GRADE V

GENERAL AWARENESS
CHAPTER 9
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES
NOTES

Matter (Definition and Features)

 Matter: the thing that occupies space and has mass.
 Mass: a measurement of the amount of matter in an object. It usually is measured in grams
(g) or kilograms (kg).
 Mass is different from weight. Mass always stays the same, while weight changes with
changes in gravity.
 Everything around us is made up of matter. E.g.- cake, ice, oxygen, etc. Human beings are
also examples of matter.
 Matter is large as well as small.
 Matter also occupies space.
 Matter can change from one form to another.
 Anything and everything we can see and feel is made up of matter.
 Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
 Atoms: a particle of matter that is the smallest unit of an element that still has all the
chemical properties of that element. Atoms are made up of three sub-atomic
particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

 Matter is composed of different kinds of atoms. E.g.- Silver is made of one kind of atom-
Silver atom.
 Two or more kinds of atoms combine to form a molecule.
 Molecule: A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces
known as chemical bonds.

 The arrangement of such molecules in a matter determines its state. Matter exists in three
states, solid, liquid, and gas. All the three states have different arrangements of molecules.

Atoms Molecules Matter

States of Matter

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS
 Solid
 Solids: matter that has (+) a fixed shape, size, and volume.
 E.g.- Stone, wood, ice, etc.
 In solids, the molecules are tightly packed to each other in a rigid pattern that cannot be
moved away from each other. This is because they attract each other with a strong force of
attraction. Due to this, solids have a fixed shape.

 Intermolecular Force of Attraction: The force of attraction between particles of matter.

This force keeps particles of matter together. It increases with decreasing intermolecular
distance. It is maximum in solids, less in liquids, and least in gases.

Liquids
 Liquid: matter that does not (-) have fixed shape, size but have (+) fixed volume.
 E.g.- water, milk, oil, juice, etc.
 In liquids, the particles are not as tightly packed as in solids; so, they can move and slide over
each other.
 This ability makes liquids flow and take the shape of the container they are poured in.
 Liquids can change their shape in which they are kept.
 Liquids flow easily and can be poured.
 Gases
 Gas: matter that does not (-) have a fixed size, shape, and volume.
 E.g.- air, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, smell, etc.
 In gases, the particles are far apart from each other and can move freely.
 Gases, move freely and take up all the space.
 Gases cannot be seen.
 Gases have large intermolecular spaces between them.
 Solutions
 Solution: a mixture of two or more substances that is of the same composition throughout.
 A solution is formed when particles of a solid completely dissolve in matter.
 Dissolve: to cause a solute to pass into a solution. Dissolving is also called Dissolution.
 A solution comprises of two parts  solute and solvent.
 Solute: a substance that is dissolved in a solution.
 E.g.- salt, sugar, etc.
 Solvent: The part of a solution that is present in the greatest amount. It is the liquid that the
solute is dissolved in. A solvent is usually a liquid.
 E.g.- water, milk, alcohol, etc.
 Formula: SOLUTE + SOLVENT = SOLUTION

Solute

Solution

Solvent
 The host substance is a solvent, and the dissolved substance is a solute.
 Some solids such as sugar and salt dissolve in water. It means that sugar or salt molecules fit
in the space between the water molecules.
 Solutions differ depending upon the state of the solute and solvent present in a solution.

Types of Solutions
 Solid dissolved in Solid: formed when both the solute and solvent are solids. E.g.- Gold
ornaments as metals such as copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) are mixed with gold (Au).
 Solid dissolved in liquid: formed when the solute is solid and the solvent is liquid. E.g.- Salt
(NaCl) and sugar (C12 H22 O11) solutions.
 Liquid dissolved in liquid: formed when both the solute and solvent are liquids. E.g.- milk
in water, honey (C6 H12 O6) in water (H2O).
 Gas dissolved in liquid: formed when the solute is gas and the solvent is liquid. E.g.-
carbonated drinks, dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2) in water.
 Gas dissolved in gas: formed when both the solute and the solvent are gases. E.g.- air
(mixture of different gases).
 Liquid Solutions
 Solid Solutions

 Gas Solutions

 A solution is a mixture but a mixture is not always a solution.

 Water can dissolve many things in it. Hence, it is called a universal solvent.
 Fire is a mixture of hot gases.
 Soluble substances: substances that dissolve in water completely to form a solution. E.g.-
salt, ethanol (C2 H6 O), sugar, etc.
 Insoluble substances: substances that do not dissolve in water completely to form a solution.
E.g.- oil, sand (SiO2), chalk (CaCO3), etc.

Change of States
 Matter can change from one state to another.
 These changes depend upon the movement of the particles present in the matter.

i. Melting: a state from solid to liquid state. E.g.- Melting of ice to water. When ice is kept at a
warm place, the molecules start to vibrate faster and become free from the rigid form. They
become loosely packed to form water.
 Formula:

ii. Evaporation: the process of conversion of liquid into gaseous state. E.g.- Evaporation of
water to water vapour. The molecules of water start vibrating faster on heating. They become
free and escape into the air as gas. Molecules of gas move much more freely.
Formula:

iii. Condensation: the process of conversion of gaseous state to liquid state. E.g.- water vapour
depositing on a glass. When the steam touches a cold surface, the free molecules become still
and rigid with coldness around. Cooling results in slow movement of particles.
iv. Freezing: the process of changing of a liquid into a solid on cooling. On cooling, the
molecules sow down and come very close to each other. They pack themselves into a rigid
form to make a solid structure.

 Pressure can change matter from one state to another.

 Sublimation: the process where solid is directly converted into gas on cooling. There is no
liquid formed. E.g.- Dry ice.
 Expansion and Contraction of Matter
 Expansion: the increase in the size of matter on heating.
 Expansion takes place when a substance is heated and the intermolecular space between the
molecules increases and the substance expands.
 E.g.- the tight metal lid of a jar can be opened easily by dipping it in hot water. This happens
because hot water causes the li to expand a little and thus it opens out easily.
 Also, electric wires between electric poles hang loose in the summer season due to expansion.
 Contraction: the decrease in size of matter on cooling.
 Contraction takes place when a substance is cooled and the movement of molecules slows
down. Due to this, intermolecular space between the molecules decreases, and the substance
contracts.
 E.g.- electric wires do not hand loose between electric poles in the winter season.

Changes Around Us

Physical

Irreversible Reversible

Change

Reversible Irreversible

Chemical

 Physical Changes: changes in which no new substances are formed. They are generally
reversible.
 These changes create change only in the physical state of a substance.
 A physical change is a temporary change that can be reversible or irreversible.
 E.g.- Melting of ice, evaporation of water, and melting of wax are reversible physical
changes.
 Tearing of paper and breaking of glass are examples of irreversible physical changes.

 Chemical Changes: changes in which new substances with different properties are formed.
They are generally irreversible.
 These changes create a change in which the chemical composition of a substance changes and
a new substance is formed.
 E.g.- Burning of paper, burning of matchsticks, cooking of food, and formation of curd from
milk, etc.

 Reversible Changes: changes that can be carried out in reverse direction.

 A reversible change is a change that can be undone or that can make something return to its
original state.
 E.g.- Stretching a rubber band, expanding a balloon, melting ice, boiling water, etc.

Irreversible Changes: changes that cannot be carried out in reverse direction.

 An irreversible change is a change that cannot be changed back again.
 E.g.- Cooking, rusting, burning, mixing, etc.

Possible Combinations of Changes

 Physical + Reversible Change – melting, folding, mixing
 Physical + Irreversible Change – tearing, cutting, stitching, pasting
 Chemical + Reversible Change – reversible chemical reactions like breaking and combining
of hydrogen and water (H2O), melting
 Chemical + Irreversible Change – burning, rusting, mixing

Important Terms
 Volume: The amount of space occupied by something is called volume. The volume of a
liquid is measured by an instrument called a graduated cylinder.
 Density: Mass per unit volume is called density.
 Immiscible Liquids: Those pairs of liquids that do not get mixed in each other are called
immiscible liquids e.g. oil and water.
 Miscible Liquids: Those pairs of liquids that get mixed in each other in all proportions are
called miscible liquids e.g. milk and water.
 Flammable Liquids: Liquids that catch fire easily are called flammable liquids e.g. Petrol,
alcohol.
 Non-Flammable Liquids: Liquids that do not catch fire easily are called non-flammable
liquids e.g. Water, milk.
 Extra Questions
 What is Matter? / Define matter.
 What is mass? / Define mass.
 Are mass and weight the same thing? Explain why or why not.
 Describe the matter. / Mention the features of matter.
 What is an atom? / Define atom.
 What is matter made up of?
 Mention the further classifications of an atom. Also, draw a net and well-labelled diagram of
the same.
 What is a molecule? / Define molecule.
 What are molecules made up of?
 Draw the chain of matter and explain it in detail.
 How many states of matter are there?
 Write a short/detailed note on the solid state of matter.
 What is the intermolecular force of attraction? Explain with the help of a neat and well-
labeled diagram.
 Write a short/detailed note on the liquid state of matter.
 Write a short/detailed note on the gaseous state of matter.
 Differentiate between the states of matter. Support of answer with the help of diagrams.
 What is solution? / Define solution.
 What do you mean by the term, ‘dissolve’?
 What is dissolution?
 Write a short/detailed note on solution and its components. Also, draw net and well-labeled
diagrams to support your answer.
 What is solute?
 What is solvent?
 Explain the types of solutions.
 Who is known as the universal solvent?
 What are soluble substances?
 What are insoluble substances?
 Explain in detail how does matter changes states. Support your answer with neat and well-
labeled diagrams.
 What is melting?
 What is evaporation?
 What is condensation?
 What is freezing?
 What is sublimation?
 Name the process that directly converts a solid to gas.
 What is expansion? / Explain expansion.
 What is contraction? / Explain contraction.
 Why do electric wires hang loose during summers but are tightened by their own during
winters?
 Explain the different types of changes in matter.
 What is a physical change?
 What is a chemical change?
 What is a reversible change?
 What is an irreversible change?
 What are the possible combinations of the changes in matter?
 Differentiate between the different changes in matter.