EDUCATION DURING BRITISH

^ Early efforts: Hastings and Duncan (RRM Indian) but mainly because need officials
well versed in vernaculars, clerical jobs etc.
^ Charter Act of 1813, Clause 43: first recognition, first push---1 lakh ruppes
^ Committee of Public Instruction: due to vagueness of Clause 43: Orientalist vs
Anglicist
^ Kvo˙o(Do˙[u]v}`Z]Zv]l}v
^ 1854: UK Parliamentary effort---Charles Wood: President Board of Control:
repudiates Downward Filtration
^ Based on Wo}[hv]]]]væ
^ 1858: Crown Rule: 1858-ıWs]}]vW}vt}}[ZvW
Hunter Commission to study progress of Despatch(mainly recommending reduce
direct participation---was done by primary education to Municipal?
^ 1901: Canning convenes a Convention at Shimla, appoints Raleigh Commission
^ 1904: Based on Raleigh Commission recommendation: Universities act 1904
^ Saddler Commission: Calcutta Universities Commission
^ 1919: Dyarchy: end of Direct role and participation; transferred subject but finance
Vv[}v]]o]˙v]vP
^ 1927: Hartog Commission?: last few decades influenced by it; understand the impact
of Dyarchy on education
^ Post War: Sargent Plan as a response to Wardha Scheme and nationalist efforts
^ Wardha Scheme: Zakir Hussain Committee: Learning by Activity
Early efforts: Warren Hastings 1781: Calcutta
Madrasah
primarily because Jonathan Duncan 1791: Sanskrit
Indians well versed in College
Vernacular languages
needed for
administration: ex
Justice department-
assist judges-reed
Arabic/Sanskrit for
Hindu/Muslim Laws//
or in Political affairs:
communicate with
rulers of princely
states///clerk level:
communicate with
masses

Raja Ram Mohan Roy Calcutta College 1817

Charter Act of 1813 One lakh rupees for education
Clause 43 (until 1823 not even sanctioned)

Education as
responsibility first time
Not even so recognised
in Europe yet
Oriental vs Anglicist Primarily due to the vagueness of
debate Clause 43 Charter Act of 1813 over
Medium of instruction, aims of
education etc.
Do˙[D]v Debate concludes in favour of
Anglicists
1. Indian in blood, English in
opinions, taste, morals and
intellect
2. Downward filtration theory
3. European Sciences
4. Hegemony of English language
5. Denigration of Indian
languages and knowledge
Note on Downward Problems:
Filtration theory: Why?
Like the river 1. Limited resources Significance:
originating from 2. Exclusive purpose of education: 1. Cultural
Himalayas, it will drain class of people to man its renaissance
downwards to quench administration ( ex read out through the class
the thirst of thirsty ancient laws in Sanskrit or Urdu of educated
plains/ illiterate to European judges) youth
masses 3. Create a class of loyals 2. Applied Lockean
4. Make the educated class principles to
responsible for mass education Indian
colonialism
3. Vestiges of caste
and religion
made irrelevant
in the new
scheme of
education

Bethune School: JED

Bethune

James Thomson: ^ Agriculture, mensuration-

Scheme of Village
Education
In power until 1853
practical things taught in
vernacular
^ Scheme for Village Education
^ He was NWFP LT. Gov
^ Mainly devised to train and
recruit for Public Works dept
t}}[Zæ 1. Government must assume
responsibility of mass
education, Downward filtration
refuted
2. System of education
a. Primary Vernacular
b. Higher education anglo
vernacular
c. Affiliated Colleges
d. Affiliating Universities in
Presidency towns:
Madras, Calcutta,
Bombay
3. Vernacular in primary, English
in higher education
4. Vocational education, women
education, Teachers Training
5. Secular
6. Promoted grants in aidv
encourage private enterprises
7. Charles Woods was Pres, Board
of Control that point
8. Key outcome was:
a. Establishment of
Universities in 1857:
Calcutta, Madras,
Bombay
b. Establishment of
Educational Department
in each British province
9. Before much could be done;
Revolt of 1857 and end of EIC
Universities
established 1857
1858-1904: Victorian VICTORIAN ERA IN
Era in Indian Education EDUCATION: 1858-1904:
1. t}}[Zv
2. Hunter Commission( to
]`t}}[
Hunter Commission 1. Limited to primary and
1858 secondary education
2. Primary education in
vernacular; government should
ensure spread of Primary
education
3. Secondary education two
divisions
a. Literary
b. Vocational
4. Newly set up Municipal boards
etc.: transfer control of primary
schools to these
5. ^]u]o}vvo]lt}}[W
female education

6. Hunter Commission 1882: to

review the progress made
under Despatch
a. Arguing for state to
withdraw from direct
enterprise of education
b. Happy blend of private
and public effort
7. Led to transfer of primary
education to Municipalities
and local boards
}v[ 1. Raleigh Commission 1901 Conference
2. Based on whose convened by Curzon in
recommendation: Indian Shimla, following which
Universities Act 1904 Raleigh Commission
was appointed.
Raleigh Commission Limited only to Universities, nothing
to do with primary, secondary. Based
on recommendations, Universities
Act passed
Indian Universities Act 1. Universities to focus more on
study and research
2. Time period of fellows to be
restricted in Universities and
most to be nominated by
Government
3. Government to have veto
powers over senate regulations
and also make regulations on
its own
4. Stricter rules for affiliation of
private colleges to the
University
5. 5 lakh rupaiya per annum
Government Rejection of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Resolution on Bill and the principle of Compulsory
Education Policy 1913 education, Rather
1. Accepted goal of removal of
illiteracy
2. Private efforts to be
encouraged
3. Pushed provincial governments
to establish schools for
elementary education and
push for education of poorer
people
4. Universities to be estb in all
provinces
5. Improve quality
6. Push for Practical knowledge in
primary and secondary
7. Quality higher educational
institutions, so do not have to
go abroad
8. Quality upgradation of existing
rather than establishing new
institutions
Saddler Commission or The Commission was brought forth to
Calcutta Universities look into the issues of calcutta
Commission 1917-1919 University. But you know how some
people go beyond the mandate to
Michael Ernest Saddler work well?
So here was a set of recommendation
for all other Universities, and more
importantly one that covered both
school and University
1. 10+2+3: need an Intermediate
stage as part of school
education; School education
for 12 years
2. Separate board for Secondary
and Intermediate examinations
3. University as centralised
residential teaching
autonomous body, not
scattered colleges
4. Vocational, female, scientific
studies
5. Less rigidity in university
regulation framing
6. Increase honours degree
course to three years
7. Establish board: Secondary and
intermediate level: conduct
examinations
8. Several Universities come up:
Patna, Mysore, Dacca, Banaras,
Aligarh-1917-21
THE DYARCHY PHASE
1. Education 1. Education transferred subject
became a but finance reserved subject so
transferred no large scale measures
subject to the 2. voP}vuv[]v
popular dwindled
ministries 3. Central grants also reduced
4. This phase, education
dependent on Philanthropic
effort
 5. Positive of this phase:
Compulsory Education Act
passed in several provinces by
popular ministries
6. End of direct colonial
responsibility towards
education
Hartog Committee 1. Emphasis on primary education
1929 should not mean compromise
on quality, massive openings
have caused quality
compromise
2. Those not excelling should be
diverted to vocational
education after Class 8th
3. Erect eligibility/entry barriers
in College to improve the
quality of those joining colleges
Post war Phase
National Conference on Zakir Hussain Committee: based on
Education 1937, ’vZ]i][`]]vP]v,]ivUl˙
Wardha idea: learning by activity
1. Integrate handicrafts in
Zakir Hussain education
Committee 2. First 7 years of free and
compulsory education
3. Class II to VII: vernacular,
thereafter English
4. Involve Community around the
school
5. Educate child through the
medium of productive activity
of education
Idea of a new life, new society, non
violent and attaining Swaraj

Congress ministries resignation and

Second WW; shelved
Connect to NEP!! Mention WARDHA!
Sargent Plan To Develop in India, within 40 years
education to or at the level at what
the English have attained.
Markedly, this was a response to the
Wardha Scheme of Education and
other nationalist efforts
1. 0-3 pre primary
2. 3-6 prima elementary
3. 6-17: secondary
4. 3 year college
5. Abolish Intermediate
6. University
a. Literary
b. Technical or vocational
7. Arts, commerce, science
8. Liquidation of adult illiteracy in
20 years
9. For the differently abled,
women
Pusa Agri College Curzon ji

Roorkee 1847 Limited to Europeans, Eurasians