Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Calculator
Academic Year: 2024-2025 Institute Code: 0563
Group no: 20
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,
Roll No Student Name Seat No Enroll No
PART A – Plan
Micro Project Proposal
Calculator
1.0 Brief Introduction
An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from
basic arithmetic to complex mathematics The first solid-state electronic calculator was created in the early
1960s. Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the first
microprocessor, was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator company Busicom. They later became
used commonly within the petroleum industry (oil and gas). Modern electronic calculators vary from
cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers.
They became popular in the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated circuits reduced their size and
cost. By the end of that decade, prices had dropped to the point where a basic calculator was affordable to
most and they became common in schools. Computer operating systems as far back as early Unix have
included interactive calculator programs such as dc and hoc, and calculator functions are included in almost
all personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices, the exceptions being a few dedicated address book and
dictionary devices. In addition to general purpose calculators, there are those designed for specific markets.
For example, there are scientific calculators which include trigonometric and statistical calculations.
Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. Graphing calculators can be used to graph
functions defined on the real line, or higher-dimensional Euclidean space. As of 2016, basic calculators cost
little, but scientific and graphing models tend to cost more. In 1986, calculators still represented an
estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this had
diminished to less than 0.05%. models tend to cost more. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated
41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. By 2007, this had
diminished to less than 0.05%.
Name of
Responsible
Sr. No. Details of Activity Planned Planned
Team
Start Finish Date
Date Members
Ahamad
1. Selection of topic
All
2. Preparation &
submission of abstract
Ahamad
3. Collection of data
Yash
4. Formulation of content
Akansha
5. Compilation & report
presentation
Ahamad
6. Seminar
Yash, Ahamad,
7. Viva voce
Akansha
Ahamad
8. Final submission
Annexure – IA
Sr. Name of
Specifications Qty Remarks
No Resource/Material
Available
1 computer For Windows OS 1
Available
2 Internet Facility Available 1
Technical publication,
Nirali Publication Available
3 Books 2
**************
Annexure – IA
PART B – Plan
Micro Project
Report
Calculator
A.Brief Description
Input
Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain "00" and
"000" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on
each button; however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations.
Display output
Calculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-emitting diode (LED) displays
and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in the section Technical improvements.
Large-sized figures are often used to improve readability; while using decimal separator (usually a point rather than a comma)
instead of or in addition to vulgar fractions. Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the
display. Fractions such as 1⁄3 are displayed as decimal approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333. Also, some
fractions (such as 1⁄7, which is 0.14285714285714; to 14 significant figures) can be difficult to recognize in decimal form;
as a result, many scientific calculators are able to work in vulgar fractions or mixed numbers.
Memory
Calculators also have the ability to store numbers into computer memory. Basic calculators usually store only one number at a
time; more specific types are able to store many numbers represented in variables. The variables can also be used for
constructing formulas. Some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; the
extended memory address is termed an array index.
Power source
Power sources of calculators are: batteries, solar cells or mains electricity (for old models), turning on with a switch or button.
Some models even have no turn-off button but they provide some way to put off (for example, leaving no operation for a
moment, covering solar cell exposure, or closing their lid). Crank-powered calculators were also common in the early
computer era.
Key layout
The following keys are common to most pocket calculators. While the arrangement of the digits is standard, the positions of
other keys vary from model to model; the illustration is an example.
Usual basic pocket calculator layout
MC MR M− M+
C ± % √
7 8 9 ÷
4 5 6 ×
1 2 3 −
0 . = +
MR, RM, or
Memory Recall
MRC
M− Memory Subtraction
M+ Memory Addition
C or AC All Clear
Clear (last) Entry; sometimes called CE/C: a first press clears the last entry (CE), a second press clears
CE
all (C)
% Percent
÷ Division
× Multiplication
− Subtraction
+ Addition
. Decimal point
√ Square root
= Result
Internal workings:-
In general, a basic electronic calculator consists of the following components:[2]
Unit Function
When a calculator is powered on, it scans the keypad waiting to pick up an electrical
Scanning (Polling) unit
signal when a key is pressed.
Encoder unit Converts the numbers and functions into binary code.
They are number stores where numbers are stored temporarily while doing calculations. All
X register and Y register
numbers go into the X register first; the number in the X register is shown on the display.
Flag register The function for the calculation is stored here until the calculator needs it.
The store where numbers can be stored by the user. User memory contents can be changed
User memory (RAM)
or erased by the user.
Arithmetic logic The ALU executes all arithmetic and logic instructions, and provides the results in binary
unit (ALU) coded form.
Binary decoder unit Converts binary code into decimal numbers which can be displayed on the display unit.
Clock rate of a processor chip refers to the frequency at which the central processing unit (CPU) is running. It is used as an
indicator of the processor's speed, and is measured in clock cycles per second or the SI unit hertz (Hz). For basic calculators,
the speed can vary from a few hundred hertz to the kilohertz range.
Example
A basic explanation as to how calculations are performed in a simple four-function calculator:
To perform the calculation 25 + 9, one presses keys in the following sequence on most calculators: 2 5 + 9 =.
When
2 5 is entered, it is picked up by the scanning unit; the number 25 is encoded and sent to the X register;
Next, when the + key is pressed, the "addition" instruction is also encoded and sent to the flag or the status register;
The second 9 is encoded and sent to the X register. This "pushes" (shifts) the first number out into the Y
number register;
When the = key is pressed, a "message" (signal) from the flag or status register tells the permanent or non-volatile
memory that the operation to be done is "addition";
The numbers in the X and Y registers are then loaded into the ALU and the calculation is carried out
following instructions from the permanent or non-volatile memory;
The answer, 34 is sent (shifted) back to the X register. From there, it is converted by the binary decoder unit into
a decimal number (usually binary-coded decimal), and then shown on the display panel.
Other functions are usually performed using repeated additions or subtractions.
Annexure – IA
Sr. Name of
Specifications Qty Remarks
No Resource/Material
For developing
1 Turboc4 For Window OS 1
program
For brief
2 Websites Wikipedia 1
information
:
Waterfall Model diagram
Annexure – IA
The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be introduced. It is very simple to
understand and use. In a Waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase
can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. The waterfall model is the earliest SDLC
approach that was used for software development.
Waterfall model – Design
The Waterfall Model was the first Process Model to be introduced. It is very simple to
understand and use. In a Waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next phase
can begin and there is no overlapping in the phases. The waterfall model is the earliest SDLC
approach that was used for software development.
In “The Waterfall” approach, the whole process of software development is divided into separate
phases. The outcome of one phase acts as the input for the next phase sequentially. This means that
any phase in the development process begins only if the previous phase is complete. The waterfall
model is a sequential design process in which progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like
a waterfall) through the phases of Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction,
Testing, Production/Implementation, and Maintenance.
As the Waterfall Model illustrates the software development process in a linear sequential flow;
hence it is also referred to as a Linear-Sequential Life Cycle Model.
Advantages of Waterfall Model
Before the next phase of development, each phase must be completed.
Suited for smaller projects where requirements are well defined.
They should perform quality assurance test (Verification and Validation) before completing each stage.
Elaborate documentation is done at every phase of the software's development cycle.
Project is completely dependent on project team with minimum client intervention.
Any changes in software is made during the process of the development.
1. The use of this electronic device has found its place in the lives of the common people.
2. The use of calculators helps to tackle a lot of problems in the real world.
3. Even though calculators can do the basic operations instantly, students should not be using
it all the time.
4. When a student is always dependent on a calculator for solving problems of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, it may make them incapable of solving these
basic operations manually.
5. The availability of graphic calculators has made it easier for students to cheat during
their tests.
Use-Case Diagram:
Annexure – IA
Future Scope:
Taking a quick look at the current standing of the modern calculator, it may not be absurd for anyone to
think that it is not going to progress to a better state than what it has now.
But come to think of it. It was like only yesterday that the abacus gave up its kingship to give way to the
present-day calculator which now accommodates calculation needs in a range of settings – statistical analyses,
bank accounting, wave frequency determination for humanity’s state-of-the-art gadgets, academy, genetics, etc.
What this computing machine can do is, to say the least, stupefying. There’s the Magic Number Machine
application for Mac users. This one can help out arithmetic fanatics who want the task of multiplying three or
four-digit numbers to be a piece of cake. Add to that the extensive support that it has for complex and
hexadecimal numbers.
Windows users boast of the Precise Calculator, the pride of which is its being not limited by double precision.
With this one, you’re talking about something that gets 5-star ratings from users 99% of the time.
Then there’s the TI-Navigator which allows networking among TI-83 calculators. If it is in graphing works
you need to excel, this is your most friendly device.
There’s no letting up. If time is going to advance to 100 years from now, the calculator is going to walk with it
without ceasing to undergo regular improvements along the way. Give the credit to those who tinker with
unthinkable ideas about the future of calculators.
Voice-operated
At the moment, the computer lacks HD and user-friendly features. The masters of Science and Technology are
looking at calculators that can be activated and operated by voice. Someday, there will be no more fingers that
stumble over tiny number and function keys. With voice operations, every calculation will be precise and done
in no time.
The sharing function is to be turned off during exams to discourage cheating. Wi-Fi connection service will be
enhanced to serve this purpose.
Reference: -
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping
2. http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_future_scope_of_online_shopping_project
3. https://meeraacademy.com/dfd-diagram-for-online-shopping-website/
Completion of the
Completed less Completed 50% to Completed 60% to Completed more
3 Target as per
than 50% 60% 80% than 80%
Project Proposal
Nearly sufficient
and correct details Very detailed,
Very short, poor Detailed, correct
about methods, correct, clear
quality sketches, and clear
material, description of
details about description of
precaution and methods, materials,
methods, material, methods,
4 Report Preparation conclusion, but precautions and
precaution and materials,
clarity is not there conclusions.
conclusions precautions and
in presentation. Enough tables,
omitted, some conclusions.
But not enough charts and
details are wrong Sufficient graphic
graphic sketches.
description description
Includes major
Major information Includes major Well organized,
information but
is not included, information and includes major
5 Presentation not well
information is not well organized information, well
organized
well organized but not presented presented
and not presented
well
well
Replied to
Could not reply to considerable Replied properly to Replied most of
6 Defense considerable number of considerable the questions
number of questions but number of question. properly
question not very
properly
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation / Viva (Convert above total marks out of 4 Marks)
7 Presentation
8 Defense
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation / Viva (Convert above total marks out of 4 Marks)
7 Presentation
8 Defense
Annexure – IA
Annexure – IA
Teacher Evaluation Sheet
5 Quality of Prototype/Model
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation / Viva (Convert above total marks out of 4 Marks)
7 Presentation
8 Defense
(A) Process and Product Assessment (B) Individual Presentation / Viva Total Marks
(6 Marks) (4 marks) (10 Marks)