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CHAPTER 6
Normal Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.57
X Value 1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.57) 0.9417924 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
Probability for X > P(X<=1.84) 0.9671
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
P(X>1.84) 0.0329 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Probability for X<1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<1.57 or X >1.84) 0.9747 X Value 1.644854
(a) P(Z < 1.57) = 0.9418
(b) P(Z > 1.84) = 1 – 0.9671 = 0.0329
(c) P(1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.9418 = 0.0253
(d) P(Z < 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.9418 + (1 – 0.9671) = 0.9747
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.57
X Value -1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value -1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=-1.57) 0.0582076 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
Probability for X > P(X<=1.84) 0.9671
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
P(X>1.84) 0.0329 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 84.13%
Probability for X<-1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-1.57 or X >1.84) 0.0911 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(– 1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.0582 = 0.9089
6.2 (b) P(Z < – 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.0582 + 0.0329 = 0.0911
cont. (c) If P(Z > A) = 0.025, P(Z < A) = 0.975. A = + 1.96.
(d) If P(–A < Z < A) = 0.6826, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. So 68.26% of the area is captured between
–A = – 1.00 and A = + 1.00.
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.57
X Value 1.08 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.08 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.08) 0.8599289 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
Probability for X > P(X<=1.84) 0.9671
X Value -0.21 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value -0.21
P(X>-0.21) 0.5832 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 84.13%
Probability for X<1.08 or X >-0.21 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<1.08 or X >- 1.4431 X Value 0.999815
0.21)
P(Z < 1.08) = 0.8599
(b) P(Z > – 0.21) = 1.0 – 0.4168 = 0.5832
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >0
P(X<-0.21 or X >0) 0.9168
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 0) = 0.4168 + 0.5 = 0.9168
(d) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 1.08) = 0.4168 + (1 – 0.8599) = 0.5569
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value -1.96
X Value -0.21 To X Value -0.21
Z Value -0.21 Z Value for -1.96 -1.96
P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168338 Z Value for -0.21 -0.21
P(X<=-1.96) 0.0250
Probability for X > P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168
X Value 1.08 P(-1.96<=X<=-0.21) 0.3918
Z Value 1.08
P(X>1.08) 0.1401 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 84.13%
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(Z > 1.08) = 1 – 0.8599 = 0.1401
(b) P(Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168
(c) P(– 1.96 < Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168 – 0.0250 = 0.3918
(d) P(Z > A) = 0.1587, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. A = + 1.00.
Common Data
Mean 100
Standard Deviation 10
6.14 With 39 values, the smallest of the standard normal quantile values covers an area under the normal
curve of 0.025. The corresponding Z value is -1.96. The middle (20th) value has a cumulative area
of 0.50 and a corresponding Z value of 0.0. The largest of the standard normal quantile values covers
an area under the normal curve of 0.975, and its corresponding Z value is +1.96.
6.15 Area under normal curve covered: 0.1429 0.2857 0.4286 0.5714 0.7143 0.8571
Standardized normal quantile value: – 1.07 – 0.57 – 0.18 + 0.18 + 0.57 + 1.07
25
20
MPG
15
MPG
10
0
‐2 ‐1 0 1 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot indicates departure from normal distribution. The kurtosis is
0.3998, indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 0.9427 indicates a slightly right-skewed
distribution.
700
600
500
Cost ($)
400
Cost ($)
300
200
100
0
‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
According to the normal probability plot, the data appear to be right skewed. The kurtosis
is 2.7140 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.5536 indicates a right-skewed
distribution.
3000
Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be right-skewed. The kurtosis
is 0.5395 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. A skewness of 0.9183 indicates a right-skewed distribution.
700
600
Market Cap ($bil)
500
400
Market Cap ($bil)
300
200
100
0
‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are skewed to the right with an outlier.
(c)
Histogram of Market Cap ($bil)
12
10
8
Frequency
0
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750
Midpoints
The histogram suggests that the data are skewed to the right with an outlier.
0.001
0
-0.001 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.
1.4
1.2
1
One‐Year
0.8
One‐Year
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
‐2 ‐1 0 1 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are left skewed. The kurtosis is
-0.3739 indicating a distribution that is less peaked than a normal distribution, with fewer
values in the tails. The skewness of -0.3677 indicates that the distribution is left-skewed.
1.5
Five‐Year
1 Five‐Year
0.5
0
‐2 ‐1 0 1 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are left skewed. The kurtosis is 0.8276
indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of -0.8321 indicates that the distribution is left-
skewed.
6.22 (a) Five-number summary: 82 127 148.5 168 213 mean = 147.06
range = 131 interquartile range = 41 standard deviation = 31.69
The mean is very close to the median. The five-number summary suggests that the
distribution is quite symmetrical around the median. The interquartile range is very close
to 1.33 times the standard deviation. The range is about $50 below 6 times the standard
deviation. In general, the distribution of the data appears to closely resemble a normal
distribution.
Note: The quartiles are obtained using PHStat without any interpolation.
6.22 (b)
cont.
Normal Probability Plot of Electricity Cost
250
200
150
Utility Charge
100
50
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Z Value
The normal probability plot confirms that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.
6.25 (a) P(25 < X < 30) = (30 – 25)/(40 – 20) = 0.25
(b) P(X < 35) = (35 – 20)/(40 – 20) = 0.75
(c) μ=
20 + 40
= 30 σ=
(40 − 20)2 = 5.7735
2 12
(d) μ= σ= = 1.7321
2 12
(d) μ= σ= = 2.8868
2 12
6.28 Using Table E.2, first find the cumulative area up to the larger value, and then subtract the
cumulative area up to the smaller value.
6.29 Find the Z value corresponding to the given percentile and then use the equation X = μ + zσ .
6.30 The normal distribution is bell-shaped; its measures of central tendency are all equal; its middle
50% is within 1.33 standard deviations of its mean; and 99.7% of its values are contained within
three standard deviations of its mean.
6.31 Both the normal distribution and the uniform distribution are symmetric but the uniform
distribution has a bounded range while the normal distribution ranges from negative infinity to
positive infinity. The exponential distribution is right-skewed and ranges from zero to infinity.
6.32 If the distribution is normal, the plot of the Z values on the horizontal axis and the original values
on the vertical axis will be a straight line.
12
10
Alcohol %
6 Alcohol %
0
‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that data are not normally distributed. The kurtosis
is 4.5429 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.8410 suggests that the distribution is right-
skewed.
6.37 Calories:
cont. The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is slightly greater than 6 times
the standard deviation and the interquartile range is much smaller than 1.33 times the
standard deviation. The data appear to deviate away from the normal distribution.
Normal Probability Plot
350
300
250
200
Calories
150 Calories
100
50
0
‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat right-skewed. The
kurtosis is 3.0073 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.2162 suggests that the distribution is
right-skewed.
Carbohydrates:
(a) The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is approximately equal to 6
times the standard deviation and the interquartile range is slightly smaller than 1.33 times
the standard deviation. The data appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot
35
30
25
Carbohydrates
20
15 Carbohydrates
10
0
‐3 ‐2 ‐1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are approximately normally
distributed. The kurtosis is 1.0901 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked
than a normal distribution, with more values in the tails. The skewness of 0.4877
indicates that the distribution deviates slightly from the normal distribution.
6.38 (a) Waiting time will more closely resemble an exponential distribution.
(b) Seating time will more closely resemble a normal distribution.
(c)
Histogram
60 100.00%
50 80.00%
Frequency
40
60.00% Frequency
30
40.00% Cumulative %
20
10 20.00%
0 0.00%
6
14
22
30
38
---
Midpoints
45
40
35
30
Waiting
25
20
15
10
5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that waiting time more closely
resembles an exponential distribution.
(d)
Histogram
30 100.00%
25 80.00%
Frequency
20
60.00% Frequency
15
40.00% Cumulative %
10
5 20.00%
0 0.00%
35
43
51
59
67
---
Midpoints
6.38
cont.
Normal Probability Plot
80
70
60
50
Seating
40
30
20
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that seating time more closely
resembles a normal distribution.