American Promise Value Edition

Voulme I 6th Edition Roark Test Bank

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What made Robert Shurtliff of Massachusetts an atypical member of the Continental

army?
A) He was much older than the other soldiers.
B) He was born in French Canada.
C) He was the wealthiest man to serve in the army.
D) He was a woman disguised as a man.

2. Where did delegates from all of the colonies meet to discuss their course of action after
the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord?
A) Continental Association
B) First Continental Congress
C) Second Continental Congress
D) House of Burgesses

3. What was the initial goal of the Second Continental Congress?

A) To declare independence immediately
B) To raise and supply an army
C) To send the Continental army to Massachusetts
D) To elect a president of the Congress

4. Why did delegates to the Second Continental Congress remain reluctant to break with
Britain in 1775?
A) The delegates maintained strong ties to the British Parliament.
B) Colonists feared invasions from the Dutch and Portuguese.
C) The delegates worried that independence would destroy political stability.
D) The delegates feared independence would encourage slaves to rebel.

5. The delegates to the Second Continental Congress chose George Washington as

commander in chief because
A) he was the most radical and outspoken proponent of Independence.
B) he had distinguished himself as a brilliant strategist during the Seven Years' War.
C) they wanted to show England that there was commitment to war outside New
England.
D) he had curried favor with many of the most influential delegates.

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 6. Which statement characterizes the continental dollars authorized by the congress in
1775?
A) The dollars were backed by silver but not gold.
B) The dollars were merely paper backed by no precious metals.
C) The dollars were backed by gold but at only half the value.
D) The dollars were backed by gold at full value.

7. What was the significance of the battle of Bunker Hill?

A) The patriots scored a key victory early in the war.
B) The British realized they had to move west.
C) Washington proved his leadership abilities.
D) The British won a very costly battle.

8. What did the British general William Howe do after the victory at Bunker Hill?
A) He pursued the Americans fleeing from Boston.
B) He retreated to Boston.
C) He abandoned Boston.
D) He attacked Boston directly.

9. In the Olive Branch Petition of July 1775, congressional moderates proposed that
A) the king immediately remove all British troops from America.
B) American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments.
C) the king remove all legislation imposed by Parliament in the colonies.
D) colonists sever their connections with the British monarchy.

10. In his radical pamphlet Common Sense, Thomas Paine encouraged Americans to
A) declare independence from Great Britain.
B) ignore calls for a republican government.
C) form an alliance with France.
D) revolt against wealthy urban merchants.

11. In their revisions to the Declaration of Independence, Georgia and South Carolina
removed
A) any mention of the issue of slavery.
B) the phrase “give me liberty or give me death.”
C) any mention of the natural equality of “all men.”
D) the theory that the king staged Pontiac's Rebellion.

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12. What was the significance of the New York delegates' endorsement of the Declaration
of Independence on July 15, 1776?
A) Only South Carolina had yet to endorse the resolution.
B) The resolution for independence had passed unanimously.
C) The war with England had come to a victorious conclusion.
D) The resolution had passed by just one vote.

13. What obstacle did the British army face in the Revolutionary War?
A) Most soldiers feared the fighting prowess of the Americans.
B) No British loyalists lived in the southern colonies.
C) It was difficult to supply their army with food and supplies.
D) The British had too many inexperienced generals.

14. The British goal in fighting the war in America was to

A) lay waste to American resources.
B) gain support from Indian tribes.
C) win a lengthy war of attrition.
D) regain colonial allegiance.

15. How did the congress raise the necessary troops for the Continental army?
A) It offered land grants to those who committed for the war's duration.
B) It relied exclusively on trained local militias.
C) It promised freedom for any slaves who joined the army.
D) It required that soldiers sign on for five years of service.

16. Women served in the Continental army by

A) publicly enlisting.
B) performing domestic tasks.
C) spying on British commanders.
D) sewing American flags.

17. As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,

A) southerners allowed their black slaves to serve.
B) Indians were promised the return of their land if they enlisted.
C) about twenty thousand black men enlisted to fight.
D) free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states.

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18. What was one of the many weaknesses of the Continental army?
A) It was undermanned.
B) It was fighting on its own soil.
C) Loyalists infiltrated its ranks.
D) It fought for an unpopular cause.

19. What was the American strategy in the war with Britain?
A) Maintain and protect all seaports.
B) Keep a strong force in New York.
C) Turn back and defeat the invading armies.
D) Use state militias as much as possible.

20. What was the significance of the Continental army's campaign in Montreal and Quebec?
A) It showed that the war was more than a reaction to the invasion of Massachusetts.
B) British troops stationed in Montreal turned back the American forces.
C) The Continental army quickly and bloodlessly captured Quebec.
D) The mission was foiled when Indians in the area joined British troops.

21. In the fall of 1776, the British hired 8,000 Hessian mercenaries and
A) brought in 10,000 additional troops from Scotland.
B) concentrated their military might in New York.
C) further swelled their ranks by emptying the jails in England.
D) focused on protecting their holdings in Canada.

22. The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in
1776, when the Americans
A) attacked and captured Quebec.
B) defeated the British outside of Boston.
C) surprised the Hessians in New Jersey.
D) recaptured Philadelphia.

23. At the time of the war with Britain, white women

A) were forbidden to discuss politics without the approval of their husbands.
B) participated in public political rallies aimed at boosting morale.
C) were allowed to join the army if and when male recruits became scarce.
D) began to participate in politics through discussion and fundraising.

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24. Many of the most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies)
came from which group?
A) Maryland Catholics
B) Wealthy merchants
C) Urban Quakers
D) New England landowners

25. How did American Indians respond to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War?
A) They hoped at first to stay neutral before being forced to choose sides.
B) Indians voted unanimously to join the British during the war.
C) They convinced the rebels to give them a say in important decisions.
D) They embraced the revolutionary cause from the onset of hostilities.

26. Thayendanegea (known also by his English name, Joseph Brant) was a leader of which
Indian tribe?
A) Oneida
B) Shawnee
C) Iroquois
D) Mohawk

27. Which of the following was a treasonable act as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776?
A) Supplying the British army
B) Being a Mennonite
C) Being the relative of a traitor
D) Offering blacks their freedom

28. During the Revolution, punishment for a treasonable act might include
A) being put on public display in stocks.
B) the suspension of voting privileges.
C) wearing an embroidered T on one's shirt.
D) being sent to the front line of fighting.

29. How did the British army treat prisoners of war?

A) It provided them ample food.
B) It paid for their material needs.
C) It treated them worse than criminals.
D) It sent them to Massachusetts encampments.

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30. What proportion of Revolutionary War fatalities occurred on British prison ships?
A) A relatively small number
B) About 1,000 deaths
C) The same as the number killed in battle
D) More than the number killed in battle

31. What was the economic result of the Continental Congress's decision to issue paper
money?
A) Prices fell rapidly.
B) Bonds sold quickly.
C) Money became devalued.
D) Foreign credit became available.

32. As the currency depreciated, the Continental Congress paid soldiers by

A) using the black market.
B) issuing land-grant certificates.
C) taxing property in all of the colonies.
D) borrowing money from Spain.

33. In August 1777, instead of sailing north on the Hudson River, General Howe chose
which surprising military strategy?
A) He invaded Fort Stanwix.
B) He remained in Manhattan.
C) He sailed to Philadelphia.
D) He forged an alliance with Mohawk Indians.

34. What did the British government do after capturing Philadelphia in September 1777?
A) Offered independence to the Americans if they released all prisoners of war
B) Convinced France and Spain to join the war on the side of the British
C) Proposed a negotiated settlement that did not include American independence
D) Offered increased monarchial protection if the patriots surrendered

35. During the winter of 1777–78, the Continental army's morale was
A) high owing to the army's recent string of victories.
B) high because the British appeared ready to surrender.
C) increasing owing to Americans' support for the troops.
D) low because corruption was undermining the patriots' cause.

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36. Relationships between Americans and Indians during the war were increasingly
characterized by
A) violent anti-Indian campaigns.
B) cooperation in fighting the British.
C) mutual respect forged through difficult battles.
D) cooperation because the Indians allied with the French.

37. Who led a group of Kentucky militiamen dressed as Indians in an attack at Kaskaskia?
A) Chief Red Hawk
B) Chief White Eyes
C) George Rogers Clark
D) John Sullivan

38. Why did Indian tribes ally with the Americans as the war wore on?
A) They came to believe in American principles.
B) The British military treated them very poorly.
C) Americans paid them for their military assistance.
D) They realized the likelihood of American victory.

39. Why was General John Burgoyne's defeat at the battle of Saratoga a decisive moment in
the Revolutionary War?
A) It caused Benedict Arnold to defect to the British.
B) It brought France into the war on the side of the patriots.
C) It ended the military career of General Horatio Gates.
D) It vindicated Burgoyne's strategy of attacking from Canada.

40. Why did France ally with the Americans after the battle of Saratoga?
A) It saw an opportunity to defeat England.
B) It wanted to gain a foothold in Canada.
C) It wanted to link the colonies with Quebec.
D) It feared losing the West Indies.

41. What immediate impact did the Americans' alliance with France have on the British
during the Revolutionary War?
A) The British were uniformly undaunted in their optimism for winning the war.
B) The commander of the British navy argued for abandoning the war.
C) The British naval commander convinced the king that the British would still win.
D) Parliament called for a truce with both the Americans and the French.

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42. Where did British troops achieve victory at the beginning of their campaign in the South
in 1778 and 1780?
A) Yorktown and Williamsburg
B) Charleston and Charlottesville
C) Virginia and North Carolina
D) Georgia and South Carolina

43. Where did the Americans suffer their worst defeat of the Revolutionary War?
A) Augusta, Georgia
B) Camden, South Carolina
C) Richmond, Virginia
D) Baltimore, Maryland

44. How did news of Benedict Arnold's treason affect the Revolutionary War?
A) It ended rebel support in the South for good.
B) It caused the French to withdraw their support from the Americans.
C) It caused American morale to sink to an all-time low.
D) It inspired renewed patriotism in America.

45. How did battle tactics in the South change after Gates's defeat and Arnold's treason?
A) Guerrilla warfare erupted across the southern backcountry.
B) British forces benefited from increasing loyalist strength in the South.
C) Cherokee units in the Carolina backcountry switched to the patriots' side.
D) The French convinced the Indians to fight the British alongside French forces.

46. After General Charles Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the balance of
power on the battlefield changed dramatically because
A) Washington had better information about Cornwallis's position.
B) the French gave military support to Washington.
C) the British had strong positions in the North and South.
D) Cornwallis had momentum in his favor after a string of losses.

47. Which event led to the end of the Revolutionary War at Yorktown?
A) Lafayette's arrival at Yorktown from the west
B) The introduction of more sophisticated cannons
C) The French forces taking control of the Chesapeake
D) General Cornwallis's cowardly retreat

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 48. What was the content of the first article of the Treaty of Paris?
A) The king recognized the independence of the United States.
B) The Indians retained their land in the Ohio Valley.
C) Loyalists' land was to be returned to them as soon as possible.
D) The Americans were given Florida and half of Louisiana.

49. What did the peace between the Americans and the British that began in 1783 mean for
the Indians?
A) Only a temporary lull in fighting
B) The beginning of the reservation system
C) The temporary return of their land
D) Unification with the new United States

50. After five and a half years of fighting, how long did it take to negotiate peace and
evacuate the British from its former colonies?
A) One month
B) Nine months
C) Two years
D) Five years

Answer each question with three or four sentences.

51. How did Thomas Paine justify his case for complete independence from England in his
pamphlet Common Sense? How was his pamphlet received in the colonies?

52. List at least two of the colonists' grievances with the British government by July 1776.
How did the Continental Congress respond to these grievances? (You may want to
consult Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence in the text appendix.)

53. Discuss several of the advantages and disadvantages for the British in fighting a war
against the colonists.

54. Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages for the patriots in rebelling against
England.

55. Who were the loyalists during the Revolutionary War? From which social strata of
colonial society did loyalists tend to come?

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 56. What economic challenges did the Continental Congress face? What did it do to finance
the war?

57. What impact did the French alliance have on the Revolutionary War's outcome?

58. Why did the British decide to move their Revolutionary War campaign south in 1778?
Was this strategy successful?

59. What events led up to General Cornwallis's surrender in October 1781?

60. Discuss the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Which issues were left unresolved?

Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that
support your thesis and conclusions.

61. Discuss the two tasks facing the Second Continental Congress, when the delegates met
on May 10, 1775. What initial steps did they take to carry out their goals?

62. In the Revolutionary War, American colonists fought each other as well as the British.
How did the events of the war influence colonial Americans as they chose sides?

63. Discuss the role of women and blacks in the Revolutionary War, both at home and on
the battlefields.

64. Discuss American successes and failures in the North and West. What role did Indian
tribes play, and what convinced the French to ally with the Americans during these
pivotal years?

65. Discuss why the British lost the Revolutionary War. What advantages did they misuse?

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Use the following to answer questions 66-77:

Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example
provided in the Definitions section.

Terms
a. battle of Bunker Hill
b. battle of Long Island
c. battle of Oriskany
d. battle of Saratoga
e. battle of Yorktown
f. Common Sense
g. Continental army
h. Declaration of Independence
i. Ladies Association
j. loyalists
k. Second Continental Congress
l. Treaty (Peace) of Paris, 1783

66. Second battle of the war, on June 16, 1775, involving a massive British attack on New
England militia units near Boston. The militiamen finally yielded, but not before
inflicting heavy casualties on the British.

67. A document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievances that declared
separation from Britain. Adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776,
it ended a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain.

68. A multistage battle in New York ending with the decisive defeat and surrender of
British General John Burgoyne on October 17, 1777. France was convinced by this
victory to throw its official support to the Americans.

69. First major engagement of the new Continental army, defending against 45,000 British
troops newly arrived in what is now Brooklyn. The Continentals retreated, with high
casualties and many taken prisoner.

70. A Philadelphia organization that collected substantial money donations in 1780 to gift to
the Continental troops showing citizens' appreciation.

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71. Legislative body that governed the United States from May 1775 through the war's
duration. It established an army, created its own money, and declared independence
once all hope for a peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone.

72. October 1781 battle that sealed American victory in the Revolutionary War. American
troops and a French fleet trapped the British army under the command of General
Charles Cornwallis in Virginia.

73. A punishing defeat for Americans in a ravine near Fort Stanwix in New York in August
1777. German-American militiamen aided by allied Oneida warriors were ambushed by
Mohawk and Seneca Indians, and 500 on the revolutionary side were killed.

74. September 3, 1783, agreement that ended the Revolutionary War. The pact
acknowledged America's independence, set its boundaries, and promised the quick
withdrawal of British troops from American soil. It failed to recognize Indians as
players in the conflict.

75. Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War, probably
numbering around one-fifth of the population in 1776.

76. The army created in June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress to oppose the
British. Virginian George Washington, commander in chief, had the task of turning
local militias and untrained volunteers into a disciplined army.

77. Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that laid out the case for independence. In it,
Paine rejected monarchy, advocating its replacement with republican government based
on the consent of the people. The pamphlet influenced public opinion throughout the
colonies.

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Answer Key
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. B
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. A
16. B
17. D
18. A
19. C
20. A
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. B
25. A
26. D
27. A
28. B
29. C
30. D
31. C
32. B
33. C
34. C
35. D
36. A
37. C
38. D
39. B
40. A
41. B
42. D
43. B
44. D

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45. A
46. B
47. C
48. A
49. A
50. C
51. Answer would ideally include:

Common Sense: Paine's pamphlet focused first on the absurdities of the British
monarchy, asking why one man, by accident of birth, should claim extensive power over
others. He suggested that nature proved the folly of hereditary monarchy by “giving
mankind an ass for a lion,” thereby calling King George an ass. He advocated
republican government with frequent elections in place of monarchy. Common Sense
was well received, selling 150,000 copies in a matter of weeks.
52. Answer would ideally include:

Grievances: By July of 1776, the American colonies had many grievances with the
British government. These included the maintenance of a standing army in the colonies,
the dissolution of colonial legislatures, taxation without colonial representation in
Parliament, Britain's incitement of Indian warfare, Britain's efforts to hire German
mercenary soldiers to support their fight in the colonies, and so on.

Response from the Continental Congress: The Congress responded to these grievances
by directing Thomas Jefferson and others to write the Declaration of Independence,
formally adopting the document, and gathering delegates together to sign it. The
document was then printed, widely distributed, and read aloud at celebrations
throughout the colonies.
53. Answer would ideally include:

Advantages: The most significant advantage for Britain was its standing as the mightiest
military power in the world. In addition, it faced inexperienced colonial militias, and
many colonists remained loyal to Britain.

Disadvantages: Disadvantages included the difficulties associated with supplying an

army stationed three thousand miles away, across the Atlantic; the need to put down the
colonial rebellion without destroying the buildings, farms, and other resources and
infrastructure of the colonies in the process; and the absence of a single colonial
political nerve center for the British to capture.
54. Answer would ideally include:

Advantages: Advantages included the enthusiasm of the patriots, the patriots' diffuse
distribution over a large geographical area, their ability to fight within their home
country, and Britain's reluctance to follow through militarily when they had the
advantage.

Disadvantages: The patriots' disadvantages included their inexperienced militias, lack

Page 14
 of unification behind the patriot case in the colonies, and little money to command and
supply an army.
55. Answer would ideally include:

Loyalists: Loyalists were about 20 percent of the American population in the 1770s.
They believed that social stability depended on a government anchored by monarchy
and aristocracy. They feared democratic tyranny. Many loyalists were royal officials:
governors, judges, and customs officers. Others were wealthy merchants and
conservative urban lawyers. While many came from the wealthier classes, some
southern backcountry farmers who resented the gentry were also loyal to England.
These colonists chose loyalism simply to oppose traditional adversaries. Southern slaves
looked to Britain for freedom, and many Indian tribes also took the British side.
56. Answer would ideally include:

Economic Challenges: The Continental Congress faced many economic challenges. The
war was expensive, and the congress printed Continental dollars to pay for it. This
currency soon lost much of its value because it was not backed by reserves of gold or
silver. With the devaluation of Continental money came inflation. As an additional
complication, states were also printing paper money.

Financing the War Efforts: The congress was forced to borrow hard money from
wealthy men in exchange for certificates of debt, which promised to repay the money
with interest once the war was over. To pay soldiers, the congress issued land-grant
certificates, which quickly became forms of negotiable currency.
57. Answer would ideally include:

Consequences of French Involvement in the War: The French alliance with the infant
United States was critically important for its victory over the British. The Continental
army depended on the French government for aid in the form of cannons, muskets,
gunpowder, and highly trained military advisors. After the patriots' victory at Saratoga,
French troops also arrived to provide direct military support to American troops. The
participation of the French navy, with its infusion of troops and moral support for the
patriot cause, made the American victory at Yorktown possible.
58. Answer would ideally include:

The War in the Southern Colonies: The British decided to move their campaign south in
1778 in large part because of France's entry into the war. The British assumed that the
southern colonies were full of loyalists. In addition, Britain thought the large slave
population would join the British, disrupting the economy and unnerving white slave
owners. The British hoped to capture the southern colonies one by one and then move
north to the middle colonies, saving New England for last. Despite the traitorous actions
of Benedict Arnold and help from thousands of escaped slaves, the strategy was not
successful. Although several colonies fell quickly, guerrilla fighters in backcountry
areas harassed British forces and prevented them from foraging for food. In the end, the
British were stretched too thin to hold on to the South.
59. Answer would ideally include:

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 Events Leading to Britain's Surrender: Cornwallis had some small victories in the South
in early 1781, and then proceeded to Yorktown, Virginia, to await reinforcement troops
coming from New York City. At that point, French regiments commanded by
Rochambeau and de Grasse arrived in Virginia ahead of the British troops and, after a
five-day battle, took control of the Virginia coast. This eliminated the possibility of
reinforcements for Cornwallis and made rescue by the British army impossible. In
addition, 4,000 escaped slaves who had joined Cornwallis's army were ravaged by
typhus and smallpox. After twelve more days of fighting, Cornwallis ran low on food
and ammunition and, realizing the impossibility of escape, announced his surrender.
60. Answer would ideally include:

Terms of the Treaty of Paris: The Treaty of Paris acknowledged the sovereignty of the
United States, set its western boundary at the Mississippi River, and guaranteed that
creditors on both sides could collect debts owed them in sterling money. Britain agreed
to withdraw its troops quickly but was prohibited from taking “Negroes” or other
property of the Americans.

Unresolved Issues: The treaty failed to recognize the Indians as players in the conflict.
Indian lands were assigned to the victors as though they were uninhabited. For the
Indians, the Treaty of Paris brought no peace at all. Despite the treaty provision
regarding property, Britain aided the emancipation of perhaps 10,000 slaves.
61. Answer would ideally include:

Congress's Tasks: The congress was required to pursue both war and peace
simultaneously. First, the Second Continental Congress would raise and supply an army
for the colonies. Second, it would explore the possibility of reconciliation with Britain.

Creation of Army: The congress created the Continental army, chose George
Washington as its commander, drew up a document titled “A Declaration on the Causes
and Necessity of Taking Up Arms” to defend the need for an army, and issued $2
million of Continental currency to finance the military buildup.

Exploration of Reconciliation vs. Independence: When they began to meet, most

delegates were not yet prepared to break with Britain. They first appealed to the king
with the Olive Branch petition, which affirmed loyalty to the monarchy and blamed
problems on Parliament and the king's ministers. It proposed that the American colonial
assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments, under the umbrella of the
monarchy.
62. Answer would ideally include:

Loyalists: Loyalists of the elite classes were royal officials, wealthy merchants, and
conservative urban lawyers. The wartime behavior of patriots on committees and in
community actions spurred this group's fears about social instability and the social
effects of challenges to traditional forms of hierarchy. They viewed patriots as
unscrupulous, violent, self-interested men who sought power only for the sake of having

Page 16
 power. Non-elite loyalists were a diverse group who often had local reasons for siding
with Britain, such as backcountry Carolina farmers who resented the power of the
pro-revolution gentry.

Neutrals: Probably two-fifths of the American population tried to stay neutral. Both
persuasion and force were used to convince them to join the patriot side.
Revolutionaries in control of local governments punished loyalists and intimidated
neutrals, and the tactics of the local committees of correspondence were rarely
challenged. Their “persuasive powers” convinced many middle-of-the-road citizens that
neutrality was not a comfortable option. Another major factor was the British treatment
of prisoners of war. Great Britain defined captives as traitors, not as prisoners as war.
More than 15,000 men endured captivity on the British death ships, and two-thirds of
them died. Although Indians initially tried to remain neutral, many were drawn to the
British side because of the threats posed by American settlers and soldiers.

Patriots: Patriots at the local level served on committees of correspondence, of public

safety, and of inspection. These committees served as the wartime government of their
communities. They enforced boycotts, picked army draftees, and policed suspected
traitors. Sometimes they invaded homes to search for contraband. These committees
were quite powerful and convinced many ambivalent people to take the patriot side.
63. Answer would ideally include:

Women at Home: White women participated as patriots by taking on traditionally

masculine duties and roles in society, such as running farms and becoming involved
with politics. Philadelphia women formed the Ladies Association to collect money for
Continental soldiers. Some women remained loyalists while their husbands took the
patriot side, and vice versa. Women participated in boycotts and helped to produce
homemade goods as alternatives to imported ones.

Women in the Field: Although they did not fight (except for rare exceptions like
Deborah Sampson), women served the Continental army by cooking, washing, and
nursing the wounded. Camp followers, including women and children, tagged along
with the army.

African Americans: After their initial exclusion from the Continental army, free black
men were welcomed into the army once manpower needs increased. About five
thousand black men—primarily northerners—served in the Revolutionary War on the
rebel side. Some were draftees, while others hoped that their service would bring them
freedom. There were also African Americans—mostly escaped slaves—who served in
the British army. Although untrained in warfare, many were of use as guides, laborers,
and pilots of boats. Cornwallis's army, for example, included 4,000 escaped slaves. In
the South, skirmishes involved runaway black insurgents who teamed up with white
loyalists.
64. Answer would ideally include:

Burgoyne and Saratoga: The British strategy was to isolate New England by taking

Page 17
 control of the Hudson River. To that end, General Burgoyne began to march his soldiers
down the Hudson River Valley from Canada. The British soldiers sent to reinforce
Burgoyne, however, were forced to retreat from Fort Stanwix after deadly warfare
involving complex groups of Indians, Germans, British, and colonists. The Americans
were also successful at Saratoga. Burgoyne was forced to surrender as his troops faced
dwindling food supplies and no reinforcements.

The West and Indian Involvement: In the interior western areas, the war of Indians
against patriot forces heated up from 1777 to 1778. Loyalists and Indians engaged in
numerous raids on farms throughout 1778, and patriot forces responded. In the summer
of 1778, Washington authorized a campaign against all the Iroquoian villages of central
New York; forty Indian towns met with total destruction. The Ohio Valley and west of
North Carolina witnessed a complex story of alliances and betrayals with escalating
violence. Owing to violent raids by Americans, by 1780, very few Indians remained
neutral. But American treatment of even friendly Indians showed that there was no
winning strategy for them.

The French Alliance: The American victory at Saratoga convinced the French to enter
the war. In 1778, the French and patriots signed a formal alliance that became
indispensable to the patriot war effort. The French felt that, regardless of the war's
outcome, they would benefit in terms of their relationship with Britain. For the
Americans, the French navy would play a crucial role in the war, and the French had
already been supplying cannons, muskets, gunpowder, and military advisors.
65. Answer would ideally include:

Strategy and Supply Problems: The British army and navy were the strongest and best
trained in the world, but they were unwilling to ravage the American countryside,
confiscate food, or burn villages. Britain did not want to destroy the resources and
infrastructure of the colonies, and the army and navy were therefore dependent on
supply ships from England. The logistics of supplying an army with food across three
thousand miles of water were daunting. Because the British goal was to regain
allegiance, not to destroy and conquer, the army was often constrained in its actions.
They had to continually contend with an armed and motivated insurgent population, and
there was no single political nerve center whose capture would spell certain victory.

Misuse of Loyalist Energies: Large numbers of Americans—both colonists and

Indians—were loyal to Britain and could have aided the British effort significantly.
Britain, however, failed to back the loyalists enough to make them useful allies. It left
loyalists at the mercy of vengeful rebels, driving away potential converts to the British
cause.

Prisoners of War: British leaders refused to see captives as soldiers employed by a

sovereign nation. In their eyes, the captives were traitors—and therefore worse than
common criminals. More than 15,000 men endured captivity in the prison ships, and
two-thirds of them died. News of the horrors of the British death ships increased the
revolutionaries' resolve and convinced some neutrals of the necessity of the war.

Page 18
 French Aid to Americans: French support in the form of supplies, advice, and troops
was tremendously important for the American victory against the British.

British Abdication of Civil Power: Britain effectively lost control of the colonies when
royal officials fled to safety in 1775 and 1776. Rebel colonists were able to fill the
power vacuum caused by the departure of the British officials. Once the rebel
committees stepped up to govern local communities—and especially after the patriots
ruled for several years—it was nearly impossible for Britain to return to power.
66. A
67. H
68. D
69. B
70. I
71. K
72. E
73. C
74. L
75. J
76. G
77. F

Page 19
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