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    Directorate of Curriculum

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    CHAPTER 1 GOVERNANCE Governance refers to the way a group of people or society manages its affairs. A Group of people can be a family, a public institution or even a private enterprise. Governance also means the running and management of public affairs for the benefit of all the people. If public affairs are run efficiently and for the benefit of the ood governance. However, in a situation where groups or institutions si ‘accountability, lack of free and fair elections, cluding people.lt means there is a practice of z employ undemocratic tendencies such as, misuse of power, lack of they can be said to be badly governed. At national level,government manages the affairs of the state, the established institution called Electoral Commission of Zambia. This chapter running of elections thre looks at the electoral systems, Electoral process and finally the role of traditional leaders in Governance. TOPIC 1.1 GOVERNANCE SYSTEM IN ZAMBIA Governance System refers to a set of rules and institutions that regulate the affairs of the state or organisation and its people. All countries in the world have their own governance systems. Zambia has her own governance system t00. One of the critical elements in any governance system is the electoral system. ACTIVTY 1 1. In groups, discuss the concept governance. 2. In groups discuss Zambia’s electoral s 3. In pairs differentiate between types and forms of elections. Electoral Systems ‘An electoral system is a set of rules that translates the votes cast in an election into seats won by parties and candidates. The purpose of the electoral system is to translate the will of the people, as expressed through the ballot box, into members of a legislative body, local authority and presidency. There are four main electoral systems used throughout the world. These are Single Member Majoritarian System, Single Member Plurality System, Proportional Representation System, and Mixed Member Proportionality systems. Single Member Majoritarian System This system is also referred to as fifty percent plus one (50% +1) and is used when electing a presidential candidate. Under this system, a country is divided into several constituencies. The winning candidate must receive more than fifty percent of the valid votes cast in an election. This system has a great advantage over the Single Member Plurality System. In a situation where no candidate gets an outright majority of votes, the election has tobe conducted again forthe two top winners. This is known as second ballotwhich is also called election re-run.) (99, apiicobie aa fd COC, Fe For example, if there are two million valid votes cast, fifty percent of the valid votes is one million. For a presidential candidate to win, one is required to get at least one million plus 1 vote translating into 1. 000,001 This means that other candidates will share the 999,999 which is less than 50% of the valid votes cast. Single Member Plurality System This system is commonly known as First Past the Post and is used to elect Members of Parliament in Zambia and is considered the simplest. The country is divided into electoral constituencies; each chooses only one candidate as its representative in the legislature. The winner in each constituency is the candidate who receives more votes than any of the other candidates. The candidate does not have to obtain more votes than all the other candidates combined. Although this system may mean that party with a minority of votes countrywide becomes the ruling party, it unduly disadvantages parties which do not have representation in parliament. Elections for Members of Parliament, Mayor/Council Chairpersons, and Councilors are conducted under the Simple Majority System or First Past the Post. This means that a candidate who gets the highest number of valid votes cast in an election win, regardless of the total percentage of votes the candidate receives. For example, if four candidates are contesting an election, the first candidate gets ten votes, the second candidate also gets ten votes, the third candidate gets twelve votes and the fourth candidates gets fifteen votes. The fourth candidate will be declared a winner. Proportional Representation System This system is also referred to as a Party List System. Under this system, the whole country forms one single constituency. There is no delimitation. Voters vote for a political party of their choice and not for an individual candidate. After an election, parliamentary seats are shared among the political parties according to the percentage of the votes they have scored. The leader of the party which gets the highest proportion of seats the legislature forms the government. The disadvantage of this system is that the Members of Parliament are: not directly answerable to the electorates. They are answerable to the party that nominated them to parliament. Mixed Member Proportionality System This is a combination of the First Past the Post and Proportional Representation System. In this system members of parliament are elected through the First Past the Post system while other members occupy their legislative seats through the Party List System. One of the disadvantages of this system is that itis too complex for the voters to understand, ELECTORAL SYSTEMS Figure 1: Electoral Systems Electoral Systems in the SADC Region . i d. In the Southem African Development Community (SADC) region, the four electoral systems are use However, the two most pases electoral systems in the SADC region are the. Single Mantes Bal System and the Proportional Representation System. "for example, in Democratic republic of Congo and Malawi” In the case of Zambia, from the four types mentioned there are two types of Electoral Systems that are used. These are Majoritarian and Simple Majority or First Past the Post. The type of system selected has an impact on the participation, especially that of women and other disadvantaged groups. The evidence in SADC for example shows that those countries that use the Proportional Representation System have more women in parliament and local Government than those that use First Past the Post. Smaller political parties are also represented in the National Parliaments. Presidential Running Late A presidential running mate is a person who is selected by a him or her to stand with the Presidential candidate in a Presidential election so that he or she becomes the vice President if that presidential candidate is elected as President. A presidential candidate appoints a running mate. This means that a vote cast for the Presidential candidate is also a vote for the running mate. The presidential running mate takes office as vice President on the same day as the president. Vacancy in the office of the Republican President If the Position of the Republican President falls vacant for any reason, there will be no presidential by-election as the vice President will be sworn in as President, This is because the Vice President was a running mate who was elected alongside the President. Figure 2: Results for candidates contesting an election Forms of Elections General By-Election Elections as Note that By Elections are « Presidential Wf ontyhela when there is a National Assembly vacany that needs be aa inthe: Office of ee Member of Parliament, sear Mayor/Council Chairperson or Counclor There are two forms of elections namely: General and By-Elections General Elections Mayoral,Couneil Chairperson very after five (5) years on the of the Presidential, National Assembl. ne.[n Zambia, these elections are hel rence under General Elections. General Elections refer to the holding lor Elections at the same ay of August.’ To the introductory sent second Thur By-Elections sis a vacancy in the office of Member of Parliament, Mayoral,Cou ation, death or nullification. When the office of the president falls a presidential by-election. By-Elections are conducted when the Chairperson and Councilor due to vacant, the Vice-president automatica T7his is in accordance with the Constitution Amen no longer presidential by-elections in Zambia. iy becomes the president without holdi nt Act No. 2 of 2016. This simply means that there are TYPES OF ELECTIONS Types of Elections A. Presidential B. National C. Local Elections Assembly Government Elections Riechonss Figure 4: The types of Elections in Zambia There are three main types of elections in Zambia: a. Presidential Elections These are elections that are held every after five years to elect a Republican President. During the same elections, the running mate is elected together with the Presidential candidate, The presidential candidate appoints a running mate prior to the elections. To stand as a Presidential candidate, one must be sponsored by a political party. : b. National Assembly Elections During the National Assembly elections voters vote for the members of the National Assembly to represent them in Parliament. For the National Assembly Elections one can either b sore political party or stand as an independent candidate, eee aaa ¢. Local Government Elections These are elections that are held to choose the Mayor/Council Chairperson and Couneilors. The Mayor! Council Chairperson are elected by the citizens at district level while council ele citizens at ward level. cilors are elected by the ACTIVITY 2 tation System from Mixed Member Proportionality System. em? Give reasons for your answer. 1. «In pairs distinguish Proportional Repre: 2. Asan individual which one do you think is the best electoral EXERCISE 1. Explain the concept electoral system. 2, Discuss the electoral systems that Zambia has used since independence 3. Describe forms of Elections 4, What is the meaning of the concept running mate? TOPIC 1.2 ZAMBIA’S ELECTORAL PROCESS Inthis topic you are introduced to Zambia's Electoral Process which covers quite a range of different aspects. It snt components of the electoral process to participate meaningfully ns a scries of interlinked stages of events involved in electoral process is provided for under the is important that you are familiar with diffe ‘as a Zambian citizen. An electoral process simply mea the selection of representatives through an election, Zambia’ Electoral Process Act of 2016. The. ‘onduct, electoral offences and penalties. The Blectoral Process Act provides for the institutional framework, delimitation, Voter Education, Voter Registration, Verification of Voters’ Roll, Nomination of candidates, Election campaigns, Voting, Counting, Tabulating and verification of the votes, Announcements of Results and Declaration of Winners, ct also provides for the Code of ACTIVITY 3 1.Un small groups do the following: sch on Zambia’s electoral process. of the class a. Conduct a resea b. Report your findings to th The following are the stages involved in the electoral process: Legislation This involves the enactment of laws to govern the electoral process. Delimitation This is a process of drawing electoral boundaries for the purpose of elections in particular for voter registration and voting, In Zambia boundaries are set for constituencies, wards and polling districts, Without such boundaries voters eannot be allocated to polling districts and therefore would not know where they ean vote from. This exercise usually takes place once in ten years. Voter Education ‘The Electoral Commission of Zambia, the Civil Societies and the Faith Based Organisations (FBO) educate the citizens through various means such as posters, electronic and print media, drama and other methods on how to conduct themselves before, during and after elections, They also encourage people to register and to vote on the poll day. Choe ee ee : Voter Registration Electoral Commission of Zambia to carry out continuous voter ble citizens make application to be included on allows a person to vote in an election thereby participating in the ver the Zambian Constitution guarantees the right of every eligible Int to vote you need to register as a voter so that you ean The Electoral Process Act ¢ rs the 1 of voters is the process where el gistration. Ri the register of voters sa vot democratic gove citizen to be registered exercise your rigl obt a. Importance of having a Voter’s Card A Voter's Card ey documents that is required for you to vote and itis proof that you registered {voter This means you will be in a position to vote in an election. If you go to the polling station and you ‘sha Voter's Card, you shall not be allowed to vote. The voter’s card has the following re Not in possessior information: i, Full names and init ii, Residential address; iii, Gender (Sex) iv. Date of birth: ¥. Portrait (photograph); vi. Voter's card number, vii, Signature or thumbprint; viii, Polling station; ix. Polling district; and x. Expiry date. Comes cot b. Significance of registering as a voter Registering as a voter is significant as it gives you an opportunity to choose representatives of YouReNOIeEm Further itis your Constitutional right and responsibility to register to vote, Additionally, ft ie one of the requirements fora person to participate in an election through voting, Voter registration determines wh mi and who may not vote in an election. -gistration determines who Be assisted if one has a disability or i illiterate Complain about irregularities i. _ Be excused from work to go and vote iy. Be protected by the law and police. Inspection of the Register of Voters After registration of voters, the Electoral of Commission Zambia produces a provisional register of voters. This provisional register of voters is not final and cannot be used in an election. It is still open to changes or amendments in case of clerical errors or any other mistake. All registered voters should inspect the provisional register of voters to make sure that their names and other de Is are correct. er of voters, a person must provide tion Card, The date for inspection nal register of voters is In order to be allowed to inspect personal details in the provisional re the Registration Officer with their Voter's Card and Green National Regist is normally announced by the Commission. During this period, a copy of the provi available at all registration centres (polling stations) for inspection by the public Nomination of candidates Prana ~ : haye been identified and selected, [dates for filing of nomination papers stipulating ining of the official election campaign. When candid: qualifications of candidates are set. The nomination day marks the beg Election campaigns Campaigns are activities or strategies that candidates use to win support of voters.Campaign strategies vary from party to party. This includes, political rallies, indoor meetings, door to door canvassing, use of posters, Wearing of t-shirts with campaign messages Election campaigns ends a day before the actual voting day at 18 hours. Voting Voting is the act of casting a ballot on the polling day. Voting in Zambia is carried out on a “one person, one vote basis.” It is done through the secret ballot. This means that when voting, no person should see who the other person has voted for. In a General Election, voters are expected to vote for the President, Members of Parliament, Mayors,Couneil Chairpersons and Councilors on the same day at the same time. On poll day, polling stations open at 06:00 hours and close at 18:00 hours. Voters who have joined the queue before 18:00 hours will be allowed to vote. If the polling station opens late, the time lost will be added to the closing time. A voter must vote at a polling station appearing on their voter’s card. A. The Right to Vote It is every citizen’s right and responsibility to vote and participate in the governance of the country in any democratic society like Zambia, B. Voters’ Rights Apart from the right to vote, as a registered voter is also entitled to the following rights: i, Be assisted if one has a disability or is illiterate ii, Complain about irregularities Be excused from work to go and vote Be protected by the law and police. Seek and access to voter information freely Attend independent or political party campaigns without obstacles. Vote for candidates of your own choice freely — Take part in elections by registering and voting Express opinion without restrictions and peacefully . Vote in secrecy xi. Vote without intimidation or fear C. Eligibility to vote In order to vote a person must sen National Registration Card; d above: i. be a Zambian citizen with a ii have attained the age of 18 and al iii, be in possession of a valid voter's card; and WY fave theie particulars appearing in the register of voters D. Voting Procedures itis important for a voter to go and vote from a polling station appearing on the voter’s card, During poll day, a voter should do the followin Step 1: Preparing to go to the polling station A voter takes the following documents with to the polling station: i. Green National Registration Card ii Voter’s Card. iit Step 2: Arrival at the polling station i. Avoter lines up with other voters to wait for their turn to be allowed inside the polling station to cast their vote. ii, Voters are expected to obs iii. At the polling station, vot erve all rules and regulations governing the polling station. s will be directed by an usher to the correct queue. Step 3: Inside the polling station Ascertaining the identity of voters. i The voter shows the polling assistant his or her NRC and Voter’s Card. ii, The polling assistant checks the details on the NRC and Voter's Card against those appearing in the voters’ register. Step 4: Inking All fingers of the voter are checked to see that there are no ink marks. The right hand thumb nail is then marked with indelible ink. os Step 5: Issuance of ballot Papers. The voter is issued with stamped ballot papers Step 6: Marking of the ballot paper. The voter marks the ballot papers in the polling booth. Step 7: Vote casting The voter deposits the marked ballot papers in the respective transparent ballot boxes, Step 8: The voter walks out of the polling station Ballot Boxes have different coloured lids Type of an alas Actual Ballot Boxes election Presidential Ora National Assembly Red Mayoral or Council Chairperson Purple Local Government Black Referendum | |} Brown Counting, Tabulating and verification of the votes After the casting of votes at the polling station, the results are counted and added together to come up with the totals for each candidate. The spoiled ballot papers are also verified. Thereafter the results are taken tothe Totaling centre where verification of the same results is done to ensure that the counting was done properly, of Announcements of results and declaration of winners The results of a winning candidate in the Local Government elections are announced at each polling station while those of the Parliamentary are announced at a constituency Totaling Centre.The ones who announce results of Ward Councillors are called Presiding Officers while those who announce results for Parliamentary Officers” elections are called Returnin Electoral Code of Conduct ACTIVITY 4 1. In pairs discuss what is contained in the Electoral Code of Conduct 2. Asaclass do the followi a talk to the whole class on i, write a letter to invite a local expert in elections to come and gi the Electoral Code of Conduct ii, _ prepare questions to ask the expert based on the Electoral Code Conduct iii, write a summary of the Electoral Code of Conduct Electoral Code of Conduct is a set of rules that stakeholders and individuals must abide by. The Electoral Commission of Zambia and various stakeholders agreed on the Electoral Code of Conduct to provide a level of electoral playing field in Zambia. The code applies to all the citizens and institutions in Zambia, The code lists @ range of offences and penalties. The Electoral Code of Conduct is in the Electoral Process Act and regulates the conduct of various stakeholders in the electoral process. These stakeholders include media, political parties, candidates, party agents, the police, monitors and observers. The aim of the code of conduct is to level the playing ficld during campaign period. The code of conduct also contains offenses that can be committed during campaign. Political parties, candidates, monitors and observers are required to sign the Declaration of Compliance Form stating that they shall comply and be bound by the code of conduct. The commission has the power to reprimand an erring political party, candidate or stakeholder for any violation of the code. The Commission also has powers to revoke the accreditation of election agents, polling agents, monitors, observers or the media where it is in the interest of publie safety and security to do so. Election officers must familiarize themselves with the Electoral Code of Conduct so that they know the kind of conduct electoral stakeholders should exhibit during elections. Electoral Offenses An electoral offense isthe violation or breach of electoral regulations or laws that govern the electoral process Electoral offenses are committed at three stages of the electoral process which are: nomination day, campaign period and poll day. a. Offences at Nomination Day There are various offences that are committed at nomination day. For example its an offence fora: i, Returning officers to wrongly acceptor reject a nomination paper if they have been persuaded by promises of money to assist any candidate. ii, Returning officer to wrongly accept or rect a nomination paper on account of inducement. isi, Person to make false statements to a Returning Officer or forge a nomination to make it seem valid. person to persuade a Returning Officer to accept an invalid nomination paper person to threaten @ returning officer to force him or her to accept an invalid nomination paper or reject a valid nomination paper. Person to falsely state that a candidate has withdrawn the nomination or died. Person to threaten another person to make such a person stand or not stand as a candidate 1. person to threaten o use force to compel another person to sign or refuse to sign a nomination paper. person to loiter in any public place within four hundred meters radius of the nomination centre son to refuse to leave a nomination center when ordered by an Election Officer ©. Offences During Campaign Period 2 number of offences that can be committed during the campaign period. For example, it is an F @ person to; money or goods and services to another person in an attempt to persuade that person to vote or refrain from voting for a particular candidate. ffer money or goods to another person in an attempt to persuade that person to join a demonstration. disturb or disrupt a public meeting to prevent a candidate from canvassing for support. cause violence or use any language or engage in any conduct likely to lead to violence or intimidation. carry or display fure arms or weapons, traditional or otherwise, at a political meeting or in a course of any match, demonstration or other public gatherings of a political nature. vi make false defamatory or inflammatory allegations conceming any person or political party in connection with an election. vi use Government or parastatal transport or facility for campaign purposes except for the President and the vice President. vili. deface or destroy political party notices or posters. ix. bein possession of another person’s voter’s card or Green National Registration Card. ¢. Offences on the Poll Day ‘There are a number of offences that can be committed on poll day. For example, it is an offence for a person to: i Canvass for votes and/or shout political slogans, anywhere within four hundred meters of the polling station on poll day. ii Persuade people to refrain from voting anywhere within four hundred meters of the polling station. ili. Post a political party notice or sign and/or persuade people to vote for one candidate or another, within four hundred meters of the polling station. Only the official notices posted by the election staff are allowed. ix. Destroy, remove or deface the official notices posted by election officers v. Prevent voter(s) from accessing a polling station by threats, violence, or other means of persuasion. vi. Offer money or other goods to another person in an attempt to persuade that person to vote or refrain from voting for a particular candidate. vii, Attempt to, or vote more than once. viii. Persuade a Presiding Officer to issue them with a ballot paper in an attempt to vote when they are not eligible to vote. Impersonate another person in an attempt to vote under that person’s name Be in possession of another person's voter’s card. Be in possession of a ballot paper that has not been issued by a Presiding Officer. Leave the polling station with a ballot paper Deface or destroy a ballot paper “ Force another person to disclose who they voted for, put in the ballot box anything other than a ballot Re XX Remove anything thom the baikee bax Safire the chee of the paul and belive he Presiding Odicer oBRcially opens the bales boxes XV Attempt or persuade a Returning Odicer who i repansiie fr the cost to wake a Bike count ot Seclaration of resakx XR Fraadhalemtly complete, abter or destroy 2 MAINE paET oF a WOREES card NVA Give a ballog paper to 4 person other than in pursaance of the Elkctoral Regetions NL Raowingly give fhe information to an Eiecnon Odicet XX Abragate one’s cath of sporecy sock as fo ascertitin, recond and commmamioate the sonal number of aay: ow ® bas boon marked by the voter particalar ballet pAET oF ANTE Nx Harass or assault a Commaccion member of stall © Penalties For any of the abovementioned off, exceeding two hundred thousand peaalt tm addition, amy person who is convicted of a corrupt practice (Griben, wndee Eaengg, denpersanation, fied thom voting fir a period of five yours and shall aly be oe the same period. m Penalty Shall be on first commotion hae ta fine eat, pensnment AYE a term Doe eLOoNG HVE YEARS ODA, Treating) of an legal practice shall be d ACTIVITY § you that be does aot want {0 participate in voting activities because politicians do not AAR polos of advice you would give Zidarako why he should exercise Me ABDC VE 1. Zibarabo 2. In small groups, role play the eight steps that a voter should go through at the palling station during & ptt day EXERCISE 2 1, Apart from the right to vote, discuss other rights ofa registered Voter 2. Explain briefly what happens at step three during the pall day 3. How does a person become eligible to Vote in an election? 4. What is the significance of inspecting the Register of Voters after registering as a yorer? S._ Qace you are issued with a ballot paper on the poll day state four things that can spoil it TOPIC 1.3. LOCAL GOVERNMENT Traditional leaders play major roles in society such as resolving civil disputes, allocating of plots under: customary land, participating in developmental projects in their area, However, this sub topic looks at the: civic roles of traditional leaders in theit areas, ACTIVITY 6 1.In groups discuss civic roles of traditional leaders in governance, The civie roles of traditional leaders in governance Generally, traditional leaders have an important role in elections in terms ‘of both the participation of their subjects and also the outcomes of elections, {nrelation to the electoral process traditional leery can pertOmn, the following civie roles: t Ina non, partisan manner, Railitate and encourage their subjects to register, vote and to attend . ivities aes ii, They can also discourage cormupt activities by other stakeholders, ie ee Sh i iii. Help to organise and publicize voter e H Dea Se Publicize voter education meetings and they have to ensure that their subject have access to correct voter information fre v. _Encoura done in : register as voters during the time of voter registration. This has to b uch a way that the traditional leaders are non-partisan. v It is also the role of tradition eaders a v aditional leaders to encourage their subjects to take part in voting on the votin; day without influencing their opinion. Subjec andidates durin; elections if they qualify. e ing their subjects to n also be encouraged to stand as vi, Subjects are also encouraged by their leaders to camp period gn freely without interference during campaig Figure: Village headman seated next to an Electoral Officer Addressing Subjects on Elections ACTIVITY 7 ignificance of roles of traditional leaders in governance. I.In pairs discuss the s c roles of traditional leaders in the electoral process 2.Role play the ci Exercise 1, Identify who the traditional leaders are 2. Discuss the civic roles of traditional leaders in governance 3. Identify the civic roles of traditional leaders in the electoral process . Why is it important for traditional leaders to participate in the electoral process? SUMMARY In this chapter you looked at electoral systems, which comprises Majoritarian System and Simple Major System or First Past the Post, Proportional Representation System and Mixed Member Proportionality Syste Then you looked at the forms and types of elections. You also looked at electoral process which include vo registration, voter verification, voting and the Electoral Code of Conduct, electoral offences and penalti Finally, you looked at the civic roles of traditional leaders in their area ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the concept electoral systems 2. Identify the two electoral systems used in Zambia 3. Examine the types of elections found in Zambia 4. Analyse the offenses found in the Electoral Code of Conduct Assess the penalties for anyone who violates the Electoral Code of Conduct Evaluate the civic roles of traditional leaders in the electoral process. What are the reasons often people give for not voting in an election? . From the reasons given in (6), suggest ways of addressing them 9. Identify 5 electoral offences and suggest the penalty for each of the offences stated. 10. Analyse the content of the Electoral Code of Conduct 11. Discuss the importance of Electoral Code of Conduct in an election 2yaw CITIZENSHIP broad topic, covering ic : i pic, covering qualifications of a good citizen, qualities of a good citizen, duties and lities o} a citizen and rights and freedoms of a citizen. However, the chapter focusses on the social. conomic, political duties and responsibilities of a citizen. TOPIC: ZAMBIAN CITIZENSHIP 1. Citizenship ationship between an individual and the state to which the individual belongs. This individual the state and in tum is entitled to its protection. A citizen is a member of the state who 1 freedoms and performs duties and responsibilities towards the state. The law nis person as a member ofa state and is entitled to be protected by the state. ed rights ai 2. Economic Responsibil Citizens have economic responsibilities which include: i. Working and taking part in the making of wealth for society to the best of their abilities. Citizens have the responsibilities of contributing to the income of the state by paying taxes. Making sure that the state uses national wealth for the benefit of all and for the common good | all the citizens regardless of gender, place, race, ethnic group, religion or political affiliations. 3. Political Responsibilities Citizens have following political responsibilities: i. To take part in setting up a democratic culture and abiding by democratic principles. Itis the primary responsibility and key role of citizen to influence the state and set the agenda of their country. The democratic agenda of the country are based on the needs and priorities ofall citizens. This can only be assured when citizens are active in publie affairs and when the demands are known to theit leaders whom they elected to make decisions on their behalf, To respect the rule of law. Citizens must respect the Government decisions that are based on the existing rules and guidelines. i. To contribute in building and promoting democracy Every citizen shares the responsibility for participating in democratic processes such as, standing for elections, voting in presidential, national assembly and local government elections, debating on issues freely, working towards achieving the goals of democracy and to work together for the common good of all. ACTIVITY 1. Conduct a role play depicting people voting. EXERCIS 1 Explain the social responsibilities of every citizen in Zambia. 2. Mr. Mulyakubinda is a teacher accommodated in a government house. He has not been paying water bills from September 2022. His failure to pay water bills is based on the argument that he is the bread winner of the family and the entire family depends on him for their survival Answer the following questions based on the above statement. 2) Identify the responsibility which Mr. Mulyakubinda has not fulfilled. b) Explain what he ought to do as good citizen. 3. Explain the political responsibilities of a citizen in Zambia, SUMMARY | A citizen is a member of a state who enjoys guaranteed rights and freedoms and performs duties and ; responsibilities towards the state. A citizen is required to perform social, economic and political responsibilities in the state, Social responsibilities involve living peacefully with each other, respecting the rights of fellow citizens, carying out the responsibilities fora society, growing and promoting social institutions and teaching young citizens the social standards and good values. Eeonomie responsibilities inyolve citizens working and taking part in wealth creation or the society to the best oftheir abilities; making sure that the state uses national wealth for the benefit of all and contributing to the income of the state by paying taxes. Political responsibilities of a citizen involve full participation in civic matters, contribute to building and protecting i democracy, respect for the rule of law and taking part in setting up a democratic culture and abiding by | democratic principles. { ASSESSMENT 1, State two rights of a Zambian citizen 2. Explain with examples, the social responsibilities ofa citizen, 3. What are economic responsibilities ofa citizen? 4, What is the meaning of political responsibilities of a citizen? 5. Explain briefly how a citizen can participate in the following political responsibilities: a Taking pat in setting up a democratic culture and abiding by democratic principles b. Respecting the rule of law ¢. Contributing in building and promoting democracy, CHAPTER 3 HUMAN RIGH Human Rights are entitlements that one has by virtue of being human. Human rights apply to every human being regardless of nationality, religion, sex, race, language or ethnic groupings. Human rights are enshrined in Part [II of the Zambian Constitution under the Bill of Rights, In this chapter you will look at the categories f human rights which include civ right: and political rights, economic social and cultural rights and collective TOPIC 1: CATEGORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS By virtue of being human, individuals are entitled to inalienable rights which no one can take away except hrough judicial means. There are different categories of human rights namely: civil and political, economic, cial and cultural and collective rights. It is important for you to understand these rights. ACTIVITY 1 1 In pairs discuss why it is important to know your rights 2. Role play a child whose rights are being violated. In groups identify and discuss different categories of human rights Civil and political rights These are called first generations rights because they were the first to be recognised, These rights stress the freedom of the individual and urges government not to interfere in the life of an individual, In the 1996 Constitution of Zambia, civil and political rights are found in part Ill and they include: i, Right to life ii. Right to personal liberty iii, Protection from slavery or forced labour iv. Freedom from torture and inhuman treatments y. _ Freedom of opinion vi. Freedom of expression, assembly and association vii. Freedom of movement viti, Protection of freedom of conscience ix. _ Protection from discrimination on grounds of race, age, sex, religion and many others. x. Rightto vote Economic, social and cultural rights The economic, social and cultural rights are also known as second generation rights. They bring about social justice, dignity and equality when government creates good conditions to allow the enjoyment of these rights, This category includes: i. Social security ii, Education Health (medical care) iv, Clean environment ¥. _ Development and adequate housing. Vi. Rights to food vii. Employment Collective or Solidarity rights These are also called third generation rights and they are the most recently identified rights. Unlike ite ot two categories, collective rights are those intended to protect group interest and identity from attacks. The most important collective right is the right to self-determination. Collective rights include: i. Right to self-determination, ii. _ Economic and social development. ii, A health environment, iy. Natural resourees, v. Participation in cultural heritage and right to inter-generational equity and sustainability ACTIVITY 2 1. In groups: a. Discuss the rights which are violated in your community b. Compare and contrast the three categories of Human rights. EXERCISE 1 Answer the following questions 1. Explain the importance of voting 2. Explain categories of human rights Assess the importance of civil and Political rights. Why are Collective rights significant to any person? What is the other name for Economic social and Cultural rights? nes SUMMARY Every person in the world enjoys basic fundamental human rights from birth to death. These rights apply to human beings regardless of nationality, religion, sex, race, language or ethnic groupings. These rights arc in different categories namely: civil and political, economic, social and cultural and collective rights, It is necessary for you to be aware of these rights. ASSESSMENT Differentiate between civil and political rights and collective rights. State three examples of civil and political rights Give two examples of economic social and cultural rights Why are civil and political rights referred to as first generation rights? State the most important collective right. Which kind of right bring about social justice, dignity and equality when government creates goo conditions? Aen ay CORRUPTION In this chapter you will learn about what corruption is, the types and the effects it has on the electoral process in Zambia TOPIC: CORRUPTION This topic introduces you to different types of corruption with a focus on corrupt practices in the electoral ocess, Further, you will also look at the effects of corruption on the electoral process. Corruption Corruption is an act of giving or res The Anti-Corruption Act > eiving of a bribe in exchange for a favour. of 2012 defines corruption as follows: i. Soliciting promising, offering ofa gratification by way of a bribe or other personal temptation or inducement ji. misuse or abuse ofa public office for the advantage or benefit of oneself or another person. ili, Being in possession of unexplained property. iv. _ Failure to follow applicable procedure epting, obtaining, givin; Types of Corruption The following are the types of corruption widely practiced in Zambia: Petty, Grand and Political corruption. 1. Petty Corruption This is the most practiced corruption in Zambia and usually involves small payments called bribes. The bribes are also referred to as the “scratch my back I scratch yours.” This type of corruption involves smaller amounts of money for example money illegally collected by police officers at roadblocks from erring drivers, money collected from people by officers from municipal councils for allocation of illegal plots of land. 2. Grand Corruption Grand corruption involves huge amounts of money. The people that practice this type of corruption are those in high positions of influence such as government officials and directors of big companies. Examples of payment involved in this type of corruption is appointment to govemment offices and awarding of contracts 3. Political Corruption Political corruption relates to the electoral process. Politicians practices this type of comuption when contesting for political power. Political corruption can be divided into two categories namely voter bribery and buying voter’s cards i. Voter bribery During the campaign period, some political parties and candidates may offer voters money and items such as mealie-meal to induce them to vote for a particular party or candidate. Sometimes, politicians buy beer and provide entertainment to voters in order to influence the way they vote. This type of corruption is known as voter bribery, and it is an offence. Buying voter's cards 1s cards for money, salt, sugar, soap and other valuables. This The voters who sell their cards lose the opportunity This involves exc type of corruption disenfranchises voters. to vote on polling day Figure : Exchange of money, groceries for the voters card: The effects of corruptio on the electoral process When corruption is entertained and not reported to the police, Anti-Corruption Commission and other relevant authorities, it will result in the following effects: i. Wrong candidates may be voted for. The candidates elected may not be those whom the electorate would have chosen in a corruption free process. This may result in widespread bitterness by the people. ii. Dishonest leaders who are a threat t to democracy may be voted into power. Such leaders derail development and increase the suffering of the poor. The election of such leaders will also result in interference with law enforcement, distorted standards of good governance and high poverty levels, iii, _ Leaders elected to power through corrupt means will do all they can to stay in power. They violate human rights, damage democratic institutions and ignore the basic needs of the people iv. Commuption in the electoral process reduces leaders’ accountability to the people and the quality of people's representation in policy making Activities 1, Asa class, conduct a research on what measures the Electoral Commission of Za ensure that there are corrupt free elections in Zambia 2. In groups, conduct interviews with officials from the Police on how they handle c case In groups, perform a role play depicting mbia have in place to 1 Anti-Corruption Commission or the Zambia es of political corruption from the beginning until the disposal of the an arrest by the police because of political corruption. reer ‘Ant: corruption Commission corrupt, we should report him to the. police, Figure: An officer arresting someone with two voters’ cards i EXERCISE How does The Anti-Corruption Act No. 3 of 2012 defines corruption? Differentiate between petty and grand corruption. Explain any two categories of political corruption which affect electoral processes. Discuss the effects of corruption on the electoral process. 4 What do you understand by the concept disenfranchise? wRene SUMMARY In this topic you learnt about petty, grand, and political corruption with a specific focus on the electoral system and the negative effects it has on the electoral system. Therefore, when corrupt practices such as voter bribery and buying voter's cards are introduced and allowed in the electoral system, the whole system is compromised, The effects of corruption are that wrong candidates may be voted for, and this may result in widespread bitterness by the people, dishonest leaders who are a threat to democracy may be voted into power. Such leaders derail development and interfere with law enforcement and bring about distorted standards of good governance and high poverty levels. In addition, when corrupt leaders are elected to power through corrupt means they will do anything to stay in power. They violate human rights, damage democratic institutions, and ignore the basic needs of the people. Corruption in the electoral process also reduces leaders’ accountability to the people and the quality of people’s representation in policy making It is therefore the responsibility of every citizen to say no to corrupt practices and take a step further to report all cases of political and non-political corruption cases to the Police, Anti-Corruption Commission and other law enforcement agen ASSESSMENT Explain the concept political corruption Discuss the causes of political corruption in Zambia Examine the possible solutions to political corruption Assess the importance of having corrupt-free elections Evaluate the effects of corruption on the electoral process in Zambia Identify the roles of each stakeholder in the fight against political corruption Differentiate between political and grand corruption giving examples of parties involved Moy bene CHAPTERS CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS AND MEDIA IN GOVERNANCE media play a significant role in governance system of a country. One of Jar, free and fair elections. Therefore, there are various key roles in the electoral process. This Chapter looks at the free and fair elections in Zambia. media in promoting TOPIC I: CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS AND GOVERNANCE cieties which work without government interference. with one particular issue only. This makes their tions (CSOs) are independent s ist for the purpose of deali ¢ organisation may deal with a variety of issues. There are different types of civil is topic looks at the roles of CSOs in dealing with governance particularly Individually, identify C Society Organisation operating in your local area. For each, ir main objectives and les they play in your community ine th Roles of Ci il Society Organisations many roles that Civil Society Organisations play in society, some of them include the following: i. Defending the ideals of democracy by ensuring that they check the growth of any undemocratic practices in the policies of the government. ii. Infiuencing public opinion in favour of specific objectives. For instance, some of them could draw the attention of the government and the general public to the plight of marginalised and disadvantaged people in society. iii, Promoting accountability and transparency by demanding that all government activities be known by citizens and that public funds be used prudently for the intended purpose for benefit of every citizen without discrimation. iv. Advocating for effective law through discussing bills and influencing amendments or decisions of the Legislature. Some civil society organisations conduct seminars to discuss some bills and in this way, influence the decision of the Legislature. Voter Education Some CSOs are actively involved in voter education. This means that they provide electoral knowledge and skills to the people to enable them participate meaningfully in the electoral process. Monitoring of Elections ‘Some CSOs play a vital role in monitoring of electoral activities such as elections. In some eases, CSOs may intervene and bring to the attention of any electoral officials matters of concern that may arise. This is because they gather, examine and evaluate information relating to the electoral process. Sometimes some CSOs may inform the Electoral Commission of Zambia in writing of any observed electoral malpractices and positive aspects in the electoral process and make recommendations. ACTIVITY 2 Jn small groups role play the involvement of people in the electoral process EXERCISE 1 1, Explain the meaning of Civil Society On 2. Why is the classification of CSO difficult? 3. Assess roles of CSOs and their significance 4. What do you understand by voter education? nisations (CSOs) 1 a democratic country like Zambia? IA IN GOVERNANCE ad individuals that play k TOPIC 2: ROLE OF M ‘oles in the electoral process. These eat deal to promoting free and fair There are various organisations, groups are known as electoral stakeholders. These stakeholders contribute a gi elections in Zambia. Some of the key stakeholders in the electoral process include the media, political parties,

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