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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
1) Biological theories of criminology maintain that the basic determinants of human
behaviour, including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically based and often
inherited.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 141
Skill: Recall

2) Sexual sterilization laws in Alberta and British Columbia resulted in the sterilization of
almost 3000 citizens between 1928 and 1972.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall

3) Phrenology attempted to identify the correlates of human behaviour by studying the

shape of the human skull.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 143
Skill: Recall

4) Atavism refers to the belief that criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier
stages of human evolution.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 144
Skill: Recall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 1 of 17

 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
5) One major principle of biological theory in criminology states that the interplay
between heredity, biology, and social environment provides the nexus for any realistic
considertations of crime causation.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 142
Skill: Recall

6) Positivism is based upon an acceptance of free will.

a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 144
Skill: Recall

7) Somatotyping refers to the classification of human beings by physical characteristics.

a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 147
Skill: Recall

8) The offender characterized by William H. Sheldon as "soft and round" is referred to as

an endomorph.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 147
Skill: Recall

9) The mesomorph, according to Cesare Lombroso, is characterized as athletic and

muscular.
a. True

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 2 of 17

 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 148
Skill: Applied

10) The offender who is "thin and fragile" is an ectomorph, according to William H.
Sheldon.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 148
Skill: Recall

11) Hypoglycemia is a medical condition characterized by extremely high blood sugar

levels.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 149
Skill: Recall

12) Some studies have implicated food additives, such as the flavour enhancer
monosodium glutumate, dyes, and artificial flavourings in producing criminal violence.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 149
Skill: Applied

13) Low brain levels of serotonin have been linked to impulsive crimes.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 154
Skill: Recall

14) The term criminaloids was a term coined by Cesare Lombroso to describe occasional
criminals who were pulled into criminality primarily by environmental influences.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 145
Skill: Recall

15) Edward O. Wilson developed the concept of sociobiology.

a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Recall

16) Sociobiology may be defined as the systematic study of the biological basis of all
social behaviour.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Recall

17) Prior to the theory of phrenology, it was believed that personality was determined by
different organs in the body.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 143

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Skill: Recall

18) Criminal anthropology may be defined as the scientific study of the relationship
between human physical characteristics and criminality.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 143
Skill: Recall

19) According to Ernst Kretschmer, offenders who were classified as schizoid were likely
to commit non-violent offences.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 147
Skill: Recall

20) Society tends to shy away from biological explanations of criminality and disordered
behaviour because of concern with concepts such as “genetic determinism,” which have
come to be seen as synonymous with inevitability since the physical makeup of a person
is hard to change.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 141
Skill: Recall

21) Dizygotic twins are twins who develop from a separate ovum and carry the genetic
material shared by siblings.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 157

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Skill: Recall

22) Open inquiry, as C. Ray Jeffrey notes, requires objective consideration of all points
of view, and an unbiased examination of each for its ability to shed light upon the subject
of study. Thus biological explanations for criminality must be considered.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 141
Skill: Recall

23) Murder data has demonstrated that men commit more murders than women and
subsequently we can conclude that men are genetically predisposed to commit acts of
interpersonal violence.
a. True
b. False

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 158
Skill: Recall

24) According to biological theories of crime causation, observed gender and racial
differences in rates and types of criminality may be at least partially the result of
biological differences between the sexes and between racially distinct groups.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 141
Skill: Recall

25) Aboriginal people are over-represented throughout the criminal justice system in
Canada.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Recall

26) According to Edward O.Wilson, territoriality explains many of the conflicts

experienced in society, including homicide, warfare, and other forms of agression
between and among human beings.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Recall

27) A “supermale” has been defined as a male individual displaying the XYY
chromosomal structure.
a. True
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall

28) The mesomorph is characterized as ________.

a. soft and round
b. athletic and muscular
c. athletic and overweight
d. being neither overweight, thin, nor exceedingly muscular
e. thin and fragile

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 148
Skill: Recall

29) According to Cesare Lombroso, a wide variety of bodily features can be deemed to
be predictive of criminal behaviour. Which of the following traits would best predict a
violent criminal career according to Lombroso?
a. A diseased personality
b. Exceptionally long arms, an index finger as long as the middle finger, and large teeth
c. Having friends who were criminals
d. Being unemployed and panhandling in the streets

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
e. Living in a high-crime area

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 145
Skill: Applied

30) Which of the following foods or additives has NOT been implicated in the production
of criminal violence?
a. Coffee
b. MSG
c. Processed foods
d. Artificial sweeteners
e. Fruits and vegetables

Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 149-150
Skill: Recall

31) The studies of the Juke and Kallikak families emphasized ________ as the primary
source of criminality.
a. Environment
b. Ecology
c. Genetics
d. physical shape
e. psychology

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 155
Skill: Recall

32) A condition characterized by low blood sugar and said to reduce the mind's capacity
to effectively reason or to judge the long-term consequences of behaviour is known as
________.
a. Testosterone
b. Eugenics
c. Hypoglycemia
d. Supermale
e. hyperglycemia

Answer: c

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 149
Skill: Recall

33) Konrad Lorenz’s greatest contribution to the study of human behaviour may have
been his claim that all human behaviour is, to at least some degree,
_______________________________.
a. ectomorphic behaviour
b. endomorphic behaviour
c. adapted instinctive behaviour
d. the born criminal tendency
e. social environmentalist preconditioning

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 142
Skill: Recall

34) Studies of ________ twins, that is, those which develop from the same egg and carry
virtually the same genetic material, tend to support the notion that criminal tendencies are
inherited.
a. schizoid
b. dizygotic
c. born criminal
d. monozyotic
e. adopted

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Recall

35) ________ is the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behaviour.
a. Sociobiology
b. Phrenology
c. Positivism
d. Somatotypology
e. Criminal anthropology

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Skill: Recall

36) Although ________ recognize social factors in the development of personality, they
suggest that constitutional factors predispose a person to specific types of behaviour and
that societal reactions to such predispositions may determine, to a large degree, the form
of continued behaviour.
a. Cesare Lombroso and Ernst Kretschmer
b. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein
c. James Q. Wilson and Johann Gasper Spurzheim
d. Konrad Lorenz and William Sheldon
e. Charles Darwin and Konrad Lorenz

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Recall

37) According to C. Ray Jeffrey, a comprehensive biologically-based program of crime

prevention and crime control would include ________.
a. Trephination
b. Eugenics
c. Phrenology
d. Atavisms
e. pre- and postnatal care for pregnant women and their infants

Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Recall

38) According to Lombroso, women exhibit far less anatomical variation than do men but
he also insisted that criminal behaviour among women, as among men, derived from
____________ foundations.
a. Somatotype
b. Hedonistic
c. Atavistic
d. YYX
e. phrenologistc

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 145
Skill: Recall

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour

39) Constitutional factors which James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein cite as
contributing to crime include: age, body type, intelligence, personality, and ________.
a. Upbringing
b. Gender
c. Educational attainment
d. Crowding
e. socioeconomic status

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 162
Skill: Recall

40) According to a recent study published by Swiss researchers, a small protein called
oxytocin, better known as the ________, appears to make people more trusting.
a. labeling hormone
b. trust hormone
c. atavistic hormone
d. criminogenic hormone
e. juke hormone

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 155
Skill: Recall

41) ________ made the claim that sociobiology is a branch of evolutionary biology and
modern population biology.
a. James Q. Wilson
b. Konrad Lorenz
c. Richard J. Herrnstein
d. Edward O. Wilson
e. Cesare Lombroso

Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Applied

42) Ernst Kretschmer identified ________ as a mixed grup of offenders who are highly
emotional and often unable to control themselves, and who primarily committed sexual
offences and other crimes of passion.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 11 of 17

 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
a. Cycloids
b. Endomorphs
c. Displastics
d. born criminals
e. schizoids

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 147
Skill: Recall

43) ________ somatotypology consisted of the endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph, and

balanced type.
a. William H. Sheldon's
b. Franz Joseph Gall's
c. Johann Gasper Spurzheim's
d. Richard J. Herrnstein's
e. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck's

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 147-148
Skill: Recall

44) ________ is the concept used by Cesare Lombroso to suggest that criminality is the
result of primitive urges which survived the evolutionary process.
a. Ectomorph
b. Criminaloid
c. Schizoid
d. Cycloid
e. Atavism

Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 144
Skill: Recall

45) Aggressive behaviour has been linked to ________, a male sex hormone.
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Phrenology
c. testosterone
d. somatotype
e. serotonin

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 12 of 17

 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 152
Skill: Recall

46) The study of crime and criminals through the application of scientific techniques is
referred to as ________.
a. Positivism
b. Somatotypology
c. Displastics
d. Sociobiology
e. phrenology

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 144
Skill: Recall

47) Prenatal alcohol exposure also seems to be linked to delinquency and

___________________ later in life.
a. RNA sequencing problems
b. XYY imbalances
c. MAOA process issues
d. Reading problems
e. psychiatric problems

Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 152
Skill: Applied

48) According to the theory of phrenology, criminality can be determined by ________.

a. social influences
b. physical characteristics
c. personality characteristics
d. the shape of a person's skull
e. the number of siblings a person has

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 143

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Skill: Recall

49) According to Lombrosso, offenders who commit crimes because of poverty would be
classified as ________.
a. Criminaloids
b. born criminals
c. social offenders
d. Criminalistic
e. insane criminals

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 145
Skill: Applied

50) According to Sheldon's somatotypes, the ________ body type is most likely to be
associated with delinquency.
a. Endomorph
b. Ectomorph
c. Mesomorph
d. Balanced
e. Delinquent

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 148
Skill: Recall

51) In the 1920s and early 1930s the ________ movement resulted in the frequent
sterilization of mentally handicapped women.
a. feeble-mindedness
b. Cycloid
c. Somatotype
d. eugenics
e. Monozygotic

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall

52) Research studies have found in animal studies that a link exists between low levels of
____________ in the brain and aggressive behaviour.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 14 of 17

 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
a. serotonin
b. glycerin
c. T3
d. MAOO
e. dopamine

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 154
Skill: Recall

53) According to a large study conducted by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, the body type
that William Sheldon identified as the ___________ was confirmed.
a. Endomorph
b. ectomorph
c. mesomorph
d. biological siblings
e. adoptive siblings

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 148
Skill: Recall

54) According to William Sheldon's somatotypes, the ____________ body type exhibited
a temperament that was restrained and introverted.
a. ectomorph
b. endomorph
c. Mesomorph
d. balanced
e. adopted

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 148
Skill: Recall

55) Hormones such as cortisol and the thyroid hormone T3 have been implicated in
delinquency and poor ______________.
a. eating habits
b. impulse control
c. artistic ability
d. study habits

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
e. listening skills

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 154
Skill: Recall

56) The proportion of homicides committed by men versus women has ______________.
a. remained more or less constant for decades
b. increased significantly for decades
c. decreased significantly for decades
d. has increased incrementally over only the last 30 years
e. has decreased continuously over the past 50 years

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 158
Skill: Recall

57) What are the two central principles upon which positivism is built?

Answer:
Positivism believed in two central principles: first, an unflagging acceptance of social
determinism, or the belief that human behaviour is determined not by the exercise of free
choice but by causative factors beyond the control of the individual, and, second, the
application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminology.

Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 144
Skill: Recall

58) To date, nearly 200 studies exist researching the “supermale” phenomenon or the
XYY supermale. Although not all researchers agree, taken as a group these studies tend
to show that supermales have what five common characteristics?

Answer:
The nearly 200 studies concluded that supermales have the following characteristics: (1)
taller than average height (often 6 feet 1 inch or taller); (2) acne and other skin disorders;
(3) below-average intelligence; (4) over-representation in prisons and mental hospitals,
and; (5) family tree with above-average history of crime or mental illness.

Diff: 2
Type: ES

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 Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Recall

59) According to the text, criticisms of sociobiology can be grouped into four central
themes. List these four themes.

Answer:
Criticisms included charges that: (a), sociobiology fails to convey the overwhelming
significance of culture, social learning, and individual experiences in shaping the
behaviour of individuals and groups; (b) sociobiology is fundamentally wrong in its
depiction of the basic nature of human beings – there is no credible evidence of
genetically based or determined tendencies to act in certain ways; (c) sociobiology is just
another empirically unsupported rationale for the authoritative labelling and
stigmatization of despised, threatening, and powerless minorities, and; (d) human beings
are so thoroughly different from other animal species, even other primates, that there is
no rational basis for the application to humans of findings from animal studies.

Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Recall

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 17 of 17

Another random document with
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possibilities of literary creation. The biography of success is filled
with the names of men in a sense self-made.
Education is the unfolding of our powers. There is the realm of
knowledge: the relations of number and space, as revealed to a
Laplace or a Newton; the discoveries and interpretations of science,
as they appear to a Tyndall or a Spencer; history, in whose light
alone we can fully interpret any subject of knowledge; literature,
whose pages glow with the best thought and feeling of mankind;
philosophy and religious truth, with their grasp of the meaning of life;
art, that is a divine revelation in material form—all that has been
realized in the consciousness of man. The race has taken ages to
attain the present standard of civilization and enlightenment. The life
of the individual attains it through education. With some distinction of
native tendencies, education makes the difference between the
Dahoman and the Bostonian. Tennyson, in his “Locksley Hall,” in a
mood of disappointment and pessimism, would seek the land of
palms, of savagery and ignorance, and abjure the “march of Mind”
and “thoughts that shake mankind;” but a healthful reaction arouses
again his better impulse, and he counts “the gray barbarian lower
than the Christian child.”
Every young man who aims at medicine, theology, law, or
teaching, who aims at the best development of his powers, needs all
the education he can gain before he enters upon independent labor.
All need a broad foundation of general knowledge upon which to rear
the structure of special knowledge and skill. Our grandfathers got
along with the grammar school, the academy, college, and
apprentice system; we need the high school, the graduate school,
and the professional school. Men go into the field of labor without
map, implements, or skill, and then wonder why they do not
succeed. The generation has advanced; more is known, more is
demanded, and undeveloped thought and skill soon find their
limitations in the practical world.
We are called upon not only to feel, but to act; not merely to know,
but to impart. The inner life is to realize itself in the outer world of
action. Ideals are to be followed closely by deeds. A mere recluse is
not in harmony with the times.
 There is a thought in the following passage from Goethe not
inappropriate in this place:

“Wouldst thou win desires unbounded?

Yonder see the glory burn!
Lightly is thy life surrounded—
Sleep’s a shell, to break and spurn!
When the crowd sways, unbelieving,
Show the daring will that warms!
He is crowned with all achieving
Who perceives and then performs.”

The child does not at first discriminate colors, but later realizes
distinctions permanently existent. The child does not at first realize
the force of the abstract idea of right; but, when the idea appears, it
is not so much an evolution as a realization in the process of
evolution of the child’s consciousness. In the development of life on
the earth a time came when human beings realized the existence
and obligation of right as a new idea to them, not one “compounded
of many simples.” However produced, we may suppose that when it
appears it is a unique thing, a binding and divine thing, a thing
carrying with it all the implications of the Kantian philosophy—God,
Freedom, and Immortality.
How religion, philosophy, ethics, maxims of experience, dictates of
prudence proclaim to the ear of the youth the necessity of realizing in
idea and practice a progressive, upward tendency of character! Vice
is not a realization, but degeneration. Vice paralyzes the will,
paralyzes the intellect, paralyzes the finer emotions, paralyzes the
body, deadens the conscience to all that is positive and worthy. Men
often regard only the larger duties, but character is often made by
the sum of little duties performed. We are ready to use great
opportunities only when we have trained our powers by diligent
performance of humble work. Carlyle says: “Do the Duty which lies
nearest thee, which thou knowest to be a Duty! Thy second Duty will
already have become clearer.”
It broadens our view of religion to hold that the divine impulse
works in all men, and leads them toward truth; that no age or people
has been left in utter darkness; that there is something common to
all religions; and that in time God’s full revelation will come to all
nations.

“Whoe’er aspires unweariedly

Is not beyond redeeming.”

May we not ask if the experience distinctively called Christian is

not an actuality, the highest blossom of religious growth—if it is not a
realization possible for all, if it is not an ideal sweetly, nay,
transcendently, inviting? One who has read the following lines from
Goethe will never forget them; he has had a glimpse of the Holy of
Holies:

“Once Heavenly Love sent down a burning kiss

Upon my brow, in Sabbath silence holy;
And, filled with mystic presage, chimed the church bell slowly,
And prayer dissolved me in a fervent bliss,—
A sweet, uncomprehended yearning
Drove forth my feet through woods and meadows free,
And while a thousand tears were burning,
I felt a world arise for me.”

I sat on the veranda at my home at the close of a beautiful day.

The western glow was fading into a faint rose color. The pine trees
on the neighboring mountain top stood out in magnified distinctness
against the bright background. A bird in a near tree sang its good-
night song. Just over the mountain peak a star shone out like a
diamond set in pale gold. The great earth silently turned and hid the
star behind the pines. The ragged outline of mountains loomed up
with weird effect. The breeze freshened and waved the branches of
the elms gracefully in broader curves; it seemed to come down from
the heights as if with a message. It was a time for meditation. My
thoughts turned for a hundredth time to the significance of the higher
emotional effects in the presence of natural beauty and sublimity,
and in the contemplation of exalted æsthetic and ethical
conceptions.
 When the hand of nature touches the chords of the human heart,
may we not believe that the hand and the harp are of divine origin,
and that the music produced is heavenly? I mean that the human
soul with all its refinement of emotion is not material, but spiritual and
Godlike; that it has written upon it a sacred message, an assurance
not of earth that its destiny is boundless in time and possibility—a
message profound in its meaning as the unsearchable depth of
God’s being.

All human institutions are progressive. Each stage of civilization is

complete in itself, but preparatory to another and higher stage.
Liberty, the art idea, the religious idea develop more and more as
men realize in consciousness higher truths and standards. From the
art that found expression in the cromlechs of the Druids to the
highest embodiment of spiritual ideas, from crude faith to philosophic
and religious insight, from rude mechanism to magnificence of
structure and invention—such has been history, such, we believe,
will be history. No wonder Carlyle exclaims: “Is not man’s history and
men’s history a perpetual Evangel?”—an announcement of glad
tidings?
It is in this philosophy that the hope of the solution of many
present problems is found. In mediæval times the feudal system was
the reconciliation of the opposing interests of men in a unity of
service and protection. Later new conflicts arose which resulted in
freedom for all classes. To-day opposition has grown from the selfish
interests of capital and labor, and we believe the reconciliation will be
found in a unity which will equitably combine the interests of both.
Change is the law. The phœnix, ever rising from its own ashes, is
stronger in pinion and more daring in flight.
Plato held to the doctrine of ideas, of eternal verities, the
archetypes of all forms of existence, and believed growth in wisdom
to be a gradual realization of these ideas in consciousness. Modern
Platonism makes man a part of the Divine Being, with power to
progress in knowledge of truth and in moral insight. This progress
aims at an ultimate end that is both a realization and a reward. This
view explains our nature and aspirations, our intuitive notions and
sense of right; it explains the seeming providence that runs through
history and makes all things work together for good; it explains that
harmony of the soul with nature that constitutes divine music; it
explains the insight of the poet and the faith of man. Any new theory
must be a continuation of the past instead of standing in
contradiction to it, must reveal the deeper meaning of old truth. The
spiritual truths that belong to the history of man must be included in
the new philosophy. Theories must explain in accordance with
common sense, and make harmony, not discord, in our intellectual,
æsthetic, and moral feelings.

“For we know in part, and we prophesy in part.

“But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part
shall be done away.
“For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face:
now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.”

“Still, through our paltry stir and strife,

Glows down the wished Ideal,
And Longing moulds in clay what Life
Carves in the marble Real;
To let the new life in, we know,
Desire must ope the portal;—
Perhaps the longing to be so
Helps make the soul immortal.

“Longing is God’s fresh heavenward will

With our poor earthward striving;
We quench it that we may be still
Content with merely living:
But would we learn that heart’s full scope
Which we are hourly wronging,
Our lives must climb from hope to hope
And realize our longing.”
 Transcriber’s Notes

pg 82 Changed: and he repeated the the process

to: and he repeated the process
pg 161 Changed: remove mountains has nerved the purpose
to: remove mountains has served the purpose
pg 225 Changed: Analyze the fact as we way
to: Analyze the fact as we may
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