Marriages and Families Changes

Choices and Constraints 7th Edition

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 Asbestos Table Mats Reinforced with Wire
Netting
Ordinarily heavy pieces of sheet asbestos are used for the mats
placed under hot dishes on the dining table. These are easily broken
if bent, and a simple method of overcoming this breakage is to make
mats as follows: Cut two pieces of sheet asbestos, each about one-
half the thickness of that usually used, one having about ³⁄₄ in.
around the edge which may be used as a binder in pasting the
sheets together. Cut notches into this edge, at intervals of about 2
in., and insert a disk of wire window screening between the pieces of
asbestos. Turn the edges of the larger piece over and paste in place.
 Device for Corrugating Strips

Having a sheet-metal cog rail to make for the adjusting

mechanism of an enlarging screen, I built a cog-forming device as
shown in the sketch. A block of wood served as the case and two
levers with hinges were fixed to one end of it. Two pieces of
hardwood were grooved at their ends as shown in the smaller
sketch, to fit over three tenpenny nails, A, held in place on the block
by staples. Four small nails, B, were set into the block, as shown, to
act as guides for the strip of metal, which was fed between the
forming blocks and the nails on the case. By pressing down on the
hinge levers, the strip was formed into corrugations or teeth. In order
to make the teeth uniform it was necessary to guide the forming
pieces by having one of the cogs fit over the first nail. The strip thus
formed was fixed to a wooden piece and served as a cog rail.—R. E.
Henderson, Walla Walla, Washington.
Birch-Bark Leggings Made in the Woods
 An excellent pair of leggings for use in brush and forest land can
be made in a few minutes from birch bark cut in the woods. Select a
suitable tree, about 6 or 8 in. in diameter, and cut into the heavy bark
to obtain two rolls around the circumference of the tree, taking care
not to cut deep enough to injure it. Fit these sections around the legs
leaving 6-in. portions overlapping. Trim the bark to the proper shape
and soak it in water to soften the grain. Place the bark close to the
fire until it curls. The leggings are then ready for use.
 Stretcher for Drying Small Fur Hides

Small hides should be dried over a stretcher to give the best

results, and the device shown in the sketch will be found useful for
this purpose. It is made of two strips of ¹⁄₂-in. wood, hinged at the
pointed end. Small holes are drilled into the upper surface at the
other ends and adjustment is made by means of a wire bent at the
ends and inserted in the holes.—Elmer Tetzlaff, East DePere, Wis.

¶Wire mesh is useful for drawer bottoms in tool cases where dirt is
likely to accumulate.
 Reel for Use with Seed-Planting Guide String

This Reel Aids in Setting Out Plants in Rows

Many gardeners derive as much pleasure from the orderly

arrangement of the plants in their “farms” as from any other feature
of this home diversion, and I am one of them. In order to facilitate the
planting I made a reel like that shown in the sketch. The frame is of
wood, and the reel is made of a piece of broomstick to which two
small tins, or box covers, are nailed. A wire handle made of a long
nail is fitted to one end, and a shoulder hook is used as a stop for the
handle when it is desired to check the line. A screw eye driven into
the back of the frame holds it at various heights on the stake. This
device is far superior to the common use of two stakes for the
planting cord.—James M. Kane, Doylestown, Pennsylvania.
 Kinks on the Care of Umbrellas
Deriving long use from an umbrella depends in part on proper
selection, care of the cloth and frame, and precautions against loss
or theft. A silk cover is desirable to shed rain, and a cotton one for a
sunshade. The hot sun dries out the silk and heats the metal ribs
under it, quickly destroying it. If silk is used for sun protection, wet
the cover occasionally. Always set an umbrella to dry, handle down if
there is not space to dry it open.
A broad ribbon loop on the handle of a woman’s umbrella permits
carrying it on the wrist and prevents forgetting it. An umbrella with a
removable handle can be folded into a suitcase, and putting the
handle in the pocket when leaving the umbrella in any public place
makes it less liable to theft. An umbrella should bear the name and
address of the owner.
A Bell-Ringing Mail Box
 The annoyance of watching for the arrival of the mailman was
overcome by the fitting of an electrical alarm to the mail box, as
shown in the sketch. A strip of metal, A, was pivoted in the box and
weighted on one end. A bell, B, was wired to dry cells in the box
below the container for the mail. When the mail is dropped in the box
the end A is forced down, forming an electrical contact and
completing the circuit from the cells C through the wire D and back
through the wire E. When the mail is removed the weight raises the
metal strip.—James E. Noble, Portsmouth, Canada.
 A Simple Polarity Indicator
An ordinary compass, fitted flush in a wooden frame as shown in
the sketch forms the basis for the polarity indicator described. The N,
or north, and S, or south, points of the compass should run
lengthwise with the frame with the former on the end farthest from
the binding posts, C and D. Five turns of No. 18 gauge, or any
similar wire are wound lengthwise around the frame and over the
compass. The ends of the wires terminate at the two binding posts.
Begin at C and wind toward the compass, binding the wire at D.
 If the two ends of a wire are free, and it is desired to know whether
there is any current present, and if so, its polarity, fasten one wire to
the post C and the other to D. Before connecting the wires, hold the
compass and frame in such a way that the needle is over the N point
on the compass dial. If, after the wires are connected, the needle
moves, there is a current flowing. If the needle is deflected toward
the east, the negative wire is on C; if it is deflected toward the west,
the positive wire is on C.
When it is desired to ascertain the polarity of a wire, which is
covered by a floor, ceiling, or molding, hold the compass as
explained, and either directly above or below the wire. Then turn on
the current. If the instrument is above the wire, the wire extending
parallel with it north and south, and the needle is deflected toward
the west, the current is flowing from the north to the south end of the
wire. If the wire runs east and west and the needle is deflected to the
west, the current is running from west to east.
If the wire runs on a diagonal between the directions mentioned,
and the needle is deflected toward the west, he current is flowing
from the quadrant between N and W on the compass dial toward the
quadrant between S and E. If the instrument is held over the wire
and the needle is deflected toward E, the polarity is the opposite to
that last indicated. Should the instrument be held below the wire, if
the needle goes toward W, it is equivalent to going toward E when
above the wire.—H. Sterling Parker, Brooklyn, New York.

¶If the white of an egg is used to seal an envelope which has no

mucilage on the flap, it cannot be opened by steaming it.
 Flash Light Used as a Bedroom Night Light

To save groping about in the dark for my flash light when suddenly
awakened in the night, I devised the arrangement shown in the
sketch and by which a “flash” is used as a wall night light, without
lessening its common uses. The holder B and the board A are of
wood, and into the box is fitted a metal clip, C, to hold the light. A
round hole of proper size is cut through the top of the box and the
light set through it so that the bottom end rests in the clip, the tin
ferrule pressing against it firmly. A light spring, D, makes contact with
the upper terminal of the push switch without closing it. The
apparatus is fastened to the wall, and insulated wires, soldered, one
to the clip C, and the other to the spring D, are connected to a switch
placed in a convenient position. This switch replaces that on the
light. The ceiling serves to reflect and distribute the light rays.—B. L.
Dobbins, Harwich, Mass.
 Pie-Plate Gas Heater

A satisfactory gas heater to take the chill out of the air in a small
room by fitting a pie plate over a gas burner was made by me, as
shown in the sketch. The wires which formerly held the glass shade
were fitted into holes punched in the rim of the plate. It could thus be
removed quickly when not needed and the glass shade put back in
place.—Morris Tinsky, Chicago, Illinois.
A Folding Table with Split-Bamboo Tray for Top