fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk;

cau;juk;
(juk; - 12> 13)

fzpjk;
ghlj;jpl;lk;
(2017k; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;;)

fzpjj; J iw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPl k;
Njrpa fy;t p epWtfk;
fzpjk;
juk; - 12> 13w;fhd ghlj;jpl;lk;

 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Kjw; gjpg;G - 2017

ISBN :

fzpjj;;Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
www.nie.lk

mr;rply;:
 tpla cs;slf;fk;

1.0 mwpKfk; ........................................ i

2.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs; ........................................ ii

3.0 nghJj; Nju;r;rpj; njhFjp ........................................ iii

4.0 ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ........................................ iv

5.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ghlj;jpl;l ,yf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G ........................................ v

6.0 cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l jtiz uPjpahd ghlj;jpl;lk; ........................................ 1

7.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; ........................................ 3

8.0 fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fs; ........................................ 31

9.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSk; ........................................ 32

10.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gL

P k; ........................................ 34

gpd;dpizg;G ........................................ 35
fzpjf; FwpaPLfSk; Fwpg;gPLfSk;
 1.0 mwpKfk;

gps;isfisj; jw;fhy cyfpw;Nfw;wthW Mf;fg+u;tkhdtu;fshf khw;WtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid miltjw;F>

fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g ghlrhiyf;fy;tpj;jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2009 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfQ; nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ. f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)
fzpjk;> 1998 Mk; Mz;by; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rpkl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik> kjpg;gL
P vd;gd Kd;du;
NghJkhd msT - cs;slf;fg;glhikapdhNyNa Kd;dUs;s ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s
ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ. cs;slf;f ikakhff; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lkhf khw;WtNj ,jd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

2007Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 6> 10 ,Yk;> 2008 Mk; Mz;by; juq;fs; 7> 11 ,Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpikag;
ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> mk;khztu;fs; juk; 12 ,w;F 2009 Mz;L tUk;NghJ f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; Nju;r;rp
ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij njhlUtjw;fhf ,k;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 6-11 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; juk; -12 ,y; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; NghJ vjpu;fhyj; Njitf;fhd
jpwd;fs;> nra;Kiw mDgtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;FKfkhf Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cau;juj;ijg; g+u;jj ; p
nra;Ak;> ,ize;j fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; khztu;fs;> ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fspD}lhf vy;yhj; Nju;r;rpfisAk;
mila Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis milaj; Njitahd cs;slf;fk; ,q;F
jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis miltjd; %yk;> khztu;fs; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpapid mile;J
nfhs;syhk;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSf;Fj; Njitahd ghlNtisfSk;> kjpg;gL P gw;wpAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sJ.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;l mwpKfk; gw;wp ,q;F $wg;gl;Ls;stw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Vw;fdNt fzpjj;jpd; mwpKfj;jpy; $wpapUe;j
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSk; typjhdjhFk;.

(i)
 • f.ngh.j (rhjhuzjuk;)> f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) vd;gtw;wpw;fpilNaahd ntspiaf; FWfpajhf;Ftjw;F>

• xt;nthU vl;L Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw kPs;Nehf;fpj; jpUj;jg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;lr; nrad;Kiwf;F mikthf> 2015Mk;
Mz;L juk; 6> 10 ,w;Fk;> 2016Mk; Mz;L juk; 11 ,w;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g 2016 Mk; Mz;L
f.ngh.j. (rh.j) guPl;irf;F Njhw;wp f.ngh.j. (c.j) gbg;gpid 2017 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;Fk; khztu;fSf;F cupa
tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; 2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• njhopDl;g %d;whk; epiyf; fy;tpg; ghlnewpfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F

• tu;jj
; fj; Jiwapy; kj;jpaju NtiyfSf;fhd mtrpakhd fzpj mwpit toq;Ftjw;F

• csr; nraw;ghLfSf;F rkkhf gy;NtW Nju;r;rpfis miltjw;F topfhl;lTk;> vt;thW mtw;iw tho;ehspy;
tpUj;jpailar; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk;.

2009k; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwf;F te;j f.ngh.j (c/j) fzpj Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; njhlHghd xU Njrpa kl;lk; kPs;Nehf;fy;
Ma;T 2011k; Mz;L elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t; Ma;tpy; gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsHfs;> ghlr;rpwg;gwpQHfs;> kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tp
epWtf fiyj;jpl;l mgptpUj;jp FO cWg;gpdHfs; gq;Fgw;wpdH. ,t; Ma;tpd; Clhf fz;lwpag;gl;l tplaq;fspd;gb kPs; Nehf;fp
jpUj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; ,JthFk;.
 2.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;fF
; k; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,tq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapDhlhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ik r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy; %yKk;>
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifah; vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;ff
P hpj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs; fl;L;g;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> xUth; kPJ xUth; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;gtw;iw Nkg;gLj;Jk; r%f> ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa
Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tiff;$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk; Njrj; j pdJk; tho; f ; i fj; j uj; i jg; Nghjpf; f f; $baJk; > ,yq; i fapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj; j pf; F g;
gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd
Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk; khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;> jahh;gLj;jTk;> tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk; vjph;ghuhjJkhd epiyikf;Fr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rh;tNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhh; ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;F gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; tsh;j;jy;.
(ii)
 3.0 nghJj; Nju;r;rpj; njhFjp

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfis Nkw;fhl;ba Njrpa Nehf;fj;jpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;rr
; pfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpjj ; pu mwpT> jfty;
njhopy; El;gj; jifik Nghd;w ehd;F njhFjpfspdbg;gilapy; njhlu;ghly; Nju;rr
; pfs; mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vOj;j wpT : ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpjj
; y;> rupahfTk; nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.
vz; z wpT : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpjj
; y;
xOq;FKiwahf msj;jy;.
rpj;jpu mwpT ::: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;
vd;gdtw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspgg; Lj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik : fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy>; njhopy; Rw;whlypy>; nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
 Mf;fk;> tpupej
; rpej
; id> jw;WzpG> jPuk
; hdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpjj
; y;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpej
; id>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
 Neu;ik> rfpgG
; j;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
 kdvOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;rr
; pfs; r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk; Nghd;w #oy;fSld; njhlu;GWfpdw
; d.
r%fr; #oy; :
Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; gfpue ; ;
jspff
; g;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+ut
; khdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>
(iii)
 capupay; #oy; :
thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp> kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu>; tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;tpy;
njhlu;GWk; njspT ,ay;ghf;fkiljy; vDk; jpwd;.
ngsjpfr; #oy; :
,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;fi ; f> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;>
Rthrk;> epjj; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;Tk;>
Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;.
fw;wYf;Fk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;rr
; pfs;
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpfF
; g; gq;fspjj
; y;.
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk;> rthy;fis ,dk; fhzy;.
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jYk;> gadspff
; f;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd rPtNdhghaj;jpy;
<Lgly; Nghd;w ,aYikfis cr;rg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aysit mjpfupjJ; f; nfhs;tjw;Fkhd Ntiy nghUSzu;Tld;
njhlu;Gila jpwd;fs;.
(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
md;whl tho;fi
; fapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;fi
; fapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd
elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.
(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;TNeug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fg+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspgg
; Lj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;rr
; p> kfpor
; r
; p> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.
(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
tpiuthf khWfpdw ; rpff
; yhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epwf
; pdw
; cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspjj
; Yk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpwN
; fw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;> ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.

(iv)
 4.0 ghlj;j pl;l j;jpd; Nehf;fq;f s;

(i) fzpjj;jpy; cau;fy;tpiaj; njhlUtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fzpjj; jpwd;fis toq;Fjy;.

(ii) fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;F jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fSf;fhd mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;.

(iii) fzpjj;jpy; epahapj;jiy my;yJ ju;ff

; uPjpahd rpe;jidia tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;.

(iv) fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd Mtiyj; J}z;Ljy;.

fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj mwpit
tpUj;jp nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; fzpj mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; gz;Grhu;
tpUj;jpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

,j;Nju;r;rpkl;l ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;>

• fUj;Js;s fz;lwpjy; KiwahdJ> khztu; ikaf;fw;wYf;F topfhl;Lk;.

• khztupd; kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;.
• Mrpupaupd; ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghdjhf mikAk;.
• xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk;> khztupd; epiyia ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;f KbAk;.
• toikahd fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mrpupau; khztu;fsplj;J cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr; nra;aKbAk;.
,g;ghlj;jpll
; j;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy>; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy>; ,d;iwa NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW epiyikfisj;
njhlu;GgLj;jp Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrpupau; tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;> khztu;fspd; milT
kl;lq;fis kjpg;gpLtJ. Mrpupau;fl;F ,yFthdjhFk;.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; ,ize;j fzpjj;jpd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwf;F kpfTk; cgNahfkhdjhFk;.

(v)
5.0 Njrpa nghJ ,yf;F fSf;F k; ghlj;j pl;l ,yf;F fSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G
Njrpa ,yf;F fs;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; - fzpjk; I
i ii iii iv v vi vi
01. nka;naz; njhFjpiag; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

02. njhil ml;ru fzpjj;ijf; ifahs;thu;.       

03. fzpj ju;f;fj;ijf; ifahs;thu;.       

04. fzpjg; NgWfis epWTtjw;F epWty; Kiwfisf; ifahs;thu;.       

05. nka;khwpr; rhu;Gfis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

06. gy;YWg;gpfis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

07. tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis Muha;thu;.       

08. rkdpypfisf; ifahs;thu;.       

09. Neu;epiw vz; Rl;bf;Fupa <UWg;Gj; Njw;wj;ij vLj;Jiug;ghu;.       

10. KbTs;s njhlu; xd;wpd; $l;Lj; njhiff; fhz;ghh;.       

11. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F> rhu;Gfspd; ngWjpfisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.       

12. njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$W fspd; %yk; Neu;Nfhnlhd;iw Muha;thu;.       

13. ...........       

14. rhu;Gfspd; tiuaWj;j tiuawhj njhifaPLfisf; fhz;ghu;.       

(vi)
 Njrpa ,yf;F fs;
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfs; - fzpjk; II
i ii iii iv v vi vi
01. Gs;sp tpgutpaypd; mbg;gilfis tpgupg;ghu;.       

02. juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; cupa Kiwapy; tifapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.       

03. kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; elj;ijia tpgupg;ghu;.       

04. vOkhw;W nfhs;iffis fzpj Kiwahf tpgupg;ghu;.       

05. Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; gpurpdk; xd;wpd; cj;jkj; jPu;itj; Jzpthu;.       

06. njupjy;> xOq;F gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd       

07. tiy mikg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jpl;lq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.       

08. gpurpdq;fis jPug; g; jw;fhd fzpj khjpup xd;whf JzpNfhitfis mwpKfk; nra;thu;       

09. Xu; ml;ru fzpjj; njhFjpahfj; jhaq;fisf; ifahs;thu;.       

(vii)
 6.0 cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l jtiz uPjpahd ghlj;jpl;lk;
juk; 12
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; jiyg; G ghl Ntis
jtiz I
fzpjk; I
1.1> 1.2> 1.3  nka;naz; njhFjp 14
2.1> 2.2  njhil ml;rufzpjk; 12
3.1>  fzpj ju;ff; k; 10
5.1> 5.2  xU khwpr; rhu;Gfs; 20
6.1> 6.2> 6.3> 6.4  gy;YWg;gpfs; 38
fzpjk; II
1.1> 1.2  Gs;sptpgutpay; - mbg;gilfs; 06
2.1> 2.2> 2.3> 2.4  juTfs;> juT tiff;Fwpj;jy; 10
jtiz II
fzpjk; I
12.1> 12.2> 12.3> 12.4  Neu;NfhLfs; 30
7.1> 7.2  tpfpjKW rhu;GfSk; klf;iffSk; 30
4.1  epWty; Kiwfs; 12
fzpjk; II
3.1> 3.2  ikaehl;l msitfs; 24
jtiz III
fzpjk; I
8.1> 8.2> 8.3  rkdpypfs; 24
11.1  vy;iyfs; 08
fzpjk; II
3.3> 3.4> 3.5> 3.6> 3.7  kPbwd; guk;gy;fs; 23
4.1> 4.2  vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidfSk; epfo;jfTk; 18
6.1> 6.2  tupir khw;wKk; Nru;khdKk; 24
1
 cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; xOq;Fk; ghlNtisAk; - juk; 13
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; jiyg; G ghl Ntis
jtiz I
fzpjk; I
13.3> 13.4> 13.5> 13.6> 13.7  ngWjpfs; 40
fzpjk; II
4.3> 4.4> 4.5> 4.6> 4.7> 4.8> 4.9  epfo;jfT 60

jtiz II
fzpjk; I
14.1> 14.2> 14.3> 14.4> 14.5>
14.6> 14.7  njhifaPL 40
fzpjk; II
4.10  gpd;df epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; 20
5.1, 5.2  Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; 25
8.1> 8.2  JzpNfhitfs; 10
9.1> 9.2  jhaq;fs; 20
jtiz III
fzpjk; I
9.1> 9.2  <UWg;Gj; Njw;wk; 16
10.1> 10.2> 10.3  njhlu;fs; 26
fzpjk; II
4.11  njhlu; epfo;jfTg;guk;gy; 15
7.1> 7.2  tiy mikg;Gfs; 25
2
 ghlk; ghl Ntis nkhj; j k;
juk; 12
Kjyhk; jtiz
fzpjk; - I 94
fzpjk; - II 16 110
,uz;lhk; jtiz
fzpjk; - I 72
fzpjk; - II 24 96
%d;whk; jtiz
fzpjk; - I 32
fzpjk; - II 65 97
juk; 13
Kjyhk; jtiz
fzpjk; - I 40
fzpjk; - II 60 100
,uz;lhk; jtiz
fzpjk; - I 40
fzpjk; - II 75 115
%d;whk; jtiz
fzpjk; - I 42
fzpjk; - II 40 82

3
 7.0 ghlj;;jpl;lk;
fzpjk; I
ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
1. nka;naz; 1.1 nka;naz;  nka;naz; njhFjpapd; kPsha;T • vz; njilfSf;F cupa FwpaPLfis 04
njhFjpiag; njhFjpia tifg;  vz;fSf;fhd njhilf; Fwpg;gL
P vOJthu;.
gFg;gha;T gLj;Jthu;.  nka; n az; xd; w pw; f hd Nfj; j pu • nka;naz;fis Nfj;jpufzpj uPjpahf
nra;thu;. fzpj tif Fwpg;G tifFwpg;ghu;.

1.2 nka;naz;fisj;  nka;naz;izj; jrkkhf tiff; • jrk vz;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 04

tiff;F wpf; f Fwpj; jy; • nka;naz;fis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
NrLfs;> jrkq;fs;  KbTW jrkk; • NrLfslq;fpa Nfhitfis
vd;gtw;iw  Kbtpy; jrkk; gFjpnaz;zhf nfhz;l Nfhitfis
cgNahfpg;ghu;.  kPSk; jrkk; tpfpjKW gFjp vz;fshf;Fthu;.
 N rLfSk; N rLfs ; c s ; s pl; l • NrLfspy; ml;rufzpjr; nra;iffisg;
NfhitfSk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
;
1.3 nka;naz;izj;  Neu; epiwnaz; mLf;Ffs; • Rl;bfis tiuaWg;ghu;. 06
njhlu;ghly;  kiw> G+r;rpa mLf;Ffs; • Neu;r;Rl;b> kiwr;Rl;b> g+r;rpa Rl;b>
nra;tjw;F Rl;b>  tpfpjKW mLf;Ffs; tpfpjKW Rl; b vd; g tw; i w tifg;
klf;iffis  Rl;b tpjpfs; gLj;Jthu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  klf;if tpjpfs; • Rl;b tpjpfis $Wtu;
• klf;if tpjpfis $Wtu;
• Rl;b tpjpfisAk;> klf;if
tpjpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;gu;.

4
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

2. njhil 2.1 njhilfs; gw;wpa  njhil nkhopAk; n j h i l a p d ; • njhilf;FwpaPLfis Fwpg;gpLthu;. 06

ml;ru mbg;gilfis %yfq;fSk; • mfpyj;njhil> R+dpaj;njhil
fzpjj;ijf; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f  mfpyj; njhil> #dpaj;njhil> vd; g tw; w pid tpsf; f p> mtw; w pd;
ifahs;thu;. cgNahfg;gLj;Jthu;. KbTW njhilfs;> Kbtpy; FwpaPLfis vOJthu;.
njhilfs;> njhilapd; • KbTs;s njhil> Kbtw;w njhil
Kjypik vd;gtw;wpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 cgnjhil> Kiwik cgnjhil> • n j h i l n a h d ; w p d ; K j y p i k i a
,U njhilfspd; rkd;> tiuaWg; g hu; > m jd; FwpaP l ; i l
tYj;n jhil vOJthu;.
• n jhi lg; g pupTfs ; > Kiwi kahd
njhilg;gpupTfs; ,U njhilfspd;
rkj;jd;ik> tYj;njhil
vd;gdtw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.

2.2 ntd;tupg;glq;fisAk;  njhilr; nra;iffs; • ntd;tupg;glj;Jld; njhilfs; rhu;e;j 06

njhilfspd; ml;ruf;  ,ilntl;L> xd;wpg;G> tpj;jpahrk; nra;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fzpjj; ijAk;  epug;gp> rhu; epug;gp • n jhi lfs pd; ru; t rkd; g hLfi s
gpurpdq;fis jPu;f;f  njhil ru;rrkd;ghLfs; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
cgNahfpg;ghu;.  njhilfSf;fhd Kjypik • ru;trkd;ghLfs; cs;slf;fpa
rkd;ghL gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• ,U njhilfSf; f hd Kjypik
rkd;ghl;bid vOjp mjid %d;W
njhilfSf;F tpupT gLj;Jthu;.

5
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

3. fzpj 3.1 $w;Wf;fis  $w;Wf;fs; • $w;Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. 10

ju;f;f j;ijf; ,dq;fhz;ghu;.  ju;f;f ,izg;Gf;fs;> $l;Lf; • Ntt;Ntwhd $w;Wf;fis ,dq;fhz;gu;.
ifahs;thu;. $w;Wf;fs; • $w;Wf;fSf;f hd tiutpyf;fzj;ij
 epge;jidf; $w;Wf;fs; vOJthu;.
 $l;Lf; $w;Wf;fs; • epge;jidf; $w;Wf;fis tiuaWg;ghu;.
 cz;ik ml;ltizia • $l;L $w;Wf;fis tiuaWg;ghu;.
jahupj;j y; • cz;ik ml;ltiz mikg;ghu;.
 ju;f;f rktYj;jd;ik • ju; f ; f rktYj; j d; i k vd; g jw; f hd
 vjpu; T tiutpyf;fzj;ij $Wthu;.
 Quantities • ju; f ; f rktYj; j d; i k vd; g jw; f hd
 vjpu;Tfis FwpaPl;lhf;fy; tiutpyf;fzj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.
• ju; f ; f rktYj; j d; i k vd; g jw; f hd
tiutpyf;fzj;ij tiuaWg;ghu;.

4. fzpjg; 4.1 fzpj KbTfis  epWty; Kiwfs;. • epWty; Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;. 12

NgWfis Neub Kiw vjpu;  Neub epWty;. • NeubepWty; Kiw> vjpu;kWg;G epWty;
epWTtjw;F kWg;G Kiw> Kuz;  vjpu; kWg;G %yk; epWty;. Kiw> Kuz; Kiw epWty;> fzpjj;
epWty; Kiw> fzpjj;  Kuz; Kiw %yk; epWty;. njhFj; j wp Kiw %y k; epWty;
Kiwfisf; njhFj;jwp Kiw  fzpjj; njhFj;jwp %yk; vd;gdtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
ifahs;thu;. vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; epWty;. • ntt;NtW epWty; Kiwfis
epWTthu;. cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

6
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

5. nka;khwpr; 5.1 rhu;Gfis Muha;thu;.  rhu;gpid mwpKfQ; nra;thu;. • rhu; G gw; w pa tiutpyf; f zj; i j 10
rhu; G fis  Ml;rp> tPr;R tpsf;F thu;.
gFg;g ha;T ; hd • r h u ; n g h d ; w p d ;
 rhu;nghd;wpd; tiuG> rhh;G xd;wpwf Ml;rp> tPr;rpid
nra;thu;. epiyf;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;Lr; Nrhijid. tpsf;F thu;.
 mbg;gilr; rhu;Gfs; • tiuig tiuthu;.
f  x   ax  b, • rhu;nghd;wpw;fhd epiyFj;Jf; Nfhl;Lr;
Nrhjidia tpgupg;ghu;.
f  x   x , f  x   x2 • tpNrl rhu;Gfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
1 • tpNrl rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfis
f  x  , (x  0)
x tiuthu;.

f  x   x , ( x  0) • ,lkhw;wj;jpid ghtpj;J rhu;Gfis

tiuthu;.
1
f  x   2 , (x  0)
x
 ,lkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp rhh;Gfis
tiujy;
(,lg;ngau;r;rp kl;Lk;)

7

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk;
5. 2 rhu;Gfs; kPjhd  mbg;gil nra;iffs; , , , 
nra;iffis nra;thu;.  Nru;j;jpr; rhu;Gfs;
 Neu;khW rhu;Gfs;
 Neu;khW rhu;Gf;fhd
tiutpyf; fzk;.
 Neu;khW rhu;Gfisf; fhzy;.
6. gy;YW- 6.1 gy;YWg;gpfis  xUkhwpg; gy;YWg;gpr; rhu;Gfs;
-g;gpfis Muha;thu;.  rhu;gpd; gb> Ke;JWk; cWg;Gk;>
gFg;gha;T Ke;JWk; Fzfk;
nra;thu;.  ,U gy;YWg;gpfspd; rkk;.
6.2 gy;YWg;gpfSldhd  gy;YWg;gpfSldhd fzpjr;
fzpjr; nra;iffisr; nra;iffs;
nra;thu;.  $l;ly;> fopj;jy;
 ngUf;fy;
 tFj;jy;> neLk; tFj;jy;
 Vfgupkhzf; Nfhitnahd; w p
dhy; njhFg;G Kiw tFj;jy;
 kP j pj; Njw;wk;
 fhuzpj; Njw;wk;
8
ghl
fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
 rhu;Gfspy; mbg;gilr; nra;iffis 10
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
 $l;Lr;rhu;Gfis tiuaWg;ghu;.
 $l; L r; r hu; g pw; f hd Fwpg; g P L fis
vOJthu;.
 Neu;khW rhu;Gfspd; tiuaWg;gu;
 Neu;khWrhu;Gfisf; fhz;ghu;.
 xU khwpapyhd gy;YWg;gpia 15
tiuaWg;ghu;.
 rhu;gpd; gb> Ke;JWk; Fzfk;> Ke;JWk;
cWg;G vd;gtw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.
 ,U gy;YWg;gpfs; ru;trkdhf
,Ug;gjw;fhd epge;jidfisf;
$Wthu;.
 gy; Y Wg; g pfspy; mbg; g il fzpjr; 10
nra;iffis gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 xU gy;YWg;gpia gpwpnjhU
gy;YWg;gpahy; tFg;ghu;.
 njhFg;G Kiw tFj;jiyf; $Wthu;.
 kPjpj;Njw;wj;ij $Wthu;.
 kPjpj;Njw;wj;ij epWTthu;.
 fhuzpj;Njw;wj;ij Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

10
 fhuzpj;Njw;wj;jpd; kWjiy
vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
 kPjpjN
; jw;wk;> fhuzpjN
; jw;wk; vd;gtw;iw
gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
 gy;YWg;gpr; rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;gg ; hu;. (4k;
gbtiuapyhd)
 xU gy; Y Wg; g papd; G+r; r paq; f is
tiuaWg;ghu;.

6.3 ,Ugbr; rhu;gpidAk;>  ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfs;

10
 vfgupkhz rhu;Gfis
mjd; ,ay;Gfis  epiwtu;f;fkhf;fy; mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
Muha;thu;.  gpupj;Jf;fhl;b  ,Ugbr;rhu;gpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,opTg; ngWkhdk; > cau; T g;  ,Ugbr;rhu;gpd; ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
ngWkhdk;  ,Ugbr; rhu;gpd; tiugpid tpsf;Fthu;.
 tiuig tiujy;  ,Ugbr;rhu;gpd; NtWgl;l tiffSf;fhd
 ,Ugbr; rhu;Gfspd; gpuNahfq;fs; tiuGfs; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
 ,Ugbr;rhu;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;ghu;.

15
6.4 ,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfis  ,Ugbr; rkd;ghLfs;  ax2  bx  c  0 vDk; ,Ugbr;
Muha;thu;.  tu;f;f G+u;j;jpahf;fy; %yk; jPu;T rkd;ghl;by; %yfq;fshf ,  it
 tiuG Kiwj; jPu;T tpsf;F thu;.
 #j; j puj; j pd; gpuNahfk;  ,Ugbr; r kd; g hl; b d; %y q; f i sf;
 gpupj;Jf;fhl;b -  fhz;ghu;.

9
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

 %yq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;  ,Ugbr;rkd;ghL xd;wpd; %yq;fspd;

 nka; NtW Ntwhd;
 nka;ahd nghUe;Jk;;
 nka;ay;yhj
 ,U khwpfisf; nfhz; l Vfgupkhzr;
rkd;ghnlhd;wpdJk;> ,U khwpfisf;
nfhz; l ,Ugbr; rkd; g hnlhd;  % y q ; f s ; ,  , y h d r k r ; r P u ;
wpdJk; xUq;fikthd jPu;T
jd;ik gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 xU ,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;bd; %yq;fspd;
$l; L j; n jhif> ngUf; F j; njhif
vd;gtw;iw rkd;ghl;bd; Fzfq;fs;
rhu;ghf vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
Nfhitfshf jug;gLk; NghJ ,Ugbr;
rkd;ghl;il mikg;ghu;.
 ,Ugbr; rkd; g hLfs; njhlu; g Lk;
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

7. tpfpjKW 7.1 tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis  tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;  tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis tiuaWg;ghu;. 10

rhu;Gfs; gFjpg; gpd;dq;fshf  Kiwik tpfpjKW rhu;Gfs;  Kiwia tpfpjKW rhu;G> Kiwikapy;
mLf; Fr; Ntwhf;Fthu;.  Kiwikap;y;yh tpfpjKW tpfpjKW rhu;G vd;gtw;iw
Fwpr; rhu;Gfs; tiuaWg;ghu;.
rhu;Gfs;>  gFjp g; gpd;dq;fs;  Kiwik tpfpjKW rhu;Gfis
klf;ifr;  Kiwik tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; gFjpg;gpd;dq;fshf;Fthu;.
rhu;Gfs; gFjpg; gpd;dq;fs;  Kiwikapy; tpfpjKW rhu; G fis
vd;gtw;iw  Kiwikapy; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfspd; gFjpg; g pd; d q; f shf; F thu; . (Mff;
Muha;thu;. gFjpg;gpd;dq;fs;. $ba J 4 n jupahf; fzpaq; f s ;
khj;jpuk;)

10
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

7.2 mLf;F f; Fwpr;  mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;Gk; mjd;  mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;Gfspd; ,ay;Gfis 15

rhu;GfisAk;> klf;if ,ay;GfSk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
rhu;GfisAk;  rdj;njhif mjpfupj;jy;>  mLf;Ff; Fwpr;rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfis
gFg;gha;T nra;thu;. Fiwjy; njhlu;ghd tiuGfs; tiuthu;.
 e ,d; tiutpyf;fzk;  e x ,d; ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjd;
x ,d; ,ay;Gfs; tiuig tiuthu;.
 e
 e x ,d; tiuG  ln x ,d; ,ay;Gfis Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 klf;if rhu;Gk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;  klf; i fr; rhu; g pd; mbkhw; w k; gw; w p
 lnx ,d; ,ay;G vOJthu;.
 mbkhw;wk;  ln x ,d; tiugpid tiuthu;.
 lnx ,d; tiuG  ln x, e x v d ; g t w ; w p w ; f p i l N a a h d
 $ l ; L t l ; b > pH n g W k h d k ; > njhlu;Gfis xg;gpLthu;.
fjpupaf;ff; fhyy;> r d j ; n j h i f  nghUj;jkhd rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp
mjpfupg;G Nghd;w cjhuzq;fs; $l;Ltl;b> rdj;njhif tsu;rr ; p
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;.

8. rkdpyp 8.1 Vfgupkhz rkdpypfs;  rkdpypfs;  Vfgupkhz> ,Ugbr; r kdpypfisj; 10

fisf; ,U gbr; rkdpypfisf;  Vfgupkhz rkdpypfs; jPu;g;ghu;.
ifahs;thu;. nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj;  ,Ugbr; rkdpypfs;  xUq;fik Vfgupkhz rkdpypfisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.  Vfgupkhz xUq;fik rkdpypfs; jPu;g;ghu;.

8.2 ,Ugbr; rkdpypfis  ,Ugbr; rkdpypfis tiuG %yk;  , Ug b r ; r k dp y pf i s t i ug p i dg ; 06

tiuG Kiw %yk; jPu;j ;jy;. gad;gLj;jpj; jPug ; ;ghu;.
jPu;g;ghu;.

11
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

8.3 tp fpj K W r hu ; G f s;
f  x f  x
mlq;fpa rkdpypfis 08

g  x  tbtpYs;s rkdpypfs; 
g  x tb tp y h d rk dp y p fi s j ;
jPu;g;ghu;.
,q;F f  x  , g  x  vd;gd x ,yhd jPu;g;ghu;.
gy;YWg;gpfs; (gb  2 ) ,q; F g x  0 Mt J l d; f  x,

g  x  ,y; gb  2 MFk;.
(tiuG Kiwapyhd jPu;Tfs;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;it)
n
9. N e u ; e p i w 9.1 <UWg;Gj; Njw;w Fzfq;fis n  Cr I tiuaWg;ghu;. 08
 Cr tbty; vOjp
vz; mbg;gil  <UWg; G j; Njw; w j; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p
n
Rl;bf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis   a  b vd;gjd; tpupT
 a  b
n
,id tpupg;ghu;.
<UWg;Gj; vLj;Jiug;ghu;.  <UWg;G tpuptpd; gpuNahfk;fs;
n
Njw;wj;ij   a  b ,; d; tpuptpd; nghJ cWg;ig
vLj;Jiug;
vOJthu;.
ghu;.
 <UWg;G tpupG cs;slq;fpa
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

n
<UW g; G
tpup tpi d c gN a hfp j; J 08
9.2 <Wg;Gj; Njw;wj;ij  1  x  vd;gjd; tpupT 
n
gad;gLj;Jthu;
n
1  x n ,id tpgupg;ghu;.
 1  x  vd;gjd; <UWg;G tpuptpd;   1  x  ,d; tpuptpd; nghJ cWg;gpid
gpuNahfq;fs; vOJthu;.
 <UWg;G tpupT mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fis
jPu;g;ghu;.

12
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

10. KbTs;s 10.1 KbTs;s  njhlu;fs;  $l; ly; njhlu; > ngUf; f y; njhlu; 08
njhlu;fspd; njhlu;fisAk; mjd;  $l;ly;> nghJ cWg;G vd;gtw;wpd; nghJ cWg;igf;
xd;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk; fhz;ghu;.
$l; Lj; tpgupg;ghu;.  $l;ly; tpUj;jp> ngUf;fy; tpUj;jp
njhifiaf; vd; g tw; w pd; $l; L j; n jhiffi s
fhz;ghu;. fhz;ghu;.

10.2 $ l ; l y ; n j h l u ; >  rpf;kh Fwpg;gPL   FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp 12

ngUf;fy; njhlu; n n njhlu; f is vOJthu; > mtw; w py;
nfhz;l gpurpdq;fisj;   kUr  k  Ur $l;Lj;njhifapid fhz;ghu;.
r 1 r 1
jPu;g;ghu;.  rpf;kh Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jk;
n n n
$l; l y; > ngUf; f y; njhlu; f is
  (Ur  Vr )   Ur   Vr
r 1 r 1 r 1 tpgupg;ghu;.
 $l; ly; njhlu; > ngUf; f y; njhlu;
mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fisj; jPgg ; hu;.
n n n n n n
10
10.3 mbg;gil njhlu;fspd;
  r,  r ,  r 2 3
  r,
r 1
 r 2 ,  r 3 vd; g tw; w pw; f hd
r 1 r 1
$l;Lj;njhifapid r 1 r 1 r 1

fhz;ghu;. ,tw;wpd; gpuNahfq;fs; #j;jpuq;fis fzpjj; njhFj;jwp

Kiwia cgNahfpj;J epWTthu;.
 Nkw;gb #j;jpuq;fis njhlu;fspy;
$l;liyf;fhz cgNahfpg;ghu;.
 njhlu;fspd; $l;liyf;fhz
tpjj; pahr Kiwapid cgNahfpgg
; hu;.
 Kbtpypj; njhlu;fspd; xUq;Fjy;>
tpupjiy cgNahfpg;ghu;.

13
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

11. 11.1 rhu;nghd;wpd; vy;iyia  vy;iy gw;wpa cs;Szu;thd  vy;iygw;wpa cs;szu;tpd fUj;J> 08
gpurpdq;fisj; tpgupg;ghu;. fUj;J vy;iyj; Njw;wq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf;
jPu;g;gjw;F>  vy;iy gw;wpa Njw;wq;fs;. Fwpg;gpLthu;.
rhu;Gfspd;
 xn  an   xn  an 
ngWjpfisg;  lim    na n 1 ,d;  lim    na n 1 I epWTthu;.
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
x a
 xa  x a
 xa 
epWty;. ,q;F n Xu; tpfpjKW vz;zhFk;.
 Nkw;gb Njw;wj;ij gpuNahfpg;ghu;

12.njf;fhl;bd; 12.1. njf;fhl;bd;  nrt;tfj; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$Wfs;  Ms; $ w; W j; jsj; j py; Gs; s pfisf; 01
Ms;$W Ms;$w;Wj;  Ms;$w;wr;Rf;fs;> Fwpg;ghu;.
fspd; njhFjpapid Ms;$Wfspd; cw;gj;jp> fpil
%yk; tpgupg;ghu;. Ms;$W> epiyFj;J Ms;$W
Neu;Nfh
nlhd;iw 12.2 ,uz;L  ,uz; L Gs; s pfSf; f pilapy;  njf; f hl; b d; jsj; j py; ,UGs; s pfl; 06
Muha;thu;. Gs;spfSf;fpilapyhd cs;s J}uk; fpilg;gl;l J}uj;jpw;fhd #j;jpuj;ij
J}uk;> Kf;Nfhzpapd;  ,U Gs; s pfis ,izf; F k; vOJthu;.
gug;gsT Nfhl; L j; Jz; i lj; jug; g l; l  jug;gl;l ,UGs;spfis ,izf;Fk;
tpfpjj; jpy; gpupf;F k; Gs;spapd; Nfhl;il xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy;
Ms;$W gpupf; F k; Gs; s papd; Ms; $ Wfis
 cr;rpfs; jug;gl;bUf;f vOJthu;.
mk;Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT  cr;rpfs; jug;gLk; NghJ
Kf;Nfhzpfspd; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.

14
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

12.3. Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd;  Neu; NfhL  xU Neu;Nfhl;bd; gbj;jpwid fhz;ghu;. 06

rkd;ghl;il  N e u ; N f h n l h d ; w p d ; r h a ; T k ;  Neu;NfhL xd;wpd; x - ntl;Lj;Jz;L
tpgupg;ghu;. gbj;jpwDk; ( y mr;Rf;F y - ntl;Lj;Jz;L vd;gtw;iw
rkhe;juky;yhj NfhLfSf;F) vOJthu;.
 Ne u; N fhnlhd; W x - mr; r py ;
Mf;Fk; ntl;Lj;Jz;L y - mr;rpy;
Mf;Fk; ntl;Lj;Jz;L

12.4 Neu;Nfhnlhd;iwf;  Ne u; N fhn lhd; w pd; rkd; g hl; b d;  Neu;NfhL xd;wpd; rkd;ghl;bid Gs;sp 12
Fwpf;F k; gy;NtW tbtq;fs; gbj;jpwd; tbtpy; ngWthu;.
rkd;ghLfspd;  gbj; j pwd; tbtk;  Neu; N fhL xd; w pd; rkd; g hl; b id
gy;NtW tbtq;fis y  y1  m( x  x1 ) gbj; j pwd; > ntl; L j; J z; L tbtpy;
tpsf;F thu;. ngWthu;
 gbj;jpwd;> ntl;Lj;Jz;L tbtk;
 Neu;NfhL xd;wpd; rkd;ghl;bid ,U
y  mx  c
Gs;sp tbtpy; ngWthu;
 ,U Gs;spfs; tbtk;
 Neu; N fhL xd; w pd; rkd; g hl; b id
y 2  y1 ntl;Lj;Jz;L tbtpy; ngWthu;
y  y1  (x  x 2 )
x 2  x1  Neu;NfhL xd;wpd; rkd;ghl;bid nghJ
x y tbtpy; ngWthu;
 ntl; L j; J z; L tbtk;   1  nghJ tbtj;jpid gpd;tUk;
a b
tiffspy; tpgupg;ghu;.
 nghJ tbtk; ax  by  c  0
(i) a = 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0
 (i) a  0, (ii) b  0, (iii) c  0,
jug;g Lk; juTfSf; F Vw; g Neu; Nfhl;bd;
MFk;NghJ nghJtbtr; 
rkd;ghl;bid fhz;ghu;.
rkd;ghl;il tpgupj;jy;

15
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

12.5 ,U Neu;NfhLfs;  ,U Neu;NfhLfs; ,ilntl;Lk; Gs;sp  xd;Wf;n fhz;L rkhe;juky;y hj ,U 05

ntl;Lk;  u  0, v  0 vd;gd xd;iwnahd;W Neu;NfhLfs; ,ilntl;Lk; Gs;spapd;
Gs;spapD}lhfr; ntl;Lk; ,U Neu;NfhLfshftpUf;f> Ms;$Wfisf; fhz;ghu;.
nry;Yk; u   v  0 v d ; w r k d ; g h l ; b d ;  u  v  0 vDk; rkd;ghl;il tpgupj;J
ahNjDnkhU Nfhl;bd; tpgupg;G. cgNahfpg;ghu;.
rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWthu;.

13.gpurpdq;fis 13.1 rhu;nghd;wpd;  x0 vd;w Gs;spapy; f (x ) vd;w  xU Gs;spapy; tifaPli

; l tiuaWg;ghu;. 04
jPu;f;f ngWjpia rhu;gpd; ngWjp  tisapapy; ahJnkhU Gs; s papy;
rhu;nghd;wpd; tpgupg;ghu;. njhlypapd; rha;tpid ngWthu;.
f ( x0  h ) - f ( h )
ngWjpia lim vd  khw;wtPjj;jpd ngWjpahf tpgupg;ghu;.
 0 h
gpuNahfpgg; hu;.  khw;w tPjq;fis gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tiuaWj;jy;
 tisap xd;wpYs;s ,uz;L
Gs;spfis ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;bd;
vy;iy epiyahdJ.
mt;tisapf;F tiuag;gLk;
njhlyp vd;gJ
 njhlypapd; rha;T
 khWk; tPjkhdJ ngWjpapdhy;
jug;gLk; vd;gJ.
d n de x
13.2 vspa ml;ru fzpj>  x n , e x , ln x vd;w rhu;Gfspd; 
dx
 x  nx n 1 ,
dx
 ex 06
mLf; F f; Fwp> klf;ifr; ngWjpfs;
rhu;Gfspd; d 1
ngWjpfisf; fhz;;ghu;. dx
 ln x  
x
Mfpa #j;jpuq;fisg;
ngWthu;.

16
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

13.3 ,uz;L rhu;Gfspd;  rhu;Gfspd; $l;lypy;>  rhu; G fspd; $l; l y; > ngUf; f y; > <T 05
$l;lypd;> ngUf;fk;> <tpd; ngWjpfisg; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd #j;jpuq;fisg;
ngUf;fj;jpd;> <tpd; ngWtjw;fhd tpjpfspd; gpuNahfk; ngWthu; . ,tw; i w cgNahfpj; J
(tpfpjj;jpd;) ngWjpfs; ngWjpfisf; fhz;ghu;
njhlu;ghd  Nkw;gb tpjpfslq;fpa gpurpdq;fis
#j;jpuq;fisg; jPu;g;ghu;.
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

13.4 ngWjpiaf;  $l;Lr; rhu;Gfhd rq;fpyp tpjp  ngWkjpfis ngw rq;fpyp tpjpia 05
fhz;gjw;Fr; rq; f pyp gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
tpjpiag; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

13.5 ngWjpiag;  mjpfupf;Fk; rhu;G> FiwAk;  tifaPli ; lg; gad;gLj;jp mjpfupf;Fk; 04

gad;gLj;jp rhu;G> rhu;Gfspd; rhu;G FiwtilAk; rhu;G vd;gtw;iw
rhu;nghd;wpd;  epiyj;j Gs;spfs; tpgupg;ghu;.
elj;ijiaj;  cau;T> ,opT  epiyahd Gs;spfisf; fhz;ghu;.
Jzpthu;.  Xuplg;gLj;jpa cau;T  Xuplg;gLj;jpa cau;T> ,opT
 Xuplg;gLj;jpa ,opT vd;gtw;iwf; fhz;ghu;

13.6 ngWjpiag;  ngWjpiag; gad;gLj;jp vspa  fpil> epiyf;Fj;J mZF NfhLfis 07

gad;gLj;jp vspa tisapfis tiujy; fhz;ghu;.
tisapfspd; (fpil> epiyf;Fj;J  ngWjpiag; gad;gLj;jp vspa
RtLfis mZFNfhLfs;) tiuGfis tiuthu;. (fpil>
tiuthu;. epiyf;Fj;J mZF NfhLfs;
mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fs; khj;jpuk;)

17
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

13.7 ngWjpiag;  rhu;G tPjq;fspd; gpuNahfq;fs; • rhu;G tPjq;fs; mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fisj; 08

gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;.
jPu;g;ghu;.

14. rhu;Gfspd; 14.1 tifaPl;bd;  ngWjp Kuz; (njhifaPL)>  epak KbTfisg; gad;gLj;jp 0
tiuaWj;j Neu;khwhfj; tiuawhj njhifaPL njhifaPLfisf; fhz;ghu;.
njhifaPl;il  Njw;wq;fspd; gpuNahfk;
tiuawhj  njhifaPL fSf; f hd Njw; wq; f isg;
njhifaPL ,dq;fhz;ghu;.    f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fisf;
fhz;ghu;.
  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
 x n , e x Nghd;w epakr; rhu;Gfspd;  epak KbTfisg; gad;gLj;jp 06
14.2 epakr; rhu;Gfspd;
njhifaPL njhifaPlL; g; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
njhifaPl;Lg;
 njhiffSf;F epak tbtq;fs;  tha;g;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J
NgWfis ,dq;
 f  x  
n 1 tifapLthu;.
fhz;ghu;. n
  f  x  f   x  dx  n  1 C  gFjpg; gpd; d q; f is cgNahfpj; J
tifapLthu;.
f '( x )
 dx  ln f ( x )  C
f ( x)

14.3 njhifaPL njhlu;ghd  tiuaWj;j njhifaPL  Ez;fzpjj;jpy; mbg;gilj; 06

mbg;gilj; b
Njw;wj;jpid $Wthu;
Njw;wq;fisg;  tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;Lg;
  f ( x)dx ngWkhdq;fisf; fhz;ghu;
gpuNahfpj;J a

tiuaWj;j  tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;bd;

njhifaPLfisj; ,ay;Gifsg; cgNahfpg;ghu;.
Jzpthu;.

18
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

14.4n j h i f a p L t j w ; F g ;  gFjpg; gpd;dq;fis cgNahfpj;J  gF jpg; gpd; dq; f i s c gN a hfpj ; J 04

gy ; N tW K i wfi s g; tpfpjKW rhu;Gfisj; njhifaply; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

14.5gFjpahfj;  gFjpahfj; njhifaply;.  gFjpahfj; njhifapliyg; 04

njhifaply; Kiwia gad;gLj;jpj; njhifapLthu;.
cgNahfpj;J
njhifaPL njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

14.6 njhifaPl;ilg;  njhifaPlb

; d; gpuNahfk;  jug;g l; l xU tisapy; fP o; cs; s 08
gpuNahfpj;J  tisap xd;wpd; fPo; gug; i gf; fhz tiuaWf; f g; g l; l
tisapfspdhy; milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT njhifaPli ; lg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
vy;iyg;gLj;  ,U tisapfshy;
jg;gl;Ls;s milf;fg;gLk; gug;gsT  jug;gl;l ,U tisapfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
gpuNjrj;jpd; gug; gug;gsit fhz;ghu;.
gsitj; Jzpthu;.

14.7gpurpdq;fisj;  vz;rhu; njhifaply;  ruptfg; Nghyp newpapid tpsf;Fthu;. 08

jPu;g;gjw;F  ruptfg; Nghyp tpjp  rpk;rdpd; newpapid tpsf;Fthu;.
mz; zsthf; fy;  rpk;rdpd; tpjp  gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f
Kiwiag;  ruptfg;Nghyp newp
gad;gLj;Jthu;.  rpk;rdpd; tpjp
vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpg;ghu;

19
 fzpjk; II
ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

1. Gs;sp 1.1 G s ; s p t pg u t p a y p d ;  Gs;sp tpgutpay; vd;why; vd;d?  Gs; s ptpgutpay; vd; w hy; vd; d 03
tpgutpaypd; jd;ikia Muha;thu;.  Gs;sp tpgutpaypd; jd;ik vd;gijAk; mjd; jd;ik gw;wpAk;
mbg;gil tpsf;Fthu;.
 tptuzg; Gs;sptpgutpay;
fis  epfo;jfT> epfo;jj; fTg; guk;gy; gw;wp
 mDkhdg; Gs;sptpgutpay;
tpgupg;ghu;. tpgupg;ghu;.
 mDkhdg; Gs;sp tpgutpay;>  tptuz> mDkhd Gs;sptpgutpaypw;
epfo;jfT vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd fpilapyhd NtWghl;il tpsf;Fthu;
njhlu;G  mDkhdg; Gs;sptpgutpaypy;
 Gs;sptpgutpay; gpuNahfq;fs; epfo;jftpd; tfpghfk; gw;wp
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
 Gs;sptpgutpaypd; rpy gpuNahfq;fis
,dq;fhz;gu;

1.2 jfty;fisg;  juTfSk; jfty;fSk;  juTfs;> jfty;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;. 03

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhfj;  gupNrhjidfSk; juTfSk;  fl;Lg;ghl;L gupNrhjidfs;>
juTfisf; ifahs;  fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gupNrhjidfs;> fzf;nfLg;G> Ma;T gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
thu;. Fbj;njhif kjpg;G  juTfspd; tiffs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.
 juTfspd; tiffs;
 gz;G uPjpahd> vz; uPjpahd
 Nominal, Ordinal
 gpdd ; fj;juTfs;
 njhlu; juTfs;

20
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
2. 2.1 juTfis • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs; • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;. 02
juTfisAk; tifg;gLj;Jthu;. • juTfis tifg;gLj;jy; • juTfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fk;
jfty;  juTfis tifg;gLj;jy;> ,yf;F gw;wp $Wthu;.
fisAk; xOq;FgLj;Jk; nra;ifahf
cupa  tifg;gLj;jypd; Nehf;fk;
Kiwapy;  tifg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gil
tifapy;
Kd;itg;ghu;. 2.2 juTfis • ml;ltizg;gLj;Jk; El;gq;fs; • $l; l khf;f g;g lhj kP b wd; guk; gy; 02
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.  kPbwd; ml;ltiz xd;iw ml;ltiz jahupg;ghu;.
mikj;jy; • $l;lkhf;fpa kPbwd; guk;gy;
 $l;lkhf;fg;glhj kPbwd; guk;gy; ml;ltiz jahupg;ghu;.
 $l;lkhf;fg;gl;l kPbwd; guk;gy; • ,Utop ml;ltiz jahupg;ghu;.
 ,Utop ml;ltiz mikj;jy; • ml;ltizg;gLj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• ml;ltizg;gLj;jypd; gw;wpf; $Wthu;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

2.3 juTfisAk; • tupg;glq;fshf;Fk; El;gq;fs; • tupg; g lq; f is cgNahfpg; g jd; 06

jfty;fisAk;  tupg;glq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,dq; fhz;ghu;.
tupg;glq;fis  tupg;glq;fs; Mf;Ftjw;fhd • juTfis tif Fwpf;f>
cgNahfpj;J vy;iyfSk;> tpjpfSk; tpj;jpahrkhd tupg;glq;fis
fhl;Lthu;.  Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fs; cgNahfpg;ghu;.
 ryhif tiuGfs; • juTfis tiff;Fwpf;f glq;fis
 ryhif tiuGfspd; cgNahfpg;ghu;.
tiffs;
 tl;l tiuG
 glq;fs;

21
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
2.4 juTfisAk;  tiuG El;gq;fs; (NfhL> tisap>  Nfhl;L tiuGfis tpgupg;ghu;. 03
jfty;fisAk; tbtq;fs;)  tiyAU tiuaj;ij tiuthu;.
tiuG %yk;  Nfhl; L tiuGfs;  kPbwd; gy;Nfhzpapid tiuthu;.
fhl;Lthu;.  xU khwpapYk; $Ljyhd  kPbwd; tisapapid tiuthu;
re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; Nfhl;L  kPbwd; tisapapid xg;gkhf;Fthu;
tiuGfs;  jpus; kPbwd; tisapapid tiuthu;
 tiyAU tiuak;  jug;gl;l tiuGfspypUe;J jfty;
 kP b wd; gy; N fhzp fisg; ngw;W gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; hu;.
 xg;gkhd kPbwd; tisap
 Xfpt; tisap my;yJ jpus;
kPbwd; tisap
3. kPbwd; 3.1 ika ehl;l  tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifg; g Lj; j g; g l; l juTfSf; f hd 10

guk;gnyhd;wpd; mstPnlhd;whf tifg;gLj;jg;glhj juTg; ,ilapidf; fhz;ghu;.
elj;ijia ,ilia tpgupg;ghu;. guk;gnyhd;wpd; ,il  tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lhj juTfSf;fhd
tpgupg;ghu;.  epiwNaw;wpa ,il ,iliaf; fhz;ghu;
 ngUf;fypil  tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lhj juTfSf;fhd
epiwNaw;wpa ,ilapidf; fhz;ghu;
 tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lhj juTfSf;fhd
ngUf;fypilapidf; fhz;ghu;
3.2 rhu; mikT mstPlL
; g;  kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; rhu;G  kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;wpd; ,ilaj;jp 14
ngWkhdq;fspd; %yk; mikT mstPLfs; iidf; fhz;ghu;.
kPbwd; guk;giy  ,ilak;  kP b wd; guk; g nyhd; w pd; fhyiz
tpgupg;ghu;.  fhyzfs; fisf; fhz;ghu;
 jrkizfs;  kP b wd; guk; g nyhd; w pd; jrkiz
 rjkizfs; fisf; fhz;ghu;
 kP b wd; guk; g nyhd; w pd; rjkiz
fisf; fhz;ghu;
22
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

3.3 ika ehl;l mstPL  kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;wpd; Mfhuk;  kPbwd; guk;gy; xd;wpd; Mfhuj;ijf; 04
xd; w hf Mfhuj; i j fhz;ghu;.
gFg;gha;thu;.  Mfhuq; f slq; f pa gpurpdq; f isj;
jPu;g;ghu;

3.4 kPbwd; guk;gnyhd;W  ika ehl;l mstPLfspd; rhu;  i ka e h l; l m st P L fs p d ; r hu ; 04

njhlu;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLthu;
jPu;khdq;fis  jug;gl;l epiyfSf;F nghUj;jkhd
vLg;gjw;F cupa ikaehl;l mstPLfis njupthu;
ika ehl;l mstPLf
isg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.

3.5 rpjwy; mstPLfisg;  rpjwypd; mstPLfs;  tPr;R> fhyiz ,iltPr;R> miuf; 10

cgNahfpj; J kP b wd;  tPr;R fhyiz ,iltPr;R> tpyfy; ,il>
guk;gnyhd;wpd; khww;wpwd;> epak tpyfy; vd;gtw;iw
 fhyiz ,il tPr;R
guk;giy tpgupg;ghua;. fzpg;ghu;
 miuf;fhyiz ,il tPr;R
 kP b wd; guk; g y; f spy; KbGfis
(fhyiz tpyfy;) Nkw;nfhs;s nghUj;jkhd rpjwy;
 ,il tpyfy; mstPLfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
 khww;wpwd;  xd;W Nru;e;j ,il> xd;W Nru;e;j
 epak tpyfy; khww;wpwd; vd;gtw;wpid tpsf;Fthu;
 xd;W Nru;e;j ,il> xd;W Nru;e;j
 rpjwy; njhlu;ghd mstPLfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; khww;wpwd; vd;gtw;wpid fzpg;ghu;
 FOf;Fwpj;jiy cgNahfpj;J
 xd;W Nru;e;j ,il> xd;W Nru;e;j khww;wpwidf; fhz;ghu;.
khwy;jpwd; Vfgupkhz cUkhw; w q;f Sldhd

 FOf;Fwpj;jiy caNahfpj;jy;. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

23
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

3.6 Xuha mstPLfspd;  khww; Fzfk; (gpau;rdpd;)  khww;Fzfk; gw;wp tpsf;Fthu; 03

xd;whf khww;  khww; F zfq; f s; c s; s lq; f pa
Fzfj;ij gpurpdq;fis jPu;ghgu;
vLj;Jiug;ghu;.

3.7 x u h a m s t P L f i s  Xuha mstPLfs;  xuha mstPLfis tiuaWg;ghu;. 02

gad;gLj;jp guk;gypd;  fhy;gpau;rdpd; xuha mstPL  ,il> ,ilak;> Mfhuk; ,ilapyhd
tbtj;ij jPu;khdpg;ghu;. ,il - Mfhuk; njhlu;gpid $Wthu;.
 Sk1   Xuha mstPLfisf; fhz;ghu;
epaktpyfy;
 Xuha mstPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp
3 (,il - , ilak; ) guk;gypd; tbtj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
 Sk1 
epaktpyfy;

4. vOkhw;W 4.1 vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid  gupNrhjidfSk; epfo;r;rpfSk;  jPu;f;fkhd gupNrhjidfis 08

nfhs;iffis xd;wpd; epfo;r;rpfisj;  gupNrhjid tiffs; tpsf;Fthu;.
fzpj Jzpthu;.  jPu;f;fkhd gupNrhjid  jPu;f;fkw;w gupNrhjidfis
Kiw ahf  jPu;f;fkw;w my;yJ tpsf;Fthu;.
tpgupg;ghu;. vOkhw;W gupNrhjid  vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjidfis
 gupNrhjid xd;wpd; tpsf;Fthu;
,ay;jF NgWfs;  khjpupntsp> khjpupg;Gs;sp
 gupNrhjid xd;wpd; khjpup vd;gdtw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.
ntsp  epfo;r;rpapd tiuaWg;ghu;.
 epfo;r;rpfs;  epfo;rr
; pfspd; tiffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 epfo;r;rpfspd; tiffs;  epfo;r;rpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

24
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

 vspa epfo;r;rp>  ,U epfo; r ; r pfspd; ,ilntl; L >

$l;L epfo;r;rp> #ypa
epfo;r;rp> epug;G epfo;r;rp
 ,U epfo;r;rpfspy;
,ilntl;L> xd;wpg;G
 xd;Wf;nfhd;W Gwq;fyhd
epfo;r;rpfs;
 ahTkshtpa epfo;r;rpfs;
 rktha;gG ; ila epfo;rr; pfs;
 epfo;r;rp ntsp
xd;wpg;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;
 jk;K s; GwePq;fyhd epfo;r;rpfs;>
ahTkshtpa epfo;r;rpfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 rktha;g;Gila epfo;r;rpfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
 epfo;r;rp ntspapid tpsf;Fthu;.
• Nkw;gb vz;zf;fUf;fs; mlq;fpa
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

4.2 epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd  epfo;jfT  epfo;jftpd; gz;ila tiutpyf; 10

Njw;wq;fisg;  epfo;jftpd; gz;ila fzj;ijAk; mjd; vy;iyfisAk;
gpuNahfpg;ghu;. tiutpyf;fzk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 epfo;jftpd; kPbwd;  epfo;jftpw;fhd kPbwd;
mz;zstghf;fy; mz;zsthf;fj;ij Fwpg;gpLthu;
tiutpyf;fzk;  epfo;jfT;fhd mwpKiw
 epfo;jftpd; mwpKiw uPjpahd tiutpyf;fzj;ij Fwpg;gpLthu;.
tiutpyf;fzk;  mwpKiw epfo;jfit gad;gLj;jp
 epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd tpjpfs; epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd Njw;wq;fis
 P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A  B ) epWTthu;
P(AB)  P(A)  P(B)  P(AB)  mwpKiw tiutpyf;fzj;ij

gad;gLj;jp epfo;jfT njhu;ghd
tpjpfis epWTtJld;
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

25
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

4.3 epge;jid epfo;jftpd;  epge;jid epfo;jfT  epge;jid epfo;jfit tiuaWg;ghu;. 08

%yk; epfo;rr ; pnahd;wpd;  tiutpyf;fzk;  epge;jid epfo;jfT njhlu;ghd
Neu jfitj;  epge;jid epfo;jfT NgWfs; Njw;wq;fis $wp epWTthu;.
jPu;khdpg;ghu;.  rq;fpyp tpjp  epge;jid epfo;jfTfis
 ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfSf;fhd cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fis jPug ; g; hu;.
rq;fpyp tpjp  rq; f pyptpjpia ,uz; L f; F Nkw; g l;l
 ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l epfo;r;rpfSf;F tpupTgLj;Jthu;.
epfo;rr
; pfSf;F rq;fpyp tpjpia
tpupTgLj;Jthu;.

4.4 ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd;  ,U epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhik  ,uz;L epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhikia 04

rhuhika tpgupg;ghu;.  Nrhbahf rhuhik tiuag;ghu;
 xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhuhik  Nrhbahf rhuhikia tiuaWg;ghu;
 xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhuhikia
tiuaWg;ghu;
 epfo;r;rpfspd; rhuhikia
cgNahfpjJ; gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; hu;.

4.5 nkhj;j epfo;jfTj;  khjpup ntspapd; gpupg;G  khjpup ntspapd; gpupg;ig 08

Njw;wj;jpd; ngWjpahf  nkhj;j epfo;jfT Njw;wk; tiuaWg;ghu;.
Ngrpd; Njw;wj;ijg;  Ngrpd; Njw;wk;  nkhj;j epfo;T Njw;wj;ij $Wthu;.
gpuNahfpg;ghu;.  nkhj;j epfo;T Njw;wj;ij epWTthu;
 Ngrpd; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp epWTthu;
 Ngrpd; Njw; w j; i j cgNahfpj; J
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

26
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

4.6 vOkhw; W khwpfis  vOkhw;W khwp  vOkhw;W khwpapid tiuaWg;ghu; 02

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.  vOkhw;W khwpnahd;W vLf;Fk;;  vOkhw;W khwpfspy; rhj;jpakhd
rhj;jpakhd ngWkhdq;fs; ngWkhdq;fis tptupg;ghu;
 gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpfs;>  gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpfis
njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpfs; tiuaWg;ghgu;
 njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpfis
tiuaWg;ghu;.

4.7 n j h l u ; > gpd;df  gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd;  gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpy; 12

vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; epfo;jfTg; guk;gy;
epfo; jfTg; guk; gypd;  njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd;
,ay;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;. epfo;jfTg; guk;gy;
 gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd;
epfo;jfT jpzpTr; rkd;ghL
 njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd;
epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr; rhu;G
epfo;jfTg; guk;gy;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
 njhlu; vOkhw; W khwpnahd; w py;
epfo;jfT 3 guk;gy;fis tpgupg;ghu;.
 gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd;
e pfo ; jfT jpzp Tr ; r hu; gpi d
tpgupg;ghu;
 njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpanahd;wpd;
epfo; j fT mlu; j ; j pr; rhu; g pid
tpgupg;ghu;.

27
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

4.8 vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd;  vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; guk;gy;  gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpf;Fupa fzpj 12
epfo;jfTg; guk;gypd; fzpj vjpu;T vjpu;tpid tiuaWg;ghu;
%yk; fzpj vjpuitf;  ,il  njlu; vOkhw;W khwpf;Fupa fzpj
fzpg;ghu;.  vOkhw;W khwpnahd;wpd; vjpu;tpid tiuaWg;ghu;
khwy;jpwd;  gpd; d f vOkhw; W khwpf; F upa
khwy;jpwid tiuaWg;ghu;
 njhlu; vOkhw; W khwpf; F upa
khwy;jpwid tiuaWg;ghu;

4.9 vOkhw;W  vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; jpus;  gpd;df vOkhw;w khwp xd;wpw;fhd 14
khwpnahd;wpw;fhd guk;gy; rhu;G jpus; guk;gy; rhu;ig tiuaWg;ghu;.
jpus; guk;gy;  njhlu; vOkhw;w khwp xd;wpw;fhd
rhu;igj; jPu;khdpg;ghu; jpus; guk;gy; rhu;ig tiuaWg;ghu;.
 jug;gl;l epfo;jfT jpzpTr;
rhu;gpypUe;J jpus; guk;gy; rhu;igf;
fhz;ghu;.
 jug; g l; l epfo; j fT mlu; j ; j pr;
rhu;gpypUe;J jpus; guk;gy; rhu;igf;
fhz;ghu;.
 gpd;df vOkhw;W khwpf;fhd jpus;
guk;gy; rhu;gpid tiuthu;.
 njhlu; vOkhw;W khwpf;fhd jpus;
guk;gy; rhu;gpid tiuthu;.
28
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

4.10 tpNrl gpd;df  gpd;df epfo;jfTg; guk;gy;  NgZypahd guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;. 20

epfo;jfTg;  NgZypapy; guk;gy;  gpd;df rPuhd guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;.
guk;gy; fSf;fhd  <UWg;Gg; guk;gy;  <UWg;Gg; guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;.
khjpupfis  GtNrhd; guk;gy;  ngha;Nrhtpd; guk;giy tpgup;ghu;.
mikg;ghu;.  Nkw;$wpa guk;gy;fspid
epfo;jfT fzpj;J gpurpdq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
tpgupg;ghu;.

4.11nfhs;if  njhlu; epfo;jfTg; guk;gy;  njhlu;ruP hd guk;giy Fwpg;gpLthu;. 15

khjpupfis cg  myFg; guk;gy;  nrt;td; guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;.
Nahfpj;J  xUrPuhd guk;gy;  epak nrt;td; guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;
epfo;jfTfisf;  nrt;td; guk;gy;> epak  Nkw; g b guk; g y; f Sld; $ba
fzpg;gJld; tpNrl nrt;td; guk;gy; gpuprpdq;fisj; jPu;ghu;
njhlu; guk;gypd;
epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr;
rhu;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.

5.Vfgupkhzj; 5.1 Vfgupkhzj; jpll

; kply;  Vgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; khjpupia  Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkply; khjpupfis 10
jpl;lkply; khjpup xd;iw mikj;jy; cUthf;Fthu;
gpurpdk; mikg;ghu;.  jPu;khd khwpfs;  jPu;khd khwpfis Fwpg;gpLthu;
xd;wpd;  Fwpf;Nfhs; rhu;G  Fwpf;Nfhs; rhu;Gfis mikg;ghu;
cj;jkj;  tpfhug;gilfis tiuaWg;ghu;
 epak tbtpy; tif Fwpj;jy;
jPu;itj;  epge;jidfisf; $Wthu;
 tpfhug; gilfs;
Jzpthu;.
 kiw mw;w epge;jidfs;

29
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

5.2 Vfgupkhz jpl;lkply;  Vfgupkhzj; jpl;lkplypw;fhd  rhj;jpakhd gpuNjrq;fis 15

gpurpdnkhd;wpd; jPui
; t tiuG Kiwj; jPu;T ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
tiuG Kiwapy;  rhj;jpag; gpuNjrk;  c au ; t hf ; f > , o pt hf; f khj pup
Jzpthu;.  cau; t hf; f khjpup xd; w pd; jP
u ; T fSf;fhd jPu;tfisf; fhz;ghu;.
 ,opthf;f khjpup xd;wpd; jPu;T  gpurpdq;fspy; rhj;jpakhd jPu;Tfs;>
 gpurpdq;fs; j d pj ; j P u ; T f s; > g y j P u ; Tf s ;
 rhj;jpakw;w jPu;Tf;Fila vd;gtw;iwg; ngWthu;
 jdpj; jPu;TfSila  Vfgupkhzj; jpl; l kply; mlq; fpa
 gy jPu ; TfiSila gprpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;

6. njupjy;> 6.1 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fis  vz;ZtJ njhlu;ghd mgbg;gilf;  vz;Djypd; mbg;gilj; jj;Jtj;ij 10
xOq;F jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU Nfhl;ghL tpsf;Fthu;.
gLj;jy; Kiwahf tupir  cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fjy;  fhuzpak; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
vd;gtw;wpw; khw;wq;fis  fhuzPaf; FwpaPL  fhuzpaj;jpw;fhd gpd;dLk;
fhd cgNahfpg;ghu;.  vy; y hk; NtWNtwhd nghUl; njhlu;gpid $Wthu;.
n
fspypUe; J r nghUl; f Sf; f hd  Pr I tiuaWj; J n Pr ,w; f hd
tupir khw;wq;fs;. #j;jpuj;ijg; ngWthu;.
 vy;yhk; NtWglhj n vy; y hk; NtWgl; l NtWNtwhd
n ghU l; f spy pU e ; J r n ghU l; n ghU l ;f s py ; r nghUl; f Sf; f hd
fSf;fhd tupir khw;wq;fs;. tupirkhw;wq;fspd; vz;zpfi ; fiaf;
n
 Pr vd;w Fwpg;gPL fhz;ghu;.
 m xj;j nghUl;fs; rpytw;iwf;  vy;yhk; NtWglhj n nghUl;fSf;fhd
nfhz;lJkhd n nghUl;fspypUe;J r nghUl;fspd; tupir khw;wq;fspd;
ngwg;gLk; tupir khw;wq;fs; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;ghu;.
 tupir khw;wk; njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

30
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

6.2 fzpjg; gpurpdq;fis  Nru;khdk; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU.  Nru;khdj;ij tiuaWg;ghu;. 14

jPu;g;gjw;fhd xU  n Ntwhd nghUl; f spypUe; J  N r u ; k h d k ; > tupirkhw;wk;
Kiwahf jli tf; F r tP jk; vL j; J vd;gtw;wpwf
; pilNaahd NtWghl;il
Nru;khdq;fis mikf;fg;gLk; Nru;khdq;fspd; tpsf;Fthu;.
n
mwpKfk; nra;thu;. vz;zpf;if.  Cr I tiuaWg;ghu;.
n
 Cr vd;w Fwpg;gPL> Cr ,w;fhd  Cr ,w;fhd #j;;jpuj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
n n

n
#j;jpuk;.  njhlu;Gila gpurpdq;fSf;F Cr I

n! cgNahfpg;ghu;.
n
n
vd; w Fwpg; gLP C  n
Cr
r!(n  r )!  Cr ,d; ,ay;Gfisf; $Wthu;.
r

n
 vy;yhk; NtWglhj n
 Cr ,d; ,ay;Gfs;
nghUl;fspypUe;J r nghUl;fis
n n
 Cn  Cn  1 njupT nra; t jwfhd topfspd;
n n
 Cr  Cr 1 vz;zpf;ifapidf; fhz;ghu;.
n 1
 Nru; k hdq; f Sld; njhlu; G gLk;
 Cr  nCr 1  nCr
gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu;.
 v y ; y h k ; N t W g l h j n
nghUl;fspypUe;J r nghUl;fis
njupT nra;J mikf;f g; gLk;
Nru;khdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

31
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

7. tiy 7.1 tiy mikg;Gf;fs;  tiy mikg;Gf;fs;  tiyaikg;Gfis tiuaWg;ghu; 10

mikg;Gf;  tiy mikg;Gf;fspd; gFjpfs;  ti yaikg; G fspd; gFjpfis
fisg;  tiyaikg;G ,dq;fhz;ghu;
gad;gLj;jp  Arc  tiyaikg;G El;gq;fspd;
jpl;lq;fis  Node cgNahfj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;
gFg;gha;T  tiyaikg;Gfspd;  tiyaikg;G El;gq;fspd;
gpuNahfq;fs; ek;ikfisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk;
nra;thu;.
$Wthu;

7.2 tiy Ntiyfis  nraw;jpl;lq;fis jpl;lkply;.  nraw;jpl;lq;fis 15

cgNahfpj;J  tiyaikg;Gf;fshf tif tiyaikg;Gf;fhf tif Fwpj;jy;.
gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu; Fwpjj ; y;.  mtjpgg; hij ,opT njhlq;fy; Neuk;>
 mtjpg;ghij ,opT KbT Neuk;> cau;T
 ,opT njhlq;fy; Neuk; njhlq;fy; Neuk;> cau;T KbT
 ,opT KbT Neuk; Neuk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.
 cau;T njhlq;fy; Neuk;  mtjpgg; hij ,opT njhlq;fy; Neuk;>
 cau;T KbT Neuk; ,opT KbT Neuk;> cau;T
 cj;jk jU tupg;gl gpurpdq;fs; njhlq;fy; Neuk;> cau;T KbT
 cau; gha;r;ry; gpurpdq;fs;. Neuk; vd;gtw;iw fhz;ghu;.
 cgupk ghT jU ,id tpsf;Fthu;.
 cgupk ghr;rypid tpsf;Fthu;.
 cgupk ghT jU mlq;fpa
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;ghu;.
 cau; ghr;ry; gpurpdq;fisj; jPug
; g
; hu;.

32
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

8.gpurpdq;fis 8.1 tupir 2> tupir 3  Jzp NfhitfSf;fhd mwpKfk;  JzpNfhitfis tiuaWg;ghu; 04
jPu;g;gjw;fhd JzpNfhitfis  ,ay;Gfs;  JzpNfhitnahd;wpd;
fzpj khjpup ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.  ,U epuy;fis my;yJ ,U ngWkhdj;jpidf; fhz;ghu;
xd;whf epiufis gupkhw;Wtjd;  JzpNfhitnahd;wpd;
JzpNfhit %yk; JzpNfhitapd; Fwp ,ay;gpidf; $Wthu;.
fis khw;wkilAk;  JzpNfhitfs; mjd; ,ay;Gfs;
mwpKfk;  JzpNfhit xd;wpd; ,U mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu;.
nra;thu;. epuy;fis my;yJ ,U Identifies matrices
epiufs; rkdhapd; mjd;
JzpNfhit G+r;rpakhFk;.
 K vd;gJ epuy; my;yJ epiu
xd;wpy; cs;s vy;yh
%yfq;fSf;Fk; nghJ
fhuzpahapd; K ahdJ
mj;JzpNfhitapd; nghJ
fhuzpahFk;.

33
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

9. Xu; ml;ru 9.1 jhaq;fSldhd  jhak; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk;>  jhaq;fis tiuaWg;ghu;. 08

fzpjj; ml;rufzpjj;ij jhaf; Fwpg;gPL  jhaq; f spd; epuy ; > epi u> gb
njhFjp tpgupg;ghu;.  jhaq;fspd; $l;ly; vd;gtw;wpid ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
ahfj;  $l;lYf;fhd xUg;ghL  epuy; jhak;> epiuj;jhak; vd;gtw;iw
jhaq;  milj;j ,ay;G ,dq; fhz;ghu;
fisf;  $l;lYf;fhd guptu;jj ; id  jhaq;fspd; $l;lypwf ; hd xUg;ghl;il
ifahs;thu;. tpjpAk;> Nru;j;jp tpjpAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
 vz;zpahy; ngUf;Fjy;  milj;j ,ay;igf; $Wthu;.
 ,U jhaq;fspd; $l;lypd;  $l;lYf;fhd Nru;j;jp tpjp>
kPjhd Xu; vz;zpapd; guptu;jj; id tpjpiaf; $Wthu;.
ngUf;fj;jpd; guk;gy; tpjp  jhak; xd;iw vz;zpahy;
ngUf;Fthu;.
 jhaq;fspid vz;zpahy;
ngUf;fypd;NghJ guk;gy; tpjpaid
cgNahfpg;ghu;.
 jhaf;$l;ly; mlq;fpa gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.

9.2 rJuj; jhaq;fspd; rJuj; jhaq; f s; njhlu; g hd  ,U jhaq;fspy; ngUf;fypw;fhd 12


,ay;Gfis ml;rufzpjk; xUg;ghl;il tiuaWg;ghu;
Muha;thu;.  jhag; ngUf;fk;  ,U jhaq;fspd; ngUf;fiy
tpgupg;ghu;.

34

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk;
 ngUf;fj;Jf;fhf jhaq;fspd;
xUg;ghL
 jhag; ngUf;fk;
guptu;jj
; idahdjy;y.
 rJuj; jhaq;fs;
 rHt rkd;ghl;Lj;jhak;
 %iytpl;lj; jhak;
 rJuj;jhaq;fspy; ml;rufzpjk;
 jhag; ngUf;fypd; Nru;j;jp
tpjp (AB)C=A(BC)
 jhaf;$l;lypd;kPJ jhag;
ngUf;fypd; guk;gy; tpjp
A(B+C) = AB + AC
(B+C)A = BA + CA
IA = A = AI ;
,q;F I vd;gJ A ,d;
tupiriaf; nfhz;l rHt
rkd;ghl;Lj;jhak;
 G+r;rpaj;jhak;
 jhak; xd;wpd; Neu;khW
(2 x 2 jhaq;fSf;F kl;Lk;)
35
ghl
fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;
 rpy jhaq;fSf;F AB = BA MFk;
vd;gij tha;gg ; g; ghu;f;f.
 rJuj;jhaq;fis NtWgLj;jpawpthu;.
 ru;tkd;ghl;Lj; jhaj;ij
tiuaWg;ghu;.
 %iytpll ; j; jhaj;ij tiuaWg;ghu;.
 jhaq; fspd; Nru; j;jpj; jd;i kia
tpsf;Fthu;.
 jhaf; $l;lypd; kPJ jhag;
ngU f; f j; j pw; f hd guptu; j ; j id
tpjpapid tpsf;Fthu;.
 IA = A = AI v d ; g i j tha;g;Gg;
ghu;gg; hu;. (,q;F A. I vd;gJ xNu
gbapyhdit)
 G+r;rpaj; jhaj;jpid tiuaWg;ghu;.
“O”
 AB = 0 Mf ,Ug;gjw;F A = 0 my;yJ
B = 0 Mf ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhdJ
,y;iy vdf; fhl;Lthu;.
 jhak; xd;wpd; Neu;kiwf; fhz;ghu;.
 jha epfu;khw;Wf;fSld;
njhlu;Gila ,ay;Gfis tha;gG ; g;
ghu;g;ghu;.
 ghl
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs; Ntisfs;

 epfu;khw;W  jhag; ngUf;fYldhd

 (A+B) T =A T +B T gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
 (A T )T =A
 ( k A) T = k A T , ,q;F k Xu;
vz;zp
 (AB) T =B T A T

9.3 xUq;fik  ,U khwpfSldhd xUq;fik • xUq;fik Nrhbr; rkd;ghLfspd; 06

rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;ff
; rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfs;. jPu;Tfis gupNrhjpg;ghu;.
jhaq;fis  jdpahd j P u ; T f s ; > • jhaq;fis cgNahfpjJ ; xUq;fik
cgNahfpg;ghu;. vz;zpylq;fhj mjpf jPuT ; fs;> rkd;ghLfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
jPuT
; fs; ,y;yhik vd;gtw;iw • j h a g ; n g U f ; f k ; mlq;fpa
JzpNfhitia cgNahfpj;J gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
tpsf;Fjy;.
 x U q; f i k r kd ; g hLfi s
cgNahfpj;J jPu;jj; y;.

36
 8.0 fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; cgha Kiwfs;

khztu;fs; ,g;ghl newpapD}lhf vjpu;ghu;jj ; tpisitg; ngWtij ,yFthf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs;> jq;fsJ fzpjj; njhlu;ghlypy; Nkk;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ rf khztu;fSlDk; MrpupaUlDk;
nghUs; tpsq;fpf; fye;Jiuahly;> jPu;Tfhzy;> tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; re;ju;gg ; k; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; vOj;jpy; khj;jpukpdw
; p tha;%yj; njhlu;ghly;> glq;fis cgNahfpjj
; y;> vz;> FwpaL
P > nrhw;gpuNahfq; fis cgNahfpjj; y;
Nghd;;wtw;wpy; njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;j Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

khztu;fs; gy;topfspy; fw;fpwhu;fs;. khztu;fs; fl;Gyd;> nrtpg;Gyd; clw;jir mirTfs; my;yJ gy;NtW Gyd;fspD}lhff;
fw;fpwhu;fs;. fw;wy; ghzp tPr;Rf;fspy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpfg;nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaj;ijj;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; Kiwapy; fyhr;rhu
r%fg; gpd;dzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;NtWghLfs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl;L> gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpj mwpT> jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpapy; rfy
khztu;fSk; rktha;g;igg; ngw KbAk;.

tFg;nghd;wpy; KO khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk;NghJ ngupa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfoKbAk;. khztu;fs; jkJ FOtpYs;s
Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;> ,ilj; njhlu;GWk;NghJ rpwpa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. khztd; xUtd; ,d;ndhU
khztDld; my;yJ MrpupaUld; ,ilj;njhlu;GWk;NghJ jdpegu; kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. vdNt rfy xOq;FfSk;
fzpj tFg;giwapy; jj;jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

37
 9.0. ghlrhiyf;n fhs;i fAk; epfo; r ;r pj; jpl;l q;f Sk;

fzpjf; fw;wy; khztu;fSf;Ff; fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j njhlu;Gilanjhd;whf epfo;tjw;F tFg;giw Ntiy Kw;whf mwpT> jpwd;
tpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sjhf mikahJ> njhlu;ghly;> ,izg;G> epahapj;jy; (fhuzpj;jy;) gpur;rpid jPu;jj
; y; Nghd;wtw;iw
cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy $wg;gl;l ehd;F ,yf;FfSk; khztu;fspd; rpe;jid> elj;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gd
Nkk;glr; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.

rhjhuz tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F mg;ghy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fPo;tUk; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;> fw;wy; nray;ghl;by;
xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; gq;Nfw;fr; re;ju;gg; j;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mit>
• khztu; gbg;G tl;lq;fs;
• fzpjf; FOf;fs;
• fzpjg; ghriwfs;
• Nghl;bfs; (Njrpa> ru;tNjr)
• E}y; epiya cgNahfk;
• tFg;giwr; Rtu; mwpf;iffs; (ntspaPLfs;)
• fzpj Ma;T$lk;
• nray; miwfs;
• fzpjk; rhu;e;j rupj;jpu juTfs; Nrfupj;jy;
• gy; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk;
• nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;

fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfl;Nfw;g Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;baJ fzpj Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfis
xOq;FgLj;Jk;NghJ MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; mJ njhlu;ghd ntsp Ml;fsplkpUe;Jk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk; cjtpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk;
38
fzpjk; rhu;ej
; jj;jkf;Fupa nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpfn
; fhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspgg
; pdhYk; cUthf;fg;gl
,Uf;fpd;w KOikahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,J mikAk;. fzpjk; rhu;e;j nfhs;ifia cUthf;Ftjpy;
ghlrhiy gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mitahtd: ghlrhiyg; ngsjPfr; #oYk;> mjd;
Rw;Wg;GwKk;> khztu;fsJ NjitfSk; mf;fiwfSk;> ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila rKjhak;> Mszp tsr; Nritfs;>
ghlrhiyf;F tha;g;ghd epWtdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;.

nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf gy;NtW tpjkhd nraw;ghLfs; mlq;fpa tUlhe;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis ghlrhiy
mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpj;j tUlfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ghlrhiy
Kd;Dupikfis milahsq;fhz;gJk; Neuj;jpdJk; %ytsj;jpdJk; neUf;fb rhu;e;j eilKiwfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJk;
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. vt;tpjkhapDk; ghlrhiy ntt;NtW khztu;fspdJk; gy;tpj ehl;lq;fsJk; csr;rhu;GfsJk; tpUj;jpia
epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; NghJkhd nraw;ghl;L tPr;Rf;fis xOq;F gz;z Ntz;Lk;.

39
 10.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPlL; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
vd;gd cs;slq;Fk; tpjj;jpy; fzpgg
; l
P L
; f; fUtpfis Mf;fuPjpahfj; jahupjJ; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gLfpdw
; J.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Njrpa kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhd f.ngh.cau;jug; guPl;irf;FupajhfNt
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; elj;jg;gLfpd;w
KjyhtJ guPl;ir 2019 Mk; tUlj;jpy; eilngWk;.

40
 fzpjf; Fwpg;g P L fSk; FwpaP L fSk;

gpd;tUk; fzpjf; Fwpg;g PLfs; gad;gLj;jg;g Lk;

1. njhilf; Fwpg;gPL
 xd;wpg;G
 %yfk;
 ,ilntl;L
 %yfkd;W
[a,b] %ba Mapil x   : a  x  b
 x1 , x2 , . . . . x1, x2, ... vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l njhil
 x : . . . ... MFkhWs;s vy;yh x IAk; nfhz;l (a,b] Mapil x   : a  x  b
njhil
[a, b) Mapil x   : a  x  b
n  A  njhil A apYs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
 #dpaj;njhil (a, b) jpwe;j Mapil x   : a  x  b
 mfpyj;njhil
A /
njhil A apdJ epug;gp 2. gytpd FwpaPLfs;
= rkd;
 ,aw;if vz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, ...}
 rkdd;W
 epiwntz;fspd; njhil 0, ±1, ±3, . . . ru;trkd; my;yJ xUq;fpirT

+ Neu; epiwntz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, . . . }  mz;zsthf rkd;
 tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil  tpfpjrkd;
 nka; vz;fspd; njhil  rpwpJ
 rpf;fy; vz;fspd; njhil  rpwpJ my;yJ rkd;
 njhilg;gpupT  ngupJ
 ngupJ my;yJ rkd;
 Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT
 Kbtpyp
 njhilg;gpuptd;W Mapd;

 Kiwikj; njhilg;gpuptd;W  Mapd; Mapd; kl;Lk;

41
3. nra; i ffs; 4. rhu; G fs;
a+b a IAk; b IAk; $l;Ljy; (a rf b ) f(x) x ,y; Md rhu;G
a-b a ,ypUe;J b If; fopj;jy; (a ra b ) f : A B rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> A apd; xt;nthU %yfKk;
njhil B ,y; tpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
a × b , a .b a ,b vd;gtw;wpd; ngUf;fk;
f : x y rhu;G f ,d; fPo;> %yfk; x MdJ y ,w;F
a glkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
a  b, a I b My; gpupj;jy;
b f 1 rhu;G f ,d; Neu;khW
a:b a ,b vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjk; go f f ,dJk; g ,dJk; Nru;j;jpr;rhu;G
n gof( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ
a
i 1
i a1 + a2 + a 3 + . . . + an lim f ( x) x MdJ a I mZf f ( x ) ,d; vy;iy
xa

a nka;naz; a ,d; Neu;tu;ff

; %yk; x x ,dJ xU rpw;Nww;wk;

a nka;naz; a ,d; kl;L dy

x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; ngWjp
dx
n! n fhuzpak; vy;yh n    0
dny
x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; n MtJ ngWjp
dx n
n n!
Pr  0r n n    , r     {0} f (1)  x  , f (2)  x  ,..., f  n  x  x If; FwpjJ
; f (x ) ,d; KjyhtJ>
(n  r )!
,uz;lhtJ... n MtJ ngWjpfs;
n n!
Cr  ,0  r  n n    , r     {0}
r !(n  r )!  ydx x If; Fwpj;J y ,d; tiuawhj njhifaPL
b
 ydx x If; FwpjJ
; y ,d; njhifaPlL
; g; ngWkhdk;
a

a ,w;Fk; b ,w;Fkpilapy;
x , 
x,... Neuk; Fwpj;J x ,d; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> ...
ngWjpfs;;

42
5. mLf; F f; F wpr; r hu; G fSk; klf; i fr; r hu; G fSk; x, y, r . . . vOkhw;W khwpfs; X, Y, R vd;gd vLf;Fk;
ngWkhdq;fs;
ex x ,yhd mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;G
x1, x2, . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs;
log a x mb a ,yhd x ,d; klf;if f1, f2 , . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs; x1, x2 . . . eilngWk; kPbwd;fs;
ln x mb e ,yhd x ,d; klf;if (,aw;if
n
klf;if) U A i  A1  A 2  ...  A n
i1
lg x mb 10 ,yhd x ,d; klf;if
n
 A i  A1  A 2  ...  A n
6. jhaq; f s; i1

x ,il
M jhak; M
2 khww;wpwd;
MT jhak; M ,d; epiykhw;W
 / S / SD epak tpyfy;
M-1 M ,d; Neu;khW
det M jhak; M ,d; JzpNfhit

7. epfo; j fTk; Gs; s ptpgutpaYk;

A , B, C Mfpad epfo;r;rpfs;
AB epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; xd;wpg;G
AB epfo;r;rpfs; A apdJk; B apdJk; ,ilntl;L
P(A) epfo;r;rp A apd; epfo;jfT
A/ epfo;r;rp A apd; epug;gp
P  A B epfo;rr
; p B epfo;eJ
; s;sJ vd jug;gbd;> epfo;rr
; p
A epfo;tjw;fhd epfo;jfT
X,Y,R... vOkhw;W khwpfs;

43