SIACHUA, Clobelle Marie A.

Lab 9: Cardiovascular System

I. Direction: Answer the following question

1. List and describe the layers of the heart wall:
a. Epicardium - outermost layer, composed of connective tissue and
epithelium, serving as a protective layer.
b. Myocardium - middle and thickest layer, consisting of cardiac muscle
responsible for pumping blood.
c. Endocardium - innermost layer, comprising endothelial tissue that
lines the heart chambers and valves, facilitating smooth blood flow.

2. Describe the external and internal anatomy of the mammal heart

a. External Anatomy – the mammalian heart is typically cone-shaped
with four chambers: two atria (left and right) receiving blood and two
ventricles (left and right) pumping blood. The heart is enclosed in the
pericardium, a protective sac.
b. Internal Anatomy – this is the heart's interior includes the atria,
which receive blood, and the ventricles, which pump blood. And then
the valves, such as the atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar valves,
regulate blood flow between chambers and into major blood vessels.

3. List and describe the 5 types of blood vessels in the animal body
 Arteries - carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to various
tissues.
 Veins - transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
 Capillaries – microscopic vessels facilitating the exchange of nutrients
and gases between blood and tissues.
 Arterioles – small arteries regulating blood flow to tissues.
 Venules - small veins collecting blood from capillaries.

4. Describe the path of blood flow through the heart and blood vessels
a. Firstly, deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the
superior and inferior vena cava. Secondly, the right atrium contracts,
sending blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
Thirdly, the right ventricle contracts, pumping blood through the
pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery. Next, blood travels to the
lungs for oxygenation and returns to the left atrium through the
pulmonary veins. And then, the left atrium contracts, sending blood
through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left ventricle. Lastly, the
left ventricle contracts, pumping oxygenated blood through the aortic
valve into the aorta for distribution to the body.

5. Describe the cardiac cycle and differentiate between systole and diastole.
SIACHUA, Clobelle Marie A.
Lab 9: Cardiovascular System

 Cardiac Cycle - complete sequence of events in one heartbeat, including

systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the atria and ventricles.
 Systole – the phase where the heart chambers contract, pumping blood.
Ventricular systole propels blood into the pulmonary and systemic
circulations.
 Diastole – the phase where the heart chambers relax and fill with blood.
Ventricular diastole allows the chambers to refill before the next
contraction.

6. Describe the electrical events that occur in one cardiac cycle

a. SA Node Activation - the sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical
impulse, leading to atrial contraction.
b. AV Node Delay- the atrioventricular (AV) node briefly delays the
signal, allowing the ventricles to fill.
c. Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers - electrical impulse travels through
the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, stimulating ventricular
contraction.
d. T Wave- represents ventricular repolarization and relaxation.
e. QRS Complex – indicates ventricular depolarization and precedes
ventricular contraction (systole).
f. P Wave – reflects atrial depolarization preceding atrial contraction.

II. Write the function of heart.

SIACHUA, Clobelle Marie A.
Lab 9: Cardiovascular System

1. Right Atrium - receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body.

2. Right AV (tricuspid) Valve - Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the
right atrium during ventricular contraction.
3. Right Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
4. Aortic Semilunar Valve - prevents backflow of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle
during ventricular relaxation.
5. Pulmonary Trunk - diverts deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the
pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs.
6. Superior Vena Cava - returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right
atrium.
7. Left Pulmonary Veins - transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
8. Right Pulmonary Veins - carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
9. Left Atrium - receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
10. Left Pulmonary Artery - channels oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the lungs.
11. Left AV (bicuspid) Valve - prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left
atrium during ventricular contraction.
12. Left Ventricle - pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation.
13. Aorta - distributes oxygenated blood to the entire body.
14. Inferior Vena Cava - returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right
atrium.

Sources:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21704-heart
https://www.britannica.com/science/heart