The 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.

0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT)

SigFox-based Internet of Things Network Planning

for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Services in
Urban Scenario
Arrizky Ayu Faradila Purnama Muhammad Imam Nashiruddin
Center for Regulation & Management of Telecommunication Center for Regulation & Management of Telecommunication
School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
arrzkyayufp@student.telkomuniversity.ac.id imamnashir@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Abstract— SigFox is a Low Power Wide Area Network increase efficiency in supervision, and leak detection, so the
(LPWAN) technology using unlicensed frequency bands with losses due to leakage can be prevented.
Ultra Narrow Band technology. It has advantages in terms of IoT is a concept where a particular object can transfer data
very low power consumption, high receiver sensitivity, and the through networks without requiring interaction from human
cheap cost of end devices. SigFox technology is based on Link
to human or from human to computer devices [3]. To support
Quality Control (LQI). One parameter is the division of zones is
based on radio configuration, where Indonesia included in zone this type of application, AMI requires radio connectivity
2 with radio configuration RC4. SigFox is very suitable as a technology with large capacity (many devices are connected),
solution in terms of radio connectivity. In this study, an analysis low power consumption, supports broad reach, and low costs
of the Internet of Thing (IoT) network design was carried out in [4]. LPWAN technology is considered to be more efficient to
the East Java province of Indonesia, particularly in the cities of support AMI services because it only uses a small bandwidth
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik as Urban Scenario. The and data transmission in a specific time interval, so it does
Advanced Metering Infrastructure services include electricity, not require high speed.
water, gas, and fuel. From the simulations that have been Low Power Wide Area Network is a wireless technology
carried out, the optimal number of gateways obtained
that can support the spread and development of the Internet
respectively 34 sites for the Surabaya area with the average
signal level received was -78 dBm, and SNR value was 17.27 dB. of Things network connectivity [5]. The challenge is
While five gateways need for the Sidoarjo area with the average choosing the right connectivity technology, and one of the
signal level received was -89.68 dBm, and SNR value was -1.06 options is using SigFox technology.
dB, and eight sites for the Gresik area with the average signal Fig. 1. shows the architecture of SigFox technology.
level received was -89.14 dBm, and SNR value was -1.12 dB. SigFox is a technology based on public networks with a star
network architecture. It starts from the sensor sending
Keywords— SigFox, LPWAN, Network Planning, Advanced messages in the form of data forwarded to the SigFox
Metering Infrastructure, Internet of Things, Telecommunication gateway and then the cloud, the message is processed and
Management
evaluated by the IoT Platform and finally presented in the
I. INTRODUCTION way of reporting to consumers.
Manual operation of the Electric meter readings of
services, water, gas, and tank refueling stations requires an
increase in its efficiency of work implementation in the field
and the accuracy of measurements and monitoring related to
the use of services and to reduce the potential for fraud. The
use of AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) services with
faster monitoring systems is expected to be a solution to
prevent and reduce theft and fraud. Besides, another benefit Fig. 1. The Architecture of SigFox Technology [6].
is that there is no need for a manual meter reading to enable
SigFox technology uses Ultra Narrow Band (UNB)
more efficient use of the resources, and flexible management
technology with unlicensed frequency bands. By using a very
of service loads in real-time [1].
narrow band, SigFox has advantages in terms of low
In this case, the alternative solution of communication
consumption, high receiver sensitivity, and low-end device
technology was chosen by the implementation of the IoT
costs [7][8].
communication network for electricity, water, gas, and fuel
The design of the Internet of Things network using
refilling services, especially in Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and
SigFox technology aims to combine the data on the number
Gresik. AMI is an integrated smart meter system,
of consumers using Advanced Metering Infrastructure
communication network, and data management system that
services, with the classification of four functions, namely
enables two-way communication between utilities and
electricity, water, gas, and the refueling station. We will
customers [2]. This system provides several essential
analyze the aspects of coverage and capacity to get the
functions that were previously impossible or must be carried
amount of infrastructure, in this case, the gateway for
out manually, such as the ability to automatically and
Advanced Metering Infrastructure services in the area of
measure electricity usage, connect, and disconnect services,
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik.
detect disturbances, identify and isolate outages, and monitor
This paper consists of several sections that will explain
voltages. With the application of AMI, it is expected to
the structure of SigFox network planning analysis for AMI

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The 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT)

services, namely: Part I is an introduction that explains the Radio Configuration or RC is a set of parameters that
background of planning. Part II describes the SigFox service identifies the characteristics of the transmitted signal so that
technology and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). the realization of Radio Configuration by the gateway and the
Section III describes the methods used in both coverage and SigFox device allows for a successful message exchange
capacity; Part IV shows the results and analysis of the SigFox [14]. For parameters entered in the RC2 and RC4 zones are
network planning, which includes coverage and capacity. shown in Table II.
And finally, Part V shares the conclusion of the study.
TABLE II LINK QUALITY INDICATOR FOR RC2 AND RC4 ZONES
II. SIGFOX TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED METERING Number of Base Link Quality
RSSI
INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI) Stations Indicator
-114 dBm < RSSI 3 Excellent
A. SigFox Technology Overview -127 dBm < RSSI
3 Good
SigFox is an example of a Low Power Wide Area ≤ -114 dBm
Network (LPWAN) technology with a wide connectivity -114 dBm < RSSI 1 or 2 Good
range with a free spectrum fee [8]. SigFox uses narrowband -127 dBm < RSSI
1 or 2 Average
or ultra-narrowband technology using the Binary Phase Shift ≤ -114 dBm
Keying (BPSK) radio transmission method so that the RSSI -127 dBm Any Limit
required spectrum size narrows and changes the phase of the
radio wave to encode data [7]. B. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
SigFox technology exchanges messages on air using the
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is a two-way
192 KHz band that is publicly available [6]. To be more
communication that makes it possible to manage utilities in
specific, Sigfox sent three messages using several channels
monitoring, controlling, and evaluating the energy usage of
with a packet duration of 2 ms [9]. Each message sent has a
sensor nodes meters either scheduled or on-demand [1].
spectrum of 100 Hz with a bit rate of 100 bps according to
The AMI system prioritizes communication
ETSI and ARIB (Europe and Japan), and a spectrum width of
automatically, including reading, connection, detection of
600 Hz with a data transmission rate of 600 bps based on the
fraud and damage, and evaluating energy use [15][16]. AMI
FCC region [10].
consists of smart meter devices, network connections, and
SigFox services operate worldwide in the ISM and SRD
data management.
bands, with a frequency range of 862 to 928 MHz. These
global operations are divided into three geographical zones.
These three zones have unique and different parameters, such

Data Collection (‘Head-End’)

Meter Data Management

System (MDMS)
as measuring hardware implementation, especially the
Electricity

Data Portal
meter
Home Display Unit

Internet

System
Water
Home Area

maximum radiation power, frequency range, and radio front

meter
(HDU)

Network
(HAN)
Gas
meter

end specificities [11]. SigFox uses an unlicensed band so that Fuel

station
meter Wide Area Network (WAN) Consumer

devices can transmit data to the cloud with low power AMI Gateway AMI Platform

Fig. 2. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) System [17].

consumption and costs. Although SigFox has provided
geographic zone mapping, each country can impose rules In Fig. 2, the AMI architecture starts from the AMI sensor
regarding operations in unlicensed bands. The three to the consumer. AMI sensors have Home Display Units
geographical zones of SigFox technology are present in Table (HDU), Home Area Networks (HAN), and AMI sensors.
I. HDU function is to measure energy consumption and display
data on energy use and costs while the HAN functions to
TABLE I THREE GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES OF SIGFOX DEPLOYMENT [11]
Zone 2 Zone 3 ensure that AMI devices and sensors are connected. The next
Zone 1 is the Wide Area Network (WAN) as a part that organizes
AMERICAS/ APAC 2 (Japan,
EMEAI
APAC 1 South Korea) communication with data communication systems or head-
Frequency end. This data communication system is responsible for
862-876 902-928
range (MHz)
RC3a, RC3c,
collecting data from one sensor to another by two-way
RC RC1 RC2, RC4 communication, sending requests to the meter, and receiving
RC5
requests such as scheduling meter readings. Meter reading
Based on [12][13], it states that the area of Indonesia data will be evaluated on the AMI platform, and this section
includes in Zone 2 with radio configuration four or RC4. consists of the Head-end, Meter Data Management System
SigFox Radio Configuration (RC) is a parameter that (MDMS), and Data Portal. The Meter Data Management
regulates the characteristics of the device, such as the device System (MDMS) is a repository that receives, checks, and
must operate at SigFox frequency, output power, spectrum stores a large number of meter readings collected from the
access, throughput, and others. Head-end system. While the Data Portal has a function to
SigFox technology has a Link Quality Indicator (LQI) collect data from MDMS and deliver it as a report to the
consisting of [14]: consumer. The connectivity is needed to guarantee service
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value connections, especially on the WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Number of receiving stations (Receiver Redundancy) section, one of which is using SigFox technology.
• Division of Radio Configuration (RC) zones, due to
differences in Radio Configuration (RC) classifications.

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The 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT)
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
A. The projection of AMI users in 2030 and Research Areas
In this study, an Internet of Things (IoT) network planning
was carried out using SigFox for Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) services. Network planning is carried out
in East Java Province, particularly in the area of Surabaya,
Sidoarjo, and Gresik, with each region having an area of 350.5
km2, 714.24 km2, and 1,192.25 km2 [18]. The data used in
planning are electricity, water, gas, and fuel station service
with their user's projection from 2020 to 2030. Data on users
of Advanced Metering Infrastructure services are present in
Table III.
TABLE III PROJECTION OF NUMBER OF AMI'S USER METER DEVICES IN
CITIES OF SURABAYA, SIDOARJO, AND GRESIK BY 2030.
Parameter Surabaya Sidoarjo Gresik
Coverage Area (km2) 350.5 714.24 1192.25
Users of Electricity meter devices 2,563,726 1,097,447 646,730
Users of Water meter devices 670,606 159,495 157,010
Users of Gas meter devices 113,328 32,271 18,696
Users of Fuel Station meter
993 680 377
devices
Total AMI’s Devices in 2029 3,348,553 1,289,893 822,813
Number of Density (users/km2) 10,247 1,806 691
The scenario in this study is in a pre-determined and
classified environment. The situation defines as:
• Internet of Things network planning held in the East
Java province of Indonesia, with the characteristics of
the areas of Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik as urban
areas. These three regions choose because they are
urban areas with their features, such as Gresik with the
broadest area but the fewest number of users. Surabaya
with the most number of users but with the smallest
region. Sidoarjo, with the number of users and large
areas located at the midpoint between Surabaya and
Gresik.
• The frequency used is 922.3 MHz following regulations
in Indonesia and zone 2 RC4 classification that has been
mapped by SigFox [12], [19].
B. Analysis of Network Coverage Planning
Coverage analysis mostly influences by parameters such
as the maximum transmitted power, sensitivity of the
receiver, antenna gain, and so on. In addition to these
parameters, it requires to consider the propagation model,
regional characteristics (Dense Urban, Urban, Sub Urban,
and Rural), and geographical conditions. In this analysis, the
planned area is classified as an Urban area because the
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik areas have adjacent buildings
and a high population. The Okumura-Hatta propagation is
used to determine the cell radius to predict the distance
between the gateway and AMI sensor devices. The coverage
analysis finds by Link Budget calculation and distance
estimates by using the Okumura-Hatta equation.
1) Link Budget Calculation
The maximum attenuation value is predicted to calculate
the Link Budget value that is used to get the cell radius using
the Okumura-Hatta propagation model. This cell radius
prediction gives the number of sites needed so that the
targeted area can be covered. Link Budget calculations take
into account all the values of gains and losses in terms of both
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transmitter and receiver. The Link Budget equation is present
in the following equation
PRx (dBm) = PTx (dBm) – Losses (dB) + Gain (dBi) (1)
where,
PRx: Power receiver
PTx: Power transmitter.
2) Okumura-Hatta Model
Link Budget calculation aims to obtain the value of
Maximum Allowed Pathloss (MAPL). This value is essential
to get a cell radius range by using the equation of the
Okumura-Hatta propagation model. The Okumura-Hatta
propagation model takes into consideration the classification
of areas and frequencies being used. Since the cities of
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik are the Urban type
classification, the equation of the Okumura-Hatta
propagation model for this is as follows.
MAPLurban = 69.55 + 26.16 log f – 13.82 log Ht – a(Hr) +
(44,9 – 6.55 log Ht)log d (2)
Where,
Ht: height of gateway (m)
Hr: height of the AMI's sensor device (m)
d: distance of gateway to AMI's sensor device (km)
a(Hr): AMI’s sensor device antenna correction factor (m)
a(Hr) = (1.1 log f – 0.7)Hr – (1.56 log f – 0.8)
C. Analysis of Network Capacity Planning
In this analysis, a calculation is done using an approach
based on information about the prediction of resources
needed to support the specified bid traffic. The amount of
infrastructure limits this capacity; in this case, the gateway
needs to be installed at certain points. This capacity
calculation aims to obtain the number of gateways needed
from the capacity analysis side by using the parameter
prediction of the population of AMI service customers up to
2030. AMI's services in this study include electricity, water,
gas, and refueling services. The capacity analysis considers
Scheduled Meter Reading, On-Demand Meter Reading, Time
of Use (ToU) Pricing, Firmware Updates, and Outage
Restoration and Management (ORM) features. From these
features, the number of packages needed per day for the
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik areas is obtained.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Traffic Requirements Characteristic of Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) consists of two
categories of traffic, namely traffic that starts from the utility
to the sensor nodes that used for measurement. Technical and
traffic characteristics are the basis used in determining the
capacity needed in the IoT network planning for AMI
services. This research uses a duty cycle of 10% with a
maximum packet transmitted on the SigFox technology of 26
bytes. Scenarios applied to estimate traffic use prediction data
from users of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
services so that the total data package needed in one day for
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik areas are present in Table IV.
17
The 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT)

TABLE IV TOTAL REQUIRED PACKET PER DAY FOR ADVANCED METERING TABLE VI GATEWAY REQUIREMENT BASED ON CAPACITY OF SIGFOX
INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI) SERVICES TECHNOLOGY
Number Area Specification
Packe
of Total Required Packet
Event End t / Day 10,643,395
Features Areas Required per Day
Freq Device One Surabaya
Packets Capacity per Gateway 315,979
Device
Number of Gateways 34 sites
Schedule per 4 Surabaya 3,348,553 6 78,536,141 Total Required Packet
1,366,656
d Meter hours Sidoarjo 1,289,893 6 10,061,166 per Day
Sidoarjo
Reading /device Capacity per Gateway 315,979
Gresik 822,813 6 6,417,942
Number of Gateways 5 sites
On- 50/100 Surabaya 167.428 1 652,970 Total Required Packet
871,795
Demand 0 per Day
Sidoarjo 64,495 1 83,844 Gresik
Meter device Capacity per Gateway 315,979
Reading (5%) Gresik 41,141 1 53,848 Number of Gateways 3 sites

Time of 100 per Surabaya 334,856 1 1,305,939

C. The Coverage of Sigfox Network Planning
Use 1000
Sidoarjo 128,990 1 167,687 1) Sigfox Coverage Requirement.
(ToU) device
Pricing (10%) Gresik 82,828 1 106,967 In the analysis of Internet of Things network planning
based on coverage, a classification of parameters such as
2 per Surabaya 16,743 500 13,059,357
power transmitter, transmitter antenna gain, and receiver
1000
Firmware
device Sidoarjo 6,450 500 1,677,000 antenna gain is needed to obtain the Equivalent Isotropically
Updates Radiated Power (EIRP) value. Then it calculated with a
per
years Gresik 4,115 500 1,069,900 sensitivity value of SigFox technology of -134 dBm to further
achieve the Maximum Allowed Pathloss value. This value is
Outage Surabaya 3,348,553 1 13,061,100 then used for calculations to obtain the value of the radius cell
Restorati 1 range using the Okumura-Hatta propagation model. The
on and device
Manage per
Sidoarjo 1,289,893 1 1,676,861 values of the required parameters and Link Budget
ment event calculations are present in Table VII.
(ORM) Gresik 822,813 1 1,069,657
TABLE VII CALCULATION OF PLANNING REQUIREMENTS AND LINK
Total Required Surabaya 10,643,551 BUDGET
Packet per Day Sidoarjo 1,366,656 Planning Requirement
(Duty Cycle 10%) Gresik 871,795 Frequency 922,3 MHz
Bandwidth Channel 192 KHz
B. The Capacity of SigFox Network Planning Gateway (hT) 30 m
Height
Internet of Things network planning based on capacity End device (hR) 1.5 m
Link Budget
analysis calculates the amount of capacity per gateway Power of transmitter (Ptx) 26 dBm [20]
provided by SigFox technology. As SigFox is a UNB or Ultra Antenna Gain (GTx) 5 dBi [21]
Narrow Band, it sends packets with a small size of 600 Hz Antenna Gain (GRx) 0 dBi
and with SigFox bandwidth of 192 KHz. Hence, the total Cable Loss (dBm) -7,2 dBm
capacity per gateway is 315.979, following the capacity Sensitivity -134 dBm [22]
MAPL 157,8 dBm
calculation in Table V.

TABLE V CELL CAPACITY OF SIGFOX TECHNOLOGY 2) The Number of Gateway Coverage Required.
Specification Value To calculate the number of gateways required based on
Max Packet 26 bytes the coverage analysis, the length of the radius cell range is
Data Rate 600 bps compared to the area value that used as the planning area of
Frame Length 0,35 s/frame
Transmit Time (3times) 1,05 s/frame
the Internet of Things (IoT) network. By using the Maximum
Packet per Day 82,286 msg Allowed Path Loss (MAPL) value in Table VII as input data
Bandwidth 192 KHz in the equation (2) of the Okumura Hatta propagation model,
Message Length 600 Hz the radius of the cell areas of Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik
Message Countcurrent/site 320 msg is along the 7,64646 km.
Message per day (12%) [13] 3,159,783 msg/day
Message per day of SigFox (Duty Cycle 10%) 315,979 msg/day
By using the hexagonal mathematical formula, the cell
area values of 151,90524 km2 are gathered. Therefore, the
Capacity analysis using SigFox technology is base on gateway needs to cover the city of Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and
capacity per gateway provided by SigFox. The network Gresik are as follow:
capacity is obtained by comparing the value of data package • Surabaya area with an area of 350.5 km2, the number of
needs per day in Table IV with the Table V. By comparing gateways required to cover this area is 350.5 km2:
the two parameters obtained, the need for gateways for 151.90524 km2 = 3 gateways.
Internet network planning of IoT for Advanced Metering • Sidoarjo area with an area of 714.24 km2, the number of
Infrastructure services based on capacity are 34 sites for the gateways needed to cover the Surabaya area is 714.24
Surabaya area, fives sites for the Sidoarjo area, and three sites km2: 151.90524 km2 = 5 gateways.
for the Gresik area. The gateway requirements table based on
capacity in SigFox technology present in Table VI.

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• Gresik area with an area of 1192.25 km2, the number of

gateways needed to cover the Surabaya area is 1192.25
km2: 151.90524 km2 = 8 gateways.
D. The Number of Gateways from Coverage and Capacity
Analysis
Planning of the IoT network for AMI services using
SigFox technology uses the coverage and capacity analysis
approach. The results of both coverage and capacity analysis
show the number of different gateway requirements, as
shown in Table VIII, determination of the optimal amount of Fig. 4. Coverage Prediction in Sidoarjo Area.
gateways is required to fulfill both coverage and capacity.
To meet these demands, the highest number of gateways
is chosen from the analysis of coverage and capacity.
Therefore, the number of gateways needed for the Surabaya
area is 34 sites, Sidoarjo is five sites, and Gresik is eight sites.

TABLE VIII NUMBER OF GATEWAYS BASED ON COVERAGE AND

CAPACITY ANALYSIS
Number of Sites Number of
Area Sites in
Capacity Coverage
Planning Fig. 5. Coverage Prediction in Gresik Area.
Surabaya 34 3 34
Sidoarjo 5 5 5 F. Coverage by Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Gresik 3 8 8 At the time of communication, there are disturbing
signals or better known as noise, and it is necessary to
E. Coverage Prediction consider the value limits so that noise does not interfere with
Based on Internet of Things network planning using the received signal. This value limit is called the Signal to
SigFox technology for the Surabaya, Sidoarjo and Gresik Noise Ratio (SNR).
areas, the coverage prediction obtained by producing the best The results of coverage by SNR for each region with an
signal power levels received with an average of -78 dBm, - average Signal to Noise (SNR) are 17.27 dB for the Surabaya
89.68 dBm, and -89.14 dBm for each region namely area, -1.06 for the Sidoarjo area, and -1.12 dB for the Gresik
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik. From Table VII, the area. SNR value significantly affects communication, the
sensitivity value for SigFox is -134 dBm so that the more the SNR value away from the amount of 0, the better
percentage of the received signal level which is higher than - the SNR value. The results of Coverage by Signal to Noise
134 dBm for the Surabaya area is 100%, the Sidoarjo area Ratio (SNR) and Histogram values of Signal to Noise Ratio
reaches 98.6%, while for the Gresik region the percentage of (SNR) are present in Fig. 6, Fig. 7, and Fig. 8.
the received signal level which is higher than -126 dBm is at
93%. From the percentage value of the received signal level
above -134 dBm, it indicates that the required received signal
level is still following the sensitivity parameters and the
specified gateway requirements can cover the Surabaya,
Sidoarjo, and Gresik areas as shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig.
5.
Link Quality Indicator (LQI) in Table II shows the
Fig. 6. Coverage by SNR and Histogram in Surabaya Area.
quality classification of each region by considering the results
of the average power level received. The Link Quality
Control (LQI) classification for each region is Excellent
because the average value of the power level for each region
is more than -114 dBm.

Fig. 7. Coverage by SNR and Histogram in Sidoarjo Area.

Fig. 3. Coverage Prediction in Surabaya Area. Fig. 8. Coverage by SNR and Histogram in Gresik Area.

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The 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology (IAICT)
V. CONCLUSION
In this research, IoT network planning mainly uses
SigFox technology influenced by the radio zone
configuration. Indonesia territory is included in zone 2 of
Radio Configuration RC4 using 922.3 MHz frequency
according to zone and regulation compliance in Indonesia.
The results of the capacity analysis are 34 sites for the
Surabaya area, five sites for the Sidoarjo area, and three sites
for the Gresik area. Coverage analysis shows the number of
gateways that are three sites for the Surabaya area, five sites
for the Sidoarjo area, and eight sites for the Gresik area. The
number of AMI service users strongly influences the number
of sites based on capacity; Surabaya needs the most gateways
because the number of AMI service users is higher than
Sidoarjo and Gresik. While large areas affect coverage
analysis, Gresik coverage requires more gateways because
the city of Gresik is broadest than Surabaya and Sidoarjo. By
comparing coverage and capacity analysis, the optimal
number of gateways obtained respectively 34 sites for the
Surabaya area, 5 locations for the Sidoarjo area, and eight
sites for the Gresik area. The IoT network planning
simulation results obtained the average best signal level is -
78 dBm, -89.68 dBm, and -89.14 dBm for each region of
Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Gresik. As for the average SNR
value of the three areas is 17.27 dB for the Surabaya area, -
1.06 for the Sidoarjo region, and -1.12 dB for the Gresik
region, it can be concluded that communication can work
well.
In the research that has done using SigFox technology,
then it is compared with using LoRaWAN [23] and NB-IoT
[24]-based IoT technology in these three fields. SigFox has
the advantage of covering the three regions with fewer sites,
and the best signal generated is better than in previous LoRa
studies with more site needs with the best signal generated -
110 to -115 dBm. And compared to the previous NB-IoT, the
best signal produced was -115 to -135 dBm, indicating that
the best signal for SigFox technology is better with a range of
-95 to -120 dBm.
The research carried out focuses on network connectivity,
and further analysis can expand the study to sensors and the
Internet of Things (IoT) network platforms for Advanced
Metering Infrastructure (AMI) services. In implementing the
Internet of things AMI service network, it is recommended to
conduct a test drive so that the proper and accurate parameters
are obtained, and to consider the positioning factors of the
AMI sensor to achieve the best signal when transmitted or
received. In addition to positioning, environmental factors
also need to be considered so that the installation and
integration of infrastructure services Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) as a whole is required.
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