DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SELF HEALING CONCRET

Academic Year : 2023-24

year: Ill Sem: I

SUBMITTED BY
B. VINOD 2005A11016
A.KALAYAN 2105A11001
B.ARAVINDSAI 2105A11005
G.ANVESH 2105A11006
M.KARSHAK KUMAR 2105A11009
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr/Ms bearing Roll.no

2005A11016,2105A11001,2105A11005,2105A11006,2105A11009,
Of Civil Engineering Branch has successfully completed Ugrc on
“SELF HEALING CONCRETE” during the academic year 2023-24

Guide
Dr.sritam swapnadarshi sahu
 2

Self Healing Concrete

Self-healing Concrete is an amazing invention in the building construction industry. Its
use can solve the problem of deterioration well before the end of their service life.

Concrete is still one of the prime materials in the construction industry, from building
a foundation to a structure like bridges, dams, retaining walls, and underground parking
lots. Conventional concrete has a flaw, it tends to crack when subjected to tension.

Self-healing Concrete

In self-healing concrete is prepared with mixing healing agent or bacteria in the

concrete convert nutrients into limestone has been under development at the
Civil Engineering and Geosciences Faculty in Delft since 2006.

This research work has a wider perspective or goal to study the self-healing
properties of plastics, polymers, composites, asphalt, and metals as well as
concrete.
 concrete, a product that, despite its higher initial cost, could save Hendrik
Jonkers a dutch scientist has first produced self-healing money and work in the
long run.

Hendrik Jonkers has been nominated for the European Inventor Award of 2015
for his invention.

NEED OF SELF HEALING CONCRETE

Concrete is still one of the most important construction materials from the time
of its invention and will continue in the future also, but most concrete
structures are prone to cracking.

Even a small crack on the concrete surface makes the whole structure
Susceptible to deterioration because water seeps in to degrade the concrete
and corrode the steel reinforcement, greatly reducing the lifespan of a structure

Concrete can resist compressive force very well, but it is weak in resisting tensile
force..

That's why steel reinforcement is provided in concrete. In many concrete

structures, an excessive tensile force can lead to crack and these can occur
relatively soon after the structure is built. This crack is repaired by applying a
concrete mortar that is bonded to the damaged surface.

Sometimes, for wider crack mortar is required to insert into the existing
structure with metal pins to ensure that it does not fall away.

Repair or maintenance of any concrete is more time-consuming and it is often

very difficult to gain access to the structure to make repairs, especially if they
are underground or at a great height.
 Objectives of self healing concrete:
To heal cracks by bacterial precipitation.

To investigate the effect of bacillus species bacteria in gaining strength.

Enhancing the durability and compressive strength of concrete.
Efficient use of bio concrete in the marine structure.
The formation of cracks in concrete structures is unavoidable because of the
deterioration of its service life, various loads and non-load components.
The cracked area may be difficult to access and may need to be rebuilt. It is an
eco-friendly technique, which can be used to prevent metals from
deteriorating.

Advantages of Self Healing Concrete

1. This concrete has comparatively much lower permeability, greater durability,
and stress carrying capacity than conventional concrete.
2. It can be applied to existing buildings in the form of spray which can reduce
the overall repair and maintenance costs of the buildings.
3. This is an environmentally friendly technique because the carbon dioxide
produced is prevented due to the low use of concrete.
4. SHC is a more effective shock absorber that protects during earthquakes
because it has a polymer membrane on its surface.
5. It can operate at internal levels which means that the smallest cracks can be
reached.

6. Un-hydrated cement that does not contribute to strong participation can be

used.

7. These types of concrete help to fill the crack.

8. Improvement in the compressive strength of concrete.
 9. Better resistance to freeze-melting attack reduction.

10. It reduces the permeability of concrete.

11. Corrosion reduction of reinforced concrete.
12. Also, helps to reduce maintenance and repair.

Applications of Self healing concrete:

Also used by the oil and gas industries, preventing small cracks from spreading.It can be used
to strengthen both existing and new types of structural building.

It is effective in areas where buildings undergo freezing and thawing. This can prove to be
economical in the case of irrigation works, dams that are
It can be actively used in the case of roads to reduce traffic jams. directly in
contact with water.
This concrete can be used for sectors such as tunnel-linings, structural basement
walls, highways, bridges, concrete floors, and marine structures.It is a new technology that
can give way to sustainable roads.
In high strength buildings with more bearing capacity
.

Crack Repair by Self-healing Concrete

S.NO 1

AUTHOR 1 .ishraq Mohammad Ali khattab

2. hazhar shekha
3. mohammad abukar abdi

PROCESS The paper discusses various processes for self-healing concrete, including biological, natural,
and chemical processes.

Biological processes involve the use of bacteria or microorganisms to promote self-healing in

concrete.
Natural processes include the development of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate,
which can partially repair cracks in concrete.
Chemical processes involve injecting chemical components, such as glue, into the cracks of
concrete to facilitate healings
Chemical self-healing concrete can be achieved through active mode, using vessel networks
connected to an external glue source, or passive mode, using capsules or hollow pipettes without
an external glue source.
The paper also mentions the use of hollow pipettes with glue to mix with fresh concrete, which
ruptures and fills the cracks as the crack propagates.
Note: The provided sources do not provide detailed information on the specific steps or
procedures involved in each rocess.
Temperature The provided sources do not directly mention the temperature requirements for self-healing
required concrete.
The focus of the sources is on the methods and techniques for self-healing concrete, including
biolo iCal, natural, and chemical rocesses.
Materials Used Microcapsules containing epoxy resin and acrylic as glue and hardener have been used to
examine improved materials for self-healing concrete.
The self-healing agent used in concrete consists of a bacterium that acts as a calcium silicate
and catalyst, and a pre-mineral that converts to mineral calcium carbonate.
Glue materials such as methyl methacrylate, acrylic resin, ethyl cyanoacrylate, and epoxy resin
have been used to fill hollow pipettes in self-healing concrete structures.
The vessel network inside concrete is used for the distribution of glue, and the glue used can be
connected to an external source.
Various materials, including organic and inorganic substances, have shown promising results in
sealing cracks in concrete.
Properties studied 1. The study focuses on the biological, natural, and chemical mechanisms of self-healing
concrete.

2. Calcium ions released during cement hydration react with C032- and HCO-3 to form crystals
of calcium carbonate, which contribute to the self-healing process.

3. The study also explores the use of microcapsules to hold glue for self-healing concrete, with
the quantity of glue affecting the strength recovery ratio.

4. The review paper aims to provide a comprehensive classification of self-healing concrete,

includin biolo iCal, chemical, and natural self-healin rocesses.
YEAR 1 February 2019
PROPOSED 1. The current review paper focuses on the biological processes of self-healing concrete,
STUDIED providing useful details on the present condition of self-healing concrete for bioprocess and
biotechnologists engineers

2. The study proposes a complete classification and assortment of methods and techniques for
designing self-healing concrete, including chemical, biological, and natural processes

3.The research development in self-healing concrete has redirected towards the biological
process, which shows great potential for concrete treatment .
The study aims to explore the use of bacteria in self-healing concrete, as bacteria found in nature
have shown benefits and advantages for the designation of self-healing concrete .

METHODOLOGY The study reviewed various methods and techniques for self-healing concrete design, including chemical, biological,
and natural self-healing processes.
Chemical techniques have been commonly used as a sole method for structuring self-healing concrete.
Biological methods, especially using bacteria, have attracted the attention of researchers.
Microcapsules containing epoxy resin and acrylic have been used to examine improved materials for self-healing
concrete.
1--10110w pipettes with various length scales have been used to create multiple self-healing materials, where the glue
inside the pipettes mixes with fresh concrete and heals cracks.
Two modes of chemical self-healing concrete are active mode, which uses vessel networks connected to external glue
su lies, and assive mode, which uses ca sules or hollow i ettes for lue distribution without an external source
SIGNIFICANT l.The study emphasizes the importance of self-healing methods in enhancing the durability of concrete
structures
CONCLUSIONS 2. Different methods and techniques have been proposed for self-healing concrete, including biological,
natural, and chemical processes .
3. The use of bacteria in self-healing concrete shows promise and has attracted the attention of researchers
. The study provides a comprehensive classification and assortment of methods for designing self-healing
concrete, which can guide future research in this area

4. The quantity of glue used in self-healing concrete affects the strength recovery ratio, indicating the
potential for improving the healing properties of concrete by increasing the amount of glue

5. The development of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate through natural mechanisms is considered
one of the best ways to heal cracks in self-healing concrete
References 1.Ghosh SK, editor. Self-healing materials: fundamentals design strategies, and applications.
John
Wiley &

Sons; 2009 Aug 4.

2- Van Breugel K. Is there a market for self-healing cement-based materials. Proceedings

of the first international conference on self-healing materials 2007 Apr 18 (pp. 1-9).

3- Balazs AC. Modeling self-healing materials. Materials today. 2007 Sep l; 10(9):18-23.
4- Zwaag S, editor. Self-healing materials: an alternative approach to 20 centuries of
materials science.

Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Science+ Business Media B V; 2008 Nov.

5- wool RP. Self-healing materials: a review. Soft Matter. 2008;

6- Nosonovsky M, Bhushan B. Multiscale dissipative mechanisms and hierarchical

surfaces: friction,

superhydrophobicity, and biomimetics. Springer Science & Business Media; 2008 Jun 21.

LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104925

S.NO 2

AUTHOR 1. Magdalena Rajczakowska

2. Karin Habermehl-Cwirzen
3. Hans Hedlund
4. Andrzej Cwirzen
5. Lennart Nilsson
PROCESS 1.Autogenous self-healing is a process in which concrete recovers from damage
using its original components, under favorable environmental conditions .
The process involves the precipitation of healing products, such as calcium
carbonate (CaC03), within the cracks of the concrete .
The efficiency of autogenous self-healing can be influenced by factors such as the
chemical composition of the concrete and the environmental conditions

2.1n the case of concrete, the self-healing process occurs when water and carbon
dioxide (C02) react with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) inside the crack, leading to the
production of CaC03 .
The use of phosphate-based retarder admixtures has been found to enhance the
selfhealing process in concrete, resulting in better crack closure and strength
recovery

3.The self-healing ability of concrete can be compared to the self-repair mechanisms

observed in biological systems, where the initiation of the healing process is
triggered by an "injury"

Temperature Extreme temperatures of 55 0C for 4 hours were observed to decrease bacteria viability,
indicating that high temperatures may not be suitable for sustaining life.
1.The temperature and pH levels in the first few hours after mixing were found to affect
bacteria viability, suggesting that specific temperature conditions are required for sustaining
life.
No specific temperature range required for sustaining life was mentioned in the provided
sources.

Materials used

Self-healing concrete typically involves the use of capsules or other

materials that can release healing agents when cracks occur. These
capsules can be made from various materials such as glass, ceramics,
polymers, lightweight aggregates, silica, urea formaldehyde, and
polystyrene resin .
1. The mechanical properties of the capsule, such as diameter and
shell thickness, are crucial in determining the force required to break
it .
In the case of self-healing concrete, the binder used is primarily
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) .
2. The design of a more environmentally friendly material for concrete
production is urgently required, as OPC contributes to a significant
amount of global C02 emissions
Properties 1 .lnfluence on the original properties of fresh and hardened concrete and
Studied. functionality
Factors affecting the efficiency of self-healing processes and their effects on
concrete properties
Mechanical properties of self-healing capsules, such as diameter and shell
thickness
Chemical composition and dosages of retarders in enhancing self-healing efficiency
Volume fractions and grading of microsilica particles in self-healing efficiency
Mineralogical composition, solubility, durability, and other physical properties of the
calcium phosphate phase
Comparison of autonomous and autogenous self-healing methods in terms of
reliability, cost-effectiveness, safety, and feasibility
2.1dentification of knowledge gaps and deficiencies in self-healing methods
YEAR December 2019

PROPOSED 1. The study aims to compare the autogenous and autonomous self-healing
approaches in terms of their influence on the original properties of fresh and
STUDIED hardened concrete and functionality. It also investigates the mechanisms and
factors affecting each selfhealing method, identifying knowledge gaps to build the
research program for this study.

2. The study consists of several chapters, including a state-of-the-art review on

selfhealing concrete, materials and methods applied in the study, main results
acquired during the investigation, discussion of the results, and formulating
conclusions. It also indicates future research until the PhD.
3. The authors of the paper, Magdalena Rajczakowska and Andrzej Cwirzen,
suggested the concept of the paper. Magdalena Rajczakowska developed the
methodology, prepared the specimens, performed the testing, carried out the
results analysis, and wrote the original draft of the paper. Karin Habermehl-Cwirzen
and Andrzej Cwirzen helped in writing, reviewing, and editing the paper. Hans
Hedlund was responsible for supervision and project administration.
METHODOLOGY 1.The study involved extensive literature studies to compare the autogenous and
autonomous self-healing approaches and investigate the mechanisms and factors affecting
each method. The knowledge gaps identified from the literature analysis were used to build

the research program for the study.

2. Magdalena Rajczakowska developed the methodology, prepared the specimens,

performed the testing, and carried out the results analysis.
The materials and methods applied in the study are described in Chapter 3 of the thesis.

3. The study also proposed future research directions, indicating areas for further
investigation until the completion of the PhD.

4. The authors suggested the concept of the paper and contributed to the writing, reviewing,
and editing of the paper.
SIGNIFICANT A large amount of cement in the concrete mix does not ensure efficient autogenous self
healing of cracks. A dense and impermeable binder matrix microstructure limits the
CONCLUSIONS transport of calcium and silicon ions to the crack, diminishing the precipitation of healing
products.

1. The study did not explicitly study the influence of crack parameters, such as thickness,
tortuosity, and length, on the efficiency of self-healing. However, the crack opening was
aimed to be kept similar for all specimens by adding polyvinyl alcohol fibers to control the
crack width.

2. The addition of a phosphate-based retarding admixture demonstrated the highest crack

closure both internally and externally. The highest strength recovery and a very good crack
closure ratio were achieved in water exposure containing micro-silica particles.

References Ahn, T. , and Kishi, T. (2010). "Crack Self-Healing Behavior of Cementitious

Composites Incorporating Various Mineral Admixtures." Journal of Advanced
Concrete Technology, 8(2), 171-186. Alghamri, R., Kanellopoulos, A., & Al-Tabbaa, A.
(2016). Impregnation and encapsulation of lightweight aggregates for self-healing
concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 124, 910-921. Alyousif, A., M.
Lachemi, G. Yildirim, and M.Sahmaran. (2015). "Effect of self-healing on the
different transport properties of cementitious composites." J. Adv. Concr. Technol.
13 (3): 112— 123.
Arce, G. A., Hassan, M. M., Mohammad, L. N., Rupnow, T. (2016). "Characterization
of Self-Healing
Processes Induced by Calcium Nitrate Microcapsules in Cement Mortar." J. Mater.
Civ. Eng., 29(1),
04016189.

European Ceramic Society,

25(11), 1877-1883.
Blaiszik, B. J., Kramer, S. L., Olugebefola, S. C., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R., & White, S.
R. (2010). Selfhealing polymers and composites. Annual review of materials
research, 40, 179-211. British Standard BS EN 12504-4 (2004). Testing concrete.
Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity.
LINK www.ltu.se
S.NO 3

AUTHOR 1. Md Montaseer Meraz

2. Jahan Mim
3. Tanjid Mehedi
4. Badhon Bhattacharya
5. Md Aftab
6Md Mustakim Billah
7.md Musfike Meraz

PROCESS chartherm

YEAR 3 rd may 2023

Temperature Used No temperature limitations

Materials used 1. Mineral admixtures, fibers, shape memory alloys, capsules, and microbial
technologies have been found effective in repairing cracks.
2. Cement paste expansive agents, chemical additives, and geo-materials are used
in self-healing concrete.
3. Nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes, nano-Ti02, nano-Si02, and nano-Zr02
have been incorporated into self-healing concrete.
Other materials used include high-range water-reducing admixture, fly ash, PVA
fiber, silica fume, steel fibers, calcium carbonate (CaC03), polycarboxylate
superplasticizer, and unhydrated cement.
4. The dispersion and uniformity of healing materials are critical for achieving
excellent self-healing capability. Additional physical methods like ultrasonic
treatment and chemical methods like adding superplasticizers and high-range
water-reducing admixtures are used to improve material dispersion and fluidity
during the fabrication process.
Properties Studied 1. The properties studied in self-healing concrete include the recovery of mechanical
properties, durability, micromechanical, microstructure, and nanoscale level tests. These
tests are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of different self-healing
approaches and techniques.

2. The healing efficiency of concrete is evaluated based on specific properties of the healed
concrete, such as composition, durability, and strength. Various test methods, including
visualization and determination, assessment of regained resistance, and assessment of
regained mechanical properties, are used to evaluate the efficiency of healing.

3. Visualization techniques, such as imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopy, are used to

assess the self-healing potential of cementitious materials. Microscopy, particularly
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), is commonly used for testing.

PROPOSED Recovery of mechanical properties, durability, and strength of the healed concrete
. Micromechanical, microstructure, and nanoscale level tests to evaluate the
STUDIED effectiveness and efficiency of different self-healing approaches and techniques .
1.Assessment of regained resistance and regained mechanical properties to
evaluate the efficiency of healing

2.Visualization techniques, such as imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopy, used

to assess the self-healing potential of cementitious materials
 3.Evaluation of the closure of cracks due to better autogenous healing in concrete
using shrinkable polymers .
METHODOLOGY The study discusses the characterization, processes, and performances of
autogenous and autonomous healing concrete .
I.Various approaches and techniques, such as mineral admixtures, fibers, shape
memory alloys, capsules, and microbial technologies, have been found effective
in repairing cracks .
The effectiveness of biomimetic materials, including shape memory alloys,
capsules, and bacteria-based self-healing concrete, is being considered
The efficiency of self-healing must be demonstrated under real-world
environmental conditions, such as nonideal curing temperatures, high salt
concentrations, sustained stresses, and repeated cracking and healing cycles .
2.Appropriate monitoring techniques and reproducible standard test methods are
critical for tracking the self-healing efficiency of concrete elements over their
lifetime .
3. Visualization techniques, such as imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopy, are
used to determine the self-healing potential of cementitious materials

4. Various assessment methods, including visualization and determination,

assessment of regained resistance, and assessment of regained mechanical
properties, are used to evaluate the efficiency of self-healing concrete

SIGNIFICANT 1. Autonomous approaches are found to be more effective in healing cracks compared to
autogenous methods. The geometry and size of cracks play an important role in selecting
CONCLUSIONS self-healing techniques and agents.
Various modifying materials, such as polymers, fiber fillers, and powder fillers, can be
integrated into concrete to make it self-heal or repair itself. These materials have been
proven effective in repairing cracks.
2. The presence of chemical and mineral additives significantly impacts the formation of
re-hydration products with high chemical stability and self-healing rate.

3. Microscopic technologies have been widely used to study autogenous and autonomous
self-healing systems in concrete. These studies have evaluated the efficacy of enhanced
autogenous crack healing mechanisms and the usage of specific additives to enhance
autogenous healing.

REFERENCES The study on self-healing concrete by Md Montaseer Meraz et al. discusses the
characterization, processes, and performances of autogenous and autonomous
healing concrete .
Autonomous approaches are found to be more effective in healing cracks
compared to autogenous methods. The geometry and size of cracks play an
important role in selecting self-healing techniques and agents .
Various modifying materials, such as polymers, fiber fillers, and powder fillers, can
be integrated into concrete to make it self-heal or repair itself .
1. The presence of chemical and mineral additives significantly impacts the
formation of re-hydration products with high chemical stability and self-healing
rate

2. Microscopic technologies have been widely used to study autogenous and

autonomous self-healing systems in concrete. These studies have evaluated the
efficacy of enhanced autogenous crack healing mechanisms and the usage of
specific additives to enhance autogenous healing .
LINK www.elsevier.com/locate(aei
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/iournal/11100168

S.NO 4

AUTHOR 1. Muntasir Hassan

2. marjit kour
3. hazmat hussain

PROCESS 1. Self-healing in concrete refers to the phenomenon of cracks being automatically

filled, improving the durability of concrete structures .
2. Autogenic self-healing is a type of self-healing mechanism that does not require
human intervention. It requires certain preconditions such as the presence of
unhydrated cement, a small crack width, and sufficient water for hydration. Water
should be encapsulated with a sealing material and embedded inside the crack to
ensure availability for self-healing.
3. Spore-forming bacteria, such as Bacillus Subtilis, are introduced into the
concrete. When cracks appear and water penetrates, the bacteria's spores
germinate and initiate the healing process by precipitating calcium carbonate
(CaC03) .
4. The healing capacity, initiation time, and rate of healing vary depending on the
age of the cracks. Samples cracked at 14th and 28th days show higher healing
capacity and faster healing compared to those cracked at 60th and 90th days .
5. The consumption of oxygen during the bacterial conversion of calcium lactate
to limestone not only aids in healing but also increases the durability of steel-
reinforced concrete constructions by reducing the corrosion of steel .
Temperature 15 c'to

Properties Studied Strength of the cementitious coating mortar: Compressive strength and split tensile
strength of the mortar were measured to study their effect on the concrete with
embedded EAs.

Distribution of EAs: The distribution of EAS in the concrete was analyzed along the x, y,
and z directions using image analysis of slices cut from concrete cylinders.

1 .Crack Opening Displacement (COD): The crack opening displacement of the embedded
EAS was monitored using LSCTs to measure the width of cracks and observe any
differential dis lacement between the faces of the s ecimens.
Materials used Cement: The type of cement used is not specified in the given information.

Fly Ash: Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, was used as a supplementary
cementitious material.

Sand: L60 unground silica sand from US Silica was used in the mortar coating.

Superplasticizer: Sikament 686 was used as a superplasticizer to improve the

workability and flowability of concrete.

PVC Molds: PVC molds were used for the demoldin of the embedded a e ates
 (EAs) after 24 hours of casting.

1 .Lime Water: The EAS were cured in saturated lime water for 14 days at a
temperature of 23 ± I OC.
YEAR July 2018

PROPOSED 1. The proposed study aims to investigate and quantify the best crack healing
STUDIED technique in concrete by changing the quantities of bacteria and carrier
compound. It will also examine the effect of bacteria on the compressive strength
and strength regain of concrete specimens.

METHODOLOGY 1. The methodology of the study involves introducing spore-forming bacteria with
calcium lactate into the concrete to facilitate self-healing. Bacillus Subtilis is
identified as a suitable bacteria for this purpose

The study examines the crack healing process by monitoring the samples at
different time intervals (14th, 28th, 60th, and 90th day of curing) and evaluating
the healing capacity of the bacterial specimens .
2. The healing capacity is assessed by measuring the regain strength of the
samples using a compression testing machine in accordance with ASTM standard
C39
The study compares the healing rates and capacities of samples cracked at
different ages of concrete, with a focus on the early age cracks

3. Compressive strength tests are conducted on both control and bacterial

specimens with different quantities of bacteria to analyze the concrete
performance and usability
4. The study also investigates the effect of bacteria on the compressive strength
and strength regain of the concrete specimens

SIGNIFICANT 1. The study found that introducing spore-forming bacteria with calcium lactate in
concrete can facilitate self-healing by precipitating CaC03 to fill cracks .
CONCLUSIONS
2. The healing capacity of the bacterial specimens varied depending on the age of
the cracks. Samples cracked at an early age (14th day) showed quicker and higher
healing rates compared to samples cracked at later ages (28th and 60th day) .
3. The healing process involved dual mechanisms: continuous hydration of cement
particles and the presence of bacteria. Samples cracked at the 28th day showed
healing rates of 0%, 30%, and 50% after 14, 28, and 60 days, respectively

4. The strength regain of the concrete specimens was observed due to the
precipitation of calcite, which increased bonding between crack surfaces and
resulted in some regain in specimen strength

5. The study highlights the importance of early-age crack healing, as the healing
capacity of cracks diminishes over time.

References 1. The paper titled "Self-Healing of Concrete using Bio-Influenced Techniques" by

Hassan.

2. The paper with ISSN 2278-0181

 3. The paper published by www.ijert.org, Vol. 7 Issue 07, July-2018 .

4. The paper mentioning compressive strength of concrete

5. The paper providing strength values for concrete samples at different

curing durations
LINK www.ijert.org

S.NO 5

AUTHOR .Nele De Belie

2. Bjorn Van Belleghem
3. Yusuf Erian
4. Kim Van Tittelboom
Properties studied 1 .Resistance of self-healing concrete to chloride ingress.
Corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete specimens subjected to cyclic exposure with a NaCl
solution.
Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) under aggressive sulfate and
chloride conditions.
Self-healing kinetics of cement paste with chelating agent in a marine environment.
Chloride transport properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under combined
mechanical and environmental loads.
2. Crack-healing capacity of beads consisting of calcium alginate encapsulated bacterial spores
and mineral precursor compounds in low-temperature marine environments.
3. Concrete resistance development measured through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS).
4. Properties of encapsulated polymers and their long-term stability in cementitious matrices.
5. Auto enous healin at earl a e and its effect on chloride enetration and structural durabilit
Temperature required No temperature limitations
Materials used 1 .Macro-encapsulated polyurethane: The study found that self-healing concrete with
macroencapsulated polyurethane was efficient in reducing chloride penetration into
cracks and the concrete matrix.

2. Polymer-based healing agents: Van den Heede et al. screened four macro-encapsulated
polymer-based healing agents in their study on self-healing concrete for marine
environments. A commercial low-viscosity PU precursor showed a highly repeatable
selfhealing efficiency value of 100.

3. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and glass capsules: Araujo et al. used these capsules to
encapsulate the healing agent in their real-scale tests on concrete beams. The tests
revealed that incorporating self-healing properties increased the resistance of cracked
concrete against chloride, with most cracks being completely healed.

4. Bacterial granules: Bacterial granules containing denitrifying cultures were used in the
study to achieve self-healing through the production of nitrite, which protected the
reinforcement during the crack healing process.

4.Shell materials for encapsulation: Various shell materials have been investigated and
tailored for use in cementitious matrices for encapsulating self-healing agents. The long-
term stability of encapsulated polymers remains a concern, while encapsulating bacterial
spores or mineral additives is less problematic due to their lower reactivity with moisture
penetrating through the shell.
5.ACDC and CERUP cultures: ACDC, a self-protected N03-reducing culture, and
CERUP, a self-protected ureolytic culture, were used in corrosion experiments. ACDC
showed a similar effect on mortar properties as CERUP but induced crack sealing
through urea hydrolysis.
PROCESS 1.Self-healing in concrete involves the activation of a healing mechanism when a crack
forms, leading to crack filling and the restoration of liquid tightness and mechanical
properties. The time required for complete healing varies depending on the self-healing
mechanism used, ranging from several hours for encapsulated polymers to several weeks
for encapsulated minerals, crystalline additions, and bacteria .
Self-healing mechanisms can include micro- and macro-encapsulated polymers or
minerals, as well as bacteria-based systems .
Encapsulation materials for self-healing agents have been investigated and tailored for
use in cementitious matrices, with a range of shell materials explored. Optimum dosages
of self-

healing agents typically range from 0.5 to 10% by weight of cement, balancing sufficient
healing with limited impact on concrete's mechanical properties .
2. The long-term stability of encapsulated polymers remains a concern due to the
permeability of capsule shells, while encapsulating bacterial spores or mineral additives
is less problematic .
3. Different self-healing mechanisms have been studied, including macro-encapsulated
polyurethane, bacteria-based systems, and engineered cementitious composites (ECC)
.
4. ECC has shown durability in maintaining its unique tensile characteristics under
combined mechanical loading and aggressive chloride conditions, with evidence of self-
healing in terms of recovery of material stiffness and tensile strain capacity .
5. Bacterial-based self-healing systems release nitrite as an intermediate metabolic
product, which protects reinforcement during the crack healing process.
YEAR 2019
PROPOSED 1. The sources provide information on various studies related to the durability and
selfhealing mechanisms of concrete. These studies include investigations into the
STUDIED resistance of self-healing concrete to chloride ingress, corrosion behavior of reinforced
concrete specimens, self-healing kinetics of cement paste, and the efficiency of different
self-healing agents in marine environments.

2. The studies explore the use of different materials and mechanisms for self-healing,
such as macro-encapsulated polyurethane, chelating agents, bacterial granules, and
calcium alginate encapsulated bacterial spores.

3. The effectiveness of these self-healing mechanisms is evaluated based on factors like

chloride penetration, crack healing capacity, reduction in permeability, and corrosion
behavior of reinforced concrete.

4. The studies also highlight the need for further testing of self-healing mechanisms in
larger concrete elements and more realistic environmental conditions.

5.0verall, the sources provide insights into the proposed studies on self-healing
concrete, including the materials used and the evaluation of their efficiency in different
scenarios.
METHODOLOGY The methodology used in the studies on self-healing concrete varied depending on the specific
objectives and parameters being investigated.
1. The resistance of self-healing concrete to chloride ingress was evaluated through chloride
profiles and electron probe microanalysis, which provided insights into the efficiency of the
selfhealing mechanism in reducing chloride penetration into cracks and the concrete matrix . The
corrosion behavior of reinforced concrete specimens was studied by subjecting them to cyclic
exposure with a NaCl solution, and electrochemical measurements were performed to assess
the impact of autonomous crack healing on corrosion reduction .
2. The durability of self-healing micro-concrete was investigated through freeze-thaw cycles and
salt spray tests, with capillary water absorption tests and electron microscopy analysis used to
evaluate the enhanced durability of the autonomously healed material .
The self-healing kinetics of cement paste were studied in a marine environment, with the healing
process monitored and the reaction products analyzed to understand the mechanism of
selfhealing .
3. The influence of crystalline admixtures on the strength, self-healing, and durability
characteristics of concrete was assessed through various tests, including rapid chloride
permeability, surface-bulk electrical resistivity, water permeability, self-healing, and compressive
strength tests
SINGNIFICANT Self-healing concrete with macro-encapsulated polyurethane was found to be efficient in
CONCLUSIONS reducing chloride penetration into cracks and the concrete matrix.
Autonomous crack healing significantly reduced corrosion in reinforced concrete
specimens exposed to a NaCl solution, with no visual damage observed on the rebars
after 44 weeks of exposure. In contrast, cracked specimens without self-healing
mechanisms showed active corrosion after 10 weeks of exposure.
1. Bacterial-based products took several weeks to heal a 300 um crack, while selfhealing
with encapsulated polyurethane was complete after one day. Bacterial granules
containing denitrifying cultures released nitrite, which protected the reinforcement
during the crack healing process.

2. Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with self-healing mechanisms showed

reduced chloride ingress along cracks compared to traditional concrete, indicating
improved durability.
ECC specimens under chloride exposure demonstrated recovery of initial material
stiffness and tensile strain capacity, indicating self-healing. ECC remained durable under
severe marine environmental conditions.
3. Autogenous healing at early age limited chloride penetration and improved structural
durability, particularly in mixtures containing blast-furnace slag. The chloride migration
test was found to be an adequate method for monitoring the self-healing process.

REFERENCES
Recent results indicate that self-healing concrete with macro-encapsulated polyurethane
is efficient in reducing chloride penetration into cracks and the concrete matrix.
Autonomous crack healing significantly reduces corrosion in reinforced concrete
specimens exposed to a NaCl solution, with no visual damage observed on the rebars
after 44 weeks of exposure.
1. Bacterial-based products take several weeks to heal a 300 um crack, while self-healing
with encapsulated polyurethane is complete after one day. Bacterial granules containing
denitrifying cultures release nitrite, which protects the reinforcement during the crack
healing process.
Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with self-healing mechanisms show reduced
chloride ingress along cracks compared to traditional concrete, indicating improved
durability. ECC specimens under chloride exposure demonstrate recovery of initial
material stiffness and tensile strain capacity, indicating self-healing. ECC remains
durable under severe marine environmental conditions.
Self-healing micro-concrete with an autonomous healing mechanism based on an
epoxy compound enclosed within silica microcapsules and amine functionalized silica
nanoparticles shows enhanced durability in freeze-thaw and salt spray tests.
2. Cement paste with a chelating agent submerged in seawater can completely heal cracks
with an initial width of 400 mm within 2 days, with brucite and calcite as the main
minerals in the reaction products.
C stalline admixtures in concrete decrease water rmeabilit and increase self-healin
 ratio, improving strength, self-healing, and durability characteristics.

LINK https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928901003

S.NO 6

Author 1 .ASHOK KUMAR

2.NOVDYA TYAGI

Properties studied Effect of incorporated mineral precursor compounds on concrete properties, such as
compressive strength and durability .
Viability and activity of bacterial spores in self-healing concrete .
Reduction in pore size of cement paste and its impact on the access of bacteria to the
precursor compound .
1 .Long-term viability and activity of integrated bacterial spores in self-healing concrete .
Prevention of crack formation and leakage problems in concrete structures .
Extending the service life of concrete structures through self-healing .

2. Feasibility of implementing self-healing concrete in the market through cost-benefit

analysis .

3. Design principles and properties of self-healing materials, including the ability to sense
damages, transport healing agents, and repair defects .
4. Compatibility of added bacteria with concrete, with no significant influence on flexural
and compressive strength characteristics .
Temperature 1. The optimal temperature for bacteria-based self-healing concrete does not appear to be
required specifically addressed in the provided sources.
2. However, it is worth noting that the development of bacteria-based self-healing
concrete involves the addition of bacteria and an organic mineral precursor compound to the
concrete mixture..
The bacteria become active and convert the organic compounds into calcium carbonate
when cracks occur and water is present.
3. This suggests that the bacteria may require suitable environmental conditions,
including temperature, to function effectively. Further research may be needed to determine
the optimal tem erature ran e for the bacteria-based self-healin rocess in concrete.
Materials required 1. Two-component healing agent: The healing agent consists of bacteria and an organic
mineral precursor compound, which are added to the concrete mixture.
2. Bacteria: The bacteria in the healing agent play a crucial role in the self-healing process.
They become active when cracks occur and water is present, converting the organic
compounds into calcium carbonate.
3.0rganic mineral precursor compound: The organic mineral precursor compound is an
essential component of the healing agent. It is metabolically converted by the bacteria into
carbonate ions,

which subsequently precipitate with calcium ions to form limestone on the crack surface.
4. Suitable organic precursor materials: Specific amino acids and calcium lactate have been
identified as suitable organic precursor materials for the healing agent. Calcium lactate, in
particular, has shown enhanced concrete compressive strength values.
5. Concrete mixture: The healing agent is added to the concrete mixture during the mixing
process. The exact proportions and specifications of the concrete mixture may vary depending
on the specific application and requirements.
Process Two-component healing agent: The healing agent consists of bacteria and an organic mineral
precursor compound, which are added to the concrete mixture.
1. Activation: When cracks occur and water is present, the bacteria in the healing agent become
active.
Conversion: The bacteria convert the incorporated organic compounds into calcium carbonate,
which precipitates and seals the cracks.
2. Durability enhancement: The precipitation of limestone on the crack surface makes the
concrete matrix less accessible to water and other harmful materials, enhancing durability and
preventing further ingress.
3. Laboratory-scale system: A fully functional bacteria-based self-healing system exists on the
laboratory scale, where the healing process occurs within seven days.
4. Practical application: Ongoing studies aim to investigate the possibility of using the bacteria-
based self-healing system in practical applications. Further development is needed to make the
material feasible for ractical use.]
Year June 2019

Proposed studied 1. The development of bacteria-based self-healing concrete using a two-component healing
agent consisting of bacteria and an organic mineral precursor compound has been proposed .
The efficiency and effectiveness of the healing agent in self-healing concrete is an important
factor that needs to be considered for practical applications .
The development of a more efficient and economical healing agent could widen the range of
potential applications for self-healing concrete .
2. The self-healing capacity of concrete can significantly improve durability and prevent leakage
problems, thereby extending the service life of concrete structures .
3. Further research is needed to investigate the behavior of self-healing concrete in outdoor
environments and to determine its feasibility in the market through cost-benefit analysis .
4. Self-healing materials aim to autonomously repair damages, and the ideal self-healing
material should be chea and have ro erties e ual or su erior to currentl used materials .
Methodology

1. The methodology for developing bacteria-based self-healing concrete involves

adding a two-component healing agent to the concrete mixture, consisting of
bacteria and an organic mineral precursor compound
The efficiency and effectiveness of the healing agent in self-healing concrete is
an important factor that needs to be considered for practical applications .
2. Further research is needed to develop a more efficient and economical healing
agent that can widen the range of potential applications for self-healing concrete
.

3. Long-term monitoring of larger scale experiments executed in outdoor

environments is necessary to understand the behavior of self-healing concrete in
practice .
4. The feasibilit of implementin self-healin concrete in the market should be

determined through a full cost-benefit analysis .

Significant
conclusions

1. Bacteria-based self-healing concrete using a two-component healing

agent has been developed to extend the service life of concrete
structures .
2. The precipitation of calcium carbonate plays a significant role in the
built-in healing mechanism of concrete, with a crack width limit of 0.2
mm for healing to occur .
3. The use of lightweight aggregates (LWA) as a protective reservoir for
the healing agent has been explored, but it can reduce the compressive
strength of the concrete .
4. The development of a more efficient and economical healing agent is
needed to widen the range of potential applications for self-healing
concrete
5. Self-healing concrete has the potential to enhance durability, prevent
leakage problems, and extend the service life of concrete structures .
6. Further research is required to investigate the behavior of self-healing
concrete in outdoor environments and determine its feasibility in the
market through cost-benefit analysis.
References 1. The development of bacteria-based self-healing concrete using a two-component
healing agent consisting of bacteria and an organic mineral precursor compound has been
reviewed in a paper by Ashok Kumar.
The efficiency of the healing agent is an important factor, and the use of lightweight
aggregate (LWA) as a protective reservoir for the healing agent has been studied. However,
this system has limitations in terms of compressive strength and leakage proofing. Further
research is needed to develop a more efficient and economical healing agent.
2. Self-healing concrete aims to address the issue of crack formation, which can lead to
leakage problems and deterioration of the concrete matrix or reinforcement corrosion.
The bacteria in the healing agent convert the mineral precursor compound into calcium
carbonate, which seals and plugs the cracks, improving durability and extending the
service life of concrete structures.

LINK
www.jetir.org
S.NO 1.

AUTHOR 1. Salmabanu Luhar

2. Suthar Gourav

PROCESS Bacterial-mediated

Temperature B.sphaericus LMG 225 57 was grown at 28 0C on a shaker at 100 rpm for 48 hours
required .
B.pasteurii ATCC 11859 was grown at 300C in a medium containing trypcase,
yeast extract, tricine, (NH4)2S04, glutamic acid, and urea.
Materials Used 53 grade cement, fly ash, fine and coarse aggregate, and microorganisms such as
Bacillus subtilus.
Light-weight aggregate (LWA) of size 2-4mm
Oxygen micro sensors and biochemical healing agent containing mortar
specimen.
Properties studied Structural properties: The use of bacteria in concrete improved tensile strength,
water permeability, durability, and compressive strength compared to
conventional concrete.

Tensile strength: Bacterial concrete showed better tensile strength than

conventional concrete.
Gas permeability: Bacterial concrete exhibited reduced gas permeability
compared to conventional concrete.
Water permeability: Water permeability was tested to evaluate the self-healing
nature of concrete.

YEAR January 2015

PROPOSED Crack healing capacity: The research paper quantified the crack healing capacity
STUDIED of concrete containing a light-weight aggregate (LWA) encapsulation selfhealing
agent. The width of cracks in bacteria-based specimens was found to be less than
0.46 mm
Relative capillary index: Bacterial concrete showed lower values of relative
capillary index compared to uerolytic mixed culture, indicating improved
resistance to water penetration.
Gas permeability: Bacterial concrete exhibited reduced gas permeabilitycompared
to conventional concrete.
Stress-strain behavior: The stress-strain behavior of concrete was studied to
determine its toughness.
Water permeability: Water permeability tests were conducted to evaluate the
selfhealing nature of concrete.

METHODOLOGY Crack healing capacity: The crack healing capacity of concrete was quantified by
observing the width of cracks in bacteria-based specimens, which was found to be
less than 0.46 mm.
 Gas permeability: Gas permeability tests were conducted using the
RILEMCEMBUREAU method, which measures the rate of flow of oxygen. It was
found that bacterial concrete exhibited reduced permeability compared to
conventional concrete .
Water permeability: Water permeability tests were performed to evaluate the
selfhealing nature of concrete. The concrete specimens were broken completely
after the splitting test .
Stress-strain behavior: The stress-strain behavior of concrete was studied using
cylindrical specimens prepared in a universal testing machine. The data obtained
from the tests provided information on the toughness of the concrete . Bacterial
cultures: Different types of bacteria, such as B. pasteurii, Bacillus subtilis, and B.
sphaericus, were used in the experiments. The bacteria were grown in specific
media containing different chemicals at particular temperatures and time periods.

SIGNIFICANT Bacterial concrete showed a promising crack healing capacity, with the width of
CONCLUSIONS cracks in bacteria-based specimens being less than 0.46 mm
Bacterial concrete exhibited reduced gas permeability compared to conventional
concrete, indicating improved resistance to the flow of gases.
Water permeability tests demonstrated the self-healing nature of concrete,
highlighting its ability to resist water penetration .
The stress-strain behavior of concrete was studied, providing insights into its
toughness and structural properties .
The use of bacteria, such as B. pasteurii, Bacillus subtilis, and B. sphaericus, in
the production of bacterial concrete showed positive effects on the structural
properties, including tensile strength, water permeability, durability, and
compressive strength
Mathematical models were introduced to study the stress-strain behavior of
bacteria, contributing to the improvement of concrete strength.

References Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete by Kim Van Tittelboom a, De Belie a, *, Willem De
Muyncka, b, Willy Verstraete b., 2008.
Gollapudi et al., 1995; Stocks-Fischer et al., 1999; Bachmeier et al., 2002; Dick et al., 2006;
Rodriguez- Navarro et al., 2003.
Rafat Siddique, Navneet Kaur Chahal, "Effect of ureolytic bacteria on concrete properties",
Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 3791—3801.
Abo-El-Enein, Ali, Fatma Talkhan, Abdel-Gawwad, "Application of microbial biocementation to
improve the physico-mechanica properties of cement mortar", Housing and Building National
Research Center (2013).
H.M. Jonkers, A. Thijssen, O. Copuroglu, E. Schlangen, Application of bacteria as self-healing agent
for the development of sustainable concrete, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
BioGeoCivil Engineering, 23—25 June 2008, Delft, The Netherlands.

LINK https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303172092

S.NO 2

AUTHOR 1. Ishraq Mohammad Ali Khattab

2. Hazhar Shekha
3. Mohammed Abukar Abdi
PROCESS chartherm

Temperature Temperature is not specifically mentioned in the provided sources related to self-
healing concrete.
Materials used Microcapsules containing epoxy resin and acrylic as glue and hardener were
used for improved materials in self-healing concrete.
The self-healing agent used in concrete consists of a bacterium that acts
as a calcium silicate and catalyst, and a pre-mineral that convertsto
mineral calcium carbonate.
Glue materials such as methyl methacrylate, acrylic resin, ethyl
cyanoacrylate, and epoxy resin have been used to fill hollow pipettesin
self-healing concrete structures.
Vessel networks have been used as a method for distributing glue in self-
healing concrete.
Hollow glass fibers have been used as a means of healing concrete by
the bleeding action of a fluorescent dye.
Properties The durability of concrete structures is enhanced through self-healing
Studied methods, which focus on the repair and prevention of cracks.[l]
Calcium ions released during cement hydration react with C032- and
HCO3 to form crystals of calcium carbonate, which contribute to the self-
healing process.
Natural self-healing in concrete can be valuable for cracks with widths
in the range of 0.1-0.2mm.[2]
The bonding strength between the shell material and the cementitious
framework is an important property to be improved in self-healing
concrete.
Increasing the quantity of glue in self-healing concrete can enhancethe
strength recovery ratio. [3]
The biological processes of self-healing concrete have gained significant
research interest, and the use of bacteria and fungi as self- healing agents is
being explored

YEAR 2019

PROPOSED The current research focuses on the biological processes of

STUDIED selfhealing concrete, specifically the use of bacteria as a self-
healing agent.
The study proposes a complete classification and assortment of
methods and techniques for designing self-healing concrete,
including chemical, biological, and natural processes.
The research aims to provide insights and a roadmap for future studies on
designing biological methods for self-healing concrete.
The study highlights the potential of using bacteria found in nature for

the development of self-healing concrete, as these bacteria have beneficial

properties for concrete treatment

METHODOLOGY The study reviews various methods and techniques for self-healing
concrete design, including chemical, biological, and natural
processes. The research proposes a complete classification and
assortment of methods and techniques for designing self-healing
concrete. The study focuses mainly on the promising biological
method of using bacteria for self-healing concrete.
The research aims to provide insights and a roadmap for future studies
on designing biological methods for self-healing concrete.
The study evaluates the relevance and effectiveness of different
selfhealing mechanisms, including biological, natural, and chemical
processes.
The data from past journals are deeply evaluated to provide useful details
on the present condition of self-healing concrete.
 SIGNIFICA The study highlights the relevance between cracks and conceivable
NT self-healing methods, emphasizing the need for environmentally
CONCLUSI considered approaches.
Self-healing concrete, particularly using biological methods with
ONS bacteria, shows promise in enhancing the durability of concrete
structures.[ll
The research proposes a complete classification and assortment of
methods and techniques for designing self-healing concrete,
including chemical, biological, and natural processes.
The use of bacteria in self-healing concrete has attracted intensive
attention from researchers and offers potential for future studies.[2] The
study emphasizes the importance of bonding quality between the shell
material and the cementitious framework for effective self- healing.
Increasing the quantity of glue in self-healing concrete can improvethe
strength recovery ratio.

References Ghosh SK, editor. Self-healing materials: fundamentals, design strategies, and
applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2009 Aug 4.
Van Breugel K. Is there a market for self-healing cement-based materials. Proceedings of
the first international conference on self-healing materials 2007 Apr 18 (pp. 1-9). Balazs
AC. Modeling self-healing materials. Materials today. 2007 Sep 1; 10(9):18- 23. Zwaag S,
editor. Self-healing materials: an alternative approach to 20 centuries of materials science.
Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer Science+ Business Media BV; 2008 Nov. Wool RP.
Self-healing materials: a review. Soft Matter. 2008; 4(3):400-18.

LINK https://doi.org/10.26392/SSM.2019.02.01.076

S.NO 3.

AUTHOR Er.Chetan kumar

Er.Shaitan Singh.
Er.Swathi Soni
PROCESS Chartherm

Temperature No specific temperature range required for self-healing concrete.

required
Materials Used compounds, such as glue, which are mixed with fresh concrete to Chemical
promote healing.

Microorganisms, specifically bacteria strains capable of precipitating

certain chemicals, are used in biological self-healing concrete .

Polymorphic iron-aluminum-silicate and calcium carbonate are important

components used in the biological self-healing process
Properties studied Strength, toughness, and durability of cement-based concrete structures.
Compressive strength development, where the consolidation of a high
number of bacteria may have a negative effect on the strength.
Tensile strength, where bacterial concrete shows better tensile strength
compared to conventional concrete.
Oxygen consumption, measured to quantify the water submerged control
and biochemical healing agent containing mortar specimens.

Gas permeability, measured using the Rilem-cembureau method to find

the rate of flow of oxygen through the concrete

YEAR 2020

PROPOSED Investigation of the strength, toughness, and durability of cement-based

STUDIED concrete structures

Evaluation of the effectiveness of self-healing mechanisms in repairing

cracks in concrete, such as the production of calcium carbonate crystals to
block micro cracks and pores.

energy .
Examination of the autogenous self-healing process, which involves the
advanced hydration of concrete, carbonation of calcium hydroxide,
expansion of the hydrated concrete matrix, and ongoing hydration of
clinker minerals

Analysis of the chemical self-healing process, which involves injecting

chemical compounds into cracks for healing
Investigation of the impact of bacteria on the properties of concrete, such
as the increase in compressive strength over time.
METHODOLOGY Evaluate the strength, toughness, and durability of cement-based concrete
structures through experimental testing and analysis

Examine the autogenous self-healing process, which involves the

advanced hydration of concrete, carbonation of calcium hydroxide,
expansion of the hydrated concrete matrix, and ongoing hydration of
clinker minerals

Analyze the chemical self-healing process, which involves injecting

chemical compounds into cracks for healing .
Investigate the impact of bacteria on the properties of concrete, such as
the increase in compressive strength over time.

SIGNIFICANT Self-healing concrete offers efficient crack repair, resistance against

CONCLUSIONS freeze and thaw attacks, and lower permeability compared to
conventional concrete .

The use of self-healing concrete significantly enhances the strength of the

material and reduces the chances of corrosion of reinforcement .

However, there are some disadvantages to consider, such as the higher

cost compared to conventional concrete and the lack of design guidelines
for bacterial concrete in existing codes .
Studies have shown that bacterial concrete exhibits better tensile strength
 compared to conventional concrete.
The consolidation of a high number of bacteria in self-healing concrete
may have a negative effect on compressive strength development.

References W. Zhong, W. Yao, (2008) Influence of damage degree on Self-healing of Concrete.

Construction and Building Materials, 22: 1137-1142.
Jonkers, H., 'Bacteria-based self-healing concrete', HERON 56 (1) (2011) 1-12.
Potential application of Bacteria to improve the strength of cement concrete. C. C.
Gavimath*,
B. M. Malil, V. R. Hooli2, J. D. Mailpur3, A. B. Pati14, D. P. Gaddi5, C.R.Ternikar6 and
B.E.ravishankera7

LINK http://www.ijariie.com/

S.NO 4

AUTHOR Aparna Ramadas

K Shobana

Samuel Thanaraj
PROCESS Bio-mineralization

Temperature 20-400C

Properties Studied Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and
ultrasonic pulse velocity were studied to evaluate the mechanical
properties of bacterial concrete with fly ash. The maximum values
for these properties were observed with 10% fly ash replacement
and a bacterial cell concentration of IO A 5 cells/ml.

Permeability property was tested to assess the effect of bacterial

concrete on reducin ermeabilit . It was found that bacterial concrete
 significantly reduced permeability, especially in the presence of fly
ash.

The durability of the concrete structure was evaluated by studying

the corrosion of reinforcement, ingress of gases and liquids, and
reduction in permeability. Bacterial concrete was found to enhance
the durability properties of the structure.
Calcium carbonate precipitation and bio-mineralization were
studied to understand the self-healing mechanism of bacterial
concrete. The precipitation of calcium carbonate by bacteria helped
in sealing cracks and improving the strength of the concrete.
The growth and activity of bacteria in different conditions, such as
pH and temperature, were investigated to determine the suitability
of bacteria for self-healing concrete. Spore-forming bacteria from
the genus Bacillus, such as Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Megaterium,
were found to be effective in self-healing concrete.
Materials used Bacterial concrete, also known as self-healing concrete or
bioconcrete, utilizes bacteria from the genus Bacillus, such as
Bacillus Subtilis and Bacillus Megaterium, for the self-healing
process. These bacteria are responsible for the bio-
mineralization process, where they precipitate calcium
carbonate (calcite) to seal cracks in the concrete.
Other materials used in the experimental investigations include
fly ash, which is partially replaced with cement in the concrete
mix. The addition of fly ash, along with bacteria, enhances the
mechanical properties and durability of the concrete structure.
Additional materials used in the experimental work include
ordinary Portland cement, coarse aggregate, river sand, calcium
lactate, and admixtures such as silica fume and super absorbent
polymer. These materials contribute to the overall strength,
durability, and selfhealing properties of the concrete.

YEAR 2019

PROPOSED The research papers provide information on the study of self-healing

STUDIED concrete and its potential benefits in terms of durability and reduced
repair and maintenance costs.
The use of bacteria, specifically from the genus Bacillus, in self-healing
concrete has been investigated. These bacteria are capable of
biomineralization, resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate that seals
cracks in the concrete.
The addition of fly ash to bacterial concrete has been studied and
found to enhance its mechanical and durability properties. The
combination of fly ash and bacteria leads to further improvement in
the durability of the concrete structure.
The research also hi hli hts the reduction in permeabili and water
 ingress in bacterial concrete, which contributes to increased durability.[3]
The studies suggest that bacterial concrete has the potential to increase the
durability of concrete structures and reduce the need for frequent repairs
and maintenance.
METHODOLOGY The research papers provide information on the use of bacteria, specifically
from the genus Bacillus, in self-healing concrete.
The bacteria are incorporated into the concrete mix during the preparation
of specimens.
Different cell concentrations of the bacteria, such as 10 cells/ml and IOA 5
cells/ml, have been used in the experimental investigations.
Tests like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength,
ultrasonic pulse velocity, shear strength, and permeability tests were carried
out to evaluate the mechanical and durability properties of the bacterial
concrete. The research also compares the effects of different factors, such as
fly ash and admixtures like silica fume, on the performance and properties of
bacterial concrete.
The studies highlight the precipitation of calcium carbonate by the bacteria,
which contributes to the self-healing and increased strength of the concrete.

SIGNIFICANT Self-healing concrete, also known as bio-concrete or bacterial concrete, has

CONCLUSIONS the ability to repair cracks by itself through the process of bio-mineralization.
Bacteria from the genus Bacillus, specifically spore-forming gram-positive
bacteria, are widely used for self-healing purposes in concrete.
The addition of fly ash to bacterial concrete enhances its durability properties
and reduces permeability.
Bacterial concrete shows improved mechanical properties, such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength, compared
to conventional concrete [2].
The precipitation of calcium carbonate by bacteria in the concrete improves
its strength and fills voids, increasing durability .
Bacterial concrete has the potential to reduce repair and maintenance costs
associated with concrete structures
The durability of bacterial concrete is predicted to be more than the life of
the building, making it a convenient and long-lasting solution
Bacterial concrete can effectively self-heal cracks up to 0.2mm in size
The use of bacterial concrete can decrease water permeability, reduce
corrosion of reinforcement, and increase the overall durability of the
structure
S.NO 5

AUTHOR M.Monishaa
• Mrs.S.Nishanthi
Properties studied Compressive strength, which increased by 13.2% at an optimum
concentration of IO A 5 cells/ml

Split tensile strength, which increased by 21.4% at the same optimum

concentration .

Flexural strength, which increased by 16.04% at the same

optimum concentration.
Mechanical properties of the concrete, which were improved by
the addition of polyethylene fiber .

Preci itation of calcium carbonate inside cracks, leadin to healin

References 1] M. Monisha, Mrs. Nishanthi. (April 2017),"Experimental Study on Strength of Self

Healing Concrete", SSRG International journal of Civil Engineering.

[2] Roshni John, Asad Shaikh. (2017), " Self healing concrete by bacterial and
chemical admixtures", International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
Volume 8, Issue 3.

[3] Mohanadoss Ponraj , Ali Keyvanfar (2016), "Optimum concentration of

Bacillus megaterium for strengthening structural concrete", aUTM Construction
Research Center„ Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

[4] Deepika.B, C.Savinth Kumar. (2016), "Study on Strength of Bacterial concrete

in Bacillus Megaterium", International Journal of Engineering Science & Research
Technology.

[5] Jasira Bashir, IfrahKathwari, and KhushpreetSingh "Bio Concrete- The Self-
Healing
Concrete" vol 9(47), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i47/105252.
LINK www.irjet.net
 Improvement in compressive strength, split tensile strength, and
flexural strength at an optimum concentration of IO A 5 cells/ml

Characteristics of cement composites, which were improved by

Bacillus subtilis strain
Workability of the concrete, tested using the slump test.
Bacterial count and morphology, measured using staining and
haemocytometer under a microscope
Temperature 20 oc
required

Materials used Bacillus bacteria, specifically Bacillus subtilis strain, which was
used to improve the characteristics of the cement composites.

Polyethylene fiber, which was added to the concrete to increase

its mechanical properties.

Cement slurry or mortar, which was applied as a repair

mechanism for cracks in the concrete.

PROCESS Bio-mineralization

YEAR 2017

PROPOSED The provided sources do not directly mention a proposed study

STUDIED on self-healing concrete.

Therefore, there is no specific information available in the

provided sources to answer the question regarding a proposed
study on selfhealing concrete.

METHODOLOGY The study conducted experiments to evaluate the strength of

selfhealing concrete.

The concentration of cells in the self-healing concrete was varied,

and the optimum strength was found to be at IO A 5 cells
concentration.

The stren th of the self-healin concrete was measured in terms of

 compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength.
The self-healing process in the concrete involved the
precipitation of calcium carbonate inside the cracks to be healed.
This process was facilitated by both chemical and biological
processes.

The concrete specimens were tested using a machine, and the

maximum load applied on the specimen was recorded.
SINGNIFICANT The study found that the optimum strength of self-healing
CONCLUSIONS concrete was achieved at a concentration of IO A 5 cells, resulting
in a 13.2% increase in compressive strength, 21.4% increase in
split tensile strength, and 16.04% increase in flexural strength
The self-healing process in the concrete, facilitated by both
chemical and biological processes, resulted in the precipitation
of higher amounts of calcium carbonate inside the cracks to be
healed

The addition of Bacillus subtilis strain and polyethylene fiber

improved the characteristics and mechanical properties of the
concrete

The compressive strength of the self-healing concrete was tested

using compression testing machine, and the maximum load
applied on the specimen was recorded.
The split tensile strength of the concrete was tested on cylinders
using a compression testing machine, and the failure load was
noted to calculate the strength
Overall, the results indicate that self-healing concrete has
advantages in terms of increased strength and potential for crack
repair.
REFERENCES 1] Bang S.S., Galinat J.K. and Ramakrishnan V. , —Calcite precipitation induced by
polyurethane- immobilized Bacillus pasteurii.ll Enzyme Microb Technol., pp 404—
409,2001.
• Shetty M.S. (2002), Concrete Technology Theory and Practice', S.Chand and
Company ltd, New Delhi.

LINK www.internationaljournalssrg.org

S.NO 6
AUTHOR 1 .Abubakar Magaji,

2. Mathias Yakubu,

3. Yakubu Mamman Wakawa

PROCESS Natural process, chemical process, and biological process are the three main processes
of self-healing concrete. Bacteria play a crucial role in the biological process by
providing calcium carbonate c stals that block and fix cracks in the concrete.
Temperature Crack repair and prevention of water and chemical infiltration,
required improving durability and toughness.
Increase in strength, with a 13.75% increment in 3 days and 14.28% in
one week.

Blocking cracks by waste, carbonation of Ca0H, expansion of the

hydrated concrete matrix in crack flanks, and ongoing hydration
of clinker minerals
Use of bacteria, such as Bacillus cohnii, Bacillus pasteurii, and Bacillus
linctus, to precipitate CaC03 and facilitate self-healing.

pH rise and creation of carbonate ions through hydrolysis and

reactions involving urea, ammonia, carbonic acid, bicarbonate,
and hydroxide ions.
Factors affecting the use of self-healing concrete include cost,
longterm efficiency, and crack depth.

Materials required .Hard aggregate like gravel, which is typically included in the
concrete.
Microcapsules a r e filled with a liquid (monomer) that can
jam microcracks and polymerize to repair them.

Properties studied Crack repair and prevention of water and chemical infiltration,
improving durability and toughness.
Increase in strength, with a 13.75% increment in 3 days and
14.28% in one week.
 Use of bacteria, such as Bacillus cohnii, Bacillus pasteurii, and Bacillus
linctus, to precipitate CaC03 and facilitate self-healing.

pH rise and creation of carbonate ions through hydrolysis and

reactions involving urea, ammonia, carbonic acid, bicarbonate,
and hydroxide ions.
Factors affecting the use of self-healing concrete include cost,
longterm efficiency, and crack depth.

YEAR 2019

PROPOSED Investigation on the use of bacteria, such as Bacillus cohnii,

STUDIED Bacillus pasteurii, and Bacillus linctus, to facilitate self-healing by
precipitating calcium carbonate crystals and blocking cracks.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of different processes of self-

healing concrete, including natural, chemical, and biological
processes. Examination of the efficiency and cost factors
associated with selfhealing concrete, including the long-term
durability and the size of cracks that can be effectively repaired.
Development of a "self-healing" concrete using ground-borne
microbes to produce calcite, which can seal cracks and prevent
further deterioration.
Study on the potential applications of self-healing concrete in
important constructions like highways and bridges, considering
factors such as cost and difficulty of repair.

METHODOLOGY Investigation on the use of bacteria, such as Bacillus cohnii,

Bacillus pasteurii, and Bacillus linctus, to facilitate self-healing by
precipitating calcium carbonate crystals and blocking cracks.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of different processes of self-
healing concrete, including natural, chemical, and biological
processes. Examination of the efficiency and cost factors
associated with selfhealing concrete, including the long-term
durability and the size of cracks that can be effectively repaired.
Development of a "self-healing" concrete using ground-borne
microbes to produce calcite, which can seal cracks and prevent
further deterioration.
Study on the potential applications of self-healing concrete in
important constructions like highways and bridges, considering
factors such as cost and difficult of repair.
SIGNIFICANT Self-healing concrete has the potential to resolve the issue of
CONCLUSIONS concrete structures deteriorating before the end of their lifespan,
by re airin cracks autonomousl or auto enousl
 The use of bacteria in self-healing concrete can lead to an increase
in strength and the formation of calcium carbonate crystals that
block cracks.

Factors such as cost, long-term efficiency, and crack depth affect

the use of self-healing concrete.
The introduction of bacteria into concrete for self-healing
purposes has been explored, but commercial implementation has
been limited.
Various methods, including the vascular method, capsule
method, bacterial method, and others, have been studied for self-
healing concrete.
The use of self-healing concrete may have limitations in terms of
compressive strength, which can impact its viability in certain
applications.
References 1 . Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete by Kim Van Tittelboom
a, Nele De Belie a,*, Willem De Muyncka, b, Willy Verstraete b., 2008.

2. Rafat Siddique, Navneet Kaur Chahal, (201 1) "Effect of ureolytic

bacteria on concrete properties", Construction and Building

Materials 25 (201 1) 3791-3801.

3. Abo-El-Enein, Ali, FatmaTalkhan, Abdel-Gawwad, "Application of

microbial cementation to improve the physical-mechanics

properties of cement mortar", Housing and Building National

Research Center (2013).

LINK
www.theijes.com

S.NO 1
AUTHORS 1. Aron Aliaga-Del Castillo
2. Luciano Soldevilla
3. Marcelo Vinicius Valerio
PROCESS Chartherm
TEMPERATURE it is stated that the microorganism is active within a temperature range of
REQUIRED Tmin (minimum temperature) to Tmax (maximum temperature), which
corresponds to 15 0 C to 45 0 C.
MATERIALS 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (PO 42.5): This refers to ordinary
USED Portland cement with a 28-day compressive strength of 42.5 MPa.
2. Sand: Natural sand with a bulk density of 1300-1600 kg/m3.
3. Stone: The apparent density of the stone used was 2650 kg/m3.
4. Alkalophilic Microorganism: Bacillus pasteurii (A484) was used as
the alkalophilic microorganism.
5. Medium: The medium used for the microorganism contained 1 L
of ultrapure water, 5 g of peptone, 3 g of beef extract, 0.42 g of NaHC03,
and 0.53 g of Na2C03.
PROPERTIES 1. Surface Morphological Characteristics of Cracks: The research
STUDIED examined the surface morphological characteristics of cracks in the
specimens under different healing and transport conditions. This
involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of crack electron
micrographs.
2. Compound Composition on the Crack Surface: Changes in the
compound composition on the crack surface during different healing
stages were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Samples were
taken from five groups of specimens at the cracks for XRD analysis. 3.
Carrier Properties of Recycled Aggregates: The carrier properties of
recycled aggregates (in Group B) were analyzed. The upper surface
section of the crack in Group B, where traces of CaC03 were most
evident, was sampled and examined.
4. Chloride Ion Concentration: Chloride ion concentration analysis was
performed on samples taken from specimens subjected to drying-wetting
cycles. This analysis aimed to assess the effect of the cycles on chloride
ion concentration.
YEAR 15 June 2018
PROPOSED To investigate the diffusion controlled dissolution and erosion model for
STUDIED moisture and chloride ion transport in self-healing concrete under
drying-wetting cycles.
METHODOLOGY • Specimen Preparation: Three groups of specimens with dimensions of
160 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm were designed for the chloride ion transport
test. The specimens were prepared by pouring the material into the
molds and allowing them to demold for 24 hours. They were then
subjected to a 7-day constant temperature curing box and an
electrohydraulic servo press to preset the cracks. • Crack Observation:
Each sample crack was marked, and the observation point was manually
recorded. The width of the crack was observed after 28 days of healing. •
Self-Healing: Self-healing was conducted according to the method
 described• Drying-Wetting Cycles: The drying-wetting cycle system
involved subjecting each specimen to 5, 10, and 20 cycles of 16 hours of
dry and 8 hours of wet. The drying was performed in a natural outdoor
environment with an ambient temperature of 20-300 C. • Sampling and
Analysis: Prefabricated cracks at depths of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm
were sampled after the drying-wetting cycles. The samples were then
analyzed for chloride ion concentration and subjected to microscopic
characterization. • Scanning Electron Microscopy: Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed, specifically on Group B, which
was the bacteria-carrying group with recycled aggregate as the carrier.
The upper surface section of the crack in Group B, where traces of CaC03
were most evident, was sampled using a cutting saw with a size of 5 mm
x 5 mm x 10 mm.
SIGNIFICANT Interfacial Analysis: The study analyzed the interface structure and
CONCLUSIONS chemical composition at the cracks of the self-healing concrete. The
composition of the concrete, including silicate cement, sand, stone, and
recycled aggregates, was considered. The analysis indicated the presence
of silicon dioxide (Si02) in sand and various silica oxygen compounds and
calcium oxygen compounds in the silicate cement. This characterization
helps in understanding the composition and nature of the self-healing
concrete. Strength of Interlayer Adhesion: The study provided insights
into the magnitude of interlayer adhesion forces at cracks in self-healing
concrete. Although the complex internal structure of the concrete and
the crystal layers of C-S-H and CaC03 are not flat planes, an equivalent
model was established to calculate the molecular forces. This analysis
helps in understanding the intermolecular forces and the strength
between different interfaces within the self-healing concrete.
REFERENCES Abrishambaf, J.A.O. Barros, V.M.C.F. Cunha, Time-dependent flexural
behaviour of cracked steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete
panels, Cement Concr. Res. 72 (2015) 21-36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/i.cemconres.2015.02.010. [27
• L.P. Guo, W. Sun, K.R. Zheng, H.J. Chen, B. Liu, Study on the flexural
fatigue performance and fractal mechanism of concrete with high
proportions of ground granulated blast-furnace slag, Cement Concr. Res.
37 (2007) 242-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.009

• A. Nour, B. Massicotte, R. De Montaignac, J.P. Charron, Derivation of a

crack opening deflection relationship for fibre reinforced concrete panels
using a stochastic model: application for predicting the flexural behaviour
of round panels using stress crack opening diagrams, Cement Concr. Res.
41 (2011) 964-974, https://doi.org/10.1016/i.cemconres.2011.05.003.

LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/i.iobe.2022.104925

S NO. 2
AUTHORS • Danah Albuhairi Luigi
Di Sarno
PROCESS Autogenous and autonomous healing systems
MATERIALS Microorganisms: Bacillus genus is commonly used due to its
USED ability to withstand the harsh concrete environment. Fungi also
show healing mechanisms comparable to bacteria.

Silica-containing minerals: Widely used healing agents in

chemical systems of self-healing concrete. They can act as alkali
activators of cementitious materials and contribute to the
precipitation of binding products, filling cracks.

Encapsulation: Self-healing agents can be encapsulated in

microcapsules, which are added to the concrete during casting.
The capsules should have low microcapsule content and size to
mimic aggregate bonding. Customizable brittleness capsules are
preferred.

Vascular flow network: Healing agents can be distributed

throughout the concrete using a homogenous distribution of
vessels. This method is suitable for precast concrete elements
and can be achieved by embedding a vascular network into the
concrete molds before casting.

Biomimetic concrete: Inspired by natural defenses, biomimetic

concrete incorporates vegetation and natural habitats within a
noninvasive reinforced concrete structure. This technology
aims to minimize energy consumption and resource usage.

PROPERTIES Mechanical properties: Existing research has focused on

STUDIED evaluating the mechanical properties of self-healing concrete.
Studies have shown improvements in the mechanical
properties of concrete when healing systems are utilized.
Durability properties: The development of self-healing concrete
also involves investigating its impact on durability properties.
Understanding the role of healing processes in the development
of mechanical and durability properties is crucial for achieving
structural engineering performance.
Engineering performance: Research has been conducted to
assess the engineering performance of self-healing concrete.
Studies have selected the highest engineering performance
figures conforming to various standards, such as Eurocodes,
 Canadian, American, and Indian Standards, to ensure
repeatability and reliability.
Lifecycle assessment: Lifecycle assessment studies have been
conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of different
self-healing concrete systems. These studies consider factors
such as carbon emissions and sustainability goals.

YEAR 2022
PROPROSED Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term
STUDIED performance and commercial viability of self-healing concrete,
as current progress towards commercialization is hindered by
short- to medium-term experimental testing limitations.

Studies should focus on developing consistent testing methods

that correlate laboratory results with field tests, addressing the
lack of conclusive field testing in self-healing concrete research.
Investigation into the environmental and economic impacts of
using self-healing concrete systems is necessary, considering the
initial cradle-to-gate processes and potential repair cost
reductions in efficient self-healing structures .
Comparative studies should be conducted to quantify the
estimated emission reduction in self-healing concrete,
considering the wide range of composition, production, and
testing variability.
Research is needed to explore the influence of self-healing
systems on the engineering properties of concrete, including
mechanical and durability properties.

Further studies should be conducted to assess the performance

and effectiveness of different self-healing systems, such as
microorganisms, silica-containing minerals, encapsulation,
vascular flow networks, and biomimetic approaches

METHODOLOGY Current research in self-healing concrete involves a

combination of laboratory testing and field studies to evaluate
the feasibility and effectiveness of different self-healing
systems.
Laboratory testing is conducted to assess the mechanical and
durability properties of self-healing concrete, including the
evaluation of engineering performance and the impact of
healing processes.
 Field studies are essential to validate the performance of
selfhealing concrete in real-life applications and to understand
its structural feasibility.
Lifecycle assessment studies are conducted to evaluate the
environmental impact of self-healing concrete systems,
considering factors such as carbon emissions and sustainability
goals.
Computer modeling is used to predict the long-term
performance of self-healing concrete and to optimize material
composition based on simulated output

SIGNIFICANT Self-healing concrete shows promise in improving the

CONCLUSION mechanical and durability properties of concrete, as observed
in various studies.
The commercialization of self-healing concrete faces challenges
due to limitations in short- to medium-term experimental
testing and inconclusive field tests.

Standardizing testing methods and procedures is crucial for the

widespread adoption of self-healing concrete in the
construction industry.

Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term

performance, environmental impact, and economic feasibility
of self-healing concrete systems.
Different self-healing systems, such as microorganisms,
silicacontaining minerals, encapsulation, vascular flow networks,
and biomimetic approaches, require further investigation to
determine their effectiveness and practicality

REFERENCES Ilis, L.D.; Badel, A.F.; Chiang, M.L.; Park, R.J.-Y.; Chiang, Y.-M. Toward
electrochemical synthesis of cement—An electrolyzerbased
process for decarbonating CaC03 while producing useful gas
streams. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 117, 12584-12591.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
2. Andrew, R.M. Global C02 emissions from cement production,
1928—

2018. Earth syst. Sci. Data 2019, 11, 1675-1710. [CrossRef]

3. United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report. 2021.
Available online: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021
/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2021.pdf (accessed on 12
May 2022).
4. Sunakh Zabanoot, M.S. Review of Autogenous and Autonomous
selfHealing Concrete Technologies for Marine Environments.
High Perform. Optim. Des. Struct. Mater. IV 2020, 196, 31. [CrossRef]
 5. Van Tittelboom, K.; De Belie, N. Self-Healing in Cementitious
Materials—A Review. Materials 2013, 6, 2182—2217.
LINK DOI:10.3390/buildings12081196
S NO. 3
AUTHORS Wei Wang, Tieyi Zhong, Xiaoxue Wang and Zhenyu He
PROCESS Permeable crystal repair technology incorporates cementbased
permeable crystalline waterproof material, which contains
active chemicals that catalyze the hydration reaction of cement
and promote crack filling.
Bionic self-healing concrete involves the use of fiber tubes or
capsules containing repair agents that can flow out and fill
cracks when the concrete structure is damaged.
Microbial self-healing concrete utilizes the mineralization
reaction of microorganisms to form gelling substances, such as
calcite precipitating bacteria, which can repair cracks and
improve durability.

MATERIALS Self-healing concrete based on permeable crystal repair

USED technology incorporates cement-based permeable crystalline
waterproof material, which typically includes Portland cement,
ordinary Portland cement, and quartz sand, along with active
chemicals such as active anion catalysts, pozzolans, surfactants,
early strength agents, and water reducing agents.
Self-healing concrete based on bionic self-repair involves the
use of fiber tubes or capsules containing repair agents. The
materials used for the tubes or capsules need to be matched
with the elastic modulus and stiffness of the concrete, ensuring
simultaneous cracking with the concrete and intactness during
production.
Shape memory alloy (SMA) is used in self-healing concrete to
improve mechanical properties and control deformation and
cracks. However, there is limited research on the bonding
properties of SMA and concrete, and the specific materials used
are not mentioned in the provided source

PROPERTIES The performance of concrete after self-healing, including

STUDIED changes in mechanical properties such as concrete strength and
elastic modulus after crack repair, is still unclear.

The self-healing effect of concrete has been assessed based on

indicators such as fracture healing rate, healing speed, multiple
healing ability, and mechanical properties after healing.

The self-healing properties of concrete have been studied in

terms of the effect of different cracking time, curing mode, and
crack width on self-healing products, including the formation of
 crystals and gels, and the size and number of self-healing
products.

The self-healing properties of concrete have been investigated

in terms of its ability to repair cracks, improve durability, and
provide waterproofing.

The self-healing effect of concrete based on bacteria has been

studied, including the activity and repair function of bacteria
over several decades, as well as the influence of environmental
factors such as calcium ions, inorganic carbon concentration,
and pH value on microbial mineralization reaction products.
The effect of different additives, such as epoxy-containing silica
microcapsules and amine-functionalized nanosilica, on the
compressive strength of self-healing concrete has been
examined.
The use of liquid core glass fibers containing acetal polymer
solution and steel wire short fibers in self-healing concrete has
been investigated, including the penetration of repair agents
into cracks and the role of pressure in the spread of repair
agents.

YEAR 2019
PROPOSED The proposed study aims to investigate the performance and
potential applications of self-healing concrete based on
STUDIED
different technologies, including concrete itself, permeable
crystal repair, shape memory alloy, bionic self-repair, and
microbial [ll .

The study will focus on assessing the self-healing properties of

concrete, such as fracture healing rate, healing speed, multiple
healing ability, and changes in mechanical properties after crack
repair [2].
The study will also explore the effect of different additives, such
as epoxy-containing silica microcapsules and
aminefunctionalized nanosilica, on the compressive strength
and durability of self-healing concrete [3].
Additionally, the study will investigate the self-healing effect of
concrete based on bacteria, including the activity and repair
function of bacteria over time, and the influence of
environmental factors on microbial mineralization reaction
products [4].

The goal of the proposed study is to contribute to the

development of self-healing concrete technology, which has the
 potential to save costs, improve the service life of concrete, and
enhance the safety and durability of structures

METHODOLOGY The methodology for studying self-healing concrete involves

collecting, sorting, and analyzing domestic and foreign
references on self-healing concrete research.

Experimental research methods and results of different types of

self-healing concrete are summarized, including self-healing
concrete based on concrete itself, permeabl crystal repair
technology, shape memory alloy, bionic self-repair, and
microbial.
The self-healing properties of concrete are assessed based on
indicators such as fracture healing rate, healing speed, multiple
healing ability, and changes in mechanical properties after crack
repair.

The effect of different additives, such as epoxy-containing silica

microcapsules and amine-functionalized nanosilica, on the
compressive strength and durability of self-healing concrete is
examined.

The self-healing effect of concrete based on bacteria is

investigated, including the activity and repair function of
bacteria over time, and the influence of environmental factors
on microbial mineralization reaction products.

The performance and application potential of self-healing

concrete based on different technologies are analyzed and
discussed.
The proposed study aims to contribute to the development of
self-healing concrete technology and establish theoretical
formulas and rules to guide the design of structures

SIGNIFICANT The research on self-healing concrete technology has made

CONCLUSION good progress in different research directions, but most of it is
still in the theoretical and laboratory feasibility stage.

Self-healing concrete has the potential to save costs, improve

the service life of concrete, and enhance the safety and
durability of structures in the general trend of green buildings
and green materials.
 However, there are still many key issues that need to be
addressed, such as the compatibility of new materials with
concrete matrices, optimal choice of materials and blending
amounts, long-term stability of repair materials, reliability of
multiple repairs, and inspection standards for repair effects. The
self-healing properties of concrete vary based on factors such as
composition, age of damage, environmental conditions, and
healing time.
The self-healing effect may be limited in drier environments,
making it unrealistic to rely solely on self-healing for crack
control in actual engineering.
Further research is needed to address these challenges and
optimize the performance of self-healing concrete for practical
applications.

REFERENCES Lin Gao, Endong Guo, yin Zhao, et al. (2016) Experimental study on
development, self-healing and leakage of curved cracks in reinforced
concrete pool siding. Journal of Civil Engineering, 2016(03):98-104.
[2] Yonghao Fang, Pubin An, Wei Zhao, et al. (2008) Permeation and
erosion of crack-containing cement-based materials and their
selfhealing. Journal of silicate, 2008(04):451-456.
[3] Wu Yao, Wenhui Zhong. (2006) Mechanism of self-healing of
concrete damage. Journal of Materials Research. 2006(01):24-28. [4]
Schlangen E, Heide N T, Breugel K V. (2006) Crack healing of early age
cracks in concrete. Measuring, monitoring and modeling concrete
properties. Springer Netherlands, 2006:273-284.
[5] Tittelboom, K. V., Belie, N. D. , Muynck, W. D., & Verstraete, W.
(2010). Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete. Cement & Concrete
Research, 40(1), 157-166. [6] Yuewei Shi, Tongliang Ge, Chunxiao Sun,
et al. (2017) Technical and economic analysis and application prospect
of crack self-healing concrete. Construction Technology,
2017(S1):296298
LINK DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012037

S NO. 4
AUTHORS S.S. Lucas , C. Moxhama , E. Tziviloglou b , H. Jonkers b

PROCESS The process of self-healing in concrete with bacteria encapsulated in

expanded clay involves the addition of bacteria to the concrete,
which can activate and convert calcium lactate to calcium carbonate,
resulting in crack sealing and self-healing.
MATERIALS USED Ordinary Portland cement CEM 1 42.5N was used as the binder
in the concrete mixture.

Pit sand with a particle size up to 10 mm was used as the

aggregate in the concrete mixture.

Expanded clay, specifically Liapor with a particle size between

1 and 4 mm, was used as a replacement for aggregate in the
concrete mixture.

Water was added to the concrete mixture to achieve the

desired consistency.

Calcium lactate, yeast extract, and bacteria spores were

impregnated into the expanded clay particles for
encapsulation of the bacteria

PROPERTIES The study focused on the self-healing properties of concrete

STUDIED with bacteria encapsulated in expanded clay.

The researchers investigated the ability of the bacteria to

contribute to strength recovery in concrete, specifically
through the formation of calcium carbonate as a reaction
product from bacterial activity.

The study also aimed to assess the longevity and durability of

the self-healing concrete, although further research is needed
in these areas.
The researchers conducted tests to assess the healing of the
concrete samples over different time periods, and the healing
was quantified by comparing the compression strength of
control samples to healed samples.
The results demonstrated the feasibility of using bacteria
encapsulated in expanded clay for self-healing in concrete,

but more research is required to fully understand and optimize

the self-healing process.

YEAR 2018
PROPOSED The researchers aimed to investigate the self-healing
STUDIED properties of concrete with bacteria encapsulated in
expanded clay.
The study focused on the strength recovery in concrete
achieved through the presence of calcium carbonate, the
main reaction product resulting from bacterial activity.

Further studies were suggested to estimate the longevity of the

bacteria and the durability of the self-healing concrete..

The researchers conducted tests to assess the feasibility of

using bacteria encapsulated in expanded clay for self-healing
in concrete.
The study aimed to develop strategies to achieve an efficient
level of self-healing in concrete, considering the limitations of
natural self-healing abilities of cement.
The investigation of different routes and methods to achieve
self-healing in concrete was also part of the proposed studies.

METHODOLOGY The researchers prepared concrete cubes using a mix of

ordinary Portland cement, pit sand, expanded clay, and water,
with a water-cement ratio of 0.52.

Bacteria were immobilized in expanded clay and added to the

concrete by replacing some of the aggregates.
The concrete samples were tested for strength recovery and
healing after different time periods, such as 7, 28, 56, and 63
days.

The healing of the concrete was quantified by comparing the

compression strength of control samples (without bacteria) to
the healed samples.
The presence of calcium carbonate, resulting from bacterial
activity, was identified as the main reaction product
responsible for the strength recovery in the concrete. The study
acknowledged the need for further research to estimate the
longevity of the bacteria and the durability of the self-healing
concrete
SIGNIFICANT The results obtained with the tests conducted in this study confirmed
CONCLUSION that the replacement of aggregates with expanded clay impregnated
with bacteria could effectively contribute to strength recovery in
concrete. It has been demonstrated that the recovery has been in
fact caused by the presence of calcium carbonate, the main reaction
product resulting from the bacteria activity. Although further studies
are required to estimate the longevity of the bacteria and the
durability of this concrete, the results demonstrate its feasibility.
REFERENCES [1] L. Itard, G. Klunder, Comparing environmental impacts of
renovated housing stock with new construction, Build. Res. Inf. 35
(2007) 252-267, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210601068161. [2]
O. Ortiz, F. Castells, G. Sonnemann, Sustainability in the construction
industry: a review of recent developments based on LCA, Constr.
Build. Mater. 23 (2009) 28-39,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUlLDMAT. 2007.11.012. [3] F.
Pacheco-Torgal, S. Jalali, Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete, Constr.
Build. Mater. 24 (2010) 832-838,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2009.10.023. [4]
W.Jackiewicz-Rek, K. Zategowski, , A. Garbacz, B. Bissonnette,
Properties of cement mortars modified with ceramic waste fillers,
Procedia Eng. 108 (2015) 681-687,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.199. [5] K.E. Kurtis,
Innovations in cement-based materials: addressing sustainability in
structural and infrastructure applications, MRS Bull. 40 (2015) 1102—
1108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2015.279.
LINK DOI:10.1016/i.stmat.2018.11.006

S NO. 5
AUTHORS Md Montaseer Meraz a, Nusrat Jahan Mim a , Md Tanjid Mehedi a ,
Badhon Bhattacharya a , Md. Reduan Aftab a , Md. Mustakim Billah a ,
Md. Musfike Meraz b
PROCESS Autogenous self-healing and Autonomous Self-Healing
MATERIALS Mineral admixtures, fibers, shape memory alloys, capsules, and
USED microbial technologies are effective in repairing cracks in
selfhealing concrete.
Cement paste expansive agents, chemical additives, and
geomaterials are also used in self-healing concrete.

Nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes, nano-Ti02, nano-Si02,

and nano-Zr02 have been incorporated into self-healing
concrete.

Other materials used in self-healing concrete include highrange

water-reducing admixtures, fly ash, PVA fiber, silica fume,
 steel fibers, calcium carbonate (CaC03), polycarboxylate
superplasticizer, and epoxy sealing compounds.

PROPERTIES Mechanical properties were used to evaluate the efficiency of

STUDIED self-healing techniques, with some authors conducting tests at
macro and microstructure scales to increase reliability of
results.

Durability, micromechanical, microstructure, and nanoscale

level tests were not reported in the same experiment.

Natural self-healing properties in concrete were observed, with

further hydration of anhydrate cementitious components
contributing to self-healing in very young concrete. Calcium
carbonate formation likely causes self-healing at later ages. This
natural self-healing is useful for cracks with widths up to 0.1-
0.2mm.

The research also discusses the efficiency performance of past

and present self-healing techniques in cementitious materials,
highlighting their types, properties, efficiency, and triggering
mechanisms.

YEAR 2023

PROPOSED Evaluation of self-healing performance using various

STUDIED approaches and techniques.

Characterization of autogenous and autonomous self-healing

methods, including the use of mineral admixtures, fibers, shape
memory alloys, capsules, and microbial technologies.

Examination of the effectiveness of biomimetic materials such

as shape memory alloys, capsules, and bacteria-based
selfhealing concrete.

Investigation of the role of crack geometry and size in selecting

self-healing techniques and agents.
Analysis of the formation of calcium carbonate and calcium
hydroxide as natural self-healing mechanisms in concrete.
Microscopic studies to understand the dissolution, carbonation,
and crystallization processes involved in autogenous and
autonomous self-healing.
 Visualization and assessment of self-healing potential using
imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopy techniques [3].
Evaluation of the durability and mechanical properties of
selfhealing concrete

METHODOLOGY The research paper discusses the fabrication, advancement,

and effectiveness of self-healing concrete for long-term
integrity of concrete infrastructures. It provides a
comprehensive review of various aspects of autogenous and
autonomous healing concrete, including their characterization,
processes, and performances.

The effectiveness of self-healing techniques and agents is

evaluated based on the geometry and size of cracks.
Autonomous approaches are found to be more effective than
autogenous methods in healing cracks.
The paper also highlights the importance of evaluating the
selfhealing efficiency of concrete under real-world
environmental conditions, such as nonideal curing
temperatures, high salt concentrations, sustained stresses, and
repeated cracking and healing cycles. The development of
appropriate monitoring techniques and reproducible standard
test methods is crucial for assessing healing efficiency.
Visualization and assessment techniques, such as imaging,
microscopy, and spectroscopy, are used to determine the
selfhealing potential of cementitious materials. These
techniques allow for qualitative and quantitative analyses of
crack closure, crystal deposition, and healing agent release.

Various assessment methods are employed to evaluate the

efficiency of self-healing concrete, including visualization and
determination, assessment of regained resistance, and
assessment of regained mechanical properties. These methods
help quantify the healing efficiency and assess properties such
as composition, durability, and strength

SIGNIFICANT The review emphasizes that self-healing concrete holds immense

CONCLUSION potential for enhancing the durability of structures. It is clear that
deliberate engineering of concrete mixes with the addition of certain
minerals, bacteria, and other substances can significantly improve the
self-healing properties of concrete, effectively sealing cracks and
preventing further damage. The study also underscores the need for
 standard test methods to assess the efficacy of various self-healing
techniques.

Furthermore, the concept of a "healable crack width" is proposed,

which considers material composition, environmental factors, and
service conditions when evaluating concrete design. This represents a
shift from the traditional "allowable crack width" concept in design
codes.

REFERENCES [1] G.F. Huseien, M.L. Nehdi, l . Faridmehr, S.K. Ghoshal, H.K.
Hamzah, O. Benjeddou, F. Alrshoudi, Smart bio-agentsactivated
sustainable selfhealing cementitious materials: an all-inclusive
overview on progress, benefits and challenges, Sustainability 14 (4)
(2022) 1980.
[2] S. Luhar, l. Luhar, F.U.A. Shaikh, A review on the performance
evaluation of autonomous self-healing bacterial concrete: mechanisms,
strength, durability, and microstructural properties, J. Compos. Sci. 6
(1) (2022) 23.
[3] E.H. de Souza Lima, A.M.P. Carneiro, A review of failures of
railway monoblock prestressed concrete sleepers, Eng. Fail. Anal.
(2022) 106389.
[4] D. Gardner, R. Lark, T. Jefferson, R. Davies, A survey on
problems encountered in current concrete construction and the
potential benefits of self-healing cementitious materials, Case Stud.
Constr.
Mater. 8 (2018) 238-247.
[5] A. Danish, M.A. Mosaberpanah, M.U. Salim, Past and present
techniques of self-healing in cementitious materials: a critical review
on efficiency of implemented treatments, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (3)
(2020) 6883-6899.
LINK DOI:10.1016/i.aei.2023.05.008

S NO. 6
AUTHORS Aamar Danish, Mohammad Ali Mosaberpanah, Muhammad Usama
Salim
PROCESS Autogenous/natural healing, Autonomic healing and Engineered
selfhealing
MATERIALS USED Encapsulation materials such as polymers, light-weight
aggregates, glass, and ceramic tubes are used for the
development of self-healing phenomenon in cement matrix.
Polymeric capsules prepared through an oil-in-water
dispersion phenomenon of polymeric material are widely
used.

Other materials used for manufacturing capsules include

polyurethane, melamine-based capsule material, glass tubes,
and acrylic tubes.

Capsules can be made with a strong shell by reacting urea

(NH2CON2) and formaldehyde (CH20) in a liquid phase,
enhancing bonding with the cement matrix.
Different materials are available to make healing agents and
capsules depending on desired efficiency. The mechanical
resistance of capsules used should overcome internal forces
of concrete mixing.

PROPERTIES Self-healing techniques aim to recover the transport and

STUDIED mechanical properties of concrete structures.

The efficiency of self-healing in concrete needs to be proven

under severe environmental conditions, including unideal
curing conditions, severe weathering conditions, and
freezethaw cycles.

The self-healing process should not only seal cracks but also
chemically bind crack faces together.
Encapsulation is a commonly used and effective method for
introducing healing agents into concrete. It can extend the
active duration and releasing pattern of healing agents,
improving the mechanical and durability properties of
concrete.

Research is focused on developing smart release capsules that

allow for multiple healing cycles. However, repeatability and
long-term usability are still challenges

YEAR 2020
PROPOSED Further research is needed to enhance the practical
STUDIED applicability of encapsulation as a self-healing technique in
concrete, including studying concrete mixing strategies to
avoid capsule breakage and negative effects on mechanical
properties.

The efficiency of self-healing in concrete should be proven

under severe environmental conditions, such as unideal
curing conditions, severe weathering conditions, and
freezethaw cycles.

In situ applicability of self-healing agents should be

researched, considering available budgets and ensuring that
the cost of the mechanism is lower than the repair cost.

Autogenous healing mechanisms should be further

investigated, considering factors such as concrete age and
composition, water presence, and crack shape and size.

Geometrically controlling crack formation and expansion can

enhance autogenous healing by limiting crack width and
facilitating water transport throughout the matrix for
improved hydration and healing.

The extent of autogenous healing can be determined by crack

dimensions and patterns, with narrower cracks showing easier
and quicker healing.
Research should focus on developing smart release capsules
that allow for multiple healing cycles, addressing challenges
related to repeatability and long-term usability.

METHODOLOGY Self-healing techniques in cementitious materials involve the

use of various methods and agents to repair cracks and
enhance the durability of concrete structures.

The selection of self-healing techniques and materials

depends on the geometry and size of cracks. Encapsulation of
chemical healing agents has shown more effective results due
to better reaction between un-hydrated cement particles and
healing agents.
In situ applicability of self-healing agents should be
researched, considering the cost of the mechanism compared
to repair costs.
 Microorganisms, particularly bacteria, are effective for
selfhealing concrete due to their ability to precipitate useful
chemicals. Different methods, such as incorporation of
microbial broth, spores, encapsulation, and vascular network,
are used to incorporate microorganisms into concrete.

Autonomic concrete healing involves the addition of healing

agents to concrete, allowing crack healing without external
aid. This can be achieved through chemical and biological
processes. Controlling crack formation and expansion, as well
as enhancing hydration, can improve autogenous healing.
Different types of self-healing techniques are used based on
the characteristics of cracks, such as length and width.
The efficiency and performance of self-healing techniques in
cementitious materials have been studied extensively, with a
focus on types, properties, efficiency, and triggering
mechanisms. Data and information were collected from
various sources since 1980, and quantitative content analysis
was implemented.

SIGNIFICANT This paper discusses various methods of self-healing concrete.A

CONCLUSION comprehensive taxonomy is presented which covers all possible
methods used for designing self-healing concrete with different
healing agents and efficiencies. Encapsulation of chemical healing
agents to manufacture concrete is a better option because it shows
good results of reaction between un-hydrated cement particles and
healing agents.

REFERENCES [1] Danish A, Salim MU, Ahmed T. Trends and developments in

green cement "A sustainable approach". Sustain Struct Mater In J

[2] Abdullahi M. Effect of aggregate type on compressive

strength of concrete. Int J Civil Struct Eng 2012;2:782.
[3] Palanisamy M, Kolandasamy P, Awoyera P, Gobinath R,
Muthusamy S, Krishnasamy TR, et al. Permeability properties of

lightweight self-consolidating concrete made with coconut shell

aggregate. J Mater Res Technol 2020.
LINK DOI:10.1016/i.imrt.2020.04.053
S.NO 1

AUTHOR 1. Aron Aliaga-Del Castillo

2. Luciano Soldevilla
3. Marcelo Vinicius Valerio
PROCESS Chartherm

Temperature it is stated that the microorganism is active within a temperature range of Tmin (minimum
required temperature) to Tmax (maximum temperature), which corresponds to 15 0C to 45 0C.
Materials Used 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (PO 42.5): This refers to ordinary Portland cement with a
28-day compressive strength of 42.5 MPa.

2. Sand: Natural sand with a bulk density of 1300-1600 kg/m3.

3. Stone: The apparent density of the stone used was 2650 kg/m3.
4. Alkalophilic Microorganism: Bacillus pasteurii (A484) was used as the alkalophilic
microorganism.

5. Medium: The medium used for the microorganism contained 1 L of ultrapure water, 5
g of peptone, 3 g of beef extract, 0.42 g of NaHC03, and 0.53 g of Na2C03. [218]

Properties studied 1.
Surface Morphological Characteristics of Cracks: The research examined the surface
morphological characteristics of cracks in the specimens under different healing and
transport conditions. This involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of
2. crack electron micrographs.
Compound Composition on the Crack Surface: Changes in the compound composition
on the crack surface during different healing stages were analyzed using X-ray
diffractometry (XRD). Samples were taken from five groups of specimens at the cracks
3. for XRD analysis.
Carrier Properties of Recycled Aggregates: The carrier properties of recycled
aggregates (in Group B) were analyzed. The upper surface section of the crack in Group

4. B, where traces of CaC03 were most evident, was sampled and examined. [2018]
Chloride Ion Concentration: Chloride ion concentration analysis was performed on
samples taken from specimens subjected to drying-wetting cycles. This analysis aimed
to assess the effect of the cycles on chloride ion concentration.

YEAR 15 June 2018

PROPOSED To investigate the diffusion controlled dissolution and erosion model for moisture and chloride
STUDIED ion transport in self-healing concrete under drying-wetting cycles. [2018]
METHODOLOGY
Specimen Preparation: Three groups of specimens with dimensions of 160 mm x 40
mm x 40 mm were designed for the chloride ion transport test. The specimens were
prepared by pouring the material into the molds and allowing them to demold for 24
hours. They were then subjected to a 7-day constant temperature curing box and an
electro-hydraulic servo press to preset the cracks. [2018]
Crack Observation: Each sample crack was marked, and the observation point was
manually recorded. The width of the crack was observed after 28 days of healing.
[2018] Self-Healing: Self-healing was conducted according to the method described in
section
2.1. Details of the self-healing process are not provided in the given context. [2018]
Drying-Wetting Cycles: The drying-wetting cycle system involved subjecting each
specimen to 5, 10, and 20 cycles of 16 hours of dry and 8 hours of wet. The drying was
performed in a natural outdoor environment with an ambient temperature of
20300c.[2018]
Sampling and Analysis: Prefabricated cracks at depths of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm
were sampled after the drying-wetting cycles. The samples were then analyzed for
chloride ion concentration and subjected to microscopic characterization. [2018]
Scanning Electron Microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was
performed, specifically on Group B, which was the bacteria-carrying group with
recycled aggregate as the carrier. The upper surface section of the crack in Group B,
where traces of CaC03 were most evident, was sampled using a cutting saw with a size
of 5 mm x 5 mm x 10 mm.

SIGNIFICANT
CONCLUSIONS
Effect of Bacillus pasteurii on Healing: The inclusion of Bacillus pasteurii in the
selfhealing concrete (Group B) led to a significant increase in the intensity of the CaC03
diffraction peaks. This indicates that the bacteria played a role in producing the healing
product, calcium carbonate (CaC03), at the cracks. The presence of CaC03 suggests
that the self-healing process was successful in sealing the cracks. [2018]
Interfacial Analysis: The study analyzed the interface structure and chemical
composition at the cracks of the self-healing concrete. The composition of the concrete,
including silicate cement, sand, stone, and recycled aggregates, was considered. The
analysis indicated the presence of silicon dioxide (Si02) in sand and various silica
oxygen compounds and calcium oxygen compounds in the silicate cement. This
characterization helps in understanding the composition and nature of the self-healing
concrete [2018].
Calculation Models: The study introduced calculation models for interfacial adhesion
and the diffusion coefficient of moisture and chloride ions in self-healing concrete. The
models considered the rowth of microor anisms, differences in h dro en bond
 strength between different components (such as C-S-H, CaC03, and polypeptides), and
the impact of environmental factors. The calculated values showed good agreement
with experimental data, demonstrating the applicability and feasibility of the
models.[2018]
Strength of Interlayer Adhesion: The study provided insights into the magnitude of
interlayer adhesion forces at cracks in self-healing concrete. Although the complex
internal structure of the concrete and the crystal layers of C-S-H and CaC03 are not flat
planes, an equivalent model was established to calculate the molecular forces. This
analysis helps in understanding the intermolecular forces and the strength between
different interfaces within the self-healing concrete.

References A. Abrishambaf, J.A.O. Barros, V.M.C.F. Cunha, Time-dependent flexural

behaviour of cracked steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete panels,
Cement Concr. Res. 72 (2015) 21-36,
[2018]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.010. [27
L.P. Guo, W. sun, K.R. Zheng, H.J. Chen, B. Liu, study on the flexural fatigue
performance and fractal mechanism of concrete with high proportions of
ground granulated blast-furnace slag, Cement Concr. Res. 37 (2007) 242—250,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.009
A. Nour, B. Massicotte, R. De Montaignac, J.P. Charron, Derivation of a crack
opening deflection relationship for fibre reinforced concrete panels using a
stochastic model: application for predicting the flexural behaviour of round
panels using stress crack opening diagrams, Cement Concr. Res. 41 (2011)
964—974, htt s://doi.or /10.1016/• .cemconres.2011.05.003.
LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104925

S.NO 2

AUTHOR l. Ismael Justo Reinoso

2 Noemi Arena
3. Bianca J. Reeksting
4 S. Gebhard
5. K. Paine
PROCESS chartherm

Temperature it is stated that the microorganism is active within a temperature range of Tmin
(minimum temperature) to Tmax (maximum temperature), which corresponds to 15
0
C to 45 0C.
Materials used
Ordinary Portland Cement (PO 42.5): This refers to ordinary Portland
cement with a 28-day compressive strength of 42.5 MPa.
Sand: Natural sand with a bulk density of 1300-1600 kg/m3.
Stone: The apparent density of the stone used was 2650 kg/m3.
Alkalophilic Microorganism: Bacillus pasteurii (A484) was used as the
alkalophilic microorganism.
Medium: The medium used for the microorganism contained 1 L of
ultrapure water, 5 g of peptone, 3 g of beef extract, 0.42 g of NaHC03, and
0.53 g of Na2C03.
Properties Studied Chloride Ion Concentration:
Carrier Properties of Recycled Aggregates
Compound Composition on the Crack Surface:]
Surface MO holo ical Characteristics of Cracks
YEAR 2023

PROPOSED The proposed study mentioned in the provided context focuses on the environmental
STUDIED impacts of a specific technology in a real-life scenario.

METHODOLOGY

The methodology followed in the study involves conducting a Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of different concrete products. Here are
the key aspects of the methodology:
• Functional Units: The study defines two different functional units based on the
compressive strength of concrete: I m3 of concrete with an equivalent 28-
day compressive strength of 35-40 MPa. The study evaluates two types of
concrete meeting these specifications: BBSHC (Bacterial Biofilm Slurry
High-Performance Concrete) and conventional concrete. Additionally, a
functional unit of 1 m3 of reinforced concrete designed to close shrinkage
cracks is defined, where the cover zone of the reinforced concrete is
 constructed with either BBSHC or conventional concrete.(2023)
Scope Definition: The scope of the LCA study is focused on evaluating the
environmental impacts associated with the different concrete products.
Specific attention is given to the production processes of BBSHC, including
the modeling of chemicals not directly available in the Ecoinvent database.
The study provides information on the complete process to produce B. cohnii
endospores and the modeling of certain chemicals.
Life Cycle Inventories: The study references the Ecoinvent database for life
cycle inventories of building products, which provides data on the
environmental impacts of various materials and processes used in the
construction industry. Other data sources, such as the CML IA
Characterisation Factors and research output from Leiden University, are
also mentioned.(2023)

Chemical Modeling: In cases where certain chemicals required for the

BBSHC production process are not available in the Ecoinvent database, the
study replaces them with equivalent chemicals suggested in other similar
LCA studies or models them by modifying existing Ecoinvent processes or
developing new life cycle inventories based on the chemical formulation.

SIGNIFICANT
CONCLUSIONS Comparison of Concrete Types: The study compared the environmental
impacts of Bacterial Biofilm Slurry High-Performance Concrete (BBSHC)
and conventional concrete based on a functional unit of 1 m3. The findings
of the study may reveal which concrete type has a lower environmental
impact in terms of energy consumption, emissions, and other relevant
factors.
Reinforced Concrete Comparison: The study also examined the
environmental impacts of reinforced concrete structures designed to close
shrinkage cracks using either BBSHC or conventional concrete. The results
may indicate the potential environmental benefits of using BBSHC
specifically in the cover zone of reinforced concrete structures.
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI): The study developed a Life Cycle Inventory
(LCI) for the production and transportation of Pre-Carbonated Slag Granules
(PCSGs), which are used in the production of BBSHC. This LCI can
contribute to a better understanding of the environmental impacts associated
with the production and transportation of PCSGs.(Aita 2023)
Geographical Considerations: The study considered the geographical
location of the London metro olitan area for the roduction of concrete and
 reinforced concrete structures. The analysis of average transportation
distances using reliable transport origin-to-destination search engines may
provide insights into the potential environmental implications of long
transport distances in the construction sector.

References A. L. Association. Volatile Organic Compounds. ALA.

https://www.lung.org/clean-air/a t-home/indoor-air-
pollutants/volatileorganic-compounds (accessed 18 October, 2022).
ACI-224R-01 : control of cracking in concrete structures. In: ACI
Committee 224, 2001. (Accessed 16 Ma 2001).
LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100244
S.NO 3

AUTHOR Xiaoying Pan

• Bora Gencturk Hadi
Aryan, and
Bozhou Zhuan
PROCESS chartherm

YEAR 2023

Temperature Used 15—45

Materials used 1.
Glass tubes: Borosilicate glass tubes, with dimensions of 24mm in length,
10mm in outer diameter, and a wall thickness of Imm. They were chosen
for their brittleness and chemical resistance.
2.
Rapid set epoxy resin: Used to seal one end of the glass tubes. [elai2023]
3.
Liquid PU (Polyurethane): Injected into the glass tubes as the healing
agent. [2023]
4.
PVC mold: A 32mm long PVC mold was used to hold and secure the glass
tubes during the experiment.
5.
Coating mortar: A cementitious mortar used as a protective coating around
the glass tubes. It was prepared using Type 1/11 cement, silica fume, Class
F fly ash, and L 60 unground silica sand.

Properties Studied

Crack patterns: The experiment investigated the crack patterns that formed
in the beams under three-point bending conditions. This information
provides insights into the behavior of the tested materials and their ability
to withstand applied loads.
Crack widths: The experiment measured the width of the cracks formed in
the beams. This parameter is important as it indicates the extent of cracking
and can help assess the structural integrity and durability of the materials.
Strain: The strain in the longitudinal direction of the beam, denoted as
strain xx, was assessed. The strain was calculated by comparing the change
in distance between neighboring facets in images taken at different loading
stages. This information helps understand the deformation behavior and
performance of the tested materials. [2023]
Deflection: The mid-s an deflection of the beams was measured durin
 the three-point bending test. This parameter provides information about
the flexibility and stiffness of the beams under loading, reflecting their
structural performance.
Water absorption: Water absorption tests were conducted to evaluate the
water resistance of the tested materials. This property is crucial for
assessing the durability and long-term performance of the materials in
moist or water-exposed environments. [2023]
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV): UPV measurements were taken to assess
the quality and integrity of the tested materials. UPV provides information
about the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves in the material, which is
useful for evaluating its compressive strength, density, and potential
defects

PROPOSED The proposed study in the provided context focuses on a new self-healing approach
STUDIED for concrete. This approach involves the use of engineered aggregates (EA), which
are macro capsules added to fresh concrete during mixing. These capsules contain
healin a ents that are released when cracks form in the concrete.
METHODOLOGY

Three-point bending tests: The concrete beams were simply supported and
tested under three-point bending conditions. A steel bar was used as the
loading nose, and the beams were placed on steel rollers. This test
simulates flexural loading conditions commonly experienced by structural
members like bridge girders and beams.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) measurements: UPV measurements were
performed to assess the healing effect of the concrete. The diffuse
ultrasonic method was used, taking into account that UPV alone cannot
detect localized defects. The received signal Y(t) was recorded and
processed by computing the Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) of
each time window. The spectral energy density was then calculated within
a frequency bandwidth of 10 kHz.
Crack width measurements: After a 7-day healing period, cracks in the
concrete beams were observed using a microscope. Images of the cracks
were captured on the back side of the beams at regular intervals of 12.5
mm. These images served to measure and analyze the crack widths.
Digital Image Correlation (DIC): A stereoscopic camera system was used
for DIC measurements. The cameras were placed approximately 920 mm
away from the beam surface, providing a field of view. A speckle pattern
was applied to the beams, and images were captured at predetermined
loadin sta es. B anal zin the s eckle attern, the DIC software

determined the strain and deformation distribution over the surface of the
beam.
SIGNIFICANT
CONCLUSIONS
Effect of Crack Branching: The presence of aggregates in the concrete
resulted in crack branching when the cracks intersected the aggregates.
Previous studies have indicated that crack branching can improve the
durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures and lower water
permeability.
Self-healing with Engineered Aggregates (EA): The study demonstrated
the effectiveness of using engineered aggregates (EA) as a self-healing
method for concrete. The EA, filled with a healing agent (such as PU),
showed promising results in restoring the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
and diffusion coefficient in the cracked regions of the concrete beams.
Performance of Glass Tubes: Glass tubes filled with PU were tested on RC
railway sleepers, and the results showed that short tubes (1.5-50mm)
remained unbroken in the middle region, while longer tubes
(3.5mm200mm) showed some breakage. The length of the glass tubes
affected their performance, with shorter tubes experiencing higher stress
levels in the rail seat region.
Field Application of Self-Healing Concrete: The study mentioned the first
field application of bio-based self-healing concrete with Lightweight
Aggregates (LWA) in the concrete linings for canals in the Andean
highlands of Ecuador in 2014. This suggests that self-healing concrete
technologies are progressing towards real-world applications.

REFERENCES
T. D. P. Thao, "Quasi Brittle Self Healing Materials: Numerical Modeliing
and Applications in Civil Engineering," National University of Singapore,
PhD Thesis, Singapore, 2011.
Van Tittelboom K, Wang J, Arajo M, Snoeck D, Gruyaert E, Debbaut B, et
al. "Comparison of different approaches for self-healing concrete in a
large-scale lab test." Construction and Building Materials,
2016;107:125137.

LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116829

S.NO 4

AUTHOR P. Jacobs
F.A. Gilabert
J. Van Stappen
V. Cnudde
PROCESS chartherm

Temperature 15 —45 OC

Properties Studied Strength of the cementitious coating mortar: The compressive strength and
split tensile strength of the mortar were measured to study the effect of the
strength of the cementitious coating mortar on the concrete with embedded
EAs.[2021]
Distribution of EAs: The distribution of EAS (Embedded Aggregates) in the
concrete was analyzed along the x, y, and z directions using image analysis of
slices cut from concrete cylinders. [2021]
Crack Opening Displacement (COD): The crack opening displacement of the
embedded EAS was monitored using LSCTs (Longitudinal Splitting Crack
Tests) to measure the width of cracks and observe any differential
displacement between the faces of the specimens.

Materials used
Cement: The type of cement used is not specified in the given information.
Fly Ash: Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, was used as a
supplementary cementitious material. The chemical composition of the fly

Sand: L60 unground silica sand from US Silica was used in the mortar
coating. The sieve analysis results of the silica sand
Superplasticizer: Sikament 686 was used as a superplasticizer. It is a type
of chemical admixture used to improve the workability and flowability
of concrete.
PVC Molds: PVC molds were used for the demoldin of the embedded

aggregates (EAs) after 24 hours of casting.

Lime Water: The EAS were cured in saturated lime water for 14 days at a
temperature of 23 ± I OC.[2021]

YEAR 2021

PROPOSED The study aims to compare the efficiency of these healing agents in terms of their
STUDIED ability to fill and seal cracks in cementitious materials. The healing agents are
obtained from commercial suppliers, and their properties and curing
characteristics are s ecified.
METHODOLOGY Image Thresholding: The Otsu's method for image thresholding, as reviewed
by Bangare et al. [56], is used to perform image thresholding in order to
segment the cracks from the acquired images.
Concrete Sample Preparation: Concrete samples with embedded self-healing
calcium nitrate microcapsules are prepared. The effect of these microcapsules
on concrete properties is evaluated [57].
Three-Dimensional Aggregate Density Analysis: The three-dimensional
aggregate density in concrete, considering the wall effect, is analyzed using
the method described by Zheng and Li [57].

SIGNIFICANT 1. Strength of Concrete: The study found that the strength of the concrete
CONCLUSIONS with embedded EAS did not significantly differ from that of the control
concrete. This suggests that the presence of EAS did not have a significant
impact on the overall strength of the concrete.

2. Distribution of EAs: The study analyzed the distribution of EAS in the

concrete along the x, y, and z directions. The results showed the spatial
distribution of EAS within the concrete, providing valuable insights into
their dispersion and concentration.

3. Self-Healing Efficiency: The study evaluated the self-healing efficiency

of different healing agents on crack closure. By comparing the average
crack width before and after healing, the effectiveness of the healing
agents in reducing crack width was assessed.

4. Material Properties: The study examined the specific gravity, absorption,

and other properties of the EAs. Minor variations were observed among
the different coating mortars used for the EAs, but overall, they exhibited
comparable characteristics to natural coarse aggregates.

References A. Bangare, P.S. Dubal, S.T. Bangare, Reviewing Otsu's method for image
thresholding, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 10(9),
2015, 21777-21783. [2021]
J. Milla, M.M. Hassan, T. Rupnow, M. Al Ansari, G. Arce, Effect of selfhealing
calcium nitrate microcapsules on concrete properties, Transportation
Research Record, 2577(1), 2016, 69-77 [2021]

LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105175
S.NO 5

AUTHOR Balshin, Ryshkewitch

Schiller, and
Hasselmann
Properties studied l. Porosity: The relative porosity coefficient was measured to evaluate the porosity
of the specimens. The porosity values of the specimens with different Mix IDs,
pre-damage degrees, and curing conditions were compared to the porosity of the
corresponding undamaged specimen.
2. Compressive Strength: The connection between compressive strength and
porosity was analyzed. The relationship between the predicted values of the four
functions (Balshin, Ryshkewitch, Schiller, and Hasselmann) and the real values
of compressive strength was examined. The correlation coefficients between the
predicted and real values were found to be over 80%.
3. Fiber Inhibition: The effect of PVA fibers on crack expansion inhibition was
investigated. The presence of PVA fibers in the specimens was found to hinder
the expansion of cracks.

4. Self-healing: The ability of the self-healing agents (SHGs) to repair pores and
cracks was analyzed. The SHGs were observed to contribute to the repair of
pores and cracks in the specimens.

5. X-Ray Microscopic Tomography (XCT): XCT testing was performed to obtain

two-dimensional images of the specimens. The images allowed for the
observation of the density distribution in the cement matrix and the presence of
pores.

6. Flexural Strength: The effect of SHGs and PVA fiber content on flexural strength
was analyzed using specimens of specific dimensions.

7. Permeability Coefficient: The recovery of the permeability coefficient under

different curing conditions was examined using cubic specimens.

8. Surface Crack Closure: The closure of surface cracks under different curing
conditions was analyzed using cylindrical specimens

Temperature required 15-45 o c

Materials used 1. Sodium Silicate (Na2Si03): It is used as a binder in the preparation process and
provides alkalinity and viscosity to the sodium silicate solution.

2. Sodium Carbonate (Na2C03): Reacts with calcium ions to form h drated

 calcium silicate and calcium carbonate, which helps fill the cracks.

3. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Forms an alkaline environment in the cracks, aiding

in the utilization of carbon dioxide (C02) and seawater ions.
4. Quicklime: Provides calcium ions and reacts with water, creating an alkaline
environment.

5. Bentonite: A type of clay with water swelling properties. It helps absorb water,
expands, and fills the remaining holes.

6. Permeable Crystalline Additive: This additive is used to penetrate the micro

cracks and promote self-healing.

PROCESS chartherm

YEAR 2022

PROPOSED Study on Flexural Toughness Evaluation Method and Surface Cracks Fractal
STUDIED Characteristics of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Cement-Based Composites:

METHODOLOGY
Saturation of Specimens: The specimens were saturated with water before the
experimentation process. This step involved immersing the specimens in water
to ensure complete saturation.
NMR Measurement of Porosity: After saturation, the specimens were placed in
the NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) machine to measure their porosity. The
relative porosity coefficient was proposed as a measure, which is calculated
using Equation (3) as mentioned in the context. [2022]
X-Ray Microscopic Tomography (XCT) Testing: XCT testing was performed on
cube-shaped specimens with dimensions of 40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm. This non-
destructive technique allows for high-resolution imaging of the internal structure
of the specimens, providing information about the density distribution in the
cement matrix and the presence of pores.
Analysis of Flexural and Compressive Strengths: Specimens with dimensions of
40 mm x 40 mm x 160 mm and 40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm were used to analyze
the effect of self-healing agents (SHGs) and PVA fiber content on flexural and
compressive strengths, respectively. [2022]
Analysis of Compressive Strength Recovery: Cubic specimens with dimensions
of 40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm were used to analyze the recovery rate of
compressive strength under different curing conditions.
Anal sis of Permeabilit Coefficient Recove : Circular latform s ecimens
 with dimensions of 70 mm x 80 mm x 30 mm were used to analyze the
recovery of the permeability coefficient under different curing conditions.
[2022]
Surface Crack Closure Analysis: Cylindrical specimens with dimensions of 50
mm x 25 mm were used to analyze the closure of surface cracks under different
curing conditions.

SINGNIFICANT
CONCLUSIONS the use of multifunctional self-healing agents (SHGs) and PVA fibers in self-healing
concrete greatly improves the efficiency of self-healing.
The compressive strength recovery rate of specimens with SHGs, specimens with
PVA fibers, and specimens with both SHGs and PVA fibers increases by 10% to 20%
compared to the control group without any additives.
The predicted values of the Balshin, Ryshkewitch, Schiller, and Hasselmann
functions show strong correlations with the real values of compressive strength, with
correlation coefficients over 80%. The average deviation of the data in these function
connections is within 10%.[2022]
PVA fibers demonstrate the ability to inhibit the expansion of cracks, contributing to
the overall durability of the concrete.
Analysis of X-ray Microscopic Tomography (XCT) results provides twodimensional
images showing the density distribution in the cement matrix and the presence of
self-healing agents. The diameter of the observed pores was on the order of
micrometers. [2022]

REFERENCES M. Liu, J. Lu, W. Jiang, P. Ming, "Study on fatigue damage and fatigue crack
propagation of rubber concrete," Journal of Building Engineering, 65 (2023),
105718, https://d0i.org/10.1016/j.j0be.2022.105718.

LINK https://d0i.org/10.1016/j.j0be.2023.107314

S.NO 6

AUTHOR 1. H. Hermawan
2. Virginie Wiktor
3. Elke Gruyaert
4. Pedro Serna

PROCESS chartrem
Temperature The microorganism is active with in a temperature range of Tmin (min temp) to Tmax (max
required temp)
Which corres onds to 15 d ree to 45 d ree
Materials required the use of different concrete mixtures, including REF (reference mixture), BAC (bacteria
mixture), HTN (hemp tailing mixture), YEAST (yeast mixture), and CA (calcium acetate
mixture). [2023]

Properties studied The compressive strength of different concrete mixtures, such as REF, CA, HTN, YEAST, and
BAC. Statistical analysis using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is performed to
compare the strength differences between these mixtures[2023]
The bond behavior of reinforcement with different concrete mixtures is analyzed. The bond
slip response is evaluated, and logarithmic regression is used to model the bond slip
relationship. [2023]

YEAR 2023

PROPOSED
STUDIED the document acknowledges funding received from the European Union's Horizon 2020
research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No
860006. The authors also express gratitude to individuals who provided healing agents and the
company that supplied the superplasticizer. [2023]

METHODOLOGY
• Specimen Preparation and Curing: Pull-out specimens were prepared and stored in
separate water tanks at a controlled temperature of 22 ± 1 oc. Each mixture was stored
separately to eliminate leaching of healing agents and contamination between mixtures.
The specimens were vertically positioned in the water tanks, with the top side facing
the water surface and the bottom side facing the base of the tank.
Cracking of Specimens: The specimens were subjected to a Brazilian splitting test to
induce crack formation. Once a crack appeared, its width was measured using an optical
microsco e. Crack measurements were taken on both sides of the s ecimen, and the

average crack width was determined from four measurements. [2023]

Healing Time and Evaluation: After a specific healing time, crack measurements and
visual inspections were conducted to evaluate the closure of cracks due to the
precipitation of healing products. The formation and distribution of healing products
were observed and analyzed using optical microscopy.
SIGNIFICANT The addition of CA and BAC mixtures leads to a significant improvement in bond
CONCLUSIONS strength compared to the REF mix, while no significant differences are observed when
HTN or YEAST mixtures are added. CA and Penetron crystalline admixture show the
highest improvement in bond strength.
CA leads to improved bond strength in healed concrete with crack widths in the range
of 200-300 um, compared to REF mix. However, there are no significant differences in
bond strength among the different groups with varying crack widths. [2023]

References
105718, https://d0i.org/10.1016/j.j0be.2022.105718.

LINK https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.271

Author Siddiraju sangaraju

Ganesh babu
Process The compressive strength, elastic
modulus, and fracture properties
of the bacterial concrete were
analyzed in the study.
Temperature required
Temperature requirements
for bacterial concrete
preparation are not
mentioned in the provided
sources.
Materials used Cement: Ordinary
Portland cement of 53
grade was used in the study

Fine Aggregates: River sand

with a fineness modulus of
2.46 was used as fine
aggregates .

Coarse Aggregates: Coarse

aggregates of size more than
4.75mm were used, with a
fineness modulus of 6.89
and specific gravity of 2.8 .

Calcium Lactate: Calcium

lactate, also known as
calcium salt pentahydrate
(C6H10Ca06), was used in
different percentages.

Bacillus Pasteurii (Bacteria):

Bacillus pasteurii, also
known as sporosarcina
pasteurii, was used as the
bacteria in the bacterial
concrete .
Properties studied Compressive Strength:
The study evaluated the
compressive strength of both
controlled concrete and
bacterial concrete mixes of
grade M40.
Young's Modulus of
Elasticity: The research also
focused on evaluating the
Young's modulus of elasticity
of both controlled concrete
and bacterial concrete mixes

Year January 2013

Proposed studied Fracture Energy: The
study involved the evaluation
of fracture energy using
three-point loading on
concrete specimens. Other
properties: The provided
sources do not explicitly
mention any other properties
studied in the research on
bacterial concrete.
Methodology Selection and Growth of
Bacteria: The methodology
involved the selection and
growth of urolytic bacteria for
the production of bacterial
concrete .
Preparation of Test
Specimens: The researchers
prepared test specimens of
bacterial concrete for further
analysis and testing
Strength Testing: The study
included the evaluation of the
compressive strength of both
controlled concrete and
bacterial concrete mixes of
grade M40.
Evaluation of Fracture
Energy: The research also
involved the evaluation of
fracture energy using
threepoint loading on
concrete specimens.
Significant conclusions The addition of calcium
lactate in bacterial concrete
mixes had an impact on the
compressive strength, with a
considerable decrease
observed compared to
controlled concrete.
The research evaluated the
compressive strength, elastic
modulus, and fracture
properties of bacterial
concrete mixes, providing
valuable insights into the
performance of this novel
technique.
The study identified that MIX
4, a specific proportion of
bacterial concrete, exhibited
higher fracture energy
compared to other
proportions, indicating its
potential for improved crack
resistance.
The research contributes to
the understanding of the
behavior and properties of
bacterial concrete, paving the
way for further advancements
and applications in the
construction industry.

3
References The provided
sources do not contain
specific references or
citations to other research
papers or external
sources.
:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370265541
Link
AUTHOR SALMABANU LUHAR
GOURAV SUTHAR
PROCESS Water permeability
Gass permeability
Temperatura required The growth temperature
for bacteria in the
experiments is typically
0
around 28 C.

B. sphaericus LMG 225 57, a

strain used in the study, was
grown at 30 0 C.
Materials used 53 grade cement,
fly ash, fine and coarse
aggregate are commonly
used ingredients in
selfhealing concrete.[
11

Bacteria such as B.
pasteurii, Bacillus subtilis,
and B. spharicus are used as
microorganisms in
selfhealing concrete.[
2]

Lightweight aggregate (LWA)

is also used to improve the
self-healing property of
concrete.

The size of the lightweight

aggregate used is typically
2-4mm.

The concentration of the

healing agent in the concrete
is typically 15 kg/m3 .[
31
Properties studied Structural properties
such as tensile strength,
water permeability, durability,
and compressive strength
were studied in comparison
with conventional concrete.
Bacterial concrete showed
improvements in these
properties.[
11

Tensile strength of bacterial

concrete was found to be
better than conventional
concrete.

The width of cracks in

bacterial concrete was
observed to be less than
0.46 mm.

Bacterial concrete exhibited

lower values of relative
capillary index and reduced
gas permeability compared
to conventional concrete.
2]

31

YEAR JANUARY 2015

2
PROPOSED STUDIED The cracks healing
capacity of concrete
containing light weight
aggregate (LWA)
encapsulation self-
healing agent has been
quantified. The width of
cracks in bacteria-based
specimens was found to
be less than
0.46 mm .
Methodology
The selection of
bacteria for the
experiments was based on
their survival in an alkaline
environment, such as B.
pasteurii, Bacillus subtilis,
and B. spharicus .
Bacteria were grown in a
medium containing different
chemicals at a specific
temperature and for a
particular time period .

The structural properties of

self-healing concrete were
studied by performing
various experiments on
specimens of varying sizes .

A mathematical model was

introduced to study the
stress-strain behavior of
bacteria and improve the
strength of concrete
11

The cracks healing capacity

of concrete containing
light weight aggregate
(LWA) encapsulation self-
healing agent was
quantified .

Gas permeability tests were

conducted to compare the
permeability of bacterial
concrete with conventional
concrete

2
Significant conclusions Autonomous self healing mechanisms in concrete,
such as the production of calcium carbonate crystal
by bacteria, can effectively repair cracks and block
micro cracks and pores in the concrete.
Bacteria like B. Pasteurised, bacillus subtilis, and
B.spharicus have been found to survive in the
alkaline environment of concrete and
contribution to its self healing properties.
t: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303172092
Link
Author Siddiraju sangaraju
Ganesh babu
Process The compressive strength, elastic
modulus, and fracture properties
of the bacterial concrete were
analyzed in the study.
Temperature required
Temperature requirements
for bacterial concrete
preparation are not
mentioned in the provided
sources.
Materials used Cement: Ordinary
Portland cement of 53
grade was used in the study

Fine Aggregates: River sand

with a fineness modulus of
2.46 was used as fine
aggregates .

Coarse Aggregates: Coarse

aggregates of size more than
4.75mm were used, with a
fineness modulus of 6.89
and specific gravity of 2.8 .

Calcium Lactate: Calcium

lactate, also known as
calcium salt pentahydrate
(C6H10Ca06), was used in
different percentages.

Bacillus Pasteurii (Bacteria):

Bacillus pasteurii, also
known as sporosarcina
pasteurii, was used as the
bacteria in the bacterial
concrete .
Properties studied Compressive Strength:
The study evaluated the
compressive strength of both
controlled concrete and
bacterial concrete mixes of
grade M40.
Young's Modulus of
Elasticity: The research also
focused on evaluating the
Young's modulus of elasticity
of both controlled concrete
and bacterial concrete mixes

Year January 2013

Proposed studied Fracture Energy: The
study involved the evaluation
of fracture energy using
three-point loading on
concrete specimens. Other
properties: The provided
sources do not explicitly
mention any other properties
studied in the research on
bacterial concrete.
Methodology Selection and Growth of
Bacteria: The methodology
involved the selection and
growth of urolytic bacteria for
the production of bacterial
concrete .
Preparation of Test
Specimens: The researchers
prepared test specimens of
bacterial concrete for further
analysis and testing
Strength Testing: The study
included the evaluation of the
compressive strength of both
controlled concrete and
bacterial concrete mixes of
grade M40.
Evaluation of Fracture
Energy: The research also
involved the evaluation of
fracture energy using
threepoint loading on
concrete specimens.
Conclusion:
The modern era of concrete started 200 years ago, where instead of using limestone, water,
and volcanic ash Engineers started to use sand, cement, and aggregate. With this new method
of mixture, a new type of concrete was obtained, with much higher concrete strength. Until
now the method that 200 years ago was being used.

After three years of experimenting Dr. Henk Jonker found the perfect solution of self-healing
concrete with bacillus bacteria. The first full-scale outdoor testing was started in 2011.
Moreover,after two years of research, the scientists found that self-healing concrete can be
used on existingconcrete structures as well as underground structures.

In conclusion, self-healing concrete holds great potential for revolutionizing the construction
industry by significantly improving the longevity and sustainability of structures. While
challenges remain, ongoing research and technological advancements suggest a promising
 future for the widespread adoption of self-healing concrete in practical construction
applications.

Significant conclusions The addition of calcium

lactate in bacterial concrete
mixes had an impact on the
compressive strength, with a
considerable decrease
observed compared to
controlled concrete.
The research evaluated the
compressive strength, elastic
modulus, and fracture
properties of bacterial
concrete mixes, providing
valuable insights into the
performance of this novel
technique.
The study identified that MIX
4, a specific proportion of
bacterial concrete, exhibited
higher fracture energy
compared to other
proportions, indicating its
potential for improved crack
resistance.
The research contributes to
the understanding of the
behavior and properties of
bacterial concrete, paving the
way for further advancements
and applications in the
construction industry.

3
References The provided
sources do not contain
specific references or
citations to other research
papers or external
sources.
:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370265541
Link