PME263

Mine Surveying
 Introduction to Mine Surveying
Surveying:
 Science and art of determining the relative
positions of points above, on, or beneath the
earth’s surface and

 locating the points in the field.

 The work of the surveyor
consists of 5 phases:
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and final point
locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements and
recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing calculations based
upon the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to produce a
map, plot, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout – locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the
proper locations in the field.
 Categories of Surveying:
1. Plane Surveying – surveying with the reference base for
fieldwork and computations are assumed to be a flat
horizontal surface.
– Generally within a 12 mile radius the pull of gravity is very
nearly parallel to that at any other point within the radius and
thus horizontal lines can be considered straight.
2. Geodetic Surveying – surveying technique to determine
relative positions of widely spaced points, lengths, and
directions which require the consideration of the size and
shape of the earth. (Takes the earth’s curvature into
account.)
 Types of Surveys:
1. Photogrammetry – mapping utilizing data obtained by camera
or other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.

2. Boundary Surveying – establishing property corners,

boundaries, and areas of land parcels.

3. Control Surveying – establish a network of horizontal and

vertical monuments that serve as a reference framework for other
survey projects.
4. Engineering Surveying – providing points and elevations for the
Mining Engineering and building Civil Engineering projects.
 Types of Surveys
5. Topographic Surveying – collecting data and preparing maps
showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations
of points of the ground for multiple uses

6. Route Surveys – topographic and other surveys for long –

narrow projects associated with Civil Engineering projects.
– Highways, railroads, pipelines, and transmission lines.

7. Hydrographic Surveying – mapping of shorelines and the

bottom of bodies of water.
– Also known as bathymetric surveying.
 Instruments and Equipments
• Transit
• Repeating optical instruments (Theodolite)
• Adjustable tripod
• Level
• Level rod
• Swing/Brunton compass
• Tapes (2 hundred, five hundred, 8 foot &
metallic), Tape repair output
• Plumb Bob
 Miscellaneous Field Equip.
• Lights, Reading glass, Station markers and
spads

Office Equipments:
• Pantograph, Planimeter, Several sizes of steel
straightedges, Ozalid, Copyflex (similar prining
equpm.) and calculator
 Mine Surveying
• Branch of mining science and technology.
It includes
all measurements , calculations and mapping
which serve the purpose of ascertaining and
documenting information at all stages from
prospecting to exploitation and utilizing
mineral deposits both by surface and
underground working
 Principal activities of MS
• Interpretation of the geology of mineral deposits in
relation to the economical management
• Investigation and negotiation of mining rights
• Making and recording, and calculations of mine surveying
measurements
• Mining cartography
• Investigation and prediction of effects of mine working on
the surface and underground strata
• Mine planning in the context of local environment and subsequent
rehabilitation
 Levels and Leveling
 It is an instrument by which the relative heights of
different points on the surface of the earth are
determined

 Leveling is the process by means of which the diffrence

in elevation of various points on the earth’s surface is
calculated
 Types of Levels
 Dumpy level
 Wye / Y-level
 Cooke’s reversible
 Cushing’s &
 Zeiss
 Wild’s and Watt’s modern level

Dumpy level is most commonly used and has greater

optical power than the Y-level
 Types of Leveling in Surveying

• Direct leveling
• Trigonometric leveling
• Barometric leveling
• Stadia leveling
 Direct Leveling
• most commonly used method of leveling.
• measurements are observed directly from
leveling instrument.
• Based on the observation points and
instrument positions direct leveling is divided
into different types as follows:
Simple leveling
Differential leveling
Fly leveling
Profile leveling
Precise leveling
Reciprocal leveling
• Simple Leveling
It is a simple and basic form of leveling in which
the leveling instrument is placed between the
points which elevation is to be find. Leveling
rods are placed at that points and sighted
them through leveling instrument. It is
performed only when the points are nearer to
each other without any obstacles.
Simple Leveling
• Differential Leveling
Differential leveling is performed when the
distance between two points is more. In this
process, number of inter stations are located
and instrument is shifted to each station and
observed the elevation of inter station points.
Finally difference between original two points
is determined.
Differential Leveling
• Fly Leveling
Fly leveling is conducted when the benchmark is
very far from the work station. In such case, a
temporary bench mark is located at the work
station which is located based on the original
benchmark. Even it is not highly precise it is
used for determining approximate level.
Fly Leveling
• Profile Leveling
Profile leveling is generally adopted to find elevation of points
along a line such as for road, rails or rivers etc. In this case,
readings of intermediate stations are taken and reduced level
of each station is found. From this cross section of the
alignment is drawn.
• Precise Leveling

Precise leveling is similar to differential leveling

but in this case higher precise is wanted. To
achieve high precise, serious observation
procedure is performed. The accuracy of 1
mm per 1 km is achieved.
• Reciprocal Leveling

When it is not possible to locate the leveling

instrument in between the inter visible points,
reciprocal leveling is performed. This case
appears in case of ponds or rivers etc. in case
of reciprocal leveling, instrument is set nearer
to 1st station and sighted towards 2nd station.
Reciprocal Leveling
 Trigonometric Leveling

• The process of leveling in which the elevation

of point or the difference between points is
measured from the observed horizontal
distances and vertical angles in the field is
called trigonometric leveling.
• In this method, trigonometric relations are
used to find the elevation of a point from
angle and horizontal distance so, it is called as
trigonometric leveling. It is also called as
indirect leveling.
Trigonometric Leveling
 Barometric Leveling

• Barometer is an instrument used to measure

atmosphere at any altitude. So, in this method
of leveling, atmospheric pressure at two
different points is observed, based on which
the vertical difference between two points is
determined. It is a rough estimation and used
rarely.
Barometric Leveling
 Stadia Leveling

• It is a modified form of trigonometric leveling

in which Tacheometer principle is used to
determine the elevation of point. In this case
the line of sight is inclined from the horizontal.
It is more accurate and suitable for surveying
in hilly terrains.
Stadia Leveling