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International Economics 8Th Edition Appleyard Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
International Economics 8Th Edition Appleyard Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
CHAPTER 8
THE BASIS FOR TRADE:
FACTOR ENDOWMENTS AND THE HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL
Learning Objectives:
I. Outline
Introduction
- Do Labor Standards Affect Comparative Advantage?
Supply, Demand, and Autarky Prices
Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
- Factor Abundance and Heckscher-Ohlin
- Commodity Factor Intensity and Heckscher-Ohlin
- The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
- The Factor Price Equalization Theorem
- The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem and Income Distribution Effects of Trade in
the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
- Conclusions
Theoretical Qualifications to Heckscher-Ohlin
- Demand Reversal
- Factor-Intensity Reversal
- Transportation Costs
- Imperfect Competition
- Immobile or Commodity-Specific Factors
- Other Considerations
Summary
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
The purpose of this chapter is to explain the underlying bases for trade, i.e., to explain the
existence of different relative autarky prices in different countries. Particular attention is paid to
factor endowments, factor intensities, the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, the factor-price equalization
process, and qualifications to the Heckscher-Ohlin explanation.
A. The chapter begins with an examination of labor standards in developing countries. The
article chosen investigates the possibility that a developing country can increase its relative
abundance of unskilled labor by lowering labor standards, thereby enhancing a comparative
advantage. This is a nice starting point for students because it uses a relatively controversial
current issue to expose them to the concept of relative factor abundance and examines its
potential impact on comparative advantage.
C. The second critical assumption to emphasize is the assumption of identical relative factor
intensity across commodities. Students often do not grasp the idea that according to this
assumption, commodities have the same relative factor intensity regardless of where they are
produced in the world.
D. Once the basis for trade (the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem) has been established, focus on
the nature of the adjustment process that will accompany the opening of trade between the two
countries. In discussing the factor-price equalization theorem, we have found it useful to point
out that goods movements between countries substitute for factor movements, with the same
impact on factor prices.
E. We encourage you to spend some time on the income distribution effects of trade.
Students not only find it interesting, but it is necessary to understanding much of the political
economy of trade policy. We have found it effective to begin with the Stolper-Samuelson
theorem, and then contrast it with the results of the specific-factors model. We have taken
special care in the text to consider the case of specific factors inasmuch as factors appear to be
less than perfectly mobile in the short run.
F. The material that examines the impact of relaxing several of the H-O assumptions should
not be slighted. We think that it provides a good background for Chapter 9’s focus on empirical
tests of the H-O model.
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
G. In Figure 15 on page 152, we have shown the price effect of the opening of the country to
trade – a rise is PX/PY of 10 percent – as a shift upward of DLX (= MPPLX·PX) of 10 percent.
Thus we are attributing the rise in PX/PY of 10 percent entirely to a 10 percent rise in PX. This is
clearly a simplification; the actual PX/PY change of 10 percent would consist of a combination of
a rise in PX and a fall in PY. To have PX shift up by, say, 6 percent and PY shift down by 4
percent could also accomplish the main point of this diagram – that the real wage falls for
someone who consumes mostly the export good and rises for someone who consumes mostly the
import good – but in a much more cumbersome way. You can certainly make the point by
shifting the DLX curve upward and the DLY curve downward simultaneously, of course, as that is
technically more accurate.
1. The physical definition of factor abundance is based on the relative physical amounts of
the factors present in the country, e.g., the difference in the capital/labor ratios. The country
whose K/L ratio is the largest is defined to be the capital-abundant country. The price definition
is based on relative prices of the factors rather than on measurements of their presence in the
country. It is hypothesized that the relatively-abundant factor in a country should be relatively
cheaper compared to a second country. Thus, according to this definition, if the ratio of the price
of capital to the price of labor is lower in one country (A) compared to a second country (B),
country A is said to be the capital-abundant country.
Under the assumptions of H-O, the two definitions should give the same result.
However, if tastes differ between the two countries, then factor prices will not only reflect
different supply conditions but also different demand conditions. In this instance the price
definition and the physical definition could give conflicting conclusions about relative factor
abundance. For example, if consumers in a physically capital-abundant country strongly prefer
the capital-intensive product, this would bid up the price of the capital-intensive good and hence
would bid up the price of capital. Therefore, other things equal, w/r would fall and could
become lower than in the second country. Hence, the physically capital-abundant country could
become labor abundant by the price definition.
2. According to the H-O theorem, countries should specialize in and export the product that
uses relatively intensively the relatively-abundant factor. Therefore, Belgium should export
capital-intensive goods to France because, by the physical definition, Belgium is the capital-
abundant country.
3. The wages in the capital-abundant country should fall and the wages in the labor-
abundant country should rise with trade according to the factor price equalization theorem.
Therefore, French wages should fall.
4. Assuming that the owners of capital are worried that the distribution of income will turn
against them with trade, one concludes that the country in question must be a labor-abundant
country. This follows from the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which indicates that international
trade will increase the real income of the owners of the abundant factor and lower the real
income of the owners of the scarce factor.
8-3
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
5. Assuming that the country in question is a small country, the opening of the country to
international trade will force the monopolist to become a price taker, i.e., to sell the product in
question at the prevailing international price or lose its domestic sales. This will cause the
monopolist to reduce price and expand output. Even if the country is not a small country, there
would be downward price pressure as imports come into the country. In either case, if the
international price were below the firm’s shutdown point (minimum average variable cost), the
firm would stop producing immediately and go out of business unless it was able to become
competitive internationally (reduce its cost of production).
6. If demand conditions are different between the two countries and sufficiently oriented
toward the product using relatively intensively the physically relatively-abundant factor in at
least one country, the relative autarky prices will be just opposite to what H-O would predict.
That is, the price of the capital-intensive good will be relatively higher in the physically capital-
abundant country and the price of the labor-intensive good will be relatively higher in the
physically labor-abundant country. Consequently, the opening of trade will lead to a pattern of
trade just opposite to that predicted by H-O, i.e., the physically capital-abundant country will
export the labor-intensive good and import the capital-intensive good. If such extreme
differences in demand are possible, then the H-O paradigm can no longer predict the pattern of
trade between two countries when using the physical definition of relative factor abundance.
Note, however, that the trade pattern still conforms to Heckscher-Ohlin when using the price
definition of relative factor abundance.
7. Assume that capital is a specific factor of production, i.e., that it cannot move from the
production of one product to the production of the other. As trade opens in the capital-abundant
country, the country will attempt to expand production of the capital-intensive good (and export
it) and contract production of the labor-intensive good (and import it). Because capital cannot
move, the change in production takes place by the movement of labor from labor-intensive
production to capital-intensive production. This increases the demand for labor and hence the
wage rate. Owners of capital in the contracting (labor-intensive) industry find themselves with
excess capacity and a falling return to capital. In the capital-intensive industry, the productivity
of capital and hence the real return to capital are rising. Although the wage rate is also rising, it
is not rising as fast as the price of the export (K-intensive) good due to the declining marginal
productivity of labor in the production of the K-intensive good. Consequently, workers who
consume only the K-intensive good will find themselves worse off. Thus, those who
unambiguously stand to benefit from trade are workers who consume only the cheaper labor-
intensive good and the owners of capital used in the expanding capital-intensive industry (whose
real income is rising). Those who unambiguously stand to lose are workers who consume only
the capital-intensive good and owners of capital used in the production of the labor-intensive
product (whose real income is falling).
8. You should not be surprised if the composition of trade changed. Before the upheavals in
Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, the majority of trade of most of the Eastern European
countries was with each other and with the Soviet Union through a managed and negotiated
framework. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the opening of trade with the West,
prices began to reflect more accurately the true scarcity values of goods, and the Eastern
8-4
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
European countries were also exposed more fully to a new set of potential trading partners.
Hence, the relative factor endowments of the Eastern European countries vis-à-vis trading
partners and the ability to respond to those endowments changed. Given the new relative
scarcities, Heckscher-Ohlin analysis would tell us that new comparative advantages and hence a
new pattern of exports and imports would emerge. For example, Hungary is most likely capital
abundant relative to Romania but labor-abundant relative to Austria; a change in trading partners
from Romania to Austria would clearly affect Hungary's trade pattern.
9. Given that the specific-factors PPF intercepts the good X axis at a point to the left of the
point where the “normal” PPF intercepts the axis, that the economy is characterized by
increasing costs, and that only labor is being transferred from industry Y to industry X in the
movement from A’ to C’, the slope of the specific-factors PPF at C’ is necessarily steeper than
the slope of the “normal” PPF at B’. Consequently, a change in relative prices that would lead to
optimal production at B’ where [(PX/PY) = (MCX/MCY)] will be tangent to the specific-factors
PPF at a point somewhere between C’ and A’. The presence of factor immobility increases the
relative marginal cost of increasing production of good X and, hence, reduces the production
response to the relative increase in PX.
10. This statement is correct because complete factor-price equalization can take place in the
Heckscher-Ohlin framework only if product prices are the same in the two countries with trade.
In the presence of transportation costs, the price of any good will differ between two countries by
the amount of transportation costs. Hence, because product prices are not the same, factor-price
equalization will not take place.
11. In this case, the apparent contradiction of the Heckscher-Ohlin model could be explained
by factor-intensity reversal. In the United States, agricultural production utilizes considerable
capital and, thus, many agricultural commodities such as rice are relatively capital-intensive. In
India, however, agricultural production uses relatively much more labor than capital and, in all
likelihood, is a labor-intensive product. Since there is considerable substitutability between
capital and labor in the production of, for example, rice, it would not be surprising to find that
rice is a labor-intensive product in a labor-abundant country such as India and capital-intensive
in a capital-abundant country such as the United States. Consequently they both end up
exporting the product because it is intensive in their respective abundant factors.
12. The specific-factors model makes it clear why, for example, if capital is immobile owners
of capital in an import-competing product in a capital-abundant country would oppose the
initiation of international trade. This is because owners of capital in a contracting industry
unambiguously are worse off with trade. Improving the mobility of capital in this instance could
enable the owners of capital in these declining industries to benefit from trade instead of finding
themselves strictly worse off, as they would if their capital could not be easily adapted to
production of the comparative advantage good. In graphical terms, improving factor mobility
would move the factor-specific PPF (Figure 14) outwards towards the “normal” PPF. Such a
change would lead to greater specialization, increased real income (a consumption-possibilities
frontier “farther out” from the origin), and increased trade.
8-5
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
A. Essay Questions
1. Will the price definition of factor abundance produce the same conclusion as the physical
definition of factor abundance in the presence of demand reversal? Why or why not?
2. Explain how relative factor abundance can determine the nature of trade flows between
countries, making certain to point out any needed assumptions. Then, state the Heckscher-Ohlin
theorem and discuss at least two situations that could lead to contradictions to this theorem.
3. Will the gains from trade be larger or smaller if one of the factors is not mobile in
production? Why? Demonstrate your conclusion graphically. Is it true that if neither factor is
mobile the country will receive no gains from trade? Explain.
4. It has been argued that the effect of trade in goods and services has the same effect on
factor income distribution in a country as would be the case if factors were completely mobile
internationally. What is the reasoning behind this argument?
5. Domestic pressures for trade protection appear to stem importantly from the expected
income distribution effects of trade. What theorems or concepts would you use from this chapter
to explain why we find both various labor groups and capital owners pressuring the U.S.
Congress for trade protection? Explain.
6. Two of the strong assumptions underlying the H-O model are zero transportation costs
and perfect competition. Explain how the presence of each might alter any of conclusions
reached in the basic H-O approach.
7. Carefully explain, for each of the following two statements, why the statement is either
TRUE or FALSE.
(b) “In the ‘specific-factors model,’ with capital fixed in each sector, when a
relatively labor-abundant country moves from autarky to trade, the real return to
capital in the import- competing industry decreases and the real return to capital
in the export industry also decreases.”
8. In the context of the “specific-factors model,” explain the income distribution impacts
within a relatively labor-abundant country of a movement from autarky to a situation of free
trade. How and why are these impacts at variance with the impacts that would occur according
to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem? Carefully explain.
9. (a) State the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. Then, in the context of a 2x2x2 model and using
8-6
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
the “price definition” of relative factor abundance, illustrate and explain how this
theorem
is obtained.
(b) Continuing with the “price definition” of relative factor abundance in the 2x2x2
context, carefully explain what happens (and why) to the relative factor price difference
between the two countries as the countries move from autarky to free trade.
10. (a) Assume a two-country world with two factors of production (capital and labor) and
two goods. In this context, state the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. Then indicate the two
definitions of relative factor abundance. In addition, spell out what is meant by the
assumption that one good is always relatively capital-intensive in its production process
and the other good is always relatively labor-intensive in its production process.
(b) Illustrate and carefully explain the complications that are generated for the predictive
ability of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem regarding trade patterns when (i) the phenomenon
of “demand reversal” exists and (ii) the phenomenon of “factor-intensity reversal” exists.
11. (a) In a 2x2x2 context, state the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. Then indicate how this
theorem can be obtained, utilizing the physical definition of relative factor abundance.
(b) When a country enters into trade in accordance with the Heckscher-Ohlin
theorem, what happens to the real income of the country’s relatively abundant factor of
production and what happens to the real income of the country’s relatively scarce factor
of production? Carefully explain.
B. Multiple-Choice Questions
a. if two countries have identical tastes, then no trade will occur between them.
b. the relative price of a country’s scarce factor of production will rise when the
country is opened to trade.
c. income distribution in a country does not change when a country is opened to trade.
* d. two countries with identical tastes can still have a basis for trade if factor endowments
of the countries differ and if factor intensities of the commodities differ.
8-7
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
14. If a commodity is classified as “labor-intensive” at one set of relative factor prices but
“capital-intensive” at another set of relative factor prices, this situation is known as
a. demand reversal.
* b. factor-intensity reversal.
c. balance-of-payments reversal.
d. factor price reversal.
15. In the situation of “demand reversal” in a 2x2x2 context where all the assumptions of the
Heckscher-Ohlin analysis hold except for the assumption of identical demands across
countries, and when the countries are trading with each other,
a. one country will be conforming to the trade pattern predicted by the Heckscher-Ohlin
theorem but the other country will not be conforming to that pattern.
* b. both countries will be conforming to the trade pattern predicted by the Heckscher-
Ohlin theorem if the “price” (or “economic”) definition of relative factor
abundance is used but not if the “physical” definition of relative factor abundance
is used.
c. both countries will be conforming to the trade pattern predicted by the Heckscher-
Ohlin theorem if the “physical” definition of relative factor abundance is used but
not if the “price” (or “economic”) definition of relative factor abundance is used.
d. factor price equalization across the two countries cannot occur.
16. In the following diagram showing the relationship between the price of good X relative to
the price of good Y, (PX/PY), and the wage rate relative to the return to capital or rental
rate on capital, (w/r),
good X is the relatively __________ good at (w/r) values less than (w/r)*, and good X is
__________ good at (w/r) values greater than (w/r)*. [Note: The (PX/PY) associated
with
(w/r)* is the highest (PX/PY) on the graph.]
8-8
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
17. Which one of the following is NOT an assumption in the Heckscher-Ohlin analysis?
18. If good A costs $10 per unit in country A and $12 per unit in country B, and if transport
costs between A and B for the good are $3 per unit, an economist would say that
19. The “magnification effect” refers to the fact that, when a country is opened to trade,
20. Suppose that a firm is maximizing profit in its home market at output Q1 and price P1 in
the following graph:
If the firm now has the opportunity to sell overseas at given world price P2 and the firm
can practice “dumping,” which one of the following will NOT happen?
21. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem suggests that, when a country is opened to international
trade, the real income of the country’s abundant factor of production will __________
and the real income of the country’s scarce factor of production __________.
22. In a two-country world, if country A is the relatively labor-abundant and country B is the
relatively capital-abundant country by the “price” definition of factor abundance (and
where w is the wage rate and r is the return to capital), then __________. When the
countries move from autarky to Heckscher-Ohlin-type trade, the result will be that
__________.
* a. (w/r)A < (w/r)B; (w/r)A will rise and (w/r)B will fall
b. (w/r)A < (w/r)B; (w/r)A will fall and (w/r)B will rise
c. (w/r)A > (w/r)B; (w/r)A will rise and (w/r)B will fall
d. (w/r)A > (w/r)B; (w/r)A will fall and (w/r)B will rise
23. Given the following diagram that shows the relationship between the price of good X
relative to the price of good Y (PX/PY) and the wage rate relative to the return to capital
or
rental rate on capital (w/r), and also indicates relative factor prices in country A [(w/r)A],
relative factor prices in country B [(w/r)B], relative autarky goods prices in country A
[(PX/PY)A], relative autarky goods prices in country B [(PX/PY)B], and (w/r)* [where the
(PX/PY) associated with (w/r)* is the highest (PX/PY) on the graph]:
At (w/r) values less than (w/r)*, __________ is the relatively labor-intensive good and, at
(w/r) values greater than (w/r)*, __________ the relatively labor-intensive good.
* a. good X; good Y is
b. good X; good X also is
c. good Y; good Y also is
d. good Y; good X is
24. In the graph in Question #23 above, if the two countries are opened to trade with each
other, country A will export __________ and country B __________.
8-10
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
at factor prices (w/r)I, good X is the __________, and, at factor prices (w/r)II, good Y is
the __________.
26. If skilled labor is physically more abundant relative to unskilled labor in country I than in
country II, but yet skilled labor is relatively higher-priced in comparison to unskilled
labor in country I than in country II, this phenomenon could be accounted for by
a. factor-intensity reversal.
b. the “specific factors” model.
* c. demand reversal.
d. factor-price equalization between the two countries.
27. Which one of the following is NOT an assumption made in the standard 2x2x2
Heckscher-Ohlin analysis?
a. The production function for a given good is the same in both countries.
b. If a particular good is the relatively labor-intensive good at one set of relative factor
prices, then it is also the relatively labor-intensive good at any other set of relative
factor prices.
* c. A given relative commodity price ratio, say (PX/PY)1, can be associated with more than
one relative factor price ratio, e.g., say with (w/r)1 as well as with (w/r)2.
d. Tastes and preferences (i.e., the community indifference curve maps) are identical in
the two countries.
28. In the “specific-factors” model where capital in each sector is fixed but labor can move
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
freely between the two sectors, the opening of the country to trade will increase the real
return to capital in the __________ sector and will increase the real wage of a worker
who __________.
29. Suppose that we are in a two-factor, two-country world where the factors of production
are labor (L) and land (T), the returns to the factors are the wage rate (w) and the rental
rate on land (t), and the countries are country A and country B. In this situation, country
A is land-abundant relative to country B by the physical definition of relative factor
abundance if __________, and country A is land-abundant relative to country B by the
price (or economic) definition if __________.
* a. higher; capital-intensive
b. higher; labor-intensive
c. lower; capital-intensive
d. lower; labor-intensive
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Chapter 08 - The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Model
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3º Itinéraire au Champ de bataille de Crécy, lu à la Société des Sciences
morales le 2 décembre 1836 par l’abbé Caron et publié après sa mort
par le docteur Boucher. Versailles, 1849, in-8.
4º Études historiques sur Édouard III, Philippe de Valois et la guerre de
1346, par de Pongerville; articles publiés dans le Journal de l’instruction
publique et reproduits dans la Picardie, nº du 15 septembre 1855.
CHRONIQUES
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[249] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 87 vº.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[250] Ms. B 3, fº 90 vº.—Mss. B 1, 4 (lacune).
[251] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 88 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 133 vº (lacune).
[252] Ms. B 4, fº 88 vº.—Mss. B 1, 3, fº 134 (lacune).
[253] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 89.—Ms. B 1, fº 134 vº (lacune).
[254] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 89.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[255] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 89.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[256] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 89.—Ms. B 1, fº 135 (lacune).
[257] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 89 vº.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[258] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[259] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 89 vº.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[260] Ms. B 4, fº 90 vº.—Mss. B 1, 3, fº 137 (lacune).
[261] Ms. B 4: «ly ennemis en parloient.» Fº 90 vº.
[262] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 91 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 138: «devant Hembon.» Mauvaise
leçon.
[263] Ms. B 3, fº. 95.—Mss. B 1, 4: «que.» Fº 139 vº.
[264] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 92 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 139 vº (lacune).
[265] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1: «et furent pris devant le barrière en bon
convenant.»
[266] Ms. B 4, fº 92 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 140 (lacune).
[267] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1: «baron.» Mauvaise leçon.
[268] Ms. B 4.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[269] Ms. B 4: «veurrent.» Fº 93.—Ms. B 3: «volurent.» Fº 94 vº.
[270] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 93.—Ms. B 1, fº 140 vº (lacune).
[271] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 93 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 141 vº: «avoient.» Mauvaise leçon.
[272] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 93 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 141 vº: «l’arriegade.» Mauvaise
leçon.
[273] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 94.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[274] Ms. B 3, fº 95 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 142: «quatre tans.»—Ms. B 4: «quatre
contre ung.» Fº 94.
[275] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 94.—Ms. B 1, fº 142: «l’ost.» Mauvaise leçon.
[276] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 94 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 142 vº: «savoient.» Mauvaise leçon.
[277] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 94 vº.—Ms. B 1: «sannable.» Mauvaise leçon.
[278] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 95.—Ms. B 1, fº 143 vº (lacune).
[279] Ms. B 3, fº 96 vº.—Mss. B 1, 4: «sannables.» Mauvaise leçon.
[280] Ms. B 4: «samblable.» Fº 95.—Ms. B 3: «semblablement.» Fº 97.
[281] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 95 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 144 (lacune).
[282] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 96.—Ms. B 1, fº 144 vº (lacune).
[283] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 96.—Ms. B 1, fº 145 (lacune).
[284] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[285] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 96.—Ms. B 1, fº 145 vº (lacune).
[286] Ms. B 3, fº 98: «de Laigle.»—Mss. B 1, 4: «Laille.» Fº 145 vº.
[287] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 96 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 145 vº: «conte.» Mauvaise leçon.
[288] Ms. B 3, fº 98.—Mss. B 1, 4: «Lescuc.» Mauvaise leçon.
[289] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 96 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 145 vº (lacune).
[290] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[291] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 97.—Ms. B 1, fº 147: «contes.» Mauvaise leçon.
[292] Ms. B 3, fº 100 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 148 vº: «Piereguis.»
[293] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 98 vº.—Ms. B 1: «la Montgis.»
[294] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 98 vº.—Ms. B 1: «trairoient.» Fº 148 vº.
[295] Ms. B 3, fº 100 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 148 vº: «Pieregnis.»—Ms. B 4, fº 98 vº:
«Pierogorth.»
[296] Ms. B 4, 3, fº 98 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 139: «s’aploit.» Mauvaise leçon.
[297] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1: «la Montgis.»
[298] Ms. B 3, fº 101 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 149 vº: «Pieregnis.»—Ms. B 4, fº 99:
«Pieregorth.»
[299] Ms. B 3, fº 102.—Mss. B 1, 4, fº 149 vº: «Lescuc.» Mauvaise leçon.
[300] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 100.—Ms. B 1, fº 151 (lacune).
[301] Ms. B 4, fº 101.—Ms. B 1 (lacune). Fº 152 vº.—Ms. B 3: «s’ilz
laissoient.» Fº 103 vº.
[302] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 101.—Ms. B 1, fº 153 (lacune).
[303] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 101.—Ms. B 1, fº 153: «savoient.» Mauvaise leçon.
[304] Ms. B 3, fº 103 vº.—Mss. B 1, 4: «de Pennebruc.» Fº 153.
[305] Mss. B 1, 3, 4: «Herbi! Herbi!» Fº 153 vº.
[306] Mss. B 1, 3, 4: «il.»
[307] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 102.—Ms. B 1, fº 154 (lacune).
[308] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1 (lacune).
[309] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 103 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 155 vº (lacune).
[310] Ms. A 2, fº 119 vº.—Mss. B 1, 3, 4, fº 155 vº: «Sainte Basille.»
Mauvaise leçon.
[311] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 105 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 159 vº (lacune).
[312] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 106.—Ms. B 1, fº 160 (lacune).
[313] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 107.—Ms. B 1, fº 162 (lacune).
[314] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 107.—Ms. B 1, fº 162 (lacune).
[315] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 107 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 162 vº (lacune).
[316] Ms. B 4, fº 107 vº.—Ms. B 1: «malmenés.» Mauvaise leçon.
[317] Ms. B 4: «besongnoit.» Fº 107 vº.
[318] Ms. B 4, fº 108: «hamer.»
[319] Ms. B 4: «tourblés.» Fº 108 vº.—Ms. B 3: «courroussé.» Fº 112.
[320] Ms. B 4, fº 109.—Mss. B 1, 3, fº 165 vº: «vendre.» Mauvaise leçon.
[321] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 109.—Ms. B 1, fº 165 vº: «mère.» Mauvaise leçon.
[322] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 110.—Ms. B 1, fº 166 vº (lacune).
[323] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 110.—Ms. B 1, fº 167 (lacune).
[324] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 111.—Ms. B 1: «commencent.» Fº 168 vº.
[325] Ms. B 3, fº 115.—Mss. B 1, 4, fº 168 vº (lacune).
[326] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 111 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 169 (lacune).
[327] Ms. B 3, fº 115 vº.—Mss. B 1, 4, fº 169 vº (lacune).
[328] Ms. B 3, fº 116.—Mss. B 1, 4, fº 170 (lacune).
[329] Ms. B 3, fº 116: «en peu de temps.»
[330] Ms. B 3: «de Valoigne.» Fº 119 vº.—Mss. B 1, 4: «Davaloigne.»
Fº 175.
[331] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 116.—Ms. B 1, fº 175 vº: «leurs.» Mauvaise leçon.
[332] Mss. B 1, 3, 4, fº 176 vº (lacune).
[333] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 116 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 177 (lacune).
[334] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 116 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 177 (lacune).
[335] Ms. B 3: «et là feit venir le conte de Hantiton.» Fº 121.—Mss. B 1, 4:
«le fist venir li contes.» Fº 177. Mauvaise leçon.
[336] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 117 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 178 (lacune).
[337] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 117 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 178: «fussent.» Mauvaise leçon.
[338] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 118 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 180: «avoit.» Mauvaise leçon.
[339] Ms. de Rome, fº 115.—Mss. A et B: «Messien.» Mauvaise leçon.
[340] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 109.—Ms. B 1, fº 180 (lacune).
[341] Ms. B 3, fº 123 vº.—Mss. B 1, 4, fº 180: «gardaissent.» Mauvaise
leçon.
[342] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 109.—Ms. B 1, fº 180 vº (lacune).
[343] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 119 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 181: «avoient.» Mauvaise leçon.
[344] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 120.—Ms. B 1, fº 182 (lacune).
[345] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 121.—Ms. B 1, fº 183 vº: «de.» Mauvaise leçon.
[346] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 122.—Ms. B 1, fº 185: «savoit.» Mauvaise leçon.
[347] Ms. B 3, fº 122.—Mss. B 1, 4: «isteroient.» Mauvaise leçon.
[348] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 122 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 185 vº (lacune).
[349] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 122 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 186 (lacune).
[350] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 122 vº.—Ms. B 1, fº 186 (lacune).
[351] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 124.—Ms. B 1, fº 188 (lacune).
[352] Ms. B 4, fº 124 vº.—Ms. B 1, t. II, fº 3 vº (lacune).
[353] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 125.—Ms. B 1, t. II, fº 3 vº: «amis.» Mauvaise leçon.
[354] Mss. B 4, 3.—Ms. B 1: «ennemis.» Mauvaise leçon.
[355] Ms. B 4, fº 125.—Ms. B 1, t. II, fº 4 (lacune).
[356] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 126.—Ms. B 1, t. II, fº 5 vº (lacune).
[357] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 126 vº.—Ms. B 1, t. II, fº 6 (lacune).
[358] Mss. B 4, 3, fº 127 vº.—Ms. B 1, t. II, fº 7 vº (lacune).
VARIANTES
[359] Ms. B 6: Et y avoit entre les Englès Gallois à piet qui ont usaige de
poursievir ost, que on appelle pillars et rubaudaille; et portoient par usaige
grandes coustilles: sy s’en venoient tout en muçant tout soiement entre leurs
archiés et les gens d’armes. Fº 327.
[360] Ms. B 6: messire Mille de Noiiers, ung chevalier de Bourgongne,
vaillant homme d’armes; mais il ala sy avant que luy et la banière demorèrent.
Fº 329.
[361] Ms. B 6: et prist la banière du dessus dit seigneur, l’en ala porter entre
les Englès, et là mourut; et fu la banière jettée par terre. Fº 330.
[362] Un feuillet du ms. du Vatican a été arraché en cet endroit; et l’intérêt
exceptionnel qui s’attache à la bataille de Crécy, rend cette lacune
doublement regrettable.
[363] Voy. l’introduction au premier livre, placée en tête du tome premier de
notre édition, p. XXXV et XXXVII.
[364] Voy. sur ces miniatures l’intéressante brochure du docteur Alwin
Schultz, Beschreibung der Breslauer Bilderhandschrift des Froissart, Breslau,
1869, in-4º de 19 pages avec la reproduction photographique d’une miniature
et 6 dessins. Cf. J. E. Scheibel, Nadendilen von den Merkeowrdigkeilen der
Rheingerschen Bibliotheck, Breslau, 1794.
[365] A la suite des dernières lignes du quatrième volume, on lit ces mots:
«Cy fine le quart et dernier volume des Croniques messire Jehan Froissart
touchant les histoires et advenues de France et d’Angleterre, grossé par
David Aubert l’an de grace Nostre Seigneur 1468. Nul ne s’y frote. B. de
Bourgogne.» (Nul ne s’y frote est la devise et B. de Bourgogne la signature
autographe d’Antoine, bâtard de Bourgogne).
TABLE
Note sur la transcription de la Table.
Les renvois vers le Sommaire ont été vérifiés et
corrigés, mais les renvois vers le texte des
Chroniques et vers les Variantes ont été reproduits
tels qu'ils apparaissent dans l'original.
CHAPITRE LI.
CHAPITRE LII.
CHAPITRE LIII.
CHAPITRE LIV.
CHAPITRE LV.
Bruits calomnieux contre Édouard III.—Seconde campagne du
comte de Derby en Guienne.—Sommaire, p. XVIII à XXIV.—Texte, p.
74 à 96.—Variantes, p. 296 à 313, 441 à 444.
CHAPITRE LVI.
CHAPITRE LVII.
CHAPITRE LVIII.
CHAPITRE LIX.
CHAPITRE LX.
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