1 specialties / local local specialties 2 range /a/ exports / of 3 change / standards / in / environmental a 4 of / exchange / ideas / the / technological 5 impact / chains / multinational / the / of 6 &/ of /interational group / entrepreneurs 7 different / the / cultures / mixture / of, 8 consumption / worldwide / an / in / increase TIME PHRASES In academic writing, itis heloful to use cfferent phrases to describe the time in ‘which something happened. You can also use these phrases to clarify whether ‘events occurred in the past or ae happening now. Sometimes you need to be specific. ther times, you can be more general Very specific: The refrigerated truck was invented in 1989. More general: In recent years, foreign food has become more: popular in ttaly. 3 Put the time phrases below in the correct part ofthe table, according to the period of time they refer to. around ten years ago_at the present time before the war currently formerly historically in recent years Inthe 1990s inthe eighteenth century inthe past nowadays presently these days4 Complete the sentences with information about food in your country. 11 Nowadays, you can buy 2 Inrecent years, my country has seen many new types of restaurants, such ag 3. Until the 1990s, it was impossible to find 4 These days, there are many. 55 Around ten years ago, you could not buy 6 Historically, people tended to live off re NP AGRE ei) 4 mel ESSAY STRUCTURE ‘Although there ae diferent types of academic essays, the overal structure and principles tend to be the sare. Academic essays start with an introductory paragraph, followed by body paragraphs and end with a concluding paragraph, Introductory paragraph The ist paragraph gets the reader’ attention by beginning with a hook ~ an interesting factor statement, a surprising statistic, quotation or a question. For example, in Reading 2a statistic based ona strvey taken in Japan, raz and ‘Canada (72% of people said .") grabs the reader's attention. Then the writer provides some background on the main topic ofthe essay, The paragraph ends witha thess statement, which isthe main dea of the essay and reflects the wrt’ point of vew In Reading 2 the thesis statement is This influence, which is a result of the beader tend. of gbalization, has had. beth advantages and. disadvantages Body paragraphs “These develop the main ideas outlined in the introduction and include relevant evidence and supporting information. Concluding paragraph ‘The last paragraph presents a restatement of the thesis ofthe essay and ends with the conclusions, ecommendations or predictions of the writer,1 Read the essay. Choose the best place (1-5) for each of the sentences fac '*___Historians might suggest that it was when Christopher Columbus made his voyages to the Americas in the 1490s, For most of us, however, we tend to think of it as amore medem phenomenon connected with the rise of the worldwide web. n any case, when it comes to the question of whether globalization is beneficial or not, tis complicated," _ ‘The international spread of information, technology, products and ideas has enriched our ives Inmany ways. When something new is invented far away, we can get it at home. Governments can share ideas with each other to keep us all safer. '___The increased movement of people across borders means that diseases can spread ‘more quickly than before. Also, our economies are more linked, which means that when one country experiences a financial ris, it can impact many others. Finally, large international corporations can create unfair competition for local businesses Clearly there are advantages and disadvantages to globalization. How to balance this isa debate that has been going on for some time. One thing seems clear, however: we citizens are more connected than ever before. ®_ ‘a When did globalization begin? bb We can probably predict that ths will not change. «¢ However, there are also drawbacks 4 A review of some ofthe features of globalization suggests that it has had both pros and cons 3 Also, we ean enjoy each others’ cultures mare than ever before by iz experiencing new food and differen types of entertainment. WRITING AN EFFECTIVE THESIS STATEMENT {thesis statement in an academic essay is usually found at the very end of the intraductony paragraph, It explains what the entice essay wil be about, and it expresses a write’ point of view. With a good thesis statement, readers can guess what the rest ofthe essay might look ike [A thesis statement should sound lke an opinion it should not sound ike a fact, a question, ‘a description of what the essay will contain, or a general idea which everyone agrees on. Essay topic Possible thesis statement The effects of globalization Glebalization has brought us both advantages and disadvantages, bub the benefits have been far greater than the drambacks. ‘The global influence of the USA It is @ mistake to confuse globalization with Avwericanization Notice that in each case, you can imagine or guess what the rest of the essay might contain. None of these statements sound lke facts, questions or descriptions of what will follow, Instead, they sound like points of view which the writer could argue.2 Read the possible thesis statements. Decide if the statement would make a good thesis statement. If so, tick (V7) OK IF not, tick F(t sounds like a fact) {itis a question), D (tis a description of what the essay will contain) or G itis an idea which is too general to work well asa thesis statement), Pasta dishes are very commen i Italian cuisine Should governments limit the numberof chain restaurants? The exchange of cultures has been a huge benefit of globalization, ‘Most people lke to eat different kinds of food Even though globalization is considered to be beneficial by many, ithas actually done great harm to cultures around the worl. Ido not lke The following essay will explain the drawbacks of globalization International shops and restaurants in Chonburi, Thalland3 Read the first sentences from an essay’ introductory, body and concluding paragraphs. Then write an appropriate thesis statement in your own words that would make sense for ths essay INTRO There is an ongoing discussion in economics about how alobalization affects the developing countries of the world, Thesis: BODY 1 Large multinational companies from economically strong countries, sometimes take advantage of the natural resources of a poorer country. BODY 2 International companies operating in places where wages are generally low can pay local suppliers and workers less than they pay others. CONCLUSION All this suggests that globalization has @ harmful effect on certain counties 4 Compare your thesis statement witha partner. Suggest changes if necessary. A len NI How has globalization changed your country? PLAN 1 In Reading 2.0n page 23, each paragraph has a different function. Match each paragraph (1-5) to the functions below. a Description of changes to food preparation — b Introduction € Conclusion — d Description of changes to food tastes —_ ‘@ Description of changes to the restaurant industry _ 2 Look back at your notes from Exercises 2 and 3 in Critical thinking “Think of sone other detals about this spect of globalization, Use your notes to help you plan your essay+3 Decide the function of each paragraph in your essay. Write the functions incolumn A. cl nr 4 Think about the supporting details and examples you are going to include ineach paragraph, Write notes in column B. 5 Now think about a thesis statement that will work well for this essay. You can always go back and change it later ift does not match the rest of the essay. {6 Refer to the Task checklist on page 34 as you prepare your essay WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 7 Writ the frst draft of your essay. Use your essay plan to structure your essay Include an introductory paragraph, a thesis statement, three body paragraphs with supporting ideas and a concluding paragraph with a final thought, ecornmendation or prediction. Write 350-400 words.REVISE 8 Use the Task checklist to review your essay for content and structure, TASK CHECKLIST v Did you structure your essay? Does the introductory paragraph have a clear thesis statement? oes each paragraph focus on the information it is supposed to? Did you include topic sentences for each paragraph? Did you include evidence to support your topic sentences? Is there a concluding paragraph with a concluding thought, recommendation or prediction? 9 Make any necessary changes to your essay. EDIT 10 Use the Language checklist to edit your essay for language errors. LANGUAGE CHECKLIST Do the words in any noun phrases appear in the right order? Did you use time phrases correctly? Did you use academic verbs instead of phrasal verbs where possible? Did you spell academic verbs correcty? 1 Make any necessary changes to your essay.OBJECTIVES REVIEW 1 Check your learning objectives for this unit: Write 3, 2.0rIfor each objective. 3=very well 2= well 1= not so well Vean watch and understand a video about Chinas plans to revive the Silk Road trade routes, make predictions from a text type. — recognize topic sentences _ evaluate supporting examples. —_ use tables and diagrams —_ use noun phrases. _ use time phrases. —_ use corect essay structure — write an effective thes statement. — vite an explanatory essay. — 2 Go to the Unlock Online Workbook for more practice with this unit’ coe learning abjectives. Cromive confuse () exhaust () relatively (ade) © consumption(c) © experiment WO remove) @ continue (v) @ increase (vy) reputation (n) convenience (n)@ inflation (n) © selling point (n) discount (o) © influence (n) © specialty) domestic(ad) @ monopoly (n) study) dominant (adi) © multinational (adj) supplier (n) ‘ensure (y) O ‘outlet (n) exclude () © refuse () © {© = high-frequency words in the Cambridge Academic CorpusMAKEN PRES a) PREPARING TO WATCH ACTIVATING Your ' Werk with a partner and answer the questions KNOWLEDGE 11 Do some school pupils in your country get extra lessons from another teacher when they are not at school? When do you think they need extra tuition the most? 2. Do you think extra lessons are a good idea? Why / Why not? 3 Are extra lessons available to everyone, or are they too expensive for some families? Are there any other ways for pupils to get extra help? PREDICTING 2 Look at the pictures from the video. Discuss the questions with a partner, CONTENT USING 1 Where do you think these pupils ae studying? VISUALS 2. Who are the pupils in the pictures? Describe them. 3 Which pictures show traditional learning environments? Which ones are less traditional? tutor (fr) someone who teachers one person or avery smal group of people ‘atch up on/with pv) do something you didnot have tine for ealier private tuition ra iss fora singe person, ually fora fee hayes and have-nots (ion) the rich ane the poor try out oh use something forthe frst time to se Ft works or fyou the it plot) test anew product with smal group o ina al aren level the playing field (iim) create statin that sf fr everyone WHILE WATCHING 3 Q Watch the video. Write T (true or F (false) next to the statements below. Correct the false statements —— 1 Most students in London get private tuition —— 2 Itean be difficult for poor students to find and pay for good tutors —— 3 The app has already helped thousands of students improve their perforrnance in school. UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS.4 The teachers are not sure that a tuition app isa good idea, 5 The app provides access to tution for students who cannot afford private lessons, —— 6 If the programme is successful, the app may become available to students all over the UK. 4 Watch again Use the words ad phases nthe box to complete the summary access afford available expensive extra fall behind More and more students in the UK are getting help outside class, but private tuition can be quite?_____ and not every student can?____it. Unfortunately, without the extra help, poor students, sometimes ‘___ in their studies. A new app may be able to solve this problem by providing * to tuition forall students. Fit ‘works inthis small programme, it may become*_____ to students allover the country, ‘SUMMARIZING 5 Match the ideas to the speakers who might say ther, 1 Female student, Sheith Fahmida Musarrat 2 Chief Executive of the Sutton Trust, Dr Lee Ellot-Major 3 Oakland Schools teacher, simon Ramsay (MAKING INFERENCES ‘a We want schools to use technology to help their pupils. bb This app gives opportunities to all of our students, « use the app when my parents cant help me with my schoolwork d The app is really useful because our students can use it any time. ‘They don't have ta be in school €¢ The app is great if you don't have time to ask the teacher for extra help. DISCUSSION {6 Work with a partner and answer the questions. Give reasons for your | What is your view of tution outside of class? Is it necessary? Should students be able to learn everything in the classroom? 2. Have you ever tried learning something using an app? If so, describe the experience. IF not, would you lke to try it? Why / Why not? 3 Private tuition may increase the gap between rich and poor. Do you think technology can close it? Why / Why not? How?READING READING 1 UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY PREPARING TO READ 1 You are going to read an essay about two university subjects. Read the sentences and write the correct form of the words in bold next to the definitions 1 When you want to support your opinion inan essay, its good to provide concrete examples to support it rather than simply giving your general point of view. 2 In October, the university will launch a new programme to use more solar energy, 3. Chemistry and Physics are related, but they are taught as separate scientific disciplines. 4 If you want to pursue a career in poltics, Political science isa good subject to study 5 Some schools are more oriented towards science leaning than others. 6 There sa large gender gap in Science and Engineering education However, governments and universities are trying to attract more female students to these subjects 7 Some people fel that students from lower-income families are tunder-represented atthe best universities. 8 As distance education evolves, more and more people may get academic degrees online. (to try to do or achieve (adi) based on actual things and particular examples (uJ to begin something or introduce a new plan (adi) directed towards or focused on {adi not given enough presence: in unreasonably lower, rhumbers than others (u) to change or develop gradually (n)a particular area of study (n) the difference in opportunities, attitudes, pay ete between men and women2 Read the sentences, The words and phrases in bold are the opposites of the words in bold from Exercise 1, Write the correct form of the words from Exercise I next to the opposites below. 1 started medical school, but it was not right for me, so I decided to ‘uit the programme. — pursue. 2 Cooking is a non-academic topic that you cannot study at a major university, — 3 There is an equal male-to-female ratio at my university. 4 The university will end its marketing campaign in June. 5. Mechanical engineering courses are usually not directed towards people studying literature. 6 Every Physics professor at the university attended the meeting, so that department was a bit over-represented, 7 You cannot tell what objects the artists trying to paint in her work Her paintings are very abstract 8 IF you do not read the latest research in your field, your career may suffer and stop developing. 3 Circle the answers which are true for you. Then compare with a partner. Provide additional information to support your answer. UsRia YOUR KNOWLEDGE 1 Do you know anyone who has studied or plans to study Business? a yes bro ¢ not sure 2 Do you know anyone who has studied or plans to study Engineering? a yes bno not sure 3. Which one do you think sa more difficult subject to study? a Engineering Business « they are equally difficutt 4: Which one do you thinks better preparation for finding a job after university? a Engineering Business «they are equalUNIVERSITY COURSES: BUsINEss vs ENGINEERING 41 Perhaps the most important decison a university student has to make le what subject to study "Most universities offer a wide varity of intresting “subjects rom which to choose, s0 for some ‘students the choioe can be dificut, Some University students want o follow the academic interests and study something that snot direc tiy linked to a future carer, such as History or Philosophy Other are locking fr a degres ina practical subject that provides concrete skis for ‘the wocking word. For these students, subiects like Business and Engineering are attractive ‘options. Despite this commen ground, however, ‘here are significant diferences between these {so subjects in terms of ther popularity andthe (gender ratio of students 2 Both Business and Engineering ae viewed 2s subjects which vl hep students launch thelr Career after graduation, but these disciplines also provide a good foundation for continued ‘8Udy in graduate school. Many students who pursue an MBA fel thatthe bast way to get Into a good programme Isto study Business and ‘Management in university. Students wo want to (get a graduate degree in Engineering wil have a hard time withthe subject they have not aeady taken Enginoering courses in university, wich is ciferent om dagrees moce oriented tovards the humanities. Finaly, both areas require the Use of mathematics. Business students wil ned tobe abe to work wth budgets and financial and accounting ideas, and engineers rely on ‘mathematical calvition for thir work {9 On the other hand, these two subjects fer cite abt — both interme oftheir popularty lana tne presence of a gender gap. By all ‘measures, Busines s the most popular subject for UK university students overal. Engineering subjects, in contrast, are much lass popular. “Tisis despite tha fact that enginearing-ied Industry contrioutes about 40% ofthe UK's gross domestic product, and isa key component a ts atonal economy. In terms of gender balance, ‘them employable but that also focuses on ‘communication sks Inthe ease of students ‘studying Engineering and Technology, which have ess focus on communication sls, only bout 16% of Engineering and Technoiogy ‘students inthe UK are female, Engineering and “Technology make up two ofthe four dscipines that form the acronym STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). ‘There are diferent theories about why women ‘are 30 under-represented in STEM. Some ‘People think that itis simply because fewer ‘women ae interested in the fl, while others ‘ink that young gis may be dscouraged by parents, teachers and society In general rom pursuing STEM occupations. ‘Te conclude, Business and Enginesring are both practical, career-oriented courses that are tractive to Briish university students, but which 0 face tec8 faring. indeed, 1998 saw tho estaba of the wot fst "vital university tho United States, showing how far distance learning has ome ina latvly shor space of tm Wine it now possible to obtain a lrge varity of fsdeaton to pursue? coset examination of this topic rowel that dstanen and aon ‘seational instruction have Buta som simlaie, 2 When comparing th te systems, the ‘most obvious ference i inthe way that instuction s ceiver. Distance leaming is heavy dependent on technsooy arklaty the internet. na face-tofoce course, students ving an say. In cormparson when learning remota tedinology ithe principal moans of hat restricted by geegray. The lity Ns Provides meen that students maybe Deter ‘be tole atthe own pace, butt may also face-toface learing, the teacher and student have the opportunity ta dovelop @ personal relationship In Contact, the teecher may seldom or never fseualy meget the stant This may make har or teachors to understand thelr studs spect leming need, 3 Although the natu ofthe tacherstudent relationship may cle the fo methods, they do shar the same st fsa teacher isthe knower in lasroom, he or he the one responsible fr helping Students understand the key sectons ofan ‘online cout, The teacher needs to decd haw to best prasont the ator obo learned and in whch sequance the tpies shouldbe. Intoduced. He or she must slo creat the fssignments forthe course and hep the ‘Students knew wha resources textbooks, fearing. Adstonally, a toachr needs to provide scent feedback sora way. For ‘ample language teacher ina dassroom may be abe to comect aston’ grams ‘itten oc recorded feedback to be delverod Iter nany ease, al the usual laments of tho teachers ole are necessary, no mater wha kindof nstton is beng used 4 Iti cut to state whether one frm of leanings beter than another, since they are geared towords diferent learning situations. hey ate certaniy dierent expences, betwen the to system which ean both produce postive resus. A student who ha the choice sould consider the advantages and disochantages of each method before deccngWHILE READING 4 Write the correct paragraph number (1-4) next to the desctiption, READING FOR. MAIN IDEAS 1 Similarities between the two methods Paragraph: —__ 2. General summary and conclusions Paragraph: 3 Differences between the methods Paragraph: _ 4 The history and background of the topic Paragraph: —__ READING FORDETAIL. > AY the statements about distance leaning, face-to-face learning or ‘both? Tick (¥) the correct column, era BB) cevelops a strong student-teacher relationship oH relies heavily on technology BY flexible with time BY can be an effective way of teaching EM requires a high level of motivation EY ot limited by geography can suit many types of students READING BETWEEN THE LINES 66 Work with a partner, Answer the questions based on your understanding Of the information in the article. || Why is the eifference that is mentioned in paragraph 2 called ‘obvious? MAKING INFERENCES 2 Why can onlin learning be slightly impersonal? > Paragraph 3 states that ‘all the usual elements of the teachers role are necessary’ in any kind of instruction. What are these elements? 4 Do you think this author generally approves or disapproves of distance learning? Why?DISCUSSION 7 Work with a partner. Use ideas from Reading land Reading 2 to discuss +he following questions. SVU TESS | Have you ever tied to earn something online? What were the advantages and disadvantages of doing this? 2 Which model of learning do you prefer? Give reasons for your answer. 3. Which do you thnk would work better with distance learning: a Business ‘course or an Engineering course? Why? @ LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION VOCABULARY 1 Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use the Glossary on pages 191-193 to help you assignment degree dissertation examination journal lecturer plagiarism semester seminar term tutor |The word fora written essay at university is fn. 2 An academic year can be split into thre periods, each called an) 3. An academic year can also be divided ito two periods each called ae) 4 is when students copy from or do not acknowledge their sources when writing an essay. 5 A(o) ___is a quarterly, peer-reviewed collection of research papers. § A(n) isthe holder of a research position at a university who also teaches 7. Alo) san occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss something 8 A(n) assumes responsibility for students academic and personal wetfare. 9 When you have completed a programme of study at a university, you set af). 1D Alp) isa long essay of between 8,000 and 12.000 words. W Alo) isa focal test that students must pass to get a 3 specific qualification jeACADEMIC WORDS 2 Match the academic words to the definitions. 1 alternative a the act of starting or creating something that 2 establishment willast along time 3 vietual b a feature of something 4 significant willingness to do something 5 core d something that is different, especialy from 6 principle what is usual a choice 7 specific € relating to one thing and not others particular 18 motivation f similar to real life but existing in a 9 aspect ‘technological environment 8 important, large or great h central, basic a basic truth that explains or controls how something happens or works 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words from Exercise 2. You wll not use all f the words 1 Many students prefer to study a job-related subject s ao) toan academic course. 2 The flexibility offered by distance learning is seen as (0) benefit by many students. ‘One beneficial __of university education is meeting the ‘other students on the course 4 Tutors work wth students to help them understand the key of their courses. 5 Distance learing requires students to have a high level of 6 Distance learning can make it hard for a teacher to understand a student's learning needs. 7 As well as taking ____modules, students will be able to take ‘other optional elective classes in various areas. {81996 saw the establishment of the worlds frst ___ university, which operated only on the internet.CRITICAL THINKING tthe end of this unit, you ae going to write a comparison and contrast ‘essay. Look at this unit's writing task below, VF Discuss the various similarities and differences between studying a language and studying Mathematics, 1 Look at the two ideas maps below. One is labelled ‘studying a language’ and the other ‘studying Mathematics. Add details according to your UNDERSTAND) experience of studying these subjects Practising with thers is crucial Can be: done alone ‘Studying 4. ‘Studying language Mathematics Analyzing similarities and differences Inacademic discourse. it is often important to compare and contrast information to see the similarities and differences between topics or ideas. A Venn clagram Isa very common way of doing this, Use the Venn dlagram to discuss the various similarities and differences between studying a language and studying Maths, 2 Write the information from the ideas maps in Exercise Tinto the sppropriate parts of the Venn diagram. Try to get atleast three pieces of ‘formation in each of the three sections. Do more research online to add ‘ew information, ANALYZE Language Mathematies 33 Compare your Venn diagram witha partner, Are there any good ideas sshich you could add to yours? csGRAMMAR FOR WRITING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST LANGUAGE, Transitions to show comparison and contrast ‘The ability to compare similar ideas or to contrast different ideas isan important sil in academic writing. This is especially true when writers are asked to discuss a subject before giving an opinion. Use a comma after transition words and phrases when they begin a sentence. ‘Comparison Contrast Similarly... Inthe sameway... However, ._Incontrast, Likewise, Conversely... On the other hand, ‘Students in face-to-face courses see tutors often. Similarly, students in distance-learning courses contact Ureir tutors in online forums often, Uiriversties charge high tuition fees for academic subjects. Honever, calleges charge much less for vocational courses 1 Complete the sentences with a transition word or phrase from the box. More than one answer may be possible, conversely in contrast in the same way similarly 1 IF your native language is Swedish, then learning Danish is not very difficult. ; Mandarin wil be challenging to lean. 2. Algebra isa Maths subject which many students learn in secondary school, __, Geometry is commonly taught at secondary schoo! level. 3 The most common second language for British students to learn is French the most common second language for French students to study is English 4 Language learning requires memorizing and practising vocabulary. Maths involves memorizing and practising formulas. 2 Complete the sentences with your own ideas to compare or contrast 1 Academic subjects such as Law lead to high-paying careers. In contrast, 2. Medicine involves both academic and professionally related aspects, Similarly, — 3. Theoretical courses tend not to prepare students for the real world, Conversely, 4 Vocational training can be leamed by taking special courses. Likewise,‘Adverb clauses of contrast ‘Adverb clauses of contrast are used mainly to contrast two things or ideas. You can show contrast in the topic sentence of a paragraph or in the thesis statement of an essay by using an adverb clause. An adverb clause has a subject and a verb, but itis not a complete sentence. begins withthe words while or whereas. In sentences expressing contrast, while and whereas have the same meaning. While Whereas teachers and. parents both have «. cild’s interests ab heart, they are different because they may nok have the same expectations of the child, The main difference betmeen teachers and parents is thab teachers are paid, whilehereas parents are not ‘An adverb clause of contrast can come before or after the main clause. fit comes frst, its followed by a comma. in academic writing its more common for adverb clauses of contrast to appear second. Unlike other adverb clauses, a comma can come before an adverb clause of contrast when it appears second to emphasize contrast ‘A language teacher in a classroom may be. able to correct a. student's granmar or pronunciation in the moment, phlle/biereas a. dletance-leaming teacher may need to provide written or recorded feedback to be delivered later While/Whereas a distanceleaming teacher may need. to provide written or recorded feedback to be delivered. later, « language teacher in a dassrcom may be able to correch a student's grammar or pronunciation in Bre: moment 3 Combine the sentences using adverb clauses of contrast with while or whereas. For some items, more than one answer is possible. | Academic courses focus on subjects ike Maths, Science and Literature. Vocational courses focus on practical sl. 2 Auniversity is avery large institution which offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. A college isa smaller institution which typically offers only undergraduate degrees. 3 Academic courses are theoretical. Vocational subjects are not. 4 More men tend to graduate with degrees in Maths or Science. More women tend to graduate with degrees in languages or Literature,4 Cele the sentence which uses the adverb clause correctly. Pay attention to sentence structure and punctuation 1a Biology isa science subject whereas, History isa humanities subject. b Biology is a science subject, whereas History isa humanities subject. 2a While taking a pre-university foundation year in the UK is common for intemational students. It is not common in the US. b While taking a pre-university foundation year in the UK is common for Intemational students, itis not common in the US. 3 a While certain teachers prefer to provide written comments on students’ writing, others prefer to hold face-to-face conferences. bb Certain teachers prefer to provide written comments on students’ waiting. While others prefer to hold face-to-face conferences. 5 Add appropriate punctuation to these sentences. 1 Some professions only require a Bachelor's Degree while others require a graduate degree. 2 Whereas Japanese students can get a bachelor’s degree in Law ‘Canadian students cannot. 3 While Business is considered a university subject that wil lead to job offers Philosophy is usually not. {6 Complete the sentences with an appropriate ending 1 While some students choose to go to university, 2 Engineering study requires good mathematics skills, whereas 3. Some universities require students to study both STEM and humanities subjects, whereasACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS AVOIDING RUN-ON SENTENCES AND COMMA SPLICES. Run-on sentences and comma splices are common errors that writers must know how to avoid in academic writing Run-on sentences un-on sentences are incorrect because they have twa independent clauses whichhave not been connected in the right way. X Engineering and Business are both popular subjects they both use mathematics “To fixarun-on sentence, you can: + add a comma and a coordinating conjunction like and, but or so. Engineering and. Business are both popular subjects, and. they both use mathematics + separate the clauses with a semicolon, Engineering and. Business are both popular subjects; they both use. mathematics + make the clauses into two separate sentences, Engineering and, Business are both popular subjects, They both use mathematics Comma splices Comma splices are two independent clauses connected only with a comma, X Business is a more popular subject than Engineering, ib also has @ smaller gender gap As with run-on sentences, you can correct comma splices by adding a coordinating conjunction (such as and, but or So), separating the clauses with a semicolon, or making the clauses two separate sentences. Business is a mere popular subjeck than Engineering, and i also has & smaber gender gop Business is a more popular subject than Engineering; it also has a smaller gender gop Business is more popular subjeck than Engineering. It also has a smaller gender gap1 Identify the run-on sentences or comma splices in the sentences. Write {comma splice) or R(runvon sentence) Then correct the sentences, and | Many students study a second language’some students study a third language. 8 2 Engineering isa popular university course it snot as popular as Business 3 Maths focuses on numbers language learning focuses on words, 4 Distance leaming has become very popular you can even earn a degree this way. 5. Some students prefer to study academic subjects other students prefer vocational courses. 6 Alluniverstes charge tuition fees some are more expensive than others. 2 Correct the sentences below ~ some are run-ons, some have comma spices 1 Not everyone needs to go to university there are some rewarding careers that do not require university degrees. 2 The two oldest universities in the UK are Oxford and Cambridge, they ‘were both founded in the Middle Ages. 3 Students getting PhO degrees work as research assistants itis part oF their arrangement with the university 4 The experience of going to university is not just an academic one, students also make valuable lifelong friendships there, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ESSAYS ‘One common way to structure a comparison and contrast essay isto start with a discussion about the differences between the twa subjects and then follow with a discussion about the similarities. Introductory paragraph: + gives some background on the two subjects of comparison + provides a thesis statement which explains whether the writer feels that the differences or similarities are more important, or just that they both exist Body paragraph I: states the differences between subject I and subject 2 Body paragraph 2: states the similarities between subject 1 and subject 2 ‘Concluding paragraph: + restates the thesis ‘ends with a comment showing the writer's opinion3 Look back at Readings land 2. Answer the questions with a partner. | In Reading 1, does the thesis statement indicate that the author will ‘emphasize the differences of the subjects, the similarities of the subjects or that both differences and similarities exist? 2 In Reading 2, does the thesis statement indicate that the author will ‘emphasize the differences of the subjects, the similarities of the subjects or that both differences and similarities exist? 3 In the explanation of comparison and contrast essays which was just presented, the suggested structure of the body paragraphs is that the fist discusses differences and the second discusses similarities. Which reading (Vor 2) follows this structure? SUES em rat) Discuss the various similarities and differences between studying a language and studying Mathematics, PLAN 1 Look back at the Venn diagram in Critical thinking with your notes on the similarities and differences between studying a language and studying ‘Mathematics, Now take those ideas, plus any new ones you can think (of, and create an outline for your essay using the structure below. Try to include at least three points for each body paragraph FREER aE background information, thesis statement Eee differences Body paragraph similarities arr ‘your opinion —_ 2 Write a thesis statement for your essay. You can use an adverb clause with while of whereas to show contrast. 3 Refer to the Task checllist on page 56 as you plan your essay,WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 4 Write your essay using the outline. Write 350-400 words. REVISE 5 Use the Task checklist to review your essay for content and structure. ‘TASK CHECKLIST Did you give background information and a thesis statement in your introduction? Do you have one body paragraph about the differences and another body paragraph about the simiarities? Did you use examples to strengthen your arguments in the body paragraphs? Did you restate the thesis statement and give your opinion in the conclusion? 16 Make any necessary changes to your essay EDIT 7 Use the Language checklist to edit your essay for language errors, LANGUAGE CHECKLIST Did you use comparison and contrast language correctly? Did you use adverb clauses to show contrast correctly? Did you use a range of academic word? Did you use collocations correctly? Did you avoid run-on sentences and comma splices? 18 Make any necessary changes to your essayOBJECTIVES REVIEW 1 Check your learning objectives for this unit. Write 3, Zor 7 for each objective. 3=very well 2=well 1=not so wel watch and understand a video about an app that helps children catch up outside the classroom, make inferences analyze similares and differences use a Venn diagram to plana comparison-contrast essay. use transitions to show comparison and contrast use adverb clauses of contrast avoid run-on sentences and comma spices write a comparison and contrast essay 2 Go to the Unlock Online Workbook for more practice with this unit’ ORE leaming objectives. eee alternative (n) © evolve) O pursue () O aspect (0) ‘examination (0) © semester (r) assignment (0) © gender gap (o ph) seminar (o) concrete (adi) @ journal (o) © significant (ad) © re (ad) O launch (y) significant difference (nph) ore principles (n ph) lecturer (0) specific (ad) © sredible alternative (n phr) modern phenomenon (n ph) _ technological advances (n ph) degree (n) O ‘motivation (n) © term (0) O discipline) cline degree (n phr) tutor dissertation (n) © oriented (ad) @ under-represented (ad) distance learning (n phe) plagiarism (0) virtual ai) © establishment (9) principle a) © virtual classroom (n ph} @ = bigh-Frequency words in the Cambridge Academic CorpusReading sll al thinkingMap) @l yoni So UNLOCK YOUR KNOWLEDGEACTIVATING YOUR KNOWLEDGE PREDICTING ‘CONTENT USING VISUALS UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS: MAN Ke a PRED PREPARING TO WATCH 11 Work with a partner and answer the questions. 1 In what fields are robots used today? 2 What can robots do better than humans? 3 In what ways do you think robot could help dactors and surgeons? 2 Look at the pictures from the video. Discuss the questions with a partner, 1 What do all the pictures have in common? 2 What is happening in the first two pictures? 3. What do you notice about the man inthe third picture? ‘4 What do you think the machine in the last picture is making? withthe naked eye np without the help of speci equipment (microscope, telescope te) Incision (2 sharp cut inthe body during surgery bone ais (r) fngers made of electronics and other man-made materiale NHS [abbr National Health Service —the U's public ath service ‘worlds apart (hy) completely ferent WHILE WATCHING 3. Watch the vdeo. te True or fae) or DNS (doesnot sy) next to the statements below 1 Robotic surgeons have many advantages over hurnan surgeons 2 Te roboticam allows the surgeon to deni damaged bain tisue _—— 3 The robotic am which the surgeons use inside the patents brains very sensitive 4 With new technology surgeons can operate on single cls 5 20 peters can produce bron arms and gers — 6.20 printers have brought down the cost of bionic body pars4. Watch again For each main idea, add supporting details ae ODESeTS™ 1 Robotic surgeons help human surgeons in many ways DETAIL 2 Shrinking technology has produced tiny robots that can work at the rmicro-level 3 Robots have changed the life of people who have lost hands or arms, 4 With 3D printing, the cost of bionics is within the reach of ordinary people 5 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. Give reasons for your answers. 1 The video mentions several things that the robotic surgeon does well. ‘What might be some others? 2 Dr Yang says that with micro-robotics, there is no need to make an incision. Why is this a positive Feature? 3. The current cost of bionics is beyond the reach of NHS patients. ‘Who is prabably receiving bionic limbs now? 4. Why do you think that 3D printing is cheaper than other manufacturing processes? MAKING INFERENCES DISCUSSION {6 Work with a partner and answer the questions, 11 Who do you trust more: robotic or human surgeons? Give reasons for your answer, 2 Do you think there will bea time when humans are not involved in surgery at all? Why / Why not? 3 What impact do you think 30 printing will have in other fields, for ‘example, manufacturing?READING 1 PREPARING TO READ “UNDERSTANDING 1 Read the sentences and choose the best definition for the words in bold. KEY VOCABULARY 1 After my knee surgery, my leg was sore for several weeks. a taking medicine for a period of time after you are sick b the cutting open ofthe body to repair a damaged part 2 Two symptoms ofthe common cold are coughing and sneezing a types of illnesses b reactions or feelings of less which are caused by a disease 3 Doctors are usally big proponents of regar exercise for their patents as exercise can have many positive effects on heath a people who support a particular idea ox plan of action b people who argue against an idea 4 Thernew treatments controversial. Some people think ithas not been tested enough, while others believe init causing disagreement or discussion b causing agreement 5 The government has funded the hospital in my neighbourhood by donating £5 milion of last year’ tax money. 2 given and fora new bulding 'b provided money ta pay for something 6 Itis dangerous to consume ilegal substances because they have not ‘been approved by the country’s medical authorities. 2 foods which ae unhealthy 'b materials with particular physical characteristics 7 My grandmother is fad to use conventional treatment for her ines, Instead, she crnksa tea made from a variety of plants. a folowing the usual practices b altemative and non-tradtional 8 Heart disease isthe chi cause of death for people inthe Urited States. Iekils more people than any other disease a most important or main 'b most uncommon2 You are going to read an article about the homeopathy debate. Look quickly at the article, Look at the title, subheads and introduction. Decide which statement best describes what the article is about | The article presents the arguments for and against conventional types of medicine. 2 The article discusses why some alternative medical treatments are free. 3 The article gives two people's opinions on the effectiveness of using homeopathy. 4 The article discusses a range of alternative medical treatments. SKIMMING WHILE READING Annotating a text Annotating a text while you read can help you remember information a lot better. When you annotate, you mark up the text and add notes in the margin as you read, When you read about different writers’ opinions on a. single subject, itis a good idea to highlight each writer's opinions ina different colour, then underline the support each writer gives for their opinions. You can also react to a writers opinions by writing notes in the margin, puting a star next to the strongest reasons and support, etc. 3 Read the article on the homeopathy debate. Highlight each writers ‘opinion ina diferent colour and underline the support each writer provides. Write notes in the margin as you read. 4 Read the article again. Write T (true. F (false) or DNS (does not say) next to the statements. Correct the false statements. ANNOTATING. READING FOR DETAIL 1 The majority of countries use alternative rather than ‘conventional medicine — 2 Supporters of homeopathy believe that patients should have choices in ther treatment. 3. More than two-thirds of doctors in the UK are against state-funded homeopathic treatment, 4 Traditional Indian doctors frequently use homeopathy. 5 Abigall Hayes thinks that homeopathic remedies only work because of the placebo effect 6 In the UK, people currently have a choice as to what treatment they can get. 7 Homeopathic healthcare is not available in the United States. {8 Weak, highly diluted liquids are a common form of homeopathic treatment.Haeopatic treatments: rab too expensive, li patient ence, cectve, se (per of belie Most national health systems se mesic, meaning that illnesses are treated using drugs and However, here is also a range of alternative medica ueatments to choose from. One treatment is homeopathy. Homeopathic remedies are higly diluted mixtures of natural such a plants and eras, which may case the ‘ofa disease in healthy people. The idea is that ‘hey will ure similar symptoms in sick people Supporters ‘of homeopathy believe tha ican be effective. Others argue, however, that homeopathy does not work and agre that he state should not Fund it Here, one and one rite = presen tel cae. Homeopathy shoul be tate finde. Homeopathy should oc be state funded byAbgal Hayes rofesionlHomeopath) by De ers Wehner (NHS General 2. The rsh Navona Health Service was Prcisone) founded to provide fee alcareo people 4 We dont ely know wheter homeopathy who needed Since twas founded ia, lp peopel beer Decne of he 1948, patents have heen able to get remedies themselves or because people homeopathic treatment, and there's no good _blieve they will work. Some people ust resson why this shouldn't continue. Mose fe beer when they get personal care Importantly i’ estimated that homeopathic ‘and atention frm their homeopathic treatments only cost the NHS between practitioner For me and many others in 24-10 milion a year This i faction of ry profession, there i absolutely no proof the cst pad out to conventional drug thar says homeopathic treatment wotke The ‘companies. Alb, but perhaps less government’ chef scientist confirmed this imporamly, over 400 doctors eps when he said there was no rea evidence" recommend homeopathic treatments . Slnce to support homeopathy. We ive in fcuk they are cheap and popula, find it ificale economic times, and every penny the to understand wiry the goverment i sorerament spends should be checked to ‘considering cuting funding fr them. Why Ensure that snot wasted In fit, 75% of Shouldn't people be allowed to make thie British docors are agains the state Funding ‘own health choirs? They have thi fredom of homeopathy. Inother aspects oftheir ves~for example, § One ofthe nn arguments pu forward ‘whieh school o send their children to ~ 50 by eupporersof homeopathy that hie ‘hy not in terms oftheir eatheare? therapy dosn't case any damage Hower 3 Asforthe itis who argue thar homeopathy people may hnk they are teatng tele oesn't work, Toul give hundreds of ines by taking homeopathic remedies ‘xamples of patients who have been cured by when there is actualy no scientific evidence iy ceattent, On top of tha, there's plenty That his is tue ven move seriously, ‘of research which shows the benefit can patients who rely on homeopathy alone for ‘ring, Homeopathy wouldn't have survived treating life-threatening illnesses like cancer solong if it were complete nonsense I ‘ould be aking big risk The ener might thas much more than jus a placebo effec ‘no longer be teatable by proven methods ‘Too much emphasis is sometimes put on ‘if he patient has waited too long trying providing “proof of why something works ‘homeopathy This ean cost lives. Bel is jus as powerful ‘ae (2) made weaker by mining with someting ee, uch as wate "plea effec (x) an mpronemen in ptt’ codon caused only by his ober baie SCM el the ta5 Which of the two people in the article would agree with the statements? “The doctor says it's 100 late to help her now. If only she'd gone. to see him earlier. IDENTIFYING ‘OPINIONS Look, if don’t want to rsk the side effects of conventional drugs, why should | have to? ‘When | see proper clinical tials which prove the effectiveness ‘of homeopathy, then Il change my mind. “The mind has incredibly strong healing powers. IF itmeans we could stop paying all that money for drugs then fm fort Ik worked. | don't know why. It doesn't seem possible, ut iust happy that it worked This is serious. You can keep taking the homeopathic treatment as well if you want, but you've got to see a doctor. If three-quarters of professionals are against i, rm against it READING BETWEEN THE LINES 6 Work with a partner Discuss possible reasons forthe statements, Then say whether you agree with them or not 1 Homeopathic treatment is much cheaper than conventional medicine 2 Belief sas powerful as medicine. 3 Personal care and attention make people feel better. 4 There sno real proof that homeopathy works. 5 Doctors need to see scientific evidence. DISCUSSION 7 Work witha partner. Discuss the questions. 11 Why do you think alternative medicines are popular with some people? 2 Do you think alternative medicine only creates a placebo effect? 3. Have you ever used alternative medicine? If not, would you consider doing so? Why / Why not? [MAKING INFERENCES. OL:READING 2 @@ UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY Q USING YOUR PLUS KNOWLEDGE PREPARING TO READ 1 Youare going to read an article about different types of healthcare systems. Read the definitions. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in bold ‘burden (o) a duty or responsibilty which ishard to bear consultation {r) a meeting to discuss something or to get advice contribution (o] an amount of money that is given to help pay for something labour (n) workers, especialy people who do practical work with their hands regardless (ad) despite; not being affected by something safety net (0 phy) something used to protect a person against possible hardship or aifficulty treatment (othe use of drugs, exercise etc, to improve the condition ofa sick or injured person, or to cure a disease 1 When elderly people get sick, it sometimes places a financial ‘on their adult children, who have to help pay for ‘expensive treatments 2 After three months of ____ the patient can now walk wel 3 Everybody must pay their share, ___of how much they earn 4 tis 2 good idea to save some money as a___, justin case you lose your job. 5 The doctor examined me when | went to her for a about iy symptoms 6 Weeach gavea___to send our sck colleague some flowers. 7 When you calculate the price of building a new hospital, you have to ‘consider materials and also the cost of. 2 Work with a partner. Answer the questions. 1 Do you have to pay for healthcare in your country? 2 What healthcare provision, if any, does your government pay for? 3 Should everybody be able to access free healthcare?33 skim the article. Read the tile, intaduction and topic sentences. Decide which statement best describes what the article is about. SKIMMING 1 The article examines different kinds of public healthcare in different countries. 2 The article focuses on private funding as it relates to healthcare 3. The article criticizes government policies. 4 The article discusses the role of medication in healthcare. u we 1 Who pays for eaicare? The answer ais rom country tw.aunty hie n seme ations #8 compli fee for alesis, others people oten eee thr heat Irarancotheugh hae empioe: Ter ar ao places ‘where you can cry soe a doctor i'you pay. On, a Fate face wth he hl of mati aly but ‘ree cae veraus rgh-quaty but expense ca Latonuraty, posing Hote 10 a etre nation of tzans fsa conpiatod matter Whie cere heathcre ‘sptoms have vaious advantages and deaciantanes, ro gjtemis ea, Fro or public healthcare iin te canis wich pro too pti haath, ‘hoe are mary mods n some cents, consltatons, ‘weatment and meds are tot atten. The nay be pa or dec bythe gomrment, pas ‘unde by the county’ vaable natura rcs that ‘he government ons. Other counties clet rene em ‘taens tough ines based onthe income. eras fay acorn to how much tay ern and employers ‘0 make a contbution, Hest and ae medical “ans ath provided aeiun by tho gverent “Thar may as bo some priate medial snioas which rope can chee oh. Tho advaage cf eytame such {eos er fee basic heaoar oa, regards At noome, Hone a very expense Stam ae, 38 Wo expan are casts, many counts ae facing ier an unsustnabe facia burden, ora cop n the ‘gully of enics and facto procod Frivate healthcare Inceuntas wher cizans us pate providers, reateare on evelable opens ho py for, and hehe rodders re camera compares. Insoatir count, most zen ake ot hi Insurance o over thoir poental maccalcst, SHOULD HEALTHCARE BE FREE? Homer not erjene can fod ths, and me (goverment havea scheme wich ghes franc assistance to those wo need urgent medi ce ut ar unaio oad n ctr nations, ere sn such Safty nota those wo can pay sido not gt ‘haboathcar hoy nee, ures they ean hap. Th dsadrtagea of is stom ae cbous: Oy are Indus copied of he medal ater ey nae, bt abo tt ako prevnatve radine msrsthatinfecious ‘esanos can quel pad One chara howe Isthatcommaral ogeriatins can sometines prove higher uy care than stuagrg goverment‘ ones ‘Amized system tn many counties, thre & a mi of pub and private ‘unde, Ti aystem requests cizensto tke out oath irurance, Tis dade am sales by the ‘mplayer, aloha o mako a contro or each ‘woken zane are abo choose the hesthcare proud, which may be pub or pate. Koweve, ‘s0me astm, prkte companies arent reat to make a pra om proving bask hater. Tis ‘mod proides mere oii thay eth th le ‘vata mde, andenciras aoc o hear el However thas bse etiezed or cng up the cst of labour, hich can lato unerpayme Conclusion {5 ost fu wl they apo tat ro heathoae stem ' erect. Several counties ae now conseing @ ‘cmbiaton ef the mee er thirtieth tyatae, The chalenge i ofa syste fic provi ‘shih quay lve ofeathioa toa cere, but which ‘alo aflrcle and rectal What ornat such system can wok romans 0 be san,