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An Efﬁcient Resource Allocation Scheme for Non Orthogonal Multiple Accerss in

a Millimeter Wave Channel for 5g
Article in Journal of Science Education and Technology · September 2020
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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION 8(3), SEPTEMBER, 2020
ISSN: 2277-0011; Journal homepage: www.atbuftejoste.com
An Efficient Resource Allocation Scheme for Non Orthogonal

Multiple Accerss in a Millimeter Wave Channel for 5g
Muhammad, Z.Z, Kassim, A. Y, Mikail, S. A. & Abba, A. M.
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria- Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Due to the ever-increasing demand for telecommunications ARTICLE INFO
services, the network suffers low speed and high latency. This Article History
seriously affects the performance of the networks due to the Received: January, 2020
high burden placed on the existing wireless technologies to Received in revised form: March, 2020
deliver high speed data rates with low latency. The Accepted: June, 2020
exponential increase in demand for high speed and low Published online: August, 2020
latency data communications by mobile users define features
of future networks. To ease the burden on the existing KEYWORDS
multiple access techniques, by offering high data rates, Non- mmWave, OFDMA, NOMA, Sum rate,
Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and millimeter wave Coverage probability, Energy Efficiency
(mmwave) were proposed in 5G systems and beyond. NOMA and SIC,
as a multiple access scheme allows the multiplexing of several
users over the same channel at same frequency and time
resources. While mmwave allows the use of higher
frequencies (that is 30-300GHz) for mobile communication
purposes. However, the high-speed user and system sum
capacity of data in this kind of multiple access system is
another problem because it depends on efficient resource
allocation techniques used to avoid high rate of interference
and decoding errors. These important conditions are difficult
to meet because techniques are not perfect. The techniques
used by previous researchers to resolve low speed and high
latency introduced some problems such as high interference
and decoding errors, hence the need to improve these
techniques. In this research work therefore, a resource
allocation scheme that puts these problems in to cognizance
and efficient energy utilization was developed. A single cell,
multi user downlink mmwave NOMA system with N sub-
channels and 110 users that are evenly spread in a cell of 150
meters diameter was considered. The performance of the
developed scheme was compared with the existing works for
validation.
INTRODUCTION attempt to provides high quality and low

The emergence of numerous latency services to these applications and
technologies such as; Internet of Things technologies, they are restricted to a
(IOT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Intelligent carrier frequency spectrum of 700MHz to
Transport Systems (ITS), Ultra High 2.6GHz, in which allocated spectrum for
Definition Transmission Videos, etc., in cellular technologies is just 780MHz. A
our societies have led to the exponential spectrum of 200MHz is allocated to major
increase in the demand for mobile data wireless providers for their entire cellular
services in wireless Networks [1]. As activities [2]. Mobile data traffic is
wireless network service providers expected to keep increasing
Corresponding author: Muhammad, Z. Z. zzmuhammad38@gmail.com Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering, A. B. U., Zaria. © 2019 Faculty of Tech. Education, ATBU Bauchi. All rights reserved
137
exponentially, due to continuous increase the future networks (that is 5G and

in high data demand applications and beyond). This makes Energy Efficiency
technologies. This demand necessitates (EE) one of the primary targets of 5G [9].
the need to enhance the current mobile To exploit the potentials of the future
network capacity and capabilities [3]. networks, efficient resource allocation
Fifth Generation mobile network (5G) was procedure is of paramount importance
proposed to solve this exponential [10]. Hence, the development of a
increase in demand for mobile data. The resource allocation scheme for 5G
four key technologies and techniques are mmwave NOMA system is proposed.
identified as major players for boosting
capacity in 5G. They include: the use of MATERIALS AND METHOD
millimeter wave (mmwave) frequencies Model of the System
and small cells [4]. Deployment of In this model, a single-tier 5G
Massive Multiple Input and Multiple mmwave NOMA system in downlink
Output (M-MIMO) antenna systems and scenario with K users is considered. The
the use of Non-Orthogonal Multiple users were clustered into Sth pairs
Access (NOMA) techniques [5]. The according to their channel gains. ի ,
mmwave provides a spectrum ranging denotes the channel gains of users with
from 30GHz to 300GHz for mobile strong channel conditions while that with
communication purposes overcoming
weak condition is denoted as ի , . A
spectrum scarcity problem in microwave
Base Station (BS) transmitting X , signal
frequencies used in mobiles
to the Kth users (were: K = {1, 2… k}) with
communications today [6]. More
spectrum gives room for higher channel a transmit power P , , (were: i = {H, L})
bandwidth which in turn leads to higher the signal received by the user K in pair S
channel capacity. Even though the is, Y , which is given by Equation (1).
frequencies to be used in 5G are yet to be Y , = ∑ √( P , ի , X , + N , ) (1)
specified, the 60GHz and E-band (71- where:
76GHz and 81-86GHz) are considered as ի , denotes channel gain of the user
the most promising of all [7]. N , denotes additive white Gaussian
Apart from the use of mmwave, noise.
effective utilization of the multi-user The channel conditions of users
operations in the mobile network has the are used as a yardstick for pairing them in
potentials of improving overall system this model. The paired users are then
capacity significantly. NOMA as a multiple allocated to sub channels to mitigate the
access technique can enhance the effects of interference that occurs due to
capacity of the network, by allowing multiplexing of high number of users in a
multiple users utilize the available single channel. These will lead to
resource (time and frequency) reduction in the receiver design
concurrently without special separation. complexity. Unrelated channel gain users,
This is achieved by the used of super (that is weak and strong user) are paired
position techniques [8]. It was estimated and assign to a sub channel, which
that about 5% of the total energy mitigates inter user interference that
generated in the world is used up by occurs due to pairing of users with related
Information and Communication channel state condition. To ensured
Technology (ICT) equipment’s which a conformity with the constraint for 5G
great concern is both socially and green communications and beyond,
economically worldwide. With the desire energy efficiency evaluation techniques is
for greener future, efficient energy also incorporated in the designed model.
utilization by communication systems and
processes is one of the great concerns in
138
The developed modified model Equations

are given as: where:
R = ∑ R (2) ի , denotes the Rayleigh fading factor.
where: 𝛏 symbolizes the log-normal shadowing
R symbolize system total sum rate. factor.
R represent sum rate of the sub d stands for the distance between user
channel n. and the base station.
N symbolizes number of available sub v denotes the path loss exponent of the
channels in path.
the system (given as N: 1, 2, 3, 4, …...n) The expression used for power allocation
given in Equation (9) is:
R is expressed as: P =∑
,
(9)
R = β log (1 + λ , + ,
1+λ , ) (3) where:

G , stands for channel gains sum of users
where:
β denotes bandwidth of a sub-channel n, in sub channel n.
which is expressed as: P represent total power of the system.
P is the power allocated to a subchannel
β= (4)
n.
where: Energy Efficiency (EE) of sub channel n
W represent system’s total bandwidth. can be determine using Equation (10) as:
λ , and λ , are SINR of the weak and
EE = (10)
strong user in the Sth pair, which are
determined using the Equation (5). where, R is the sub channel n total
sum rate.
ի ,
λ , = ,
(5) The Developed Resource Allocation
, ի ,
where: Scheme
N symbolizes noise spectral power The scheme employed sub
density. channeling to mitigate the effect of
P , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 P , are the power allocated to interferences from multiple user’s
the weak and strong users. They are sources. This in turn reduces complexity
obtained using Equation (6) and (7): of receiver design. It pairs users with
𝟐 𝟐 unrelated channel state conditions (that
𝐍𝟎 ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒
𝑃 = + is, weak and strong) to reduce inter-user
, 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒 interference. The energy usage of the
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 scheme was minimized by allocating the
𝟒 ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒 𝐍𝟎 ի𝐇,𝐒 𝐏𝐬 (𝐍𝟎 )𝟐 ( ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒 )𝟐
exact required power by users and sub
(6)
𝟐 𝐡𝐇,𝐒
𝟐
𝐡𝐋,𝐒
𝟐
channel, so as to guarantee compliance
𝐍𝟎 ի𝐇,𝐒
𝟐
ի𝐋,𝐒
𝟐
𝟐𝐏𝐬 ի𝐇,𝐒
𝟐
ի𝐋,𝐒
𝟐
with the requisite for green
𝑃, = 𝟐 𝟐 − communication in 5G networks and
𝟐 ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒
𝟐
beyond. To illustrate the operational
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒 ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒 𝐍𝟎 ի𝐇,𝐒 𝐏𝐬 (𝐍𝟎 )𝟐 ( ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒 )𝟐 procedure of the scheme, four users
𝟐 𝟐 where considered, the pairing, sub-
𝟐 ի𝐇,𝐒 ի𝐋,𝐒
(7) channeling, and power allocation
procedure is shown in Figure 1.
ի , and ի , are the channel gains
which are estimated using Equation (8).
ի , = ի , =𝛏ի , d (8)

139
Figure 1: Pairing, Sub channeling, and Power Allocation Concept of the Developed Scheme
using Four Users.
The sequence flow of the
scheme developed is shown in Figure 2.
The scheme is consisting of two focal
stages which are: the pairing and sub
channel allocation of users, and power
allocation and energy efficiency
estimation stages. In pairing and sub
channel allocation users’ stage, user’s
channel gains are evaluated. Unrelated
channel gains users are paired and
allocate to sub channel, to mitigate the
effect of interferences from user to user
(that is inter-user) and from multiple-user
sources. Whereas in the power allocation
and energy efficiency estimation stage,
the amount of power needed by the sub
channel base on its users’ pair is assessed
and then assigned, to limit power
consumption. The energy efficiency of the
sub channel is also estimated in this
phase to guarantee conformity with the
constraint for 5G green communications.
Figure 2: A Flowchart of the Developed

Scheme Operations.
140
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION are presented in Table 1. To mitigate the

The results obtained from decoding and demodulating toil in the SIC
simulations are presented in this section receiver, sub channels are assigned with
to estimate the performance of the one matched pair in this scheme. OFDM
developed scheme. A Base Station (BS) scheme as a comparator allocates one
with 32 users which are homogenously user. The performance of the developed
spread in a cell range of 150 meters at scheme in terms of power allocation and
unsystematic locations was considered in energy efficiency estimation was
the simulation. A minimal distance of 30 compared with the Hierarchical Pairing
meters between a user and the BS was and Power Allocation (HPPA) and optimal
set. The bandwidth and the carrier power allocation schemes for validation
frequency used are 500MHz and 60GHz. purposes.
The parameters used in the simulation
Table 1: Simulation parameters used:
Figure 3: Variation of System’s Sum Rate with Increase in Number of Users.

U varies from 0 to 110). A maximum
In Figure 3, variation of the bandwidth of 500Hz and a tolerance
overall system sum rate is presented with factor, ki of 0.1 are set.
an increase in number of users U (where:
141
From the Figure, it is observed developed scheme was compared with

that the system’s total sum rate increases HPPA and optimal NOMA schemes. The
with increased in number of users. This is scheme shows improvement over HPPA
due to users’ multi diversity gain. As the with similar behavior as the optimal one.
number of users keep on increasing, the At a point where the number of users is
systems sum rate also keeps on growing 62, the sum rate of the developed scheme
further, but the rates of the growths is 6.8% more than that of the HPPA
become smaller as the number of users scheme. This is due to mitigation of inter
kept increasing up to its highest value. user and multi user interferences by the
This was established by Shannon’s developed scheme.
theorem of sum rate estimation. The
Figure 4: Variation of System’s Energy Efficiency with Increase in Number of Users.

efficiency on sum rate which was
The variation of the system’s established in Equation 11. From the
energy efficiency with increase in number Figure, it can also be observed that the
of users is shown in Figure 4, with similar developed scheme shows improvements
constraints as Figure 3. The system’s in terms of performance as compared to
energy efficiency also increases with the HPPA scheme with similar behavior as
increase in number of users. The trend of the optimal NOMA scheme. At a point
the growth curve is similar to that of sum where the number of users is 36, the
rate curve, this is due to the high developed scheme is 25% more energy
dependency of the system’s energy efficient than the HPPA scheme.
Figure 5: Variation of System’s Energy Efficiency with increase in Sum Rate.

142
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The variation of the system’s Multiple Access (NOMA) in mmWave

energy efficiency with increase in sum wireless communications for 5G networks.
rate was shown in Figure 5, while Paper presented at the Computing,
considering the same deliverables as in Networking and Communications (ICNC),
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system’s energy efficiency decreases as 969-974).IEEE
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An Efﬁcient Resource Allocation Scheme for Non Orthogonal Multiple Accerss in

Article in Journal of Science Education and Technology · September 2020

Ziyaulhaq Muhammad Zakariyya Abduljalal Yusha'u Kassim

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Aminu Muhammad Abba

GSM QoS View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

An Efficient Resource Allocation Scheme for Non Orthogonal

INTRODUCTION attempt to provides high quality and low

exponentially, due to continuous increase the future networks (that is 5G and

The developed modified model Equations

1+λ , ) (3) where:

Corresponding author: Muhammad, Z. Z. zzmuhammad38@gmail.com Department of Electronics and

Figure 2: A Flowchart of the Developed

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION are presented in Table 1. To mitigate the

Table 1: Simulation parameters used:

Figure 3: Variation of System’s Sum Rate with Increase in Number of Users.

From the Figure, it is observed developed scheme was compared with

Figure 4: Variation of System’s Energy Efficiency with Increase in Number of Users.

Figure 5: Variation of System’s Energy Efficiency with increase in Sum Rate.

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION 8(3), SEPTEMBER, 2020

The variation of the system’s Multiple Access (NOMA) in mmWave

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