GRADE 10 HISTORY

STUDY NOTES
TERM 3: Topic 5: Colonial Expansion After 1750

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 Britain Takes Control of the Cape
■ The arrival of the British at the Cape changed the lives of the people that were
already living there.
■ Initially British soldiers were stationed to protect the trade route to the East, but
soon realised the potential to develop the Cape for their own needs
■ The first 1820 settlers arrived in Table Bay on board the Nautilus and the Chapman
on 17 March 1820. From the Cape colony, the settlers were sent to Algoa Bay,
known today as Port Elizabeth.
■ Lord Somerset, the British governor in South Africa, encouraged the immigrants to
settle in the frontier area (now the Eastern Cape). This was to defend the eastern
frontier against the neighbouring Xhosa people, and to provide a boost to the
English-speaking population.
■ Between April and June 1820, approximately 4,000 Settlers arrived in the Cape.
The settlers were given farms near the village of Bathurst and supplied equipment
and food against their deposits.
■ Many settlers eventually left these farms for the surrounding towns. This was due to
artisans with no interest in rural life and a lack of farming experience. Life on the
border was harsh, drought affected crops and there was a lack of transport. Many
settlers left the eastern border in search of a better life in towns such as Port
Elizabeth, Grahamstown and East London. The eastern border therefore never
became as densely populated as Somerset had hoped.
■ The settlers who did remain as farmers made a significant contribution to
agriculture by planting maize, rye and barley. They also began wool farming which
later became a very lucrative trade. Some of the settlers, who were traders by
profession, also made a significant contribution to business and the economy. New
towns such as Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth therefore grew rapidly.
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 Britain takes control of the Cape
■ Colonialism had already begun in South Africa in 1652, with the arrival of the
Dutch.

■ In 1750, in the dry northern and western regions of the Cape lived Khoi
herders and San hunter-gatherers.

■ Holland was being controlled by the French around 1795,and so the British
seized control of the Cape from DEIC as they feared that the DEIC were not
powerful enough to protect the Cape from potential French invasion.

■ Then the British gave up their control of the Cape to the Batavian Republic
(Dutch) again in 1803.

■ Due to the chaos wrought by the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), the British
feared a French takeover at the Cape.

■ The British also wanted to maintain control over the sea-trade route to India,
so in 1806, the British sent troops to take over the Cape and the British took
control of the Cape once again.

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 Indigenous Population:
Driven out or Drawn into the
Labour Force?

■ Colonialism brought by the Dutch in 1652, created

forced labour and slavery

■ Many South Africans are the descendants of slaves

brought to the Cape Colony from 1653 until 1822

■ Khoikhoi societies collapsed within decades from the

burden of European colonial rule

■ At first, African rulers realised they could benefit from

dealings with Europeans on their own terms

■ Trade with Europeans gave African rulers access to

firearms and those who had control over firearms were
able to gain political standing

■ The biggest trade was in slavery

■ The Atlantic slave trade had demographic, economic and

political consequences and seriously affected African
demographic development

■ African population was seriously affected by the export

of the most economically active men and women

■ The trade in slaves led to the formation of large states

as people sought protection from the violence and
warfare that accompanied the slave trade
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 Indigenous population
■ By 1806, when Britain had a formal colony at Cape, Dutch farmers had taken control over
much of the land in the West. This affected the lives of the indigenous San hunter-gatherers
and Khoi herders. The settlers killed San livestock and many of the San themselves too. The
survivors moved to dry regions of the Great Karoo. The San were also raided by Boer
commandos, who captured them for cheap farm labour.
■ The Khoi lost grazing land and their independence to Dutch settlers. Many Khoi ended up
working as herders/servants on Dutch farms. They were very badly treated.
■ Some of the slaves escaped Dutch farms and became refugees out of the colony. In 1799
in the eastern Cape, there was a major uprising when Khoi and San servants left farms and
joined the Xhosa in a rebellion against colonial rule. The Khoi joined the Xhosas at the
Zuurveld and attacked Dutch farms. The British sent troops to crush these uprisings.
■ British authorities tried to introduce policies over land for indigenous people. They mostly
failed. The nomadic San did not want to become settled farmers or convert to Christianity.
So many ran away. The policies for the Khoi also failed.
■ After the French Revolution, the Napoleonic wars had taken a toll on the British population
which was experiencing a serious unemployment problem.
■ British government encouraged many people to immigrate to the Cape colony, first settlers
arrived on 17 March 1820. From the Cape colony, the settlers were sent to Algoa Bay (Port
Elizabeth).
■ Lord Somerset, the British governor sent the immigrants to the frontier area of the Eastern
Cape. To consolidate and defend the eastern frontier against the neighbouring Xhosa
people. This period saw one of the largest stages of British settlement in Africa.

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 Changing Labour Patterns: Ending of the Slave Trade (1807) and
Slavery (1834) at the Cape and Control of Labour
■ The effect of slavery in the Cape lasted for a long time after the ending of
slavery in 1838
■ In South Africa under Dutch settlement, there was a shortage of labour,
mainly on wheat and wine farms
■ The Khoi traded cattle for fresh meat with the Dutch and fought any efforts to
change their pastoralist way of life
■ The VOC were unwilling to pay high wages for slaves but the Dutch had
experience in buying and selling slaves and provided cheaper options
■ Slaves were imported from the east coast of Africa (Mozambique and
Madagascar), but the majority came from East Africa and Asia, especially the
Indonesian Islands, which were controlled by the Dutch at the time. This
explains, for instance, why there are a relatively large number of people of
Malaysian descent in the Cape (Cape Malays)
■ At first, all slaves were owned by the VOC, but later farmers themselves
could own slaves
■ Slaves were used in every sector of the economy. Slaves were bought to
work in warehouses, workshops, stores, hospitals and on farms or as
domestic servants in private homes. Some slaves were craftsmen, bringing
skills from their home countries to the Cape, while others were fishermen,
hawkers and even auxiliary police. The economy of the Cape depended
heavily on slave labour
■ Image source: South African History Online
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 Changing labour patterns
■ Colonialism brought few benefits for the African tribes, but trade was one. The
Europeans had firearms to trade and in return African tribes parted with the one thing
the Europeans were interested in, slaves.
■ Slavery affected the economy and the lives of almost everyone living at the Cape.
■ In South Africa under Dutch settlement, there had been a labour shortage. Instead of
wasting money on expensive European labour and because they were already
involved in the Atlantic slave trade, they imported slaves as the cheapest option, from
Mozambique, Madagascar and Asia.
■ The Dutch couldn’t use the Khoi as slaves as the Khoi traded with them, especially
beef cattle. The Khoi also resisted any attempts to make them change their
pastoralist way of life.
■ Therefore the economy of Cape depended on slave labour.
■ In 1807 the British parliament passed Abolition of Slavery Act, outlawing the slave
trade throughout the British Empire, but not the ownership of slaves. So, in the Cape,
the slaves already owned could be kept on.
■ In 1808, a mass movement against slavery occurred on farms just outside of Cape
Town, they had been influenced by the news of the successful slave revolt in Haiti
(1804).
■ In the 1820s, new laws for improved working and living conditions of slaves were
implemented.
■ The Abolition of Slavery Act in 1807 ended slavery in the British Empire, but in the
Cape officially only in 1834.
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 Expanding Frontiers and Trade
Cape settlers expanded their territory northeast to seek grazing for
their cattle

These cattle farmers had no fixed dwelling places and many led a
semi-nomadic existence, moving between summer and winter
pastures

As the trekkers’ expansion increased, they came into conflict with

the Khoikhoi and the Xhosa people as they encroached on their
land.

This marked the beginning of the subjugation of the Tembu,

Pondo, Fingo and Xhosa in the Transkei. The Xhosa in particular
fought nine wars spanning a century, which gradually deprived
them of their independence and subjugated them to British colonial
rule.

Image source: https://callingthroughthefog.wordpress.com/tag/khoikhoi/

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 Boer response to British control: Trekking into
the Interior
■ Tension was increasing between the settlers and
the Dutch authorities in the towns
■ Soon the districts of Swellendam and Graaff-
Reinette declared themselves independent
Republics although this was short-lived
■ In 1795 Britain seized the Cape Colony
■ This development and the freedom of slaves in
1834 had dramatic effects on the colony, causing
the Great Trek
■ The Great Trek resulted in 12000 Afrikaner
farmers emigrating North and Northeast
■ The Afrikaners were determined to live
independently of colonial rule and what they saw
as unacceptable racial equality

■ Image source: South African Tours, Travel

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 Boer and Xhosa response
■ Boer response to British control: trekking into the interior
■ The Abolition of Slavery Act had dramatic effects on Cape
colony. It was one of the reasons for the Great Trek, when
many white, Dutch-speaking farmers migrated away from
the Cape 1835-1846. The farmers had decided that they
could not replace slave labour without losing money.
■ The British expansion policies did not improve trading and
commercial opportunities for the Dutch settlers. The
migraters are called Voortrekkers.
■ The trekkers moved inland into land which was affected by
the Mfecane.
■ This trek North and North East of about 15 000 dissatisfied
Boers was caused by the desire to live independent of
colonial rule and what they saw as unacceptable racial
egalitarianism and speak their own language.
■ Xhosa responses: co-operation and conflict, including the
Cattle Killing
■ Britain’s conquest of the Cape in 1795 had already caused
2 Dutch-Xhosa wars -The First and Second Frontier Wars.
■ Xhosa and Dutch farmers competed for grazing land for
their cattle.
■ In total there were 9 Frontier Wars involving the Dutch,
British, Xhosa and Khoi occurring over 100 years, as a result
of colonial expansion which took land and cattle from the
Xhosa and Khoi people.
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 Xhosa responses: co-operation and conflict,
including the Cattle Killing
■ Europeans who came to stay in South Africa first settled in and around Cape Town
■ As the years passed, they sought to expand their territory.
■ This expansion was first at the expense of the Khoikhoi and San, but later Xhosa land
was occupied as well.
■ During the later half the 16th century, the Xhosa encountered eastward-moving white
pioneers or Trek Boers in the region of the Fish River.
■ The resulting struggle was not so much a contest between black and white races but a
struggle for water, grazing and living space between two groups of farmers
■ The first frontier war broke out in 1780 and marked the beginning of the Xhosa
struggle to preserve their land, customs and way of life. It was a struggle that was to
increase in intensity when the 1820 British settlers arrived
■ This bitter struggle involved some of the greatest war veterans in South Africa's history
e.g. renowned warrior Maqoma (the father of Guerilla Warfare), Sir Harry Smith
(military legend and England's favorite General), Chief Hintsa (martyr) and Adriaan van
Jaarsveld (known as the ruthless 'red captain' among the Xhosa). It was also during
these wars that the Trek-Boers developed the technique of the Laager as a way of
defending themselves against a large enemy force

■ Image source: Originalpeople.org

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 Cattle Killing Movement
■ More Frontier Wars continued to ravage the region. Also some peaceful
cooperation between Dutch and Xhosa groups in the form of Dutch mission
stations and schools among the Xhosa. Also, some Xhosa worked as cattle
herders on settler farms.
■ In 1817, Govenor Sir Charles Somerset made peace with Xhosa Chief Ngqika
who agreed to cease cattle rustling from White settlers and to cede territory to
the Cape. In return they recognised Ngqika as the official sovereign of the Xhosa.
■ In 1856 a movement called the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement began. A Xhosa
girl called Nongqawuse claimed she had received a message from spirits that all
Xhosa people will rise from the dead, that their cattle were contaminated by
witchcraft sothey neede to be killed and crops had to be destroyed. She claimed
the spirits promised to bring greater wealth to the Xhosa people if they carried
out the message correctly.
■ Many Xhosas carried out the suggestions which brought about terrible famine;
about 400 000 cattle were killed and about 50 000 people died of starvation.
■ Some Xhosas believed the colonial authorities had come up with the story and
officials refused to aid the dying communities unless they worked for the colony,
so the situation got worse.
■ Eventually because of the famine, thousands worked as labourers in the Colony.
The colonial authorities then imprisoned some of the Xhosa chiefs, they also
more Xhosa land.
■ Thus all Xhosa land was controlled by the British colonists and the Xhosa lost
their independence..

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The Zulu Kingdom and the Colony
of Natal
■ The early decades of the century had seen the rise to power of the great Zulu
King, Shaka. His wars of conquest and those of Mzilikazi - a general who
broke away from Shaka on a northern path of conquest - caused a tragic
disruption of the interior known to Sotho-speakers as the difaqane (forced
migration); while Zulu-speakers call it the ‘Mfecane’ (crushing)
■ Shaka set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those
who resisted in the territories he conquered. People in the path of Shaka's
armies moved out of his way, becoming in their turn aggressors against their
neighbours. This wave of displacement spread throughout Southern Africa and
beyond. It also accelerated the formation of several states, notably those of
the Sotho (present-day Lesotho) and of the Swazi (now Swaziland)
■ This removed much of the area into which the Trekkers moved, enabling them
to settle there in the belief that they were occupying vacant territory
■ Of these Voortrekkers, approximately 5000 settled in the area that later
became known as the Orange Free State (present day Free State). The rest
headed for Natal (present day KwaZulu-Natal) where they appointed a
delegation, under the leadership of Piet Retief to negotiate with the Zulu King,
Dingaan (Shaka's successor), for land. Initially, Dingaan granted them a large
area of land in the central and southern part of his territory but Retief and his
party were later murdered at the kraal of Dingane
■ The newly elected Voortrekker leader, Andries Pretorius, prepared the group
for a retaliatory attack and the Zulu were subsequently defeated at the famous
Battle of Blood River, 16 December 1838, leading to the founding of the first
Boer Republic in Natal
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 The Colony of Natal and The Zulu Kingdom
■ There were 2 groups of White settlers in Natal by 1840 – 1. British traders at Port Natal
(Durban) – 2. trekkers who had defeated Dingane.

■ The trekkers had set up a Boer republic in the Zulu Kingdom. The British were not happy with
an independent republic where it could disturb trade through Port Natal. This port was very
important as it was a trading route to India, the economic strength of the British Empire.

■ In 1843 the British took the Boer republic over. It became an official British colony called
Natal. Many people thus immigrated from Britain to live in Natal. Some people were also
brought from Mauritius and Germany.

■ The British tried to grow new crops in order to export them and develop the economy in Natal.
Coffee, tobacco and cotton, all unsuccessfully.

■ In 1851 they first produced sugar, on the coast with high rainfall. Sugar plantations needed a
lot of labour. The local Africans did not want to work on sugar farms - mainly because The Zulu
kingdom‘s regiment system needed the men to grow their own crops in Zululand. Many men
chose to work on the new diamond mines for higher wages in Kimberley instead.

■ So the Natal government brought in unemployed people from India instead, between 1860
and 1911.

■ They were indentured labourers – this means they signed a contract stating their intention to
work on sugar farms for 3 or 5 years in return for the cost of their journey from India to Natal.
After that they could choose to return to India if they wanted.

■ They had to be young and fit to work or they were sent back. Labourers were not servants,
employers paid them a little and provided food and lodging, clothing and necessary medical
conditions. Labourers lived in poor working conditions.

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 The Anglo-Zulu wars
■ The Anglo-Zulu wars
■ The British still wanted more domination over African societies in southern Africa in the
latter part of the 1800’s. They wanted Zululand, an independent Zulu kingdom, near the
British colony of Natal to be brought under their political control, so they could please
British settler communities with a source of cheap labour. There was also an more
demand for mine labour in Kimberley diamond mines.
■ In 1879 the British knew they needed control of Ulundi, the royal Zulu kraal. So they
stirred up conflict with Cetshwayo, accusing him of planning war.
■ Then they invaded Zululand with the colonial army, this was the Battle of Isandlwana. This
was the first major battle of the Anglo-Zulu War.
■ The Zulu triumphed over the British with their 20 000 Zulu soldiers against the British
1800. After this Zulu success, the British went on to win more battles with their superior
weaponry. There were a total of eight battles between the Zulus and the British colonial
army. Even though Cetshwayo tried to make peace with the British after Isandlwana, the
British refused. The British destroyed the Zulu capital and captured Cetshwayo at the final
battle, the Battle of Ulundi.
■ The Zulu kingdom was divided into thirteen separate chiefdoms by the British, in order to
break their independence completely. Each chiefdom had a Zulu chief loyal to the British
and they were forced to pay taxes which meant that they had to work. The Zulu’s anger
over this colonial domination brought about a civil war in 1883.
■ The British allowed Cetshwayo back to rule to bring some peace to the region again, but
despite this, the war continued
■ Cetshwayo died in 1884 and Zululand weakened more and more as the conflict
continued until the Zululand was annexed by the British in 1887.
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 Natal Colonists demand for indentured
labour
■ The majority of Indian South Africans are the descendants of indentured workers brought to Natal
between 1860 and 1911 to develop the sugar industry in the province.

■ The first recorded reference to Natal Colonists demand for indentured labour appears in a report in
the Durban Observer, 17 October 1851 at a meeting of citizens held at the Durban Government School
Hall where a motion calling for the introduction of indentured labour was passed. However, it must be
noted that the first Indians, four in numbers, had been brought to Natal in 1849.

■ Jan van Riebeeck had as early as the 1650s brought Indians as slaves to South Africa.During the 17th
and 18th centuries, over 50% of all slaves at the Cape were Indian from Bengal and South India.

■ The Natal Colonial Government formulated legislation before indentured labour was introduced into the
Colony. Amongst other laws, Laws 13, 14 and 15 were passed by the Natal Legislative Council which
governed the system of indenture labour from India into Natal.

■ Law 13 of 1859: dealt with the arrival of immigrants into Natal. In summary, this law stated that only
licensed persons could bring immigrants into the Colony.

■ Law 14 of 1859: this Law consisted of 43 clauses dealing with rules and regulations governing the
immigrants, conditions of service and wages, basically the contract between the master and the servant,
which was binding for five years.

■ Law 15 of 1859: this law related to the official requisition of the employer to the Indian Agent to engage
Indian labour. The planter had to agree to pay the cost of the passage money as well as other expenses.

■ In 1911, India prohibited the indentured labour to Natal because of the ill treatment of its citizens in the
Province.

■ Source: SA History.org.za

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 Co-operation and
Conflict on the Highveld
■ The Voortrekkers who had migrated to areas in the interior had set up
their own independent states referred to as Boer Republics. One of the
states was the Orange Free State and another the Transvaal.
■ The Transvaal settlers lived in an area which bordered Tswana farmland
and was not utilised by the Tswana community. Their independence was
accepted by the British, not seeing any value in holding onto land in the
interior. No knowledge of mineral wealth had reached them yet.
■ Boer settlers in the Mpumalanga region could not share grazing land from
the Pedi, Tsonga and Swazi chiefdoms. Some settlers in northern Limpopo
began in ivory hunting and trading but they couldn’t compete with the
Venda and Tsonga hunters and their communities failed.
■ The trekkers who settled in the Orange Free State were able to claim the
land after defeating the Ndebele who moved further north. South-east of
the Orange Free State was the Basotho kingdom. At this time, this kingdom
was ruled by Moshoeshoe. At first the Boers and the Sotho lived in peace
in the Caledon River Valley, depending on one another as the Basotho
traded cattle and grains with the Boers in return for guns and gunpowder.

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 The Boer Republics and the Basotho
Kingdom Under Moshoeshoe
■ The conflict between the Basotho people and white settlers consisted of three wars (1858- 68) over
territorial rights in the area between the Caledon and Orange Rivers

■ In 1820, Moshoeshoe became chief of a large unit of Southern Sotho groups, who had fallen under his
power due to competition for resources

■ Moshoeshoe gave assistance to his defeated enemies by giving them land, which led to the establishment
of the Basotho nation

■ The arrival of white settlers due to the Great Trek was initially useful to Moshoeshoe, as the settlers created
a shield between the Basotho and the Kora (a group of Khoikhoi settlers also known as the Korana). The
white settlers crossed the Orange River in the mid-1820s and claimed it - despite Moshoeshoe's view that
he had lent it to them

■ In 1845 a treaty was signed, which recognised white settlement in the area. No boundaries were drawn
and this led to border clashes and a distinct boundary became necessary

■ The British, who then controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers (the Orange River
Sovereignty) eventually proclaimed the Warden line (after Major Warden). This line divided territory
between British territory and the Basotho under Moshoeshoe, and stretched from Cornetspruit and the
Orange River through Vechtkop to Jammerbergdrift on the Caledon.

■ The Warden line caused much resentment, as the fertile Caledon River Valley served as a vital area in
terms of agriculture for both the British and the Basotho. This border line was therefore not acceptable to
Moshoeshoe, and hostility followed, which led to conflict between the Basotho and the British, who were
defeated by Moshoeshoe at the battle of Viervoet in 1851. In 1851, Moshoeshoe also offered Andries
Pretorius an alliance against the British in the sovereignty.

■ As punishment to the Basotho, Sir George Cathcart then brought troops to the Mohokane River, and
Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea
Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses due to the armed Basotho cavalry. This sealed the
fate of the sovereignty, even though Cathcart was initially in favour of withdrawal.

■ In 1854, the cost of maintaining the sovereignty became too much for the British and they therefore handed
over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. The Boers therefore
claimed the land beyond the Caledon River, naming it the Republic of the Orange Free State. This began
further conflict over land and undefined boundaries with the Basotho, who regarded themselves as the
rightful owners, and who continued to use the land for grazing.

■
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 The Basotho Kingdom under Moshoeshoe
Case Study
■ In 1840’s, the peace was broken when trekkers started to compete with the Basotho for
grazing land. The Basotho did not want to lose control over the water source and fertile land
in the Caledon River Valley and conflict ensued. This disrupted trade routes and the British
got involved and eventually took over the area, calling the Orange River Sovereignty.

■ With tensions high in the Basotho and Boer camps , the British decided it would be better to
cede control of the area to the Boer Republic instead of defending their small colony against
2 angry communities. So the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers became an
independent Boer Republic.

■ By 1854 there were two British colonies; the Cape Colony and Natal and in the interior there
were two Boer Republics, namely the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.

■ Case Study: The Basotho Kingdom under Moshoeshoe

■ By the 1840s the Basotho kingdom was the strongest in the region between the
Drakensberg Mountains and the Orange and Caledon Rivers. The Kingdom lived in the most
fertile land in the region, the Caledon River valley. They were ruled by Moshoeshoe, from
1820.

■ Their independence and control of their kingdom was under threat – 1. from trekkers who
moved into the region and also from - 2.the Griqua, west of the Basotho kingdom. They
wanted more grazing land for their merino sheep. -3. the Tlokwa and the Barolong who also
laid claims to parts of their land. Moshoeshoe knew his kingdom was not strong enough to
fight off all these attempts, especially the trekkers.

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 Treaty 1843
■ So he signed a treaty in 1843 with the British who agreed to a border for
the Sotho kingdom. By 1848 the British claimed back control of the area
as a way to stop the disruption of their trade routes by conflict between
Basotho and Boers.
■ Despite the treaty, the British eventually gave control of the area to the
trekkers in 1854. The new borders favoured the trekkers and gave them
some of the Basotho land. This led to Basotho cattle raids and even wars
between the Orange Free State and the Basotho. The Sotho won most of
the battles.
■ The British would not sell guns to the Basotho, but would to the trekkers.
Moshoeshoe knew they would always be weak against raiding
communities who wanted their land, unless they had British protection. He
therefore made an agreement in 1868, with the British. The Basotho
kingdom became a British colony called Basotholand. In 1870
Moshoeshoe died. Basotholand did not become a part of South Africa, but
gained independence from Britain in 1966 and was called Lesotho
■ Moshoeshoe as a leader is celebrated as a military strategist, diplomat,
negotiator, and reconciler. He was known for using diplomacy to gain
alliances, not force. He was thought of as skilful in balancing military
strategy with a policy of generosity. He was a good negotiator with other
African leaders, as well as the Boer trekkers, the British colonisers and the
missionaries, welcoming people from different cultural backgrounds into
his kingdom, allowing them to keep own customs, cultures and language.

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