Hostile Drivingontheroads

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/364752572
Hostile Behaviour of Drivers on the Roads During Routine Trafﬁc Situations in

an Educational City
Article · June 2022
CITATIONS READS
2 33
7 authors, including:
Muhammad Ahmed Kalwar Muzamil Hussain

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Benazir Bhutto shaheed university of Technology and Skill Development
50 PUBLICATIONS 334 CITATIONS 15 PUBLICATIONS 39 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Sarmad Ali Khaskheli

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
12 PUBLICATIONS 91 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Muhammad Ahmed Kalwar on 26 October 2022.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:06/June-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
HOSTILE BEHAVIOUR OF DRIVERS ON THE ROADS DURING ROUTINE
TRAFFIC SITIATIONS IN AN EDUCATIONAL CITY
Muhammad Ahmed Kalwar*1, Shakil Ahmed Shaikh*2, Muhammad Ali Khan*3,
Muzamil Hussain Wadho*4, Sarmad Ali Khaskheli*5, Liaquat Ali Rahoo*6, Hussain Bux
Marri*7
*1Assistant Manager (Production), Shafi Private Limited, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
*2Associate Professor, Industrial Engineering & Management, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh,
Pakistan.
*3Assistant Professor, Industrial Engineering & Management, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh,
Pakistan.
*4Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering, BBSUTSD, KhairpurMirs, Sindh, Pakistan.
*5Assistant Manager, Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works Limited, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
*6Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
*7Meritorious Professor & Dean Faculty Of Engg. Tech., Bbsutsd, Khairpur Mirs, Sindh, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
The objective of the present research was to depict the clear picture of the punishing & hostile behavior of the
drivers while driving of the research area so that authorities can be made aware of risk of violence on the
roads. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro was the research study location where
existing cross sectional research was performed by accumulating the data based on hassle-free sampling
method by utilizing the survey embraced from Dr. Larson. The individuals included the lecturers and enrollees
of the University. Although there were four variables of driving in the questionnaire yet only one aspect i.e.
punishing while driving was considered in today research paper. Data was assessed in the Statistical package
for social sciences (SPSS) version 22 and data analysis included the frequency distribution and mean+ SD of all
the variables of the considered element i.e. punishing while driving. It was indicated by the results that male
and female drivers from the age group of (18-22) years were found to be more aggressive comparatively.
Furthermore, the male and female drivers form the driving experience group of (1-5) years were found to be
more aggressive as compared to other groups.
Keywords: Hostility, Aggressiveness, Driving, Road Rage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Hostile driving has actually ended up being an usual occurrence to an increasing level [1]. Driving aggression
as specified by Tasca "A driving behavior is hostile, if it is intentional, most likely to enhance the danger of
collision and is inspired by impatience, nuisance, hostility, and/or an attempt to conserve time" [2] or "unwell
intention or neglect to safety and security" [3]. It is made use of as a synonym of 'road rage' [4]. It might
include driver anger, plan to have a benefit over other car drivers, and intentional violations and going beyond
from the typical website traffic rate [5]. The behavior which can trigger any psychological or physical injury
[6]. Car driver aggression is the larger issue than the traffic congestion as observed by most of the people.
Aggressiveness as specified by Daula, C.S. the actions due to which individuals on the road might be physically
or psychologically harmed [7]. Irritation always hands out hostility [8];[9]. It is not assumed always however
it instead suggests and facilitate the aggressive driving behavior [10]. Study suggested that the character
differences in individuals considerably play an amazing function in tendency in the direction of aggressive
driving [3]. It was concluded that expressions of hostility of drivers can be due to anger i.e. speeding tailgating
which have been suggested to affect the roadway safety negatively [11]. The outcomes of aggressive driving
can be property damages, injury and mortality [7].
During the past few years, aggressive and angry driving have caught the noteworthy interest of the general
public as well as the government [12].` Aggressiveness constantly originates from irritation [9]. It is triggered
www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science
[5902]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
by temper and impatience, furthermore rage suggests transgressor to hurt an additional driver/person [13].
'Driving Rage' is experienced behind the wheel [14]. Temper is expressed typically with hostility in the very
overloaded website traffic [15]. Social and ecological variables such as blockage, anonymity, aggressive
messages, and type of circumstances ran into add to rage while driving [16]. Competing of car drivers is the
element that has been identified for car driver aggressiveness which on dimension was connected to website
traffic infractions [7]. Whereas, it was reported punishing actions of drivers causes crashes, and this adheres
to the tailgating practice, snapping with the driver's neutralize with police on being cautioned for unwell
driving [14]. Aggressiveness and anger are positively correlated with infractions in web traffic, mishaps and
likewise physical wellness [17]. Experimental research which was based upon the simulation indicated that
temper damages the judgment and understanding and likewise the impulse control [13]. Some variables were
explored which are seemed to boost the chance of hostile driving actions were "being reasonably young",
"idea that one has remarkable driving skills", "traffic jam, but only if car drivers do not expect it" and so on.
[14]. The objective of the present study was to place the clear and more detailed understanding of punishing
while driving by examining it thoroughly in the light of demographics for university students and professors
of Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Temper is damaging socially, literally and mentally [18], [19] Road rage was shown as the source of stress and
which was reported to be shared (verbal/nonverbal) in the form of driving rage [20]. Underwood et alia
explored the factor having an impact on driving rage and at the same time, the consequences of driving rage
were also highlighted; in this regard, drivers were asked to keep dairies to write the occurring mishaps and
occasions of expression of rage emotions; and the dairies of 100 car drivers were evaluated and 293 and 383
crashes and events of expression of temper feelings were reported respectively; for the majority of the cases,
traffic congestion was heighted as the root cause of expression of anger [15].
Zang et al., 2019 conducted a research in which they investigated the interrelationship of driving rage and
aberrant driving behavior with the danger of accident by testing and recommending one mediated model. The
influence of driving temper on the collision on the road was mediated by aberrant behaviors of driving. As an
option to the total scale scores, driving anger's subscales and aberrant unruly behaviors of driving were used
for the advancement of mediated design. Model validity was evaluated by using the online survey was
composed on variables of driving temper, aberrant driving and history of roadway collisions. The research
was based on the 1974 responses of drivers of china. Outcomes showed the influence of driving rage totally
mediated by aberrant behaviours on the danger of road crash. The results worked to create the
countermeasures for the reduction of collisions of road traffic in China [21].Useche et al., 2019 performed
their study in which they serviced the analysis of driving designs and characteristic driving anger among the
specialist drivers of Colombia. Driving rage scale (DAS-14) and Spanish version of multi-dimensional driving
style inventory (MDSI) were made use of in the research study based upon 492 bus and cabby of the city.
Outcomes of direct regression analysis indicated 3 elements of DAS-14 i.e. unlawful driving, impeded
development by others and straight hostility through which the adaptive and maladaptive driving designs
could be considerably forecasted. DAS-14 was verified to be the trusted measurement tool for attributes of
driving temper in expert car drivers [22].
Kalwar et al., 2020 executed their research on 140 drivers (trainees and teachers) of Mehran University,
Jamshoro. They analyzed the correlation amongst driving temper, driving impatience, driving contesting and
punishing while driving by using Pearson connection. They additionally established 16 hypothesis which were
examined by using T-test and one means ANOVA. Outcomes showed that driving rage, impatience, contesting
and punishing were uncovered to the very same across age, sex, driving experience and academic status.
Furthermore, favorable (significant) connection was uncovered in among driving impatience and driving
temper, competing and punishing [24]. Industries require to introduce their processes and devices on the
development of new modern technology out there particularly when there is the matter of line performance,
price and procedure efficiency [25, 26]. The drivers also show the violence and irritation in behaviour on the
road during routine traffic situations [58]. Congested traffic does lead to anger which becomes another
element of aggression [69]. Anger, aggressiveness are connected with traffic health issues, traffic violations
[5903]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
and accidents [17,72]. The outstanding cause of traffic violation was found to be the frustration among drivers
which yield traffic congestion [8, 73].
Popusoi and Holman, 2016 analyzed the technique of guideline of habitual feeling on the association in
between in the aggressive propensity and driving temper. This research was based upon 114 drivers of
Romania. Considerable association amongst meaningful suppression, cognitive reappraisal, speculative
evasion, aggression and driving rage was come across. Restrain impact of expressive was uncovered on the
association between aggressive tendency and driving temper and it was recommended that those drivers that
rescind their emotions repeatedly incline to react in higher hostile manner when they remain in the
vulnerable to experience higher degrees of driving anger [27]. Emotional Intelligence play an important role in
the individual and group behaviors during routine and professional life [54]. The development of healthy
Organizational Culture can improve the behaviors of individuals at organization, field, and home and in society
at large [55]. Healthy Organizational Culture can positively impact the behavior of drivers during, before and
after office timings. The work stress can negatively impact the people’s behaviors not only at work but also at
social life [56]. Stress can affect the behavior of drivers during, before and after office timings. The social
media and TV Advertisements have the vital impact on the Life Style of Pakistani youth [46, 47]. The social
media and TV Advertisements can be used for educating the good driving behavior.
Line up is the typical event in day-to-day live [28, 29]. Priyanka and Tigga, 2015 evaluated the association
between driving rage and mindfulness in young adults. The example dimension was 100 (50 from children
and girls each); the individuals were in between the age of 18-25 years. Driving anger range and mindful
attention awareness scale were used for the data collection. After the analysis of outcomes it was disclosed
that driving temper was affected by the mindfulness: additionally, impact of mindfulness on the driving anger
was also reported in the context of sex [19]. Productivity Improvement is the continuously increasing concern
for the service & administrative activities [74-76]. Effective performance evaluation is necessary for all service
& administrative departments to remain active & efficient [77-81]. The job satisfaction, job stress, work-life
balance, HRM practices in the organizations also effect the human behavior at work and even after work as
well as at driving behaviour. An empirical investigation is performed and detailed investigation is conducted
on the various factors influencing the job satisfaction of faculty members in public sector engineering
universities. The results were compared and and level of job satisfaction is identified [48, 49]. There is the
positive relationship between the Human Resource Architecture with the Employee Productivity and job
satifaction [50]. The use effective emotional intelligence at work may constitute increased job satisfaction.
Green HR practices are being practiced in many organizations and they can also play a vital role in greater job
satisfaction [51]. The workload in the organizations, office durings and timings can have the impact on the
employees job satisfaction. There are different effects of Day and Night shift on the employees job satisfaction
[52]. Still there are many organizations which are reluctant to change traditional HR practices. The
organizations should challenge the status-quo and adopt the modern HR practices to meet the desired job
satisfaction in employeed [53]. Investigation of the relationship between salary, pension and satisfaction of
employees is also conducted as case study in public sector organization [57]. Satisfied employees without job
stress and with green HRM practices & good work-life balance may behave well at work, after work and as
well as during driving.
Saikalis et al., 2020 made use of electromyography (EMG) for the measurement of driving anger by utilizing
driving simulator while completing a navigating task. Web traffic occasions (frustrating occasions) were used
for the induction of anger in individuals and at the same time, there was the pressure of time throughout
which they needed to adhere to the directions of navigating. Subjective self-report, face EMG and DAS was
utilized for the analysis of driving rage of participants. Greater face EMG values of activation and subjective
rage sentiments were shown by the outcomes when individuals experience irritating occasions [23]. MIS have
the vital impact on the productivity of the various public administrative activities [45]. Visual Basic
Applications (VBA) are the effective tools for the optimization of processes [30, 44]. The researchers found
that MIS have the positive impact on overall business and administrative performance [59, 60] in modern
competitive world and road, traffic & transportation departments are no exception. The authors researched in
a number of applications of IT & MIS in service industry and customer’s safety & satisfaction [60, 61].
[5904]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
Information Communication Technology (ICT) applications should be learned and utilized in primary,
secondary, tertiary, higher & professional educational levels [62-64]. Information seeking is the essential part
of our routine & professional life. The electronic resources are more frequently used for information seeking
as compare to tradition paper sources [65, 66]. The Covid-19 affected many routine activities globally and
transformed the way of thinking in every sector [43] and road, traffic & transportation is also among them.
The current era is the digital era and digital tools are being widely used effectively for information sharing and
marketing. The use of web 2.0 tools i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Wikis, RSS, linkedin, blogging, YouTube and email
groups are also popular for promoting different products, services and ideas [67]. The public satisfaction can
only be retained by providing the better service quality attributes [68].
III. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Objective of the present research was to depict the clear picture of the punishing behavior of the drivers while
driving of the research area so that authorities can be made aware of risk of violence on the roads.
 To analyze the punishing behavior of drivers across gender and age
 To analyze the punishing behavior of drivers across gender and driving experience
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data Collection
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro was the study area where existing cross
sectional study was carried out by accumulating the details as per practical sampling method by utilizing the
questionnaire taken on from Dr. Larson. The individuals included the professors and pupils of the University.
Although there were 4 factors of driving in the survey however only one aspect i.e. punishing while driving
was taken into consideration in the existing term paper. Only two variable of the factor i.e. punishing while
driving were included in the scope of the present research paper. Given that, survey has to do with the
dimension of participants' ideas this is because, measurement range was needed to be specified. Among
researcher in 1930s, provided the structured idea for the measurement of thoughts by initiating the scale i.e.
likert scale in his research study [31].
Data Analysis
Data was assessed in the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22 and data evaluation
consisted of the frequency distribution and mean+SD of all the variables of the thought about variable i.e.
punishing while driving. Frequency distribution is used for the measurement of amount of monitoring coming
in each of the group [32]. Before the conducting the analysis with ANOVA, normality of variables is ensured
because it is the assumption of the test [70, 71]. In the present research paper, the frequency distribution of
participants` responses against selected variables of punishing while driving was taken out as per the
demographic characteristics i.e. gender, age and driving experience. Moreover, mean+SD of participants`
response against each of the variable as per each of the mentioned demographic characteristics.
V. RESULTS
This section of the research paper is included with the analysis (frequency distribution and mean+SD, mode)
of the two variables of driving aggressiveness. Analysis was conducted across gender, age and driving
experience.
Frequency distribution of ‘I misbehave with other drivers’ across gender and age.
Statistical analysis of the variable was conducted and it was based on the frequency distribution, mean+SD
and mode of the participants` responses across two demographic characteristics. Analysis presented in table 1
indicates that mean+SD of the response of female participants from the age groups of (18-22) and (23-27) was
computed as 2.53+1.22 and 2.25+1.28 respectively.
Table 1: Comparison of response of respondents against Q3 across both genders and various age groups
Gender Age (Years) I misbehave with other drivers Total Mean + SD
1 2 3 4 n (%)
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)

[5905]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
Female (18-22) 5 (3.57%) 5 (3.57%) 3 (2.14%) 6 (4.29%) 19 (13.57%) 2.53 + 1.22
(23-27) 3 (2.14%) 2 (1.43%) 1 (0.71%) 2 (1.43%) 8 (5.71%) 2.25 + 1.28
(28-32) - 1 (0.71%) - - 1 (0.71%)
(33-37) 1 (0.71%) - - - 1 (0.71%)
(38-42+) - - - - -
Total n (%) 9 (6.43%) 8 (5.71%) 4 (2.86%) 8 (5.71%) 29 (20.71%)
Male (18-22) 11 (7.86%) 16 (11.43%) 16 (11.43%) 18 (12.86%) 61 (43.57%) 2.67 + 1.09
(23-27) 5 (3.57%) 6 (4.29%) 6 (4.29%) 9 (6.43%) 26 (18.57%) 2.73 + 1.15
(28-32) 3 (2.14%) 4 (2.86%) 4 (2.86%) 3 (2.14%) 14 (10.00%) 2.50 + 1.09
(33-37) 1 (0.71%) - 2 (1.43%) - 3 (2.14%) 2.33 + 1.15
(38-42+) 1 (0.71%) 1 (0.71%) 4 (2.86%) 1 (0.71%) 7 (5.00%) 2.71 + 0.95
Total n (%) 21 (15.00%) 27 (19.29%) 32 (22.86%) 31 (22.14%) 111 (79.29%)
Moreover, the mean+SD of the response of male participants from the age groups i.e. (18-22), (23-27), (28-
32), (33-37) and (38-42+) was computed as 2.67+1.09, 2.73+1.15, 2.50+1.09, 2.33+1.15 and 2.71+0.95
respectively as presented in the table 1.
Frequency distribution of ‘I misbehave with other drivers’ across gender and driving experience
and mode of the participants` responses across two demographic characteristics i.e. age and driving
experience. Analysis presented in table 2 indicates that mean+SD of the response of female participants from
the driving experience groups i.e. (1-5), (6-10) and (23-27) years was computed as 2.39+1.16, 2.25+1.50 and
2.50+2.12 respectively.
Table 2: Comparison of response of respondents against Q3 across both genders and various driving
experience groups
Driving I misbehave with other drivers
Total
Gender Experience 1 2 3 4 Mean + SD
n (%)
(Years) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
(1-5) 6 (4.29%) 8 (5.71%) 3 (2.14%) 6 (4.29%) 23 (16.43%) 2.39 + 1.16
Female (6-10) 2 (1.43%) - 1 (0.71%) 1 (0.71%) 4 (2.86%) 2.25 + 1.50
(11-15) 1 (0.71%) - - 1 (0.71%) 2 (1.43%) 2.50 + 2.12
Total n (%) 9 (6.43%) 8 (5.71%) 4 (2.86%) 8 (5.71%) 29 (20.71%)
(1-5) 15 (10.71%) 21 (15.00%) 18 (12.86%) 18 (12.86%) 72 (51.43%) 2.54 + 1.09
Male (6-10) 6 (4.29%) 4 (2.86%) 12 (8.57%) 12 (8.57%) 34 (24.29%) 2.88 + 1.09
(11-15) - 2 (1.43%) 2 (1.43%) 1 (0.71%) 5 (3.57%) 2.80 + 0.84
Total n (%) 21 (15.00%) 27 (19.29%) 32 (22.86%) 31 (22.14%) 111 (79.29%)
Moreover, the mean+SD of the response of male participants from the driving experience groups i.e. (1-5), (6-
10) and (23-27) years was computed as 2.54+1.09, 2.88+1.09 and 2.80+0.84 respectively as can be seen in
table 2.
Frequency distribution of ‘I block cars trying to pass’ across gender and age
and mode of the participants` responses across two demographic characteristics. Analysis presented in table 3
indicates that mean+SD of the response of female participants from the age groups of (18-22) and (23-27) was
computed as 1.84+1.07 and 2.13+1.13 respectively.

[5906]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
Table 3: Comparison of response of respondents against Q4 across both genders and various age groups
I block cars trying to pass
Total
Gender Age (Years) 1 2 3 4 Mean + SD
n (%)
n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
(18-22) 9 (6.43%) 7 (5.00%) - 3 (2.14%) 19 (13.57%) 1.84 + 1.07
(23-27) 3 (2.14%) 2 (1.43%) 2 (1.43%) 1 (0.71%) 8 (5.71%) 2.13 + 1.13
Female (28-32) - 1 (0.71%) - - 1 (0.71%)
(33-37) 1 (0.71%) - - - 1 (0.71%)
(38-42+) - - - - -
Total n (%) 13 (9.29%) 10 (7.14%) 2 (1.43%) 4 (2.86%) 29 (20.71%)
(18-22) 15 (10.71%) 24 (17.14%) 16 (11.43%) 6 (4.29%) 61 (43.57%) 2.21 + 0.93
(23-27) 11 (7.86%) 10 (7.14%) 4 (2.86%) 1 (0.71%) 26 (18.57%) 1.81 + 0.85
Male (28-32) 5 (3.57%) 7 (5.00%) 1 (0.71%) 1 (0.71%) 14 (10.00%) 1.86 + 0.86
(33-37) 2 (1.43%) - 1 (0.71%) - 3 (2.14%) 1.67 + 1.15
(38-42+) 1 (0.71%) 3 (2.14%) 3 (2.14%) - 7 (5.00%) 2.29 + 0.76
Total n (%) 34 (24.29%) 44 (31.43%) 25 (17.86%) 8 (5.71%) 111 (79.29%)
Moreover, the mean+SD of the response of male participants from the age groups i.e. (18-22), (23-27), (28-
32), (33-37) and (38-42+) was computed as 2.21+0.93, 1.81+0.85, 1.86+0.86, 1.67+1.15 and 2.29+0.76
respectively as presented in the table 3.
Frequency distribution of ‘I block cars trying to pass’ across gender and driving experience
and mode of the participants` responses across two demographic characteristics i.e. age and driving
experience. Analysis presented in table 4 indicates that mean+SD of the response of female participants from
the driving experience groups i.e. (1-5), (6-10) and (23-27) years was computed as 1.87+0.92, 1.75+1.50 and
2.50+2.12 respectively.
Table 4: Comparison of response of respondents against Q4 across both genders and various driving
experience groups
Driving I block cars trying to pass
Total
Gender Experience 1 2 3 4 Mean + SD
n (%)
(Years) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
(1-5) 9 (6.43%) 10 (7.14%) 2 (1.43%) 2 (1.43%) 23 (16.43%) 1.87 + 0.92
Female (6-10) 3 (2.14%) - - 1 (0.71%) 4 (2.86%) 1.75 + 1.50
(11-15) 1 (0.71%) - - 1 (0.71%) 2 (1.43%) 2.50 + 2.12
Total n (%) 13 (9.29%) 10 (7.14%) 2 (1.43%) 4 (2.86%) 29 (20.71%)
(1-5) 14 (10.00%) 32 (22.86%) 20 (14.29%) 6 (4.29%) 72 (51.43%) 2.25 + 0.87
Male (6-10) 19 (13.57%) 9 (6.43%) 4 (2.86%) 2 (1.43%) 34 (24.29%) 1.68 + 0.91
(11-15) 1 (0.71%) 3 (2.14%) 1 (0.71%) - 5 (3.57%) 2.00 + 0.71
Total n (%) 34 (24.29%) 44 (31.43%) 25 (17.86%) 8 (5.71%) 111 (79.29%)
Moreover, the mean+SD of the response of male participants from the driving experience groups i.e. (1-5), (6-
10) and (23-27) years was computed as 2.25+0.87, 1.68+0.91 and 2.00+0.71 respectively as can be seen in
table 4.

[5907]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
VI. DISCUSSION
Temper is extra potential at the time when people are formerly under stress or pressure [19]. Anger triggers
the origination of confrontational aggression and suggest wrongdoer to harm another person [11]. Personal
aspects in addition to traffic scenario cause anger in traffic [11]; [16]. Temper is adverse in all the means i.e.
socially, literally in addition to psychologically [19]. Anger is shown as a substantial element of aggressive
driving in a case in which a mad chauffeur deliberately eliminates individuals when traveling in reaction to the
incident of disagreement in traffic [1]. Kalwar M.A et al. 2020 argued that Clear and also real findings can be
acquired by obtaining the questionnaire filled by the respondents unexpectedly after their drive in congested
traffic [33]. Furthermore the results of anger are not limited to the boundaries of freeways however it's results
are likewise experienced on the on article taking a trip life of chauffeurs i.e. household connections [16].
Significant distinction was found amongst chauffeurs only in getting restless in the situation when cars and
truck ahead decrease when traveling [34]. Disappointment was discovered to be the major reason for traffic
violations amongst drives as well as triggered by traffic congestion. A research was conducted on 52 males as
well as 46 ladies [35]; which was concluded that the age has adverse correlation with the hostile driving.
Remarkably, no substantial difference was located in aggressive driving of both the sexes. Kalwar M.A, Shaikh
S.A, as well as Khan M.A 2020 suggested that young women and males were indicated be punishing in nature
and also at the various other end, middle aged male drivers were also shown to be punishing in nature [36].
Aggressive driving actions was explored throughout the demographic characteristics i.e. age, qualification,
profession and driving direct exposures: The conclusion of the study revealed that respondents from the age
18-- 25 years revealed the 12.9% aggression; whereas, the respondents listed below the age of 18 years
revealed 23.7% aggression: female motorists showed much more aggressiveness as contrasted to the mail
vehicle drivers; trainees were indicated as much more hostile than designers, business people, servicemen,
housewife and others: skilled drivers were discovered much less hostile as contrasted to the much less
seasoned chauffeurs [14].
Kalwar M.A et al. 2020 located that the male motorists from the age of (18-22) years were discovered to be
much more restless and at the same time, female chauffeurs from the same age group were likewise
discovered to be the exact same. Furthermore, with increasing experience, women motorists were observed to
be more quick-tempered because the women from the driving experience group i.e. (11-15) were found to be
the most quick-tempered among all the respondents [37]. The authors suggested the identified factors to
improve the job satisfaction of the employees [48, 49]. The social media and TV Advertisements have the vital
impact on the Life Style of Pakistani youth [46, 47] which can be used for educating the good driving behavior.
The authors suugested the improved Human Resource Architecture for increased job satifaction [50]. The use
effective emotional intelligence at work may constitute increased job satisfaction [54]. Green HR practices are
can be utilised also for greater job satisfaction [51]. The management of workload and effective Day and Night
shift management can also improve the employees job satisfaction [52]. The organizations should challenge
the status-quo and adopt the modern HR practices to meet the desired job satisfaction in employeed [53]. The
development of healthy Organizational Culture with avoidance of negative work stress can also improve level
of job satisfaction [55, 56]. The authors suggested that there is the strong relationship between salary, pension
and satisfaction of employees in public sector organization [57]. Well satisfied employees without any job
stress and with green HRM practices & good work-life balance may behave well at work, after work and as
well as during driving.
In previous studies it has actually been underscored that age has negative correlation with the anger [38];
with hostile driving actions [35]. It was reported that the youngest individuals have extra driving aggression
(anger) as compared to older age groups [39]. It was wrapped up by the study which was conducted on 1208
motorists that individuals with younger age are much more hostile as contrasted to the older aged people
[40]. Age was located to be highly connected with the road rage which was mirrored by these criteria e.g.
("discourtesy, traffic obstructions, hostile motions, sluggish driving and authorities visibility" [41]. The lack of
funds is found as the major barriers in the implementation of MIS [45] and these issues should be resolved to
improve the administration of traffic & road departments for the driving safety. Effective use of MIS can
improve the overall administrative performance of road, traffic & transportation departments for the ultimate
[5908]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
drivers’ & public safety & satisfaction [59-61] in modern transportation and driving scenario. ICT applications
are equally beneficial & effectively for the service sectors also [62-64] and road, traffic & transportation
departments are no exception. The people follow the different patterns for exploring the information [65, 66]
and it is very essential for the road, traffic & transportation to understand the drivers’ & public’s information
seeking behavior their safety. The drivers’ and public behaviors are transformed after Covid-19 [43] and road,
traffic & transportation departments should be ready to face post Covid-19 scenario because the drivers &
public can only be safe by providing the better service quality attributes on the roads during transportations
[68]. The web 2.0 tools i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Wikis, RSS, linkedin, blogging, YouTube and email groups are
being used for promoting products, services and ideas [67] and road, traffic & transportation departments
should use them too effectively for the safe and secure road experience. However in the here and now
research, no difference in aggressive driving was discovered among the pupils and also teachers, different age
and also experience except punishing, it was discovered to be dramatically different amongst the chauffeurs of
different driving experience. Kalwar M.A et al. 2020 indicated that the road rage, driving impatience,
competing and also punishing were in considerable favorable partnership with one another: which plainly
indicates that on raising on factor will certainly cause the specific rise in the numerous aspects [24].
Study was carried out, which analyzed factors associated with rage while driving and feasible substantial
reflection of temper on driving actions was highlighted: drivers were asked to keep dairies with them through
of two weeks and likewise pen down the details such as nearly occurred mishaps and event on feelings of
rage: 100 milks were explored, which showed 293 almost happened mishaps as well as 383 events of
experiencing rage: mainly temper was reported when there was the traffic congestion, thus it can be wrapped
up that there is the web link between variety of virtually crashes as well as the events of temper that were
experienced by the motorists [15]. Productivity Improvement is the concern for service & administrative
activities also [74-76] and road, traffic & transport department should continuously explore the ways to
improve the overall productivity of themselves for the safety of road, drivers & public. Performance evaluation
is necessary for the service & administrative departments [77-81] and the road, traffic & transport
department should continuously update their performance evaluation criteria with the changes in roads,
traffic & transportations. These major concerns suggest that there is a strong requirement for driving
psychology and education that can aid reverse this trend and also transform individuals's driving behaviors.
Motorists need to be instructed the ethical dimension of driving, which shows the personality we have as a
motorist: there is the need of study in order to teach motorists to analyze their own driving individuality as
helpful or hostile, rational or impatient, calm or frustrated, error-free or making errors, and cooperative or
opportunistic: there is likewise the need for vehicle drivers to acknowledge that driving is a social activity that
requires collaborated communications [42].
VII. CONCLUSION
Majority of the female drivers from various age groups disagreed in the response of variable i.e. I misbehave
with other drivers. Moreover, Female drivers from the age group of (18-22) strongly agreed on the question of
misbehaving with other drivers. Similarly, majority of male drivers from the age groups i.e. (18-22) agreed
and strongly agreed in the response of above mentioned variable. Both male and female drivers strongly
agreed and agreed in their response on the question i.e. I block cars trying to pass. It was indicated by the
results that male and female drivers from the age group of (18-22) years were found to be more aggressive
comparatively. Furthermore, the male and female drivers form the driving experience group of (1-5) years
were found to be more aggressive as compared to other groups.
VIII. FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
The surveys for the present research study were got filled from the enrollees at canteens and from lecturers at
their workplaces yet if they would certainly have been got filled up at the point when they revealed such
emotions throughout their driving (punishing while driving), they would react with the precise and specific
intensity. In this regard, for the extension of the here and now research it was recommended to gather the
data at the point of expression of the feeling (punishing while driving).

[5909]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
IX. LIMITATIONS
Deficient sample size and addition of only a few demographics were counted to be the significant constraints
of the current study.
X. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors of the present research paper would like to thank the teachers and students of Mehran UET for their
immense cooperation during data collection.
XI. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There was no conflict of interest among the authors of the present research paper.
XII. REFERENCES
[1] L. Mizell, “Aggressive Driving : Three Studies,” AAA Found. Traffic Saf., no. March, 1997, [Online].
Available: https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/agdr3study.pdf.
[2] M. Gilbert and V. Orlans, “A Review of the Literature on Integration,” in Integrative therapy; 100 key
points and techniques, vol. 1968, 2011, pp. 19–39.
[3] AAA Foundation for Traffic Safey, “Aggressive Driving: Research Update,” 2009.
[4] R. Paleti, N. Eluru, and C. R. Bhat, “Examining the influence of aggressive driving behavior on driver
injury severity in traffic crashes,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1839–1854, 2010,
[5] A. Goodwin et al., “Countermeasures That Work: A highway safety countermeasures guide for State
Highway Safety Offices,” 2013.
[6] E. M. Grey, T. J. Triggs, and N. L. Haworth, “Driver Aggression: The Role of Personality, Social
Characteristics, Risk and Motivation,” 1989.
[7] C. S. Dula and E. S. Geller, “Risky, aggressive, or emotional driving: Addressing the need for consistent
communication in research,” J. Safety Res., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 559–566, 2003.
[8] T. Lajunen and D. Parker, “Are aggressive people aggressive drivers? A study of the relationship
between self-reported general aggressiveness, driver anger and aggressive driving,” Accid. Anal. Prev.,
vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 243–255, 2001.
[9] M. Abou-Zeid, I. Kaysi, and H. Al-naghi, “Measuring Aggressive Driving Behavior Using a Driving
Simulator : an Exploratory Study,” in 3rd International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation,
2011.
[10] L. Berkowitz, “Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis ; Examination and Reformulation,” Psychol. Bull.,
vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 59–73, 1989.
[11] SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, “Anger, aggression in traffic, and risky driving behaviour,”
2012.
[12] J. L. Deffenbacher, R. S. Lynch, E. R. Oetting, and R. C. Swaim, “The Driving Anger Expression
Inventory: A measure of how people express their anger on the road,” Behav. Res. Ther., vol. 40, no. 6,
pp. 717–737, 2002.
[13] K. Schafer, “The Road Rage and Aggressive Driving Dichotomy : Personality and Attribution Factors in
Driver Aggression,” 2015.
[14] N. Chakrabarty and R. Riku, “Aggressive Driving Case Studies and Mitigations in India,” Int. J. Sci. Res.
Publ., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2013.
[15] G. Underwood, P. Chapman, S. Wright, and D. Crundall, “Anger while driving,” Transp. Res. Part F
Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 2, no. February, pp. 55–68, 1999, doi: 10.1016/S1369-8478(99)00006-6.
[16] J. L. Deffenbacher, R. S. Lynch, L. B. Filetti, E. R. Dahlen, and E. R. Oetting, “Anger, aggression, risky
behavior, and crash-related outcomes in three groups of drivers,” Behav. Res. Ther., vol. 41, no. 3, pp.
333–349, 2003.

[5910]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
[17] J. L. Deffenbacher, M. E. Huff, R. S. Lynch, E. R. Oetting, and N. F. Salvatore, “Characteristics and
treatment of high-anger drivers.,” J. Couns. Psychol., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 5–17, 2000, doi: 10.1037/0022-
0167.47.1.5.
[18] L. Montoro, S. Useche, F. Alonso, and B. Cendales, “Work environment, stress, and driving anger: A
structural equation model for predicting traffic sanctions of public transport drivers,” Int. J. Environ.
Res. Public Health, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 497–409, 2018.
[19] Priyanka and A. U. Tigga, “Driving Anger and Mindfulness among young Adults,” Int. J. Multidiscip.
Curr. Res., vol. 3, no. May/June2015, pp. 537–541, 2015.
[20] J. L. Cayanus, M. M. Martin, and K. D. Weber, “The Relationships between Driver Anger and Aggressive
Communication Traits,” Commun. Res. Reports, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 189–197, 2005.
[21] T. Zhang, A. H. S. Chan, H. Xue, X. Zhang, and D. Tao, “Driving anger, aberrant driving behaviors, and
road crash risk: Testing of a mediated model,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1–
13, 2019.
[22] S. A. Useche, B. Cendales, F. Alonso, L. Montoro, and J. C. Pastor, “Trait driving anger and driving styles
among Colombian professional drivers,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 8, p. e02259, 2019.
[23] C. Saikalis, J. Cliburn, C. Portea, and Y.-C. Lee, “An Investigation of Measuring Driver Anger with
Electromyography,” in Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and
Vehicle Design, 2020.
[24] M. A. Kalwar, M. A. Khan, S. A. Shaikh, A. S. Soomro, M. S. Memon, and S. A. Khaskheli, “Aggressive
Driving Behavior: A Case Study of Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan,” in IEOM Conference 2020.
[25] M. A. Kalwar, M. A. Khan, M. F. Shahzad, M. H. Wadho, and H. B. Marri, “Development of Linear
Programming Model for Optimization of Product Mix and Maximization of Profit: Case of Leather
Industry,” J. Appl. Res. Technol. Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 67–78, 2022.
[26] M. A. Kalwar and M. A. Khan, “Optimization of Procurement & Purchase Order Process in Foot Wear
Industry by Using VBA in Ms Excel,” Int. J. Bus. Educ. Manag. Stud., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 80–100, 2020.
[27] S. P. Ş. Oi and A. Holman, “Driving Anger and Aggressive Tendency : the Moderating Role of Emotion
Regulation Strategy,” Bull. Transilv. Univ. Braşov, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 154–164, 2016.
[28] M. A. Kalwar, S. A. Khaskheli, M. A. Khan, A. A. Siddiqui, and M. A. Gopang, “Comfortable Waiting Time
of Patients at the OPD with Varying Demographics,” Ind. Eng. Lett., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 20–27, 2018.
[29] S. A. Khaskheli, H. A. Kalwar, M. A. Kalwar, H. B. Marri, M. A. Khan, and M. Nebhwani, “Application of
Multi-Server Queuing Model to Analyze The Queuing System of OPD During COVOD-19 Pandemic: A
Case Study,” J. Contemp. Issues Bus. Gov., vol. 27, no. 05, pp. 1351–1367, 2021.
[30] M. A. Kalwar, M. F. Shahzad, M. H. Wadho, M. A. Khan, and S. A. Shaikh, “Automation of Order Costing
Analysis By Using Visual Basic For Applications in Microsoft Excel,” J. Appl. Res. Technol. Eng., vol. 3,
no. 1, pp. 29–59, 2022.
[31] L. Rensis, “A technique for the measurement of attitudes,” Arch. Psychol., vol. 22, no. 140, p. 55, 1932.
[32] S. ManiKandan, “Frequency distribution,” J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 54–56, 2011.
[33] M. A. Kalwar, M. A. Khan, and S. A. Shaikh, “Analysis of Driving Anger: Case Study of Mehran UET,
Jamshoro,” Int. Res. J. Comput. Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–37, 2020.
[34] S. A. Khaskheli, M. A. Kalwar, A. A. Siddiqui, M. A. K. Nagar, and T. H. Wadho, “Impatience Among
Drivers With Varying Demographics,” in Professional Trends in Industrial and Systems Engineering,
2018, pp. 465–469.
[35] J. A. Vazquez, “Personality Factors, Age, And Aggressive Driving: A Validation Using A Driving
Simulator,” University of Central Florida, 2013.
[36] M. A. Kalwar, S. A. Shaikh, and M. A. Khan, “Statistical Analysis of the Impact of Penalties in Driving : A
Case Study,” 2020.

[5911]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
[37] M. A. Kalwar, S. A. Shaikh, and M. A. Khan, “Statistical Analysis of Driving Impatience Among Vehicle
Drivers: A Case Study,” Int. J. Bus. Educ. Manag. Stud., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–32, 2021.
[38] M. J. M. Sullman, A. N. Stephens, and M. Yong, “Anger, aggression and road rage behaviour in
Malaysian drivers,” Transp. Res. Part F traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 29, pp. 70–82, Feb. 2015.
[39] C. M. Wickens, R. E. Mann, G. Stoduto, A. Ialomiteanu, and R. G. Smart, “Age group differences in self-
reported aggressive driving perpetration and victimization,” Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol.
Behav., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 400–412, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2011.04.007.
[40] L. Roberts and D. Indermaur, “Boys and Road Rage: Driving-Related Violence and Aggression in
Western Australia,” Aust. N. Z. J. Criminol., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 361–380, 2005, doi:
10.1375/acri.38.3.361.
[41] M. J. M. M. Sullman, A. N. Stephens, and M. Yong, “Driving anger in Malaysia,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 71,
pp. 1–9, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.04.019.
[42] L. J. James, “Moral Reasoning in Driving Behavior,” Psychol. Cogn. Sci., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 6–8, 2017, doi:
10.17140/PCSOJ-3-e006.
[43] Rahoo, L.A., Ramejo, B., Naqvi, S.S.A., Khan, M.A. and Ramejo, M.A., Analysis of Public Awareness on
Adaptation to Covid-19 Vaccination during Pandemic Situation in Pakistan. TJPR, 32, p.3. 2021.
[44] A. K. Chaudhry, M. A. Kalwar, M. A. Khan, and S. A. Shaikh, “Improving the Efficiency of Small
Management Information System by Using VBA,” Int. J. Sci. Eng. Investig., vol. 10, no. 111, pp. 7–13,
2021.
[45] Nagar, M. A. K., Rahoo, L. A., Rehman, H. A., & Arshad, S. (2018, November). Education Management
Information Systems in the Primary Schools of Sindh a case study of Hyderabad Division. IEEE
ICETAS.
[46] M. A. , M. Kalhoro, Q. Abro, L. A. Rahoo, S. Kalhoro, “Impact of TV Advertisement on the Life Style of
Pakistani Youth: A Case Study of Sindh Province”, Journal of NMMC, 70(3), 7-12, 2018.
[47] M. A. Buriro, L. A. Rahoo, M. A. K. Nagar, M. Kalhoro, S. Kalhoro, and A. A. Halepota, “Social Media used
for promoting the Libraries and Information Resources and services at University Libraries of Sindh
Province”, In Proceedings of IEEE (ICIRD) (pp. 1-4). 2018.
[48] A.A. Shahani, A. Tanwari, H.B. Marri, M.A. Korai and M.A. Khan, “Job satisfaction analysis of faculty
members in public sector engineering universities: An empirical investigation”, MURJET, 36(3), 2017.
[49] A.A. Shahani, M.A. Korai, M.A. Khan, A. S. Soomro, D. K. Kakepoto, “Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction
of Faculty Members in Public Sectors Engineering Universities of Sindh Province”, Conference (IMEC-
2018),
[50] K. Khan, M.A. Khan, J. A. Thebo, T. Ahmed, L. A. Rahoo, “Examining The Human Resource Architecture
Relationship With Employee Productivity Of Chemical Industries”, Journal of CIBG, Vol, 27(2), 2021.
[51] L. A. Rahoo, S. A. Khan, M.A. Khan and M. Memon, “Analysis of green HR practices in information
technology industries of Pakistan”, Int. J. Disaster Recovery Bus. Contin, 11, pp.2105-2113, 2020.
[52] A. A. Siddiqui, M. S. Jumani, S. A. Shaikh, M. S. Memon, S. I. Marri, M. A. Khan, M. A. Shaikh, “Comparing
the effects of Day and Night shift on employees job satisfaction A case study at Cement Industry”, First
International Conference on (IEMA), February 20-22, 2017.
[53] M. A. Khan,”Critical Study of Human Resources Management of Pakistan International Airlines
Corporation (PIAC)”, Bachelors of Engineering (Thesis), Industrial Engineerin,g, MUET, 2003.
[54] M. W. Arain, L. A. Rahoo, J. A. Thebo, M. A. Khan, and L. A. Rahoo, “Emotional Intelligence and Job
Satisfaction among Faculty Members of Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan”, Journal of
Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, Vol, 27(06), 2021.
[55] L. A. Rahoo, P. Hasnain, A. M. Abbasi, T. Ahmed, and M. A, “The Relationship Between Information
Technology And Organizational Culture In The University Libraries Of Sindh, Pakistan”, Journal of
Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, Vol, 27(2), 2021.

[5912]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
[56] L. A. Rahoo, P.B. Channar, and M.A Khan, L.A., Channar, P.B. and Khan, M.A., “Analysis of Stress on the
Employees of Software Development Industries of Pakistan”, IRJCST, 1(1), pp.6-12. 2020.
[57] Soomro, S.A., Marri, H.B., Shah, A.A. and Kalwar, M.A., Investigation of Salary, Pension and Satisfaction
of Employees: Case Study of Public Sector Organization”, International Research Journal of
Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science (IRJMETS). Vol 4 (5), 6062-6076, 2022.
[58] M. A. Kalwar, S. A. Shaikh, M. H. Wadho, M. A. Khan , S. A. Khaskheli and T. H. Wadho, “Violence and
Irritation in Driving Behaviour on the Road during routine traffic situations: A Case Study”,
(IRJMETS). Vol 4 (5), 6077-6088, 2022.
[59] Kalhoro, S., Rahoo, L. A., Kalhoro, M., Abro, Q.-A. and Khan, M. A., The Meaning and Role of
Management Information System in the Telecom Companies in Sindh Province, CEIS, 10(3), 9–13.
[60] Gul, M.A., Imran, Z.K., Khan, M.A. and Kalwar, M.A., Analysis of Infrastructural Challenges of E-Banking
as Reported by Customers.
[61] Kalhoro, M., Abro, Q. U. A., Khan, M. A., Kalhoro, S. and Rahoo, L. A., Customer satisfaction in
commercial bank of Sindh province a case study of bank Al Falah, Library Philosophy and Practice,
2019 (May).
[62] Arshad, S., Rehman, H.A., Rahoo, L.A. and Nagar, M.A.K., 2018, November. Information Communication
Technology Applications used to Enhance Knowledge Management in the University Libraries of
Pakistan. In 2018 IEEE (ICETAS) (pp. 1-6).
[63] Memon, M. and Khan, M.A., 2020. Usage and Availability of Information and Communication
Technology Applications Facilities at Central Library, University of Sindh Jamshoro. IRJCST, 1(1),
pp.86-92.
[64] Khan, M. A., Kalhoro, M., Abro, Q., Kalhoro, S. and Rahoo, L. A., 2018, ICT Integration in Teaching and
Learning at Secondary Schools A Case of Sindh Province Pakistan, In Conference on (ICITL), 2018.
[65] Nagar, M. A. K., Kalhoro, M., & Kalhoro, S. (2018). Information Seeking Behavior of Research Scholars
at MUET Library & Online Information Center, Jamshoro: A Study. In 2018 IEEE s (ICETAS) 2018.
[66] Nagar, M.A.K., Abro, Q.U.A., Kalhoro, M., Rahoo, L.A. and Kalhoro, S., 2018. Information Seeking
Behavior of Research Scholars at MUET Library & Online Information Center, Jamshoro: A Study. LPP.
[67] Rahoo, L.A., Baladi, Z.H., Arshad, S., Nagar, M.A.K. and Rustamani, S., 2018, November. Use of web 2.0
tools for marketing and promotion of library services in higher education institutes of Sindh. In 2018
IEEE (ICETAS) (pp. 1-5).
[68] Baladi, N., Channar, P.B., Rahoo, L.A., Ahmed, T. and Khan, M.A., 2021. Improve Customer Retention
through Service Quality Attributes in the Restaurant Industry of Pakistan. J. CIBG, vol. 27, no. 06.
[69] D. A. Hennessy and D. L. Wiesenthal, “Traffic congestion, driver stress, and driver
aggression. Aggressive Behavior”, Official Journal of the International Society for Research on
Aggression, 25(6), 409-423, 1999.
[70] M. J. Blanca Mena, R. Alarcón Postigo, J. Arnau Gras, R. Bono Cabré and R. Bendayan, “Non-normal
data: Is ANOVA still a valid option?”, Psicothema, 29(4), 552–57, 2017.
[71] Ostertagová, E., and Ostertag, O., “Methodology and application of oneway ANOVA”. American Journal
of Mechanical Engineering, 1(7), 256-261, 2013.
[72] Novaco, R. W., Stokols, D., Campbell, J., & Stokols, J., “Transportation, stress, and community
psychology”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 7(4), 361–80, 1979.
[73] Shinar, D. “Aggressive driving: the contribution of the drivers and the situation”, Transportation
Research Part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 1(2), 137-160. 1998.
[74] Kumar, S., Khan, M.A., Ahmed, S., Rehman, A. and Luhar, E., 2020, March. A Case Study for Performance
Evaluation of Motorcycle Assembly Line through the Lean Manufacturing Practice of Overall
Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). In Proceedings of IEOM Duba , UAE (pp. 10-12).

[5913]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208
[75] Papakostopoulos, V., Marmaras, N. and Nathanael, D., 2017. The “field of safe travel” revisited:
interpreting driving behaviour performance through a holistic approach. Transport reviews, 37(6),
pp.695-714.
[76] Rolim, C. and Baptista, P., 2018. Comparing drivers’ self-perception on driving behaviour changes
with real world driving performance data: Lisbon case-study. Travel behaviour and society, 11, pp.86-
92.
[77] Rajput, S., Khan, M.A., Samejo, S., Murtaza, G. and Rao, A.A., 2020, March. Productivity Improvement by
the Implementation of lean manufacturing practice (takt time) in an automobile assembling plant.
IEOM Dubai.
[78] Khalid, A., Razzaque, A. and Ali, M., Productivity Improvement in Textile Industry using Lean
Manufacturing Practices of 5S & Single Minute Die Exchange (SMED).
[79] Chantith, C., Permpoonwiwat, C.K. and Hamaide, B., 2021. Measure of productivity loss due to road
traffic accidents in Thailand. IATSS research, 45(1), pp.131-136.
[80] Aderamo, A.J., 2012. Road traffic accident injuries and productivity in Nigeria. Journal of Asian
scientific research, 2(7), pp.334-344.
[81] Chantith, C., Permpoonwiwat, C.K. and Hamaide, B., 2021. Measure of productivity loss due to road
traffic accidents in Thailand. IATSS research, 45(1), pp.131-136.

[5914]
View publication stats

Hostile Drivingontheroads

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hostile Drivingontheroads

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Hostile Behaviour of Drivers on the Roads During Routine Trafﬁc Situations in

Article · June 2022

Muhammad Ahmed Kalwar Muzamil Hussain

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Sarmad Ali Khaskheli

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

You might also like