Mathematics

Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

LESSON 16.2
Interpretation of the Population Proportion
Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Test Your Prerequisite Skills 2

DepEd Competency 2

Objectives 2

Warm-Up! 3

Learn about It! 4

Type of Test 5

Level of Significance 5

Critical Values 6

Let’s Practice 7

Check Your Understanding 13

Key Points 14

Bibliography 15
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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Lesson 16.2
Interpretation of the Population
Proportion

Fig. 1. Coronavirus Vaccine

Introduction
In conducting research, it is important to interpret the data that you gather because this will
help you make decisions. For instance, researchers can gather information on the percentage
of people who are vaccinated or not. This data can be helpful in determining if people can
build up immunity against the virus and if there is a need to further encourage more people
to have their vaccines. But the data is only useful if you know what it means.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

In this lesson, you will learn how to interpret the test statistic of a population proportion.

Test Your Prerequisite Skills

Before you get started, answer the following items on a separate sheet of paper. This will help
you assess your prior knowledge and practice some skills that you will need in studying this
lesson. Show your complete solution.

A. Illustrate the following 𝑧-scores in a normal curve.

1. 𝑧 = 0.31
2. 𝑧 = −1.4
3. 𝑧 = 2.34

DepEd Competency
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to draw a conclusion about
the population proportion based on the test-statistic value and the rejection
region (M11/12SP-IVf-2).

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Accurately determine the null and alternative hypotheses in a hypothesis

test for population proportion.

● Correctly illustrate the rejection region and test statistic value in a

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

hypothesis test for population proportion.

● Correctly decide whether to reject the null hypothesis or not in a

hypothesis test for population proportion.

● Accurately interpret the decision in a hypothesis test for a population

proportion.

Warm-Up!

I Wanna Know!

Materials
● pen
● paper

Instructions
1. This activity will be done in groups consisting of 10 members each, then as a class.
2. Form a circle with the group.
3. Complete the statements below by conducting a survey among the 10 members of
your group.
a. ______ out of 10 members of your class listens to Korean songs.
b. ______ out of 10 members of your class plays video games.
c. ______ out of 10 members of your class knows how to play the guitar.
d. ______ out of 10 members of your class plays volleyball.
e. ______ out of 10 members of your class dances well.
4. Compare your answer with other members of your classmates who are in other
groups. How different are your answers from their answers?

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Learn about It!

The survey that you did on the Warm Up! activity shows how to take a sample proportion
from a population. Observe that each sample proportion may have a different result from the
other samples. These sample proportions are helpful for testing any hypotheses regarding
the population proportion.

The goal of hypothesis testing is to make a judgment about the difference between the
sample statistic and a hypothesized population parameter. Thus, it is important to begin
testing with a clear null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.

Definition 2.1: The null hypothesis, denoted by 𝐻𝑂 is a statement that

there is no difference between a parameter and a
specific value. The opposite or negation of a null
hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis, denoted by 𝐻𝑎 .

Essential Questions
How does the statement of a claim affect the formulation of statistical
hypotheses?

After constructing the hypotheses, you determine the rejection region of the data. If the test
statistic of the data falls under the rejection region, then reject the null hypothesis and accept
the alternative hypothesis instead.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

The rejection region is based on the type of test used, the level of significance, and the critical
value.

Type of Test
There are two types of tests used in hypothesis testing. These are the one-tailed test and the
two-tailed test.

The one-tailed test is used if the alternative hypothesis contains the “greater than” or “less
than” symbols.

The two-tailed test is used if the alternative hypothesis contains the “not equal to” symbols.

Note that the type of test can immediately be determined from the claim itself. If the claim
contains the words “less than” or “greater than”, then use the one-tailed test. Otherwise, use
the two-tailed test, with 𝐻𝑎 as the claim with the “not equal to” phrase.

Level of Significance
The level of significance 𝛼 is the probability of making an error in rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is actually true, otherwise known as committing a Type I error. The commonly used
levels of significance are 0.05 and 0.01.

The level of significance 𝛼 = 0.05 means that the researcher is 95% confident that he will make
the right decision on whether to reject the null hypothesis or not. In the same manner, a level
of significance of 𝛼 = 0.01 means that the researcher is 99%.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Critical Values
Refer to the table below to determine the critical values needed in constructing the rejection
region.

Level of Significance
Type of Test
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
One-tailed ±2.33 ±1.65

Two-tailed ±2.58 ±1.96

When a test statistic is greater than the positive critical value or less than the negative critical
value, then it is said to fall under the rejection region and thus, reject 𝐻𝑜 and accept 𝐻𝑎 . If,
however, the test statistic falls within the critical values, then we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 . This
concept is best illustrated using the figure below.

In the figure above, the critical values are 1.96 and −1.96, respectively. The shaded
area is the rejection region. If a test statistic falls under the rejection region, then 𝐻𝑜
is rejected and 𝐻𝑎 is accepted. If the test statistic, however, falls within −1.96 and 1.96,
then we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Essential Questions
Is rejecting the null hypothesis equivalent to accepting the alternative
hypothesis? Why do you think so?

Let’s Practice
Example 1
Construct the rejection region for a left-tailed test at 0.05 level of significance.

Solution
The left-tailed test is a one-tailed test whose rejection region is to the left side of the normal
curve. Using the table for critical values, the critical value for a one-tailed test at 0.05 level of
significance is ±1.65. Take the negative value or -1.65 since this is left-tailed.

The rejection region is illustrated below.

Try It Yourself!
Construct the rejection region for a two-tailed test with a 0.01 level of significance.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Example 2
A school nurse claims that less than 60% of adolescents experience a growth spurt during
their Grade 7 years. Formulate the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

Solution
Step 1: Determine the parameter.

Before you formulate the hypothesis, you must first determine the parameter
that we have. The parameter is the growth spurt that Grade 7 students
experience, and it is experienced by less than 60% of the students. In symbols,
you may express this as 𝑝 < 0.60.

Step 2: Formulate the null hypothesis.

The null hypothesis indicates that the parameter and the given value do not
have a difference. In this case, it is 𝑝 = 0.60. Thus, you may write 𝐻𝑜 as

𝐻𝑜 : The proportion of adolescents who will experience a growth spurt during

their Grade 7 years is 60%. (𝑝 = 0.60)

Step 3: Formulate the alternative hypothesis.

This time, you may write the alternative hypothesis by showing that the
parameter and the values are different. Thus, you may write 𝐻𝑎 as

𝐻𝑎 : The proportion of adolescents who will experience a growth spurt during

their Grade 7 years is less than 60%. (𝑝 < 0.60)

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Try It Yourself!
A used car salesman claims that only 10% of the cars sold in their shop break down during
the first year of use. Formulate the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

Example 3
A claim from a population proportion is tested using a two-tailed test at 0.05 level of
significance. The test statistic is found to be z = 1.56. What interpretation can be done in the
null hypothesis?

Solution
Step 1: Determine the critical values.

Since this is a two-tailed test at 0.05 level of significance, you can determine the
critical values using the table above. It follows that the critical value is ±1.96.

Step 2: Construct the rejection region in the distribution.

Since this is a two-tailed test, there will be regions to the left of -1.96 and to the
right of 1.96.

-1.96 1.96

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Step 3: Determine if the test statistic falls under the rejection region.

The test statistic is 1.56. Illustrate this point in the normal curve and check if it
falls under the rejection region.

The test statistic does not fall under the rejection region.

Step 4: Interpret the null hypothesis.

Since the test statistic does not fall under the rejection region, we failed to reject
𝐻𝑜 . The null hypothesis remains true in the given population proportion.

Try It Yourself!
A claim from the population proportion is tested using a right-tailed test at 0.01 level of
significance. The test statistic is found to be 𝑧 = 2.55. What interpretation can be done in
the null hypothesis?

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Real-World Problems
Example 4
The sales manager of a clothing store claims that 40% of those who shop in their store actually
buy clothes. This claim is tested at 0.05 level of significance, and the test statistic is found to
be 𝑧 = 2.31. Determine the null and the alternative hypothesis and interpret the claim of the
manager.

Solution
Step 1: Determine the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.

In this problem, the parameter is the proportion of shoppers who actually buy
clothes. Thus, the null hypothesis can be illustrated as 𝑝 = 0.40.

𝐻𝑜 : The proportion of shoppers who actually buy clothes is 40%.

𝐻𝑎 : The proportion of shoppers who actually buy clothes is not equal to 40%.

Step 2: Determine the type of test and its corresponding critical values.

Since the alternative hypothesis uses a “not equal to” phrase, use the two-tailed
test. From the table, the critical values are ±1.96 since the level of significance
is 0.05.

Step 3: Determine whether the test statistic falls under the rejection region.

The test statistic is 𝑧 = 2.31. Check if it falls under the rejection region.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

The test statistic falls under the rejection region.

Step 4: Interpret the result.

Since the test statistic, 𝑧 = 2.31, falls under the rejection region, we will reject 𝐻𝑜
and accept 𝐻𝑎 . Thus, the proportion of shoppers who actually buy clothes is not
equal to 40%.

Try It Yourself!
A bookstore owner claims that less than 75% of the buyers buy books from local authors.
This claim is tested at 0.01 level of significance, and the test statistic is found to be 𝑧 = 1.63.
Determine the null and the alternative hypothesis and interpret the claim of the owner.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Check Your Understanding

1. Illustrate the following test statistics in a normal curve, along with its corresponding
critical values.
a. 𝑧 = 1.90, a two-tailed test with a 0.05 level of significance.
b. 𝑧 = −0.53 , right-tailed test with a 0.05 level of significance.
c. 𝑧 = −2.31, left-tailed test with a 0.01 level of significance.
d. 𝑧 = 0.61, right-tailed test with a 0.01 level of significance.
e. 𝑧 = 2.31, a two-tailed test with a 0.05 level of significance.

2. State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis of the following claims.
a. The guidance counselor of a school claims that more than 75% of the students
visit the guidance counselor's office at least once a term.
b. A call center agent claims that 10% of the calls that they receive are prank calls.
c. The manager of a rock band claims that 50% of the attendees of their gigs are in
their mid 20’s.
d. A fast food manager claims that 20% of their customers are senior citizens.
e. A teacher claims that less than 30% of her students do not eat breakfast before
going to school.

3. Solve the following word problems.

a. A claim from the population proportion is tested using a two-tailed test at 0.05
level of significance. The test statistic is found to be 𝑧 = 1.53. What interpretation
can be done in the null hypothesis?
b. A claim from the population proportion is tested using a left-tailed test at 0.01
level of significance. The test statistic is found to be 𝑧 = −1.89. What
interpretation can be done in the null hypothesis?

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

c. A teacher claims that in any given quiz in Statistics, less than 80% of the students
pass. This claim is tested at 0.05 level of significance, and the test statistic is found
to be 𝑧 = −1.71. Determine the null and the alternative hypothesis and interpret
the claim of the teacher.

Key Points

● The null hypothesis is a statement that states that there is no difference between a
parameter and a specific value. It is denoted by 𝐻𝑜 .
● The alternative hypothesis is a statement that states that there is a difference
between a parameter and a specific value. It is the negation of the null hypothesis.
● A one-tailed test is a type of hypothesis test that makes use of only one side or tail of
the distribution. It can either be a right-tailed or left-tailed test.
● A two-tailed test is a type of hypothesis test that makes use of two opposite sides or
tails of the distribution. It is used if the alternative hypothesis contains the “not equal
to” symbol.
● The level of significance is the probability of making an error in rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is actually true.
● The critical values are 𝑧-scores that are boundaries of the rejection region.
● When the test statistic value falls in the rejection region, we reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, we failed to reject the null hypothesis.

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Grade 11 • Unit 16: Test of Hypothesis on the Population Proportion

Bibliography

Stat Trek. “Test Statistic.” Accessed October 15, 2018.

https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=test%20statistic

Stat Trek. “Hypothesis Testing for a Proportion.” Accessed October 15, 2018.
https://stattrek.com/hypothesis-test/proportion.aspx

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