Institutional

Corrections
College of Criminal Justice Education
 Course Study Guide Contents

Week No. Module Topic Page

1 The Historical Development of Institutional 7

Corrections

2 Modern Concepts of Penology and Jails 40

3 Laws about Bureau of Jail Management and

Penology and Bureau of Corrections 77

4 Seven Penal Institution of the Philippines and

the Admission, Confinement and Classification 103
of Inmates

Editorial Office

Course Developer RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA

Contributor MARLYN L. CAMPOMANES, MSCJ

Content Experts DONALD B. NARRA, PhD

RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA

Language Editor JOAN MARIE OVILLE-MONTALBAN, JD

Design/Media Specialist QUEEN HENEYLOUR S. RELATORRES

CHRISTINE B. SALEM

2
 Disclaimer Statement:

This Course Study Guide is not intended to be presented as the original work of
the module developer/compiler. It is meant to be the primary reference
material for the course composed of the flexible learning syllabus, learning
plans, course content, and assessments made and/or compiled from various
sources. Accordingly, the sale and distribution of such outside the University of
the Visayas is strictly prohibited.

Flexible Learning Course Syllabus

3
 Flexible Learning Course Syllabus
College of Criminal Justice Education
Bachelor of Science in Criminology
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2021
I. Course Information
Course Code CA 221
Course Title Institutional Corrections
Course The course covers an examination of the history, philosophy
Description and objectives of imprisonment and development of prisons. A
study of institutional agencies in the Philippines, to include
BJMP which oversees city and municipal jails; provincial jails
and Bureau of corrections and their institutions in terms of
their structures, management, standards programs and
services and a critical analysis of the laws creating these
agencies to determine areas for possible improvement.

Prerequisite(s) Crim 111 Course 1. Discuss the linkages of events in the history, philosophy and
Learning objectives of imprisonment and development of correctional
Outcomes institution.
Credit Unit 3 Units 2. Describe the different Security Structures of Correctional
Institutions in the Philippines Including city, municipal jails
and provincial jails
3. Distinguish the difference and good practices of Bureau of
correction and their institutions in terms of structure,
management & standard programs.
4. Critically analyze the laws creating correctional agencies to
determine area for possible improvement.

II. Instructor's Information

Instructor Rinna Marie C. Dela Peña Corporate rmdelapena@uv.edu.ph
Name Email
Title: Instructor Phone +63 955-964-2557

III. Course Syllabus

W No. of Module Topic Intended Learning Learning Materials and Mode of Assessment
ee Hours Outcomes Resources Instructio Task/
k n/ Graded
N Required Suggested Delivery Output
o. Tools
Lesson 1 Construct informative Lesson 1. Foronda, M.  Course 1. Weekly
13.5 The Historical discussion on the Course (2014). Packet Journal 1
total Development of history of Correction Module on Correctional  Printed 2. Schematic
hours Institutional in international and Institutional Administration 1  Digital diagram
Corrections National Corrections (Institutional  Microsoft making
1 12 hours Development. College of Based Teams 3. Identify
self- Sub-topic 1 Criminal Corrections) Personalities
directed Early Legal Laws, Illustrate comparison Justice Second Edition. and discuss
learning Ancient Forms of between the Primitive Education. Wiseman’s Books 4. Short paper
& Punishment and and Modern University of Trading, Inc. discussion
1.5 Early Prisons and Punishments the Visayas
hours of Correctional Educational
assess- Institutions Identify the different YouTube Videos
ment personalities  https://
tasks Sub-topic 2 correctional Reform youtu.be/
Personalities in rW0pdWEYm4k
Correctional  https://
Reform youtu.be/
lgV2FBcdHIY
 https://
youtu.be/
hVvvFM4nrR4

Lesson 2 Lesson 2. Foronda, M.  Course 5. Weekly

13.5 Modern Concepts Explain the modern Course (2014). Packet Journal 2
total of Penology and concept of penology Module on Correctional  Printed 6. Short paper
4
2 hours Jails Institutional Administration 1  Digital discussion
and jails Corrections (Institutional  Microsoft 7. Table making
12 hours Sub-topic 1 College of Based Teams and describe
Elaborate the
self- Philippine Criminal Corrections)
functions of Bureau
directed Correctional Justice Second Edition.
of Jail Management
learning System Education. Wiseman’s Books
and Penology
& University of Trading, Inc.
Sub-topic 2 Describe the duties
1.5 the Visayas Educational
Duties and and responsibilities of
hours of YouTube Videos
responsibilities of BJMP personnel
assess-  https://
Key BJMP Officers
ment youtu.be/
tasks 1M5HA-pFgal
 https://
youtu.be/
wY5mgEga0AU

13.5 Lesson 3 Lesson 3. Foronda, M.  Course 8. Weekly

total Laws about Assess the amended Course (2014). Packet Journal 3
hours Bureau of Jail law about the Bureau Module on Correctional  Printed 9. Paper
Management and of Jail Management Institutional Administration 1  Digital discussion
12 hours Penology and and Penology Corrections (Institutional  Microsoft 10. Paper
3
self- Bureau of Differentiate the law College of Based Teams Analysis
directed Corrections about the BJMP and Criminal Corrections)
learning Bureau of Corrections Justice Second Edition.
& Education. Wiseman’s Books
1.5 University of Trading, Inc.
hours of the Visayas Educational
assess- YouTube Videos
ment https://youtu.be/
tasks yyUszlwrmmE

13.5 Lesson 4 Lesson 4. Foronda, M.  Course 11. Weekly

total Seven penal Illustrate the Course (2014). Packet Journal 4
hours Institution of the different roles of the Module on Correctional  Printed 12. Schematic
Philippines and penal institutions of Institutional Administration 1  Digital Diagram
12 hours the Admission, the Philippines. Corrections (Institutional  Microsoft making
4 self- Confinement and Discuss the creation College of Based Teams 13. Short Paper
directed Classification of of the different penal Criminal Corrections) Discussion
learning Inmates institutions in our Justice Second Edition. 14. Short Quiz
& country. Education. Wiseman’s Books
1.5 University of Trading, Inc.
hours of Explain the proper the Visayas Educational
assess- accommodation YouTube Videos
ment standards of inmate  https://
tasks youtu.be/
Identify and propose Jx_hguY1GP8
solutions to the
issues confronting
the Phil. Correctional
Institutions.

IV-A. Points for Graded Output IV-B. Grade Equivalent Based on Points Earned
Course Module Topic Output Points Points Earned Grade
Week
1 Minor Task 180 97%-100% 1.00
94%-96% 1.25
2 Minor Task 110 90%-93% 1.50
86%-89% 1.75
3 Minor Task 150 82%-85% 2.00
78%-81% 2.25
4 Major Task 150 74%-77% 2.50
71%-73% 2.75
Total 590 70% 3.00
69% below 5.00

5
 INC is given if the final grade is 2.5 or better but missing any two of the course requirements listed above. INC should be complied
within 365 days immediately after the close of the Semester.

V. Approval
Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

GERUNCIO C. CAMPOMANES, PhD

Dean, CCJE UV-Toledo City
Campus

RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA AILEEN B. CATACUTAN, Ed.D. DONALD B. NARRA, PhD
LIMUEL J. ABELGAS, Dev.Ed.D.
Instructor Chairman, CCJE Advisory Council Director of Libraries Dean

6
 Lesson 1

The Historical
Development of
Institutional Corrections

Google Image

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Construct informative discussion on the history of Correction in international and National

Development.
2. Illustrate comparison between the Primitive and Modern Punishments.

7
 3. Identify the different personalities correctional Reform.

College COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION (CCJE)

Program CRIMINOLOGY
Course Code CA 221
Course Title INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 1 Week 1
The Historical Development of Institutional Corrections
Module Topic

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Construct informative discussion on the history of Correction in international and National
Intended Learning Development.
Outcomes 2. Illustrate comparison between the Primitive and Modern Punishments.
3. Identify the different personalities correctional Reform.

13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)
Number of Hours

1. What is the significance of understanding the historical development of the correctional

institutions in the worldwide setting as a criminology student?
2. What are the different ancient forms of punishment and the early prisons and correctional
institutions?
Study Questions 3. How does all of those early prisons and correctional institutions affects the correctional
institutions in our settings nowadays?
4. How does the different personalities in correctional reform changed the correctional institutions
as the time goes by?

Required Suggested
Lesson 1. Course Module on Foronda, M. (2014). Correctional Administration 1
Institutional Corrections College of (Institutional Based Corrections) Second Edition.
Criminal Justice Education. University Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
of the Visayas
Learning Resources
Educational YouTube Videos
 https://youtu.be/rW0pdWEYm4k
 https://youtu.be/lgV2FBcdHIY
 https://youtu.be/hVvvFM4nrR4

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 1 on The Historical Development of Institutional
Corrections. Student may refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials
indicated in this Course Study Guide as additional reading resources.
Learning Activity 2. While studying and learning the topics in Lesson 1, the student can now start writing entry one
of the Weekly Student Journal based from the given concept “The Historical Development of
Institutional Corrections”.
3. After studying and learning the topics in Lesson 1, the student shall answer Assessment Task
2 (The Historical Development of Institutional Corrections), Assessment Task 3 (Personalities
in Correctional Reform) & Assessment Task 4 (Ancient Forms of Punishment and Early Prisons
and Correctional Institutions).

1. Student Journal Entry 1

Required Output 2. Schematic Diagram about the Historical Development of Institutional Corrections
3. Short Paper Discussion

Assessment Tasks
1. Weekly Student Journal
2. Activity on Historical Development of Institutional Corrections

8
 3. Activity on Personalities in Correctional Reform
3. Activity on Ancient Forms of Punishment and Early Prisons and Correctional Institutions).

Assessment Tool
1. Student Journal Rubric
2. Short Paper Discussion

Target Competency
Conduct criminological research and further studies; Enforce laws, rules and regulations.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for Use:

RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA GERUNCIO C. CMPOMANES, PhD LIMUEL J. ABELGAS, Dev.Ed.D. DONALD B. NARRA, PhD
Faculty Dean, CCJE UV-Toledo City Campus Chairman, CCJE Advisory Council Dean
Date: Date: Date:
Revision #002

9
 The Historical Development of Institutional Corrections

A Backgrounder on Corrections

The correctional system is applied by any country is established to create a better society with
peaceful exercise of “rights” and “responsibilities”. “Rights” are predominantly privileges granted by
governing bodies and are generally written into laws. It is important to remember that rights are granted
based on agreed set of behaviors and obligations, with the expectation of mutual respect and cooperation
and obligations or duties known as “responsibilities”. Every citizen has the obligation to follow the duly
established set of norms that bring beneficial results to society and members. Those who violate the
acceptable norms are prosecuted and sent to correctional facilities for the purpose of rehabilitation. The
correctional services which encompass the rehabilitation of inmates are important aspects of the “criminal
justice system”. Civilizations have always sought ways to punish criminals in order to protect the society
from harm brought by crimes. Thus, the role of prisons and correctional systems is to make the society a
safer place for everybody. Basically, the punishment of crimes differs from society, culture, level of crime,
religion, social status and laws of the country. Institutional corrections is based on the idea that some
people are so inherently evil; therefore, they must be cut off from the rest of society and closely
monitored.

Corrections has been considered by many experts as the most challenging and frustrating
component of criminal justice. Accordingly, managing the inmates daily is challenging in attempting to
accomplish multiple goals. Every necessary activity in corrections is done on a large scale because there is
an endless flow of prisoners needing the services.

In the Philippines, incarceration is the most serious punishment imposed upon a convicted
individual. There are correctional facilities which are responsible for the control and custody of convicted
felons, and provide housing and programs for offenders who have been convicted of crimes that result to
loss of freedom. The correctional facilities ensure the protection of the community by operating safely and
securely, segregating the offenders and keeping them under firm and fair practices. There is a wide range
of treatment including religious, educational and vocational programs that help convicted offenders
become rehabilitated individuals. This approach helped bring the use of corporal and other forms of
inhumane punishment to an end, and achieved the ultimate goal of rehabilitation.

Corrections defined

It is defined as a branch of the criminal justice system concerned with the custody, supervision,
and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. Corrections can also be defined as the field of criminal justice
administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and the society in
general involving the processes of handling individuals who have been convicted of crimes. Usually,
corrections utilize various methods such as incarcerations, parole, probation and others by which the
society deals with convicted felons. It involves the application of methods and techniques intended to
reform, improve and rehabilitate criminals. Corrections is also the name of a field of “academic study”
concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining to the practice of correctional systems. The
word is driven by a new philosophy emphasizing rehabilitation and reformation of convicted offenders
through the application of various programs. Before the era of corrections, punishments were designed to
inflict pain and physical suffering on convicted criminals to provide deterrent effect to others, and prevent
recidivism.

The Models of Corrections

The history of correctional practices has been marked by passion for new approaches and methods
with the intention to achieve the purpose of correction. Substitutions were made and changes came about
10
for the system of corrections in the world. Because of these changes, prison facilities have shifted their
focus from punishment to rehabilitation of convicted offenders. Hence, as criminal justice systems change,
new corrections model were organized in hopes of reducing the occurrence of crime. The three major
models of corrections that were designed are the medical model, the community model and the crime
control model.

1. Medical Model – this model is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social,
psychological or biological deficiencies that require treatment through the use of certain methods.
The medical model aimed at treating the illness of criminals with hopes that after release, they will
be cured and become productive members of the community.
2. Crime Control Model – it is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by
extensive use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision. Thus, it emphasizes
punishment, keeping order and victims’ right over the rights of the accused. This model stands on
the principle of repression of crime by efficient disposing of cases for the imprisonment of the guilty
party.
3. Community Model – this model is the result of civil rights movements that assert the
reintegration of the offender in the community. This model claimed that prisons should be avoided.
This idea results to a new approach to corrections that grants community-based correctional
systems such as parole, probation, and various forms of executive clemency. Basically, this model
provides alternatives to incarceration to redeem human value and manpower.

Early Legal Laws

The study of corrections is basically associated with the study of laws and their historical development.
The mode of corrections applied by a particular country is definitely dependent on its legal systems’
customs and existing laws. Laws do not develop systematically until a state with a centralized police
authority and judiciary have developed and appeared. During the early stage of human society, the tribal
societies with no legislatures and courts had some form of law, usually based on ancient customs,
authority of the chieftain, the elders and religious leaders. The tribal leader may allow the victim or his
family to average wrongs against individuals such as murder, theft, adultery and failure to repay a debt.
These tribal societies gradually evolved into territorial societies that resulted to the establishment of states
with its own legal system. For better understanding, below are the early codified laws which were used by
present societies in establishing their legal systems:

1. Mesopotamian Laws – Mesopotamia is an ancient Greek word which means “land between two
rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates); it is an ancient region corresponding to the modern-day Iraq,
Kuwait, and the north eastern section of Syrian and to a much lesser extent of south eastern
Turkey and smaller parts of south western Iran. Ancient Mesopotamia’s justice codes are the
world’s oldest known laws and considered as the earliest of mankind’s known attempt to codify
laws. Mesopotamian cultures established judiciaries to interpret their laws and to implement them
effectively. They compiled legal clauses and phrases, created the concept of precedent and the
authority of the written document that guaranteed the rights of the individual. Law was an
essential and integral part of the society, and had a profound impact not only on the lives of the
people subject to it, but on neighboring cultures of ancient times and on the development of legal
systems ever since historians have cited various early laws of Mesopotamia designed to control and
penalize acts which are harmful and created merely to justify ruler’s actions. These Mesopotamian
laws are:

1.1. Ur-Nammu Code – A law that favored the imposition of justice instead of naked
vengeance. It decreed the imposition of restitution and fines of execution, mutilation or
other savage penalties. It does not carry death penalty.
11
 1.2. Code of Eshnunna –the laws of Eshnunna came from the Kingdom of Eshnunna and it is
believed that King Dadusha issued this code for his city. The code of Eshnunna is inscribed
on two cuneiform tablets discovered in Baghdad, Iraq and developed about half a century
before the Code of Hammurabi. It is believed that the Code of Hammurabi was patterned
after that of the Eshnunna. The code dealt with silver and grains values, loans and deposits,
renters’ liabilities, standards for wages, prices, serviced and equipment. It forbids accepting
money or objects from the hands of the slaves or making loans, and any transactions with
slaves. Money lenders are likewise forbidden from taking hostages whether freemen or
slaves. The code also covers crimes such as theft, slavery, marriage issues, bodily injury,
damage created by a person’s ox, and sexual crimes.
1.3. Code of Lipit-Ishtar – this code is named after the king of the ancient city of Isin in
southern Mesopotamia. This code dealt with business matters such as property rights, the
use of boats, agricultural processes including irrigation, and rented oxen. It also had
sections on fugitive slaves, false testimony, apprenticeship, marriage, and family and
property law.
1.4. Code of Hammurabi - the oldest written penal law that stopped the ancient practice of
retribution or personal vengeance, and punishment became the responsibility of the state.
This was promulgated by the King Hammurabi of Babylon (circa 1800 B.C.). It instituted
the law of the talon (lex taliones), meaning the state will out punishment equally, as an
“eye for an eye” or “tooth for a tooth”.

2. Greek Laws
In early Greece, other than of death penalty for grave offenses, imprisonment is imposed on
lesser crimes. Greeks used strong cages and rock quarries as prisons. Greece is famous for its
philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle who established a set of philosophical ideas on
politics and moral behaviors. The Nicomedean Ethics” of Aristotle explains about corrective justice.
According to him, punishment is a means of restoring the balance between pleasure and pain. His
system of justice also endorses the concept of restitution when he mentioned in his book that
corrective justice is a means whereby the loss suffered by the wronged man is compensated. This
principle of justice provides an idea that the suffering of the offender restores the balance between
the injured and the transgressor. At around 900 years ago before Christ, the ancient Greeks had no
official laws and punishments. During that period, murders were settled by members of the victim’s
family, who would then go and kill the murderer which eventually results to endless blood feuds. It
was not until the middle of the 17th century BC that the Greeks began to establish official laws
which include the following:
2.1. Law of Draco – A harsh code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the
slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (vengeance, blood feuds).
2.2. Solon’s Law – this law repealed the extremely harsh laws of Draco except on those on
homicide. Solon was an Athenian lawmaker who refined Draco’s laws and credited with
democratizing justice by making the courts more accessible to citizens. The law continues to
allow the wealthy people to try, sentence and convict guilty persons but it also involves the
citizens of Athens ranked into classes according to wealth, and into other parts of the
government so that they might serve as jurors of the case. This law provides compassionate
penalties for minor offenses and considers the gravity and severity of the crime in the
imposition of penalty.
3. Roman Empire Laws
This law system is inspired by the Babylonian system of justice that favored the interest of
citizens with higher social status. Thus, the treatment of the accused varied according to social
positions and economic standing. Some scholars believed that the early Roman laws were drawn

12
 from customs and statutes; but later during the times of the empire, the emperors asserted their
authority as the ultimate source of law. Basically, their pronouncements, judgments, administrative
instructions and response to petitions were collected with the comments of legal scholars. The
results were used use to designed laws which are highly flexible in adopting new ideas or
expending legal principles in the complex environment of the empire.
3.1. The Law of the Twelve Tables - Represented the earliest codification of Roman law
incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all public and private law of the
Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on
metal tablets and set up on the forum.
3.2. Justinian Code - This law became a standard law in all the areas occupied by the Roman
Empire and this was the revision of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law.

Other Early Codes

The early codes provide various forms of severe punishment to convicted felons as measures taken
against those who break the rules of society. The ancient society stands on the idea that in order to
prevent repetition and to discourage others from committing crimes, extreme punishment must be
resorted to. The existence of arbitrary and inhuman forms of punishments and unique approaches to what
is considered crime I the early society, is further manifested by the following codes:

1. Burgundian Code – it is also known as “Lex Burgundionum”. This code introduced the concept of
restitution. The code which specified punishment according to the social class of offenders, dividing
them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and specifying the value of life of each person
according to social status.
2. Secular Code – the extensive use of capital and corporal punishment as deterrents to crime led
scholars to seek a more rational approach to criminals. Basically, secular laws were advocated by
Christian philosophers who recognize the need for justice. During this period, 3 distinct laws were
established.
a. External Laws or Lex Externa – intended for common good which cannot be changed by
humans.
b. Natural Laws or Lex Naturalis – stands on the principle that there are laws that naturally
occur across all cultures.
c. Human Laws or Lex Humana – laws enacted by human beings and are considered valid only
if it does not conflict with the other two.
3. Mosaic Code – it is also known as “Torah of Moses” which serves as a body of laws of the ancient
Israelites, found in the Old Testament of the Judeo-Christian Bible. The code was not only the
foundation of the Judeo-Christian moral teachings but was also the basis for the United States legal
system. Prohibitions against murder, theft, perjury and adultery preceded by several thousand
years are the same laws found in the legal system of the United States. It is premised on the
concept of retribution and also restitution because it allows the offender of the victim to come to a
settlement and to have settlements decide by the legal authorities. The form of punishment is
sometimes resorted to, instead of the strict imposition of “lex taliones”, if the victim agreed to the
restitution offered by the offender. The code also allows severe punishments such as flogging or
burning the guilty person alive, and it imposes death for murder.
4. Code of Manu – it was ancient “Hindu” collection of rules of conduct in private and social life
according to the views of the religious of Brahmanism (religion of ancient India) that were
dominant in ancient India slaveholding society. The code was written in “Sanskrit” which contains
ideas about the origin of the universe and human society, rules of conduct for students and rules of
conduct for the household such as marriage customs and religious rites. The Code of Many decreed

13
 that no one should wound and injure others by thought or deed and no word shall be uttered that
would hurt others.

Ancient Forms of Punishment

The perpetrators of crimes which have been considered by early societies as “violent” had faced a
number of harsh punishments. Every country has a story on the development of its systems and forms
of punishment as an instrument in dealing with criminals. The British used a unique form of punishment
in dealing with criminals. The British used a unique form of punishment by the use of aging ships which
were anchored in harbors known as “hulks” through England and served as floating confinement
facilities. History reveals that punishment in the early beginning of society was a sort of private revenge
(kin policing) in which the victim or the victim’s kin retaliated for injury. This system of punishment
often escalated to blood feuds that could continue for many years until one or the other family was
completely wiped out. The loss of life and property became the reason why the community slowly
started to impose trials and official penalties on established legitimate and justifiable systems of
penalties for a crime, the following were the dominant forms of punishments:

1. Flogging
It is also known as “whipping or caning” which is characterized by beating administered with a
whip or rod, with blows commonly directed to the person’s back. It has been used as a form of
judicial punishment as a means of maintaining discipline in prisons even in military training. The
most famous whip was the Russian knot made out of the leather thongs tipped with fishhook-like
wires. A few strides with the knot produced serious lacerations often resulting in much blood loss.
The other method is cat-o’-nine tails which was constructed of nine knotted cords of thongs of
rawhide interwoven with wire, the wires often being hiked and sharpened so that they tore the flesh
and has been considered even more painful, though not so deadly, type of flogging was the
bastinado (foot whipping), generally used in Asia, which involved blows delivered to the soles of
the feet with a light rod, knotted cord or lash. Flogging was formerly executed with great brutality.
The backs of the condemned were frequently lacerated, and salt was poured into the wounds to
increase the pain.
2. Mutilation
Also known as “maiming”, mutilation is an act of physical injury that degrades the appearance and
function of any living body. The cutting of some parts of the body of the offender which results to
the loss of, or incapacity to use a bodily member, had been used by early society in punishing
criminals. The severe barbaric, and extensive methods of mutilation such as blinding, cutting off the
ear, and ripping out the tongue were used in England in the eleventh century. The primary purpose
of mutilation is to deprive the essential parts of the body of the offender and to disfigure his physical
appearance.
3. Branding
It has been employed as a form of punishment on criminals which used hot iron to symbolize the
reduction of their status in life and standing in the community. It is a form of physical punishment
and sometimes the purpose is for public humiliation when the marks were placed on a normally
visible part of the body. Branded marks signify criminal records and previously committed crime of a
person which is categorized into their design and place on the body. In 1669 to 1707, convicted
thieves in England were branded on the cheek in order to increase the deterrent effect of the
punishment. The branding usually took place in the courtroom at the end of the sessions in front of
spectators. According to recorded history, branding was abolished in England in 1829.
4. Public Humiliation
It signifies the humiliation of a person before others, which is usually made in a public place to
enhance its deterrent effect to crime. It was often used as a form of punishment for minor and petty

14
 offenses. Public humiliation could take a number of forms and methods; most often a criminal was
placed in the center of the town and having the local residents enact a form of mob justice on the
offender. The punishment of public humiliation is designed for an offender to relate his crime to
others so as to generate discouragement and deterrent effect. The offender could alternatively be
sentenced to remain exposed in a specific public place, in a restraining device such as stocks or
pillory.
5. Burning at the Stake
It is characterized by deliberate causing or inflicting death through the effects of combustion, or
effects of exposure to extreme heat. Burning at the stake has a long history as a form of capital
punishment. The best-known type of execution or death by burning is when condemned is bound to
a large wooden stake. In the ancient society, individuals who were found guilty of treason are
sentenced to be burned alive at stake, though executioners usually strangle offenders with a cord
before lighting the fire. In 1401, a law in England made burning the penalty for heresy and in the
18th century, women found guilty of murdering their husbands were burned alive.
6. Hanging
It is a method of punishment whereby a rope or ligature is placed around the neck of the convict.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines hanging as “specifically intended to put to death by
suspension by the neck” in which the body would remain hanging. Hanging has been a common
method of capital punishment (death penalty) since medieval times, and is the official execution
method in many countries. It was a very common execution in England from Anglo Saxon times
until 20th century. The last public hanging in Britain took place in 1868 and the last people to be
hangs privately was Ruth Ellis. Hanging was abolished permanently in Britain on 1969. Originally,
the execution was a public spectacle, meant to act as a deterrent to crime. Usually the convicts
were given a chance to speak to the crowd for them to confess their sins before they were hanged.
In some cases, the capital punishment was not imposed because of the “benefit of clergy” that
made the defendants found guilty of certain felonies were spared the death and given a lesser
punishment. Dating back to the middle ages, benefit of clergy was originally a right accorded to the
church, allowing it to punish its own members they should be convicted of a crime.
7. Transportation
This refers to a particular form of banishment that sends convicted criminals or other persons
regarded undesirable to a penal colony or prison facility. Thus, transportation involved the relocation
of criminals to one of the colonies. For example, France transported convicts to Devil’s Island and
New Caledonia and England transported convicts, political prisoners and prisoners of war from
Scotland and Ireland to its colonies in America.
8. Banishment
It is also known as “exile” which forcible sent individuals out from the community because of the
crime committed or undesirable behavior. During the ancient times, banishment was an effective
punishment because it contemplated that the offender in leaving his village would necessarily
experience wilderness, shame upon his loved ones, and being unwelcome in other settlements.
9. Pillory
Also known as “stock” was a device made of wooden and metal framework erected on a post with
holes enough to accommodate and secure the head and heads of the criminal. It was usually used
for punishment by public humiliation as a way of destroying their reputations and signaling public
distaste for their crimes.
10. Slavery
It is a concept that treated people as property without the right to leave, to refuse to work, and to
demand compensation. Slaves can be brought, sold, and even held under the control of another
person, group, organization, or state.
11. Beheading

15
 The punishment is also known as “decapitation” which is characterized by separation of the head
from the body which is administered by an executioner called “headsman”. Beheading typically
refers to the act of intentional decapitation with a sword, axe, knife, wire or by other more
sophisticated means such as guillotine. A “guillotine” which was proposed by Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
is an apparatus designed for carrying out executions by beheading. It consists of a tall, upright
frame in which a weighted and angle blade is raised to the top and suspended. The convicted
criminal is secured at the bottom of the frame, with his or her neck held directly below the blade.
The blade is then released to fall swiftly and sever the head from the body.

12. Boiling Alive

It is a method of execution in which a person is killed by immersed in a boiling liquid such oil or
water. In England, a law of 1531 allowed prisoners to be boiled alive. Executions of this type were
often accomplished by a large vessel such as a cauldron or a sealed kettle that was filled with filled
liquid such as a water, tar and oil. Depending on the intended cruelty, the victim was either
immersed before the liquid was heated or plunged usually head first boiling water. An alternative
method was to use a large shallow receptacle that contained oil and the convicted felon was then
partially immersed in the liquid and fired to death.
13. Breaking on the Wheel
The wheel was a torture device for public execution used for capital punishment in early societies by
breaking the criminal’s bones to death. This method was still used in Germany in the 19 th century
when dealing with violent crimes. The wheel was typically a large wooden wagon wheel with many
radial spokes. The condemned man was lashed to the wheel and his limbs were beaten with an iron
cudgel (iron hammer), with gaps on the wheel, the limbs give way and break when blown by an
iron. Once his bones were broken, he was left on the wheel to die and sometimes placed on a tall
pole so the birds could feed from the still-living human.
14. Cangue
In ancient China, a cangue was a device for public humiliation and corporal punishment until the
early years of the 20th century. It was similar to pillory used for punishment in early England, except
the board of cangue was not fixed to a base, and had to be carried around by the prisoner. The
device restricts the criminal’s movements; thus, it was common for people wearing cangues to
starve to death as they were unable to feed themselves. The criminal was confined in the cangue for
a period of time as a punishment. The size and weight were varied as a measure of severity of
punishment or classification of crime committed.
15. Drowning
It is characterized by respiratory impairment from being in or under liquid. Drowning itself is quick
and silent because a person is unable to shout or call for help as he cannot obtain air. In England, in
the 13th century it was enacted that anybody who committed murder on the king’s ships would be
tied to their victim’s body and thrown into the sea to drown.
16. Ducking Stools
These are chains formerly used for punishment of disorderly women, and dishonest tradesmen in
England and Scotland. They were instruments of “public humiliation” and “censure” (condemnation)
primarily for the offense of scolding or backbiting and less often for sexual offenses like bearing an
illegitimate child, and prostitution. The stools were technical devices which formed part of the wider
method of law enforcement whereby the offender is tied and exposed to her door or the site of her
offense. Basically, they were designed originally for women and later used for men as public
humiliation. The device was a chair which was hung from the end of a rope tied across a river and
handled by another free-moving arm. The woman is trapped into the chair which will be placed on
the side of a river. The device would then be swung over the river by the use of the free-moving

16
 hand on the opposite side of it. The offender would then be ducked or immersed into the freezing
cold water in certain periods of time depending on severity of crime committed.
17. Electric Chair
The records in history show that the first electric chair was designed in 1888 to provide a more
humane method of execution. Execution by electrocution is usually carried out using an electric
chair which originated from the United States of America. It was in 1890 when a man named
William Kemmler was executed. From then, the electric chair became a popular method of execution
in the United States of America. The first woman in the electric chair was Martha Place in 1899. The
convicted is strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on
the head and legs. The chair was designed to allow electric current to flow though and is capable to
cause fatal damage to the internal organs including the brain. The first powerful jolt of electric
current was designed to pass through the head and cause immediate unconsciousness and brain
death.
18. Firing Squad
Execution through firing squad has been common to Roman soldiers who executed prisoners with a
firing squad using bows and arrows. Later, firearms were used by several law enforcement officers
who discharge their weapons simultaneously. There are around five shooters that aim at the
criminal’s heart, and all five pull the trigger at the same time. One of the shooters is secretly armed
with a blank round of ammunition, which means that each shooter can presume that there is a 20
percent chance that he never shot the prisoner. The prisoner is typically blindfolded or hooded as
well as restrained, and can either sit or stand during the execution. Execution through a firing squad
is also prevalent even until now to some other countries most especially to former and present
communist countries.
19. Garrotting
Garrotte was the principal device used for capital punishment in Spain for one country and a half
until its abolition. Historically, the three Filipino priests namely, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora publicly
known as GOMBURZA were executed through garrote by the Spaniards for treason. This is a practice
of strangulation by which the condemned man was tied to wooden stake with a looped section of
rope placed around his neck. A wooden stick would then be placed in the loop and twisted by an
executioner, causing the rope to tighten until strangled the prison to death. As a time passed by,
the execution, method was modified in the form of a wooden chair to which the condemned man
was bound while executioners tightened a metal band around the criminal’s neck with a crank or a
wheel until asphyxiation of the convicted felon was accomplished. The device is directly placed to
the spinal column at the base of the brain the causes strangulation, injury, and finally death.
20. Gas chamber
It is an apparatus for killing humans consisting of a sealed chamber in which poisonous gas is
introduced. Gas chamber is a method of executing a convicted criminal by a lethal gas. This was
first adopted in the State of Nevada, United States of America.
21. Drawing, Hanging and Quartering
This punishment was used in early England against high treason and attack on a monarch’s
authority. The condemned man was drawn to the pace of execution, tied to the hurdle or sledge
which was dragged by a horse. The hurdle was similar to a piece of fencing made from thin
branches interwoven to form a panel to which the prisoner was tied to be dragged behind a horse to
the place of execution. Once there, the prisoner was hanged and his penis and testicles were cut off
and the stomach was split open. The intestines and heart were removed and burned before the
crowd. The other organs were torn out and finally, the head was cut off and the body was divided
into four quarters. The head and quarters are preserved to preserve to prevent them from rotting
too quickly and then displayed upon prominent places across the country such as the London
Bridge.

17
22. Picket or Piquet
The word picket is a military terminology which refers to soldiers or troops placed on a line forward
of a position to warn against an enemy advance. It can also refer to any unit performing a similar
function such as aircraft or a ship. In early England, the term was used to signify a form of military
punishment in the later 17th century. The soldier was hung by his wrist and one foot was placed on a
pointed but not actually sharp wooden stake. Soon his writs would become tired, and the possibility
was to support his weight on the pointed stake which was very painful. The picket was abolished in
the 18th century because it made difficult for the soldier to march afterwards.
23. Pressing
It is a method of execution that has a history where techniques used varied greatly from place to
place. In South-East Asia for over 4,000 years it was crushing by elephants. The Romans used this
form of execution against serious crimes. In Early England, if a person refused to plead guilty to a
crime, he is pressed using heavy stones. A wooden board was placed on the suspect’s body and
stone or iron weights were added until the person agreed to plead; otherwise, he will be pressed to
die. The weight of the stones or irons on the chest becomes too great for the criminal to breathe;
therefore, fatal suffocation would occur.
24. Stoning
This form of punishment has been regarded by some as the oldest form of execution whereby a
group throws stones to a person until he dies. It is as old as written literature and the most common
form of death penalty described in the Bible. Biblically speaking, in John 8:7, Jesus said, “Let he
who is without sin cast the first stone”. Stoning is typically a punishment for adultery although it
was also used for cases of incest and other sexual or moral crimes. In stoning, however, no stone
should be thrown that should kill with the first or second blow, or small as a pebble to do no injury
to the condemned. Stoning is a unique form of punishment because there is no single executioner.
It has been regarded as a form of execution by torture made by the community’s members.

Early Prisons and Correctional Institutions

The “age of enlightenment” which came around Eighteen Century brought an even greater
recognition of human dignity. The end result was that prisoners were less tortured and put to death
less, but forced to suffer longer and more psychologically distressing stay in imprisonment. During this
period, places of imprisonment gradually moved from underground to above ground and in some cases
above water, as with confining prisoners on board abandoned ships such as “hulks”. The most famous
underground prison was “Mamertime” in Rome which was named after the Roman God “Mars”. The
Spanish Inquisition” has also contributed in bringing undergrounds prisons to be above ground for more
humane treatment of prisoners. Historically, the term refers to tribunal court system used by both the
Catholic Church and some Catholic monarchs to root out, suppress and punish heretics. Heretics were
baptized members of the church who held opinions contrary to the Catholic faith.

The Spanish Inquisition employed imprisonment or incarceration in “Spanish forts”, also known as
“presidios” which were constructed above ground. All Spanish forts or presidios had prisons consisting
of eight by ten-foot stone cell with iron bars and they were primarily used as part of Spanish conquest
for housing people who breached the law. It is believed that the model of a prison cell widely used
today can be traced to the “presidio cells”. Originally, Spanish troops built to protect the areas covered
by Spain during the colonization period. The “aforementioned eventualities in history gave way to the
existence of early prisons which became the forerunner of institutional-based corrections. Since
criminals were restrained, they became more vulnerable to corporal punishments. Thus, corporal
punishment predates the emergence of anything that could be called “prisons”. Some of these early
prisons and correctional institutions are listed below:

1. Mamertime Prison
18
 The oldest prison can be traced back to ancient Rome’s series of dungeon (cells) under city’s main
sewer (septic tank) system connected to the surface through a grand entranceway. It was roughly
established in 600 BC under King Ancus. It consists of “two gloomy underground cells” where
Rome’s vanquished enemies were imprisoned and usually dies either by starvation or strangulation.
The prison was used until rough at the late 4 th century AD. After the prison ceased to be used for its
original purpose, it became a pilgrim site and later became “mamertinus”.
2. Le Stinche Prison
The prison was constructed in 1301 in Florence, Italy and lasted until 1835. It used males’ inmates
separately from female inmates; it also segregated inmates by age group, degree of sanity, and
severity of offense. According to some historians, the first prisoners who were confined in this prison
were political prisoners who fought against government. They further added that “prominent
Florentines” (people from Florence, Italy) were imprisoned in Le Stinche prison though the prison
was used principally by debtors and for offenders against the common law
3. Walnut Street Prison
It was originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia (the largest city of the City of the
State of Pennsylvania), and later converted into s State prison. In fact, the prison was known as a
penitentiary designed to provide a severe environment that left inmates much time for reflection,
but it was also designed to be cleaner and safer than the past prisons. It has been called as the
“first American penitentiary”, if not the first one in the world. It was the Quakers (members of a
family religious movement collectively known as the “Religious Society of Friends”) of Philadelphia
who comes up with the concept for what they called a “penitentiary” also known as a place where
prisoners could reflect on their crime and become truly sorry for what they have done.
4. Devil’s Island Prison
It was used in from 1852 to 1946 and was the notorious prison in the world in terms of harshness of
its regime and position. Originally, the prison was used as a place for internal exile of French
political prisoners of whom Captain Alfred Dreyfus was the most famous one. The island is situated
in the Atlantic of the coast of “French Guiana” and has been part of the penal colony of France for
common-law criminals who were convicted by juries rather than magistrates. This prison was
controversial as it had reputation for harshness and brutality. Prisoner to prisoner violence was
common because it housed hardened thieves and murderers.
5. Bridewell Prison and Hospital
It consisted of several building facilities that in-housed vagrants, homeless children, petty offenders,
disorderly women, and prisoners of war. Under the concept of Bridewell system, vagrants, and
prostitutes were given work while serving their sentences inside the prison facilities. The prison is
located on the banks of the Fleet River in the city and is also regarded as a charitable institution in
England because of the services it provides. Its existence is the influence of the “prison reform
movement” which contributed to the development of the penitentiary prison system in America. It
used classification and treatment, trade training and education for all inmates, and solitary
confinement.
6. Dartmoor Prison
It was once known as the house halfway to hell located in Devonshire, England that housed French
prisoners. It is category “C” men’s prison whose walls are made of granite and was utilized as a
prisoner facility by England for French prisoners of war. Historical records show that in 1805, Great
Britain was at war with France; a conflict during which thousands of prisoners were taken and
confined in “hulks” or derelict ships which resulted to the overcrowding of the place. Several hulks
were anchored at Plymouth among other places and conditions were so bad with poor sanitary
arrangements, little exercise, lack of fresh air and a poor diet.
7. Hospicio de San Michelle (Hospice of St.Michael)

19
 A prison divided into cells at the hospital of Saint Michael, the Hospicio de San Michelle was a
prototype reformatory for juvenile offenders which used rehabilitative concept. It served a number
of purposes including orphanage, a place for abandoned elderly, and jails for minors and women in
Rome. The prison used segregation and forced silence aside from rehabilitative concept which was
also adopted in Auburn prison. Separate cells for sleeping and a large central hall for working were
provided for prisoners.
8. Château d’If (pronounce as shat-o-deef)
Originally, the Château is a square three-story building and measures 92 feet long on each side,
flanked by three towers with large gun embrasures. It was built in 1524 to 1531 on the orders of
King Francis I, who during a visit in 1516 saw the islands as a strategically important location for
defending the coastline from sea-based attacks. The buildings that were built look like a castle
whose principal military value was a deterrent.

9. Newgate Prison
Thomas Eddy, an elected Governor of the New York Hospital in 1793, has been involved in
charitable work and became interested in the reform of the penal laws. He introduced inmate labor
and solitary confinement instead of inhuman forms of punishment such as branding, pillory,
mutilation, whipping and others. Because of his advocacy to reform the system of punishment and
his concern to prisoners, he was regarded by some as the “John Howard of America”. Because the
Newgate was ill-designed to manage special classes of offenders, and because of several problems
encountered, it was closed 31 years later when the new Sing Sing prison was ready to take
prisoners sentenced out of New York City.
10.Maison de Force
It was a house of correction in Ghen, Belgium which separated adults from juveniles and women
from men. It served as an innovation to prison system during 1600. It was also regarded as a
workhouse developed by Jean-Jacques Vilain. It was one of the first to separate women and children
from hardened criminals, and felons from minor offenders. It used strict discipline, individual cells,
silence while working, and is opposed to life imprisonment and cruel punishment. The prison is
guided by a line of principle, “If any man will not work, neither let him eat.” Inmates are whipped
and had to adhere to the rule of silence at all times. This prison was considered as the most ideal
model of the prison institution at the time because of its humane treatment of prisoners.
11.Indiana Women’s Prison
It was established in1873 as the first adult female correctional facility in the United States of
America. The Indiana Women’s Prison was not only the Unite Stated of America’s first state
institution for female prisoners but was also the first maximum-security female correctional facility
in the nation. The prison used traditional; methods of discipline in addition to teaching inmates
some remunerative skills so that they would not be tempted to commit crimes after their release.
Primarily, women worked on laundry, sewing and knitting though some did industrial work. It also
employed rewards for good merit included working outdoors in the kitchen farm gardens, painting
the rooms and performing other small renovations.
12.Alcatraz (The Rock)
It is located in the San Francisco Bay. Often referred to as “The Rock”, the small island was
developed with facilities for lighthouse, a military fortification and later became a military prison in
1868. The Alcatraz was acquired by the United States Department of Justice on October 12, 1933
and the island became a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in August 1934 after the building
was modernized to meet the requirements of a top-notch security prison. As a result, from a military
prison, the Alcatraz became a federal prison to in-house notorious criminals. Because of the high
security and location of Alcatraz in the cold waters and strong currents of San Francisco bay, the

20
 prison authorities believed Alcatraz to be escape-proof and America’s strongest prison. The Alcatraz
was designed to hold prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. Hence, it
was one of the world’s most notorious and best-known prisons over the years.
13.Auburn Prison
It is situated in New York employed prison labor during day time in groups (congregate system) and
prisoners were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. It is the
second prison facility built in the State of New York. The silent system that evolved at Auburn Prison
was an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania System of Solitary Confinement or
separate system. Among the salient features of Auburn System were striped uniforms, lockstep
when walking in group and silence. The prisoners had no rights pr any opportunity to live semi-
comfortably. Silence was the biggest factor in the line of rules the prisoners had to follow as part of
their disciplinary conditions. They are also on contract-convict lease system with working lasting for
10 hours per day and 6 days per week.

14.Sing Sing Prison

It was the third prison facility built by the New York State in1825 through the prisoners from Auburn
Prison. The prison is named for the town where it was built, although the town of Sing Sing later
changes its name to Ossining in the hopes of avoiding association with the prison. This prison was
built because of anticipation that it could be made profitable for the State by using prison labor to
quarry rocks and shipping it down the conveniently located Hudson River for sale. It is famous in the
world because of its bath which was inflicted aside from the floggings, denial of reading materials
and solitary confinement. The shower bath was a gadget so constructed as to drop a volume of
water on the head of a locked and naked offender. The fore of icy cold water hitting the head of the
offender caused so much pain and extreme shock that prisoners immediately sank into comas due
to the shock and sudden drop of body temperature.
15.Eastern State Penitentiary
It is a former in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania specifically at 2027 Fairmount Avenue between
Corinthian Avenue and North 22nd street in the Fairmount section of the city. The penitentiary
refined the revolutionary system of separate incarceration first pioneered at Walnut Street Jail which
emphasized principles to reform rather than punishment. Its revolutionary system of incarceration
was dubbed the “Pennsylvania System” that used “separate system” and encouraged separate
confinement. It was built over the space of ten years, beginning in the early 1820’s and established
on Quaker principles of repentance. Each cell was small, but had the relative luxury of running water
and each cell’s individual exercise yard was converted into new cells.
16.Pentonville Prison
The two Acts of English Parliament allowed for the building of Pentoville prison for the detention of
convicts sentenced to imprisonment or awaiting transportation. The construction started in April
1840 and was completed in the autumn of 1842. It was designed in accordance with Jeremy
Bentham’s “panopticon” design consisting of a central hall with five radiating wings, all of which are
visible to staff positioned at the center. The Pentoville prison was originally designed to hold 520
prisoners under the separate system; thus, each prisoner to his own cell. It also employed silence
and required prisoners to wear masks in certain cases for complete silent isolation.
17.Elmira Reformatory
It was established in 1976. It has been regarded as the forerunner of modern penology which
rejected the old methods of punishment such as silence, obedience, and labor. Elmira’s goal would
be to reform the convict; thus, its methods would be psychological rather than physical. Instead
fixed sentences to fit the crime, the indeterminate sentence would be adjustable to fit the crime; the
indeterminate sentence would be adjustable to fit the criminal. Elmira quietly redefined the term
“reform”, until then understood only in purely religious terms. Teaching rather than preaching, they

21
 downplayed religious conversion in favour of the more realistic goal law-abiding behaviour. This
reformatory generated tremendous excitement, and pushed American corrections into the future. It
applied based on rehabilitative ideal. The reformatory also employed various programs and activities
such as courses in ethics and activities such as a prison band, newspaper and various athletic
leagues.

The Early Prison Systems

Prison systems refer to the methods used by the prison in dealing with its prisoners for the purpose of
establishing order and discipline inside the facility. Evidence suggests that the early prisons were badly
maintained, lack of proper systems, and often controlled and managed by negligent personnel. in
response to these problems, systems of prison were established to guide prison authorities in dealing
with the inmates. These early prisons systems which became the precursor of prison principles by other
prisons are hereunder given and discussed:

1. Separate Prison System

This system of prison uses solitary confinement with religious instructions and reflection upon
crimes. The separate prison system was employed in Walnut State Prison in Philadelphia, and in
Western and Eastern State Penitentiary also in the State of Philadelphia, United State of America.
The separate prison is a form management based on the principle of keeping the inmates in solitary
confinement. It is a form of prison design and philosophy that seeks to enhance the reform process
of prisoners through isolation and lack of social interaction. This system requires the construction of
a number of prisons in which each prisoner is to confine in a separate unit to effectively place in him
in solitary confinement. The isolation was further enhanced through a number of methods used to
strip a prisoner of his or her former identity. This separate system was intended as a way to ensure
that criminal subcultures and attitudes could not flourish in prisons. The prisons that used this
system have that specific type of prison architecture built to support such system. It typically looked
much like parts of a wheel that might be used on a bicycle or carriage. There would be a central
office that would act as a hub for prison guards and wardens, and from this hub a number of wings
would extend like the spokes on a wheel. Each of these wings housed the individual cells in which
prisoners would be incarcerated by themselves. It was designed to keep prisoners separate even as
they worked in order to keep the inmates from being distracted and impeding their repentance. The
separate system is also called the “Pennsylvania system” due to the use of the solitary confinement
in the Eastern State Penitentiary near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2. Congregate Prison System
The congregate system has its origin in Auburn prison, situated in New York that used prison labor
during day time in groups. Usually, the inmates’ work consists of hard labor, such as the
construction of roads or buildings. This is considered the route to repentance and salvation. In
moving, the inmates march in unison, in a formation known as the lock step. In congregate prison
system, the prisoners are together are housed in solitary confinement in large rectangular buildings
during the night time and side by side during work, meals and prayer but return to solitary
confinement in large rectangular buildings during night time and performed penal labor under
“complete silence” in huge groups (congregate). Silence was the biggest factor in the line of rules
the prisoners had to follow as part of their disciplinary conditions. The congregate system is often
referred to as the “Auburn prison system” that introduced the “tier system” in which different levels
of cells were built one above the other and the inmates are housed according to their offense
category. The congregate system of prison management was Quaker’s idea of reformation that
covered health care, strict routines and religious contemplation.
3. Workhouse Prison System
22
 Historically, the origin of Workhouse can be traced back to “Poor Law Act” of 1388 which attempted
to address labor shortages. A workhouse was a place where those unable to support themselves
were offered accommodation and employment. The “Bridewell prison” in England has been
considered as the forerunner of workhouse prison system. The English workhouse is also regarded
as the precursor of early United States Penitentiaries and was first developed as a “cure” for the
idleness of the poor. Over time, English officials and reformers came to see the workhouse as a
more general system for rehabilitating criminals of all kind. As result, the Bridewell prison started to
accept vagrants and sturdy vagabonds of the city. Although vagrants were the first inhabitants of
the workhouse and not felons, the place was also used to confine criminals. The workhouse was not
a custodial institution but it was also a prison that rehabilitates workhouse residents through hard
labor. The proponents of workhouse prison system believed that forced abstinence from idleness
would make vagabonds into productive and useful citizens. They further added that the threat of the
workhouse would deter vagrancy, and that inmate labor could provide a means of support for the
workhouse itself. The concept of workhouse prison system was hard labor that requires all
workhouse residents to work while serving their sentences.
4. Penitentiary Prison System
The penitentiary prison system is a prison management approach which was intended not simply to
punish criminals, but to move them toward spiritual reflection and change. Proponents of the system
believed strongly that the criminals, exposed in silence, to thoughts of their behavior and the
ugliness of their crimes, would become genuinely penitent. For this very reason, each cell of the
Eastern State Penitentiary had a lighting source from either skylights or windows, which was
considered the “window of God” or “eye of God”. The church viewed imprisonment, usually isolation,
as an instrument that would modify sinful or disruptive behavior. The time spent in prison would
help inmates reflect on their crimes committed, giving them the mission for redemption. They were
given opportunity to do penance by means of prayer and other religious activities for them to
remember and to ask forgiveness they made.
5. Industrial Prison System
It is usually associated with “prison-industrial complex” whereby the prisoners are exploited by
companies and business industries. These groups of companies include corporations that contract
prison labor, construction companies, and other business groups which demand a substantial
number of workers. The industrial prison system often implies a network of actors who are
motivated by making profit rather than by solely punishing or rehabilitating criminals or reducing
crime rates. Proponents of this system believe that the desire for monetary gain would encourage
prisoners to work and become productive members of society. There are 6 types of inmate labor
used in the industrial prison system:
a. Contract System – raw materials including the facilities and equipment needed to produce a
certain product is provided by the business company. The manufacturing process is supervised
inside the prison which is being used as the processing place of products and goods produced.
b. Piece-price System – depending upon on the agreement; the materials and products are
produced by the prisoners and bought by the private business companies. Usually the raw
materials are not provided to prisoners by the business company but were provided by the
prison institution.
c. Public Account System – facilities and machineries including raw materials needed for the
production of goods and products are provided by the prison institutions. The finished are then
sold directly to the market.
d. Public Works – in this system, the prisoners will be involved labor. The prisoners work in roads,
highways, and in other infrastructure commonly used by the public. It also covers maintenance
of those public infrastructures.

23
 e. Lease System – in this system, the correctional or prison institutions are acting as labor or
manpower agencies to the private companies. When labor supply is needed business, agencies
are provided access to prisons for the supply of manpower.
f. State-use System – it is a system in which the labor services given by the prisoners are
directly given to the State Offices for the repair and maintenance of government buildings,
where prisoners confined in prisons are utilized to provide labor.

Personalities in Correctional Reform

The present correctional system is the result of early undertakings made be several individuals in the
hopes of improving the conditions inside the prisons and for the establishment a more effective penal
system. The prisons before were used as a place for criminals where they suffer various methods of
corporal and inhuman punishments. English justice used a wide variety of measures to punish crimes
including pillory and whipping. When they ran out of prisons in 1776, the English used old sailing vessels
of hulks as places for temporary confinement. On the same year, transportation to America was often
offered as an alternative to the death penalty which could be imposed for many offenses. Today, prisons
are used by modern societies as places of rehabilitation for those who violated the law. This change or
“correctional reform” was brought by the following individuals:

1. William Penn (1614-1718)

The records show that the evolution of American prison labor is rotted in the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania. William Penn has been regarded as the founder Pennsylvania because of his
unwavering efforts to establish the Province of Pennsylvania (now known as State of Pennsylvania).
As a result, the State was named after him. The Pennsylvania penal system which started in
1682nuner the leadership of William Penn was the first state prison system to suggest the
replacement of torture and mutilation as punishment for crimes, with hard labor in houses of
correction. These ideas of Penn were not systematically executed and as a result, labor in penal
institutions was not applied in Pennsylvania during the colonial period. However, his principles or
ideas were not totally disregarded because it left a mark on the laws of Pennsylvania which
resulted to the evolution of prison labor across the nation. He also brought the concept of
humanitarian treatment of offender that provides prisoners to be free from fees, food, land lodging.
2. Peter Rentzel (1610-1662)
He is a private person who was able to establish a workhouse in Hamburg, Germany (the 2 nd
largest city in Germany) in 1669 at his own expense because he had observed that thieves and
prostitutes were made worse instead of better by pillory and he hoped that they might be improved
by work and religious instruction in the workhouse. Rentzel’s idea in establishing the said
workhouse gave way to new and somehow effective methods of punishment in Germany. It served
as the inspiration of rehabilitation and reformation instead of pure punishment.
3. Dr. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
He was a founding father of the United States and was a civic leader in Philadelphia where he
worked as a physician, politician, social reformer, educator and humanitarian. He was also a leader
of a group of Quakers who adopted Penn’s principles of the penal system. Quakers are members of
a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. He formed
the “Philadelphia Society” for lessening the miseries of public prisons. The aim of the society was to
bring some degree of humane and orderly treatment to the growing inhuman penal system. He
also advocated the idea of “solitary confinement” in which the prisoners are isolated from any
human contact.
4. Bishop Ridley (1500-1555)

24
 The first House of Corrections in England was built through his initiative when he filed a petition for
help in dealing with the sturdy vagabonds of London. As a result, in 1552 during the reign of King
Edward VI, the bride palace in London built as a residence of King Henry VIII and was one of his
early homes in his reign for eight years, ws given to the City of London by his son King Edward VI.
The said palace was used as workhouse for the poor, rogues, and idle people and a place for
employment of the unemployed and for training of children. This results to the establishment of
Bridewell Institution in England that reformed the traditional unworkable system of punishments
during those days.
5. Elizabeth Fry (178-1845)
Elizabeth Fry was an English prison and social reformer who served a major driving force behind
new legislation to make the treatment of prisoners more humane. She was regarded as the most
famous of Quaker reformers on penology who proposed the separation of women and children from
men and the developmental of purposeful activity and education while in prison. Elizabeth Fry’s
work raised public awareness to the horrors and misery of the women’s prison. Elizabeth Fry
greatly contributed to the prison and penal system in France when she was invited by the French
Government to visit the prisons of Paris and write a report and giving suggestions of prisoners.

6. John Bellers (1564-1725)

It was the earliest British to pay systematic and serious attention to social reform. He also pleaded
for the abolition of the death penalty and argued that criminals were the creations of society itself
and asserted that when in prison, there should be productive work for prisoners. He also became
involved in visiting prisons and advocated for the improvement of prison conditions. His pleading
for a combined effort at a penal reform was manifested by the distribution of a broadside entitled
“To the Criminals in Prisons” to the inmates during his visits in prisons.
7. Charles Montesiquieu (1689-1755)
He was a French political thinker and judge who lived during the age of “French Enlightenment”
and is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of power of the legislative, judiciary
and the executive has become part of the constitution of most countries in the world. He argued
that the law is an expression of justice because this is where judicial action is based. According to
him, crime should only be punished with “minimum force” and in consideration of the deterrent
force of a likely punishment rather than that of an irregular but extremely cruel punishment. He
became famous for his advocacy in reforming slavery as a means of punishment.
8. John Locke (1632-1704)
He defined political power as “a right of making laws with penalties of death and consequently all
lesser penalties”. His theory of punishment is thus central to his view of politics and part of what he
considered innovative about his political philosophy. But he also referred to his account of
punishment as a “very strange doctrine” because it ran against the assumption that only political
sovereigns could punish individuals who violated the standards of society. He also believed that
punishment requires that there be a law and since the state of nature has the law of nature to
govern it, it is permissible to describe on individual as “punishing” another in that state. Locke’s
rationale is that since that law would “be in vain” with no human power to enforce it, it must
therefore be legitimate for individuals to punish each other even before government exists. He is
the founder of the school of “Empiricism” that asserts empirical evidence rather than speculation in
the imposition of punishment. He argued that the idea of punishment is one of the reasons why
humans come together to form a society.
9. François-Marie d’Arouet (1694-1778)
He better known as “Voltaire”, was a French writer and public activist who played a singular role in
defining the 18th century movement called “Enlightenment”. He believed that “fear of shame” was a
deterrent to crime. As the most versatile of all philosophers during his period, he fought legally-

25
 sanctioned practice of torture. In 1726, Voltaire responded to an insult from the young French
nobleman Chevalier de Rohan, whose servants beat him a few days later. Since Voltaire was
seeking compensation, and was even willing to fight in a duel, the patrician Rohan Family obtained
a royal letter, a decree signed by the French King (Louis XV) which was routinely used to dispose of
troublemakers of many kinds such as drunkards and violent people. This warrant caused Voltaire to
be imprisoned in the Bastille without a trial and without an opportunity to defend himself. Fearing
an indefinite prison sentence, Voltaire suggested that he be exiled to England as an alternative
punishment, which the French authorities accepted. This incident marked the beginning of
Voltaire’s attempts to reform the French judicial system.
10.Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (1738-1794)
He was a jurist, philosopher, politician and one of the most influential of enlightenment thinkers.
He was also an Italian criminologist and the founder of the “classical school of criminology” who
asserted crime prevention, social contract and fitness of punishment to the crime committed. on
his book “An Essay of Crimes and Punishments”, he advocated a doctrine of penology, made
punishment less arbitrary and severe; that all persons who violated a specific law should receive
identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position and circumstances. He believed
that the only legal justification of punishment was the protection of society by prevention of crime.
In his book, he condemned torture and death penalty and advocated reform of the criminal law
system.
11.Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
He was an English philosopher and social reformer who advocated a moral philosophy of
utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based on their consequences. According to hum, the only
breakers in a measure necessary to offset the pleasure and elicit pain and to create a deterrent
effect to potential law violators. He also asserted that the primary purpose of penal laws is
economic security and national prosperity, so it draws powerful support from the protection
afforded persons, property and expectations by the threat of punishment. He was also very famous
for his design of a prison building which he called “panopticon”. Impressed by the dynamic of its
circular architecture which allowed the warden in an obscure manner to observe the activities of
prisoner’s day and night, the panopticon has been regarded as a place that could modify
undesirable behaviors of inmates. He spent many years of his life in refining his ideas for the
building with the hope that the government would adopt the plan for the National Penitentiary.
Although the prison was never built, the concept had an important influence on later generations of
thinkers in correctional and prison building.
12.John Howard (1726-1790)
A High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773 and was regarded as the father of prison reform; thus, he
gained some fame as the “great prison reformer”. When he conducted inspection and personal
investigation on all the prisons in England, he was shocked of the bad accommodation and absence
of sanitation. In 1777, he published the first edition of “State of Prisons” which discussed every
detailed account of the prisons he had visited, including plans and maps, together with detailed
instructions on the necessary improvements. He recommended single cells for sleeping,
segregation of women, segregation of youth, provision of sanitation facilities, and abolition of fee
system. As a result, his work has been credited as establishing the practice of single-ceiling in the
United Kingdom.
13.Sir Samuel Romilly (1757-1818)
He was the follower of Bentham and an able lawyer and regarded as the most effective leader in
direct and persistent concern for the reform of the English Code. Sir Samuel Romily pressed for the
construction of the first modern English prison known as “Millbank” in 1816. He was a strong
opponent of the slave trade because of his advocacy; he decided to form the Society for the
Abolition of the Slave Trade in England in 1787. He also advocated the criminal law, especially in

26
 the areas of corpora; and capital punishment. Romily criticized the policy of flogging in the military
and opposed the transport of criminals to penal colonies of confining them in prison ships or
common gaols. He laid the campaign to restrict the death penalty, and in 1808, he obtained the
repeal of the law which had made pick pocketing a capital offense. However, most of his colleagues
did not share his liberal views and was unsuccessful in persuading them to pass much legislation.
14.Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850)
He was the leader in the English legislature for reform of the “English Criminal Code” pushing
through programs devised by Bentham, Romilly and others. He established the Irish Constabulary
known as “PEELERS” and in 1829 he started the London Metropolitan Police also known as
“Bobbies” that refers to Sir Robert. As an English legislature, he authored various laws that are
related to prison and correctional reform. In 1823, a “Gaols Act” authorized by him was presented
before the English Parliament and eventually became the basis of the British prison system. Gaols
are jails which are serve as a place of confinement for persons arrested or awaiting trial. This law
laid down rules to be followed in every prison, regulations for inspection and, in general, envisaged
better organization of both the provisions and their administration. It also introduced regular visits
to prisoners by chaplains and also prohibited the use of irons and manacles. The law also required
the installation of female wardens to guard female prisoners. Because there were no inspectors to
make sure that it was being followed, the act was considered largely ineffective.

15.Manuel Montesimos (1790-1862)

Historically, the Spanish prison system started during the 19 th century, providing educational
services to detain types of offenders. During those days, one of the main problems was the lack of
suitable buildings for correctional purposes, security, and principles that could help carry out the
prison’s functions. There were also crucial aspects related to the creation of prison officers and
prison regulations. Manuel Montesimos was one of the greatest contributors in the resolution of
those prison-management problems in Spain. He was the Director of Prisons of Valencia, Spain in
1935 whose work greatly influenced some prison reformers such as Alexander Maconochie. As
Director of Prisons, he divided priosoners into companies and appointed prisoners as petty officers
in charge. Educational and academic classes of 1 hour a day were conducted to all inmates less
than 10 years of age.
16.Alexander Maconochie (1787-1860)
He was the Superintendent of a penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia who introduced a
progressive humane system to substitute for corporal punishment. He also introduced fair
disciplinary trials, built churches, distributed books, allowed plays to be staged, and permitted
prisoners to tend small gardens. He is an important figure in penal history because of the system
that he developed in which the punishment of crime is accompanied by a process of reform.
Convicts are encouraged for good behaviour and productive activities for them to gain incentives
that lead to their early release. This idea was called “marked system” which became the forerunner
of parole. Under this system, the prisoners earn points for desirable behaviours and were added to
the number of marks earned. The points earned by the inmates are the determining factor is they
will be released earlier than the schedule of their discharge or not. In addition, once an individual
achieved a certain number of marks, his living condition would improve and an accumulation of
marks would also result in an early form of “parole” known as a “ticket of leave” that allowed a
prisoner to be released from prison under consent. Because of this, he had been regarded by most
as the “father of parole”.
17.Walter Crofton (1815-1897)
He was the chairman of the Board of Prison in Ireland who was influenced by the idea of Alexander
Maconochie on early release of prisoners. Crofton introduced the “Irish System” later on called the
“progressive system” that used the system of penitentiary and indeterminate sentence. According

27
 to him, if penitentiaries are places where offenders think about their crimes and can decide to stop
their criminal behaviour, then there must be a mechanism to determine that this decision has in
fact been made, as well as a mechanism for getting the inmate out when penitence has been done.
The indeterminate sentence was believed to be the best mechanism. He believed that inmate could
not be rehabilitated without successful reintegration into the community.
18.Frédéric-Auguste Demetz (1796-1863)
He was a French penal reformer and jurist who toured the United States in 1836 to study
progressive American prison architecture and administration for the French ministry of the Interior.
As a result, he advocated the “cottage reformatory” for juvenile offenders because of his concern
with the problem of sentencing juveniles to live among hardened criminals. Thus, he founded in
1840 the farm colony of Mettray in Loire Valley, France. Small groups of juvenile delinquents were
assigned to separate cottages, which were equipped with workshops and were supervised by a
family head and two assistants. Outdoor work and recreation, as well as religious and primary
education, were provided, the system was based on re-education rather than force and when
discharged, the boys were placed under the supervision of a “patron”. The Mettray farm colony was
patterned from the Borstal System English Reformatory designed for youths ranging from 16-21
which used vocational-training courses for juvenile delinquents. He wrote several books in which he
set forth his theories on penology focused on the treatment of juvenile offenders.

19.Zebulon Brockway (1827-1920)

He was a penologist and is sometimes regarded as the Father of Prison Reform and Father of
American Parole in the United States in America. In 1861, Brockway became the superintendent of
the prison in Detroit where he attempted to introduce work and release supervision programs and
indeterminate sentences. It was his attempt to establish the country’s first indeterminate
sentencing system. He became also the Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory in New York in
1876 and introduced a program of education, training in useful trades, physical activity,
indeterminate sentences, inmate classification and an incentive program. He believed that the
primary reason to have a prisoner in custody was to rehabilitate and not simply just to punish.
20.Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise (1857-1935)
He was a British prison administrator and reformer as well a founder of the “Borstal Institution”
suited at Kent, England, a geographical region located in south east England. He travelled to the
United States of America to study the American reformatory system. On his return, he formed a
facility for young offenders at Bedford prison near Rochester in Kent. Thus, he was regarded as a
prison reformer who was instrumental in the founding and development of England’s “Borstal
system” for the treatment of young offender. He implemented a program of reformation and
separate sentence for young offenders. He argued that the offenders between 16 to 21 years of
age should not be subjected to the harsh punitive treatment that was administered to older and
less tractable prisoners, and should be given education and industrial training at a penal
reformatory under the supervision of a qualified staff.
21.Elam Lynds (1784-1855)
He was made the first principal keeper and four years afterwards he became warden of the Auburn
State Prison, and later of Sing Sing prison. He made experiments with a view to furnishing better
occupation and to improve the general condition of the prison. In association with John D. Cray, he
developed a revolutionary system of transporting the convicts inside the prison complex. The
prisoners marched in unison and had to lock their arms to the convict in front of them known as
“lock steps”. The prisoners had to look to one side and were not allowed to look at the guards or
the other inmates. The clothing of the Auburn state prison was very simple; a grayish material with
horizontal stripes. Lynds and Cray demanded that the prisoners be completely silent, to take away

28
 the prisoners “sense of self”. When the “sense of self” was taken away, many convicts became
complacent and obedient to the warden’s wishes. Because of the ideas made by Lynds in reforming
the prisons conditions, he was regarded as one of the most influential persons in the development
of early prison discipline in America.
22.Sir William Blackstone (1723-1780)
He was an English jurist, judge and politician of the 18 th century who became famous for writing
the “Commentaries on the Laws of England”. Among the most well-known of Blackstone’s
contributions to “judicial theory” is his own statement of the principle that it “is better that ten
guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffers. “In the area of penology, he drafted the
Penitentiary Act of 1779 together with the great prison reformer, John Howard that recommended
imprisonment as an alternative sentence to death penalty. The Penitentiary Act explains and
amends the laws related to transportation and capital punishment. As an alternative to
transportation and death or execution, it provided for the establishment of two penitentiaries, one
for males and another for females. Inmates were placed under solitary confinement accompanied
by well-regulated labor and religious instruction. Blackstone believed that under providence,
criminals are reformed and deter others from the commission of the same crimes. Hence,
Blackstone became active in the prison reform movement and substituted a period of incarceration
for many crimes which had previously carried the penalty of death or transportation. His prison
approach was basically motivated by the belief that solitary confinement, hard labor and a life
governed by petty systematic rules could help reform offenders.

23.John Haviland (1792-1852)

He was an English-born architect who was a major figure in American Neo-classical architecture,
and one of the most notable architects working from Philadelphia in the 19 th century. He was the
architect and builder of the Eastern State Penitentiary and remains the most famous and
internationally influential prison architect of all time. Haviland provided prison design to various
places that could help promote humane treatment to inmates.
24.James V. Bennett (1894-1978)
He was leading American penal reformer and prison administrator who served as director of the
Federal Bureau of Prisons from 1937 to 1964. He was a United States Army Air Corps veteran of
World War I and the author of “The Federal Penal and Correctional Problem” which called for a new
centralized prison bureau that led to the creation of the Bureau of Prisons. Bennett was of the view
that prisons had become inhuman and poorly operated and that extensive reform was needed.
James Bennett, a moderator on race, believed white and black prisoners must be segregated to
maintain order and violence. He was also very active reformer of correctional policies and was an
advocate for the rights of prison inmates. He was also instrumental in opening special institutions
for juveniles, rehabilitation centres and halfway houses.
25.Ellen Cheney Johnson (1829-1899)
He was an American prison reformer who worked with homeless and vagrant women after the Civil
War through the Dedham Asylum for Discharged Female Prisoners, and served as superintendent
of the Massachusetts Reformatory Prison at Framingham. When she was in Massachusetts
Reformatory Prison, she tried to bridge the approaches of rehabilitation and punishment. She also
visited numerous correctional facilities and helped poor women around Boston. Through all this,
she witnessed the abuse which female prisoners were not separated from their male counterparts.
Neither were the children they brought in with them, or the ones that were born in jail. In
response, Ellen began a crusade for the reform of female treatment in correctional facilities. She
and other women gathered at her home and began writing letters to newspapers requesting a
separate facility for females. The Reformatory Prison for Women was finally opened in 1877 in
Sherborn, near Framingham. Being one of the five commissioners for the prison, Ellen became the

29
 superintendent of the prison. She created programs inside and outside the prison to help the
women achieve their goals. As a result, she developed a system of indenture of house service in
houses outside the prison walls under sympathetic supervision. Because of good results, Ellen’s
reformatory system has been studied thoroughly and received highest praise from prison experts.
26. Sanford Bates (1884-1972)
He was an American politician and public administrator, and was one of the preeminent penologists
in the USA. He had 50 years in administering federal prisons and parole systems that made him a
legendary figure in American corrections, and president of the American Correctional Association in
1926. Bates became the first superintendent of Federal Prisons in 1926 and the first director he
served in the Massachusetts State Legislature. In 1917 to 1919, he served as the commissioner of
Penal institutions in Boston and as commissioner of Massachusetts Department of Corrections from
1919-1929. He was particularly known for his support of rehabilitation and many related reforms
and innovations in correctional systems. His two major contributions were diagnosis and
classification and the used of professional personnel such as psychiatrists and psychologists to help
rehabilitate inmates. Because of him, the federal prison systems led the way to more humane
treatment and better living conditions of inmates.
27.John Edgar Hoover (1895-1972)
He was the first Director if the Federal Bureau of Investigations of the United States of America.
Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation (precursor to the FBI)-in 1924, he was
instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972 at the
age of 77. He was credited with building the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency, and with
instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such as centralized fingerprint file and
forensic laboratories. With the public peace constantly threatened by crime, he noticed the need of
a super maximum prison to in house incorrigible criminals. As a result, he persistently asserted for
the establishment of an escape-proof prison facility for kidnappers, robbers, racketeers, and
individuals guilty of predatory crimes. A remote site was sought, one that would prohibit constant
communication with the outside world by those confined within its walls. Although land in Alaska
was being considered, the availability of Alcatraz Island conveniently coincided with the
government’s perceived need for a super-prison. Finally, the change of ownership and renovation
of the prison took place between 1933 to 1934, when the first prisoners arrived under a shroud of
secrecy.
28.Olin Guy Blackwell (1915-1986)
He was the 4th and final warden of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary who served Alcatraz in the most
difficult time form 1961to 1963 when it was facing closure as a decaying prison with financing
problems, and with the timing of the infamous June 1962 escape from Alcatraz. At the time of the
1962 escape he was on vacation in Lake Berryessa in Napa County, and he did not believe the men
could have survived the waters and made it to shore. Blackwell was considered to have been the
least strict warden of Alcatraz, perhaps in part due to him having been a heavy drinker and
smoker. He was nicknamed “Gypsy” and known as “Blackie” to his friends.

30
 Assessment Task No. 1

My Weekly Student Journal #1

Directions: Write a minimum of 300-word reflective essay based on your understanding about the
concept “The Historical Development of Institutional Corrections ”. Write your journal entry on the space
provided below. You may also write your own title. Kindly refer to the Student Journal Rubric in the
succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for the journal entry is
and how you will be graded.

_________________________________
(Title)

31
 WEEKLY STUDENT JOURNAL RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Content 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Journal Journal Journal Journal lacks
demonstrates a demonstrates demonstrates critical thinking.
high degree of some degree of limited critical Superficial
critical thinking in critical thinking thinking in connections are
applying, in applying, applying, made with key
analyzing, and analyzing, analyzing, course concepts
evaluating key and/or and/or and course /20
course concepts evaluating key evaluating key materials,
and theories from course concepts course concepts activities, and/or
readings, and theories and theories assignments
lectures, media, from readings, from readings,
discussions lectures, media, lectures, media,
activities, and/or discussions discussions,
assignments. activities, and/or activities, and/or
assignments. assignments.
Personal 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Growth Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Personal growth
significant satisfactory less than and awareness are
personal growth personal growth adequate not evident and/or
and awareness of and awareness personal growth demonstrates a
deeper meaning through some and awareness neutral experience
through inferences through few or with negligible
inferences made, made, simplistic personal impact. /20
examples, well examples, inferences

32
 developed insights, and made,
insights, and challenges. examples,
substantial depth insights, and/or
in perceptions challenges that
and challenges. are not well
developed.
Writing 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Quality Well written and Above average Average and/or Poor writing style
clearly organized writing style and casual writing lacking in standard
using standard logically style that is English, clarity,
English, organized using sometimes language used,
characterized by standard English unclear and/or and/or frequent
elements of a with minor with some errors errors in grammar,
strong writing errors in in grammar, punctuation, /10
style and basically grammar, punctuation, usage, and
free from punctuation, usage, and spelling. Needs
grammar, usage, and spelling work.
punctuation, spelling.
usage, and
spelling errors.
Total Points /50
Rubric adapted from Denise Kreiger, Instructional Design/Technology Services, SC&I, Rutgers, 4/2014

Assessment Task No. 2

Directions: Make a schematic diagram about the historical development of the institutional corrections.
Do this activity in the space provided below. Kindly refer to the rubrics in the succeeding page for you to
know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for this activity and how you will be graded.

33
 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM MAKING RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
All of the There are one or There are three or There are five or
procedures two procedures four procedures more procedures
have been that have not that have not that have not /10
shown at the been shown at been shown at the been shown at
diagram. the diagram. diagram. the diagram.

Lay-out 10-8 7-5 4-2 1

and Diagram is well- Diagram is Diagram lacks a There is no
Organizati designed, neatly designed logical and visual evidence of
on logically and logically flow of ideas, is planned design
organized and organized. disorganized and or organization of /10
graphically is difficult to ideas in the
pleasing and interpret. diagram. Work is
demonstrates not presentable.
attention to
detail.

34
 Mechanics 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Diagram The diagram has The diagram The diagram has
contains no few mechanical contains several a significant
mechanical or or grammatical mechanical errors number of errors /10
grammatical errors. that detract from that make the
error. the content. document
difficult to read.

Total Points /30

Rubric adapted from Virginia’s CTE Resource Center, Assessment Rubric: Flow Chart

Assessment Task No. 3

Directions: Choose at least 10 personalities in correctional reform and discuss in your own words their
contributions in the field of corrections. Write this activity in the space provided below. Kindly refer to the
Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for this
activity and how you will be graded.

35
--- Cont. ---

36
 SHORT PAPER DISCUSSION RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your instructor only.

Category Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Focus 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the single controlling point Sharp, distinct Sufficiently No apparent Minimal
made with an awareness of controlling point developed point but Evidence of a
task about a specific topic. made about a content with evidence of a topic. /10
single topic with adequate specific topic.
evident elaboration or
awareness of explanation.
task.
Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the presence of ideas Substantial, Sufficiently Limited Superficial
developed through facts, specific, and/or developed content with and/or minimal
examples, anecdotes, details, illustrative content with inadequate content.
opinions, statistics, reasons content adequate elaboration or
and/or explanations. demonstrating elaboration or explanation. /10
strong explanation.
development
and
sophisticated
ideas.
Organization 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the order developed and Sophisticated Functional Confused or Minimal control
sustained within and across arrangement of arrangement of inconsistent of content
paragraphs using transitional content with content that arrangement arrangement.
37
 devices and including evident and/or sustains a of content with /10
introduction and conclusion. subtle logical order or without
transitions. with some attempts at
evidence of transition.
transitions.
Style 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the choice, use and Precise, Generic use of Limited word Minimal variety
arrangement of words and illustrative use variety of words choice and in word choice
sentence structures that of a variety of and sentence control of and minimal
create tone and voice. words and structures that sentence control of
sentence may or may not structures that sentence
structures to create writer’s inhibit voice structures. /10
create voice and tone and tone.
consistent appropriate to
writer’s voice audience.
and tone
appropriate to
audience.
Conventions 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-Grammars, mechanics, Evident control Sufficient Limited control Minimal control
spelling, usage and sentence of grammar, control of of grammar, of grammar,
formation. mechanics, grammar, mechanics, mechanics,
spelling, usage mechanics, spelling, usage spelling, usage /10
and sentence spelling, usage and sentence and sentence
formation. and sentence formation. formation.
formation.
TOTAL /50

Assessment Task No. 4

Directions: Write a minimum of 250-words short paper discussion about the difference between the
primitive and modern method of corrections. Write your answer on the space provided below. Kindly refer
to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for
this activity and how you will be graded.

38
 SHORT PAPER DISCUSSION RUBRIC
NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your instructor only.

Category Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Focus 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the single controlling point Sharp, distinct Sufficiently No apparent Minimal
made with an awareness of controlling point developed point but Evidence of a
task about a specific topic. made about a content with evidence of a topic. /10
single topic with adequate specific topic.
evident elaboration or
awareness of explanation.
task.
Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the presence of ideas Substantial, Sufficiently Limited Superficial
developed through facts, specific, and/or developed content with and/or minimal
examples, anecdotes, details, illustrative content with inadequate content.
opinions, statistics, reasons content adequate elaboration or
and/or explanations. demonstrating elaboration or explanation. /10
strong explanation.
development
and
sophisticated
ideas.
Organization 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the order developed and Sophisticated Functional Confused or Minimal control
sustained within and across arrangement of arrangement of inconsistent of content
paragraphs using transitional content with content that arrangement arrangement.
devices and including evident and/or sustains a of content with /10
introduction and conclusion. subtle logical order or without
transitions. with some attempts at

39
 evidence of transition.
transitions.
Style 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the choice, use and Precise, Generic use of Limited word Minimal variety
arrangement of words and illustrative use variety of words choice and in word choice
sentence structures that of a variety of and sentence control of and minimal
create tone and voice. words and structures that sentence control of
sentence may or may not structures that sentence
structures to create writer’s inhibit voice structures. /10
create voice and tone and tone.
consistent appropriate to
writer’s voice audience.
and tone
appropriate to
audience.
Conventions 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-Grammars, mechanics, Evident control Sufficient Limited control Minimal control
spelling, usage and sentence of grammar, control of of grammar, of grammar,
formation. mechanics, grammar, mechanics, mechanics,
spelling, usage mechanics, spelling, usage spelling, usage /10
and sentence spelling, usage and sentence and sentence
formation. and sentence formation. formation.
formation.
TOTAL /50

Lesson 2

Modern Concepts of
Penology and Jails
40
 At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Know the modern concept of penology and jails

2. Understand the functions of Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
3. Enumerate the duties and responsibilities of BJMP personnel

College COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION (CCJE)

Program CRIMINOLOGY
Course Code CA 221
Course Title INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 2 Week 2

Module Topic Modern Concepts of Penology and Jails

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

Intended Learning 1. Know the modern concept of penology and jails
Outcomes 2. Understand the functions of Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
3. Enumerate the duties and responsibilities of BJMP personnel

13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)
Number of Hours

1. What is the importance of understanding the modern concepts of jail and penology as a
criminology student?
Study Questions 2. What are the different duties of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology?
3. How do the BJMP personnel process the inmate once admitted, and the classified afterwards?

Required Suggested

41
 Lesson 2. Course Module on Institutional
Corrections College of Criminal Justice Foronda, M. (2014). Correctional Administration 1
Education. University of the Visayas (Institutional Based Corrections) Second Edition.
Learning Resources Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.

Educational YouTube Videos

 https://youtu.be/1M5HA-pFgal

https://youtu.be/wY5mgEga0AU

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 2 on Modern Concepts of Penology and Jails. Student may
refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials indicated in this Course Study
Learning Activity Guide as additional reading resources.
2. While studying and learning the topics in Lesson 2, the student can now start writing entry two of
the Weekly Student Journal based from the given concept “Modern Concepts of Penology and
Jails”.
3. After studying and learning the topics in Lesson 2, the student shall answer Assessment Task 6
and 7 (Duties and Responsibilities of Key BJMP Officers).

1. Student Journal Entry 2

Required Output 2. Short Paper Discussion

1. Weekly Student Journal

Assessment Tasks 2. Activity on Duties and Responsibilities of Key BJMP Officers

1. Student Journal Rubric

Assessment Tool 2. Short Paper Discussion Rubric

Target Competency
Conduct criminological research and further studies; Enforce laws, rules and regulations.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for Use:

RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA GERUNCIO C. CMPOMANES, PhD LIMUEL J. ABELGAS, Dev.Ed.D. DONALD B. NARRA, PhD
Faculty Dean, CCJE UV-Toledo City Campus Chairman, CCJE Advisory Council Dean
Date: Date: Date:
Revision #002

42
MODERN CONCEPTS OF PENOLOGY AND JAILS

When judgment is promulgated for the conviction of the accused, the convict is turned over to the
correctional authorities for treatment and rehabilitation. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the
administration of criminals known as “penology” has taken many different forms throughout history. When
the government lacks the resources necessary to construct and maintain correctional facilities, the
purpose of penology cannot be attained successfully.

The most publicly visible form of punishment based on the modern concept of penology in the
Philippines at present is imprisonment which is done in jails and prisons. Penology does not only include
secure detention facilities like jails or prisons, but also systems of control prisoners, rehabilitation
programs and management of correctional personnel. Penologists formulate strategies for crime control
and help implement these strategies in the hope of rehabilitating and treating criminals. The additional
components of penology are probation, parole, pardon and other forms of executive clemency. One of the
basic purposes of penology is to separate criminals from society for the interest of safety and protection of
the greater number.

Through the system of penology, housing and reformation programs for offenders who have been
convicted of crimes were provided. Basically, penology practice is a developing science based on evolving
dynamic between punishment and rehabilitation. The society always demands that criminals be punished
43
for their undesirable behavior; thus, their freedom is forfeited as a consequence of their criminal acts.
Prisoners must also learn constructive behaviors through rehabilitation and reformation programs and
have a positive role in nation building. This is based on the new goal of penology that offers criminals a
chance to be rehabilitated and reformed. Since social scientists have long argued that rehabilitation must
be a dominant theory in penology and correctional practice, therefore, the correctional personnel are
expected to design programs and activities responsive to the behavioral needs of prisoners. Rehabilitation
theorists also advocate counselling, job-training and education activities to equip inmates with the
educational vocational skills needed to become productive members of the community. Therefore, the
study of penology deals with the treatment of prisoners and the subsequent rehabilitation of convicted
criminals.

Penology Defined

Penology is a branch of criminology that deals with the management and administration of jails
and prisons for effective supervision and reformation of inmates. Hence, penology is study involving the
correction and control of known criminal offenders. It uses effective social processes devised for the
prevention and repression of crime through the fear of punishment. Penology also encompasses aspects of
probation and other forms of community-based rehabilitation programs. The old concept of penology
emphasizes the imposition of punishment on criminals to discourage recidivism and future criminal
activity. To carry out the purpose penology, penologists are utilized. They are social scientists with
concrete knowledge on the theories and methods on punishment of crime.

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners

The original idea of universal standard related to the treatment of prisoners was conceived by the
International Penal and Penitentiary Commission, which prepared a set of rules endorsed by the League of
Nations in 1934. The Commission was dissolved in 1951, when the United Nations assumed leadership for
the promotion of international work in the commission’s filed. Before transferring its responsibilities to the
United Nations, however, the Commission revised the text of the rules, for submission of the first United
Nation Congress on the Prevention of Crimes and the Treatment of Offenders, held in Geneva in 1955.

The Congress unanimously adopted the new rules on 30 August, and recommended their approval
by the Economic and Social Council.

These are rules that seek only basis of general consensus of contemporary thought and the
essential elements of the most adequate system of today, to set out in generally accepted as being good
principle and practice in the treatment of prisoners and the management of institution.

THE PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM HAS TWO (2) APPROACHES, NAMELY:

 Institution –Based Correction

 National

 Provincial and Sub-Provincial

 District, City and Municipal

 Community-Based Correction

 Probation

 Parole

44
  Conditional pardon

 Release on Recognizance (ROR)

Institutional-Based Corrections

Presently, there are three (3) Executive Departments that supervise and control the numerous
institutional facilities nationwide which provide incarceration and rehabilitation to offenders. These are:

1. Department of Justice (DOJ),

2. Department of the Interior and Local Government
(DILG), and
3. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).

INSITUTION-BASED APPROACH has three (3) levels:

1. National Prisons
2. Provincial & Sub-Provincial Jails
3. District, City & Municipality Jails

INSITUTION-BASED APPROACH

KINDS SUPERVISION LEGAL BASIS PERIOD OF

CONFINEMENT

1. Municipal Jails DILJ (BJMP) RA No. 6975 1 day – 6 mos.

2. City Jails 1 day – 3 years

3. District Jails

1. Sub-Provincial Jails DILG (Provincial Administrative 6 mos. And 1 day

Government) Code to 3 years
2. Provincial Jails

1. National Prison and Penal

Farms

a. NBP

b. CIW

c. Davao Prison and Penal

Farm
Administrative 3 years and 1 day
DOJ (BUCOR)
d. Iwahig Prison and Penal Code up
Farm

e. Sablavan Prison and Penal

Farm

f. San Ramon Prison and

Penal Farm

g. Leyte Regional Prison

45

DOJ Jurisdiction
 Bureau of

National Prisoner

 One who is sentenced to prison term of three (3) years and one (1) day and above, including those
who are sentenced to death by lethal injection.

Provincial Jail System

 First established in 1910 under the American Regime.

 Under the supervision and control of its respective provincial government.

 Headed by a Provincial Jail Warden.

District, City and Municipal Jails

- supervised and controlled by Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) under the Department of
Interior and Local Government (DILG).

District Jail

46
  Houses inmates whose prison term range from one (1) day to three (3) years and have an average
monthly population of not less than fifty (50) offenders and usually located near the courts.

 Admits offenders from nearby congested jails.

 currently there are 164 district jails nationwide

City Jail

 Houses inmates whose prison term range from one (1) day to three (3) years and other persons
detained therein upon order by competent judicial authorities.

 There are 101 city jails in the Philippines at present.

Municipal Jail

 Houses inmates whose prison terms range from one (1) day to six (6) months and other person
detained therein upon order by competent judicial authorities.

 There are 718 municipal jails nationwide at present.

Department of Social Welfare and Development

- handles youthful offenders whose ages range from fifteen (15) years to below eighteen (18) years

Others:

KIND SUPERVISION LEGAL BASIS

1. PNP Lock-up Cells DILG (PNP) Art 125, RPC (Sec 12, 18,
36)

2. DSWD Detention Homes/ DSWD PD 603 as amended

Rehabilitation Centers
RA No. 9344

3. NBI Detention Cells DOJ RA No. 657/ Art 125 RPC

Types of Jail

For the confinement of offenders pending trial and final judgment of the court, jails were established
across the country. These jails are various types depending on the place where it was established and,
on the methods, and practices applied in dealing with its inmates.

1. Lockup jails – it is a security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary confinement
of an individual held for investigation.
47
 2. Ordinary jails – it is the type of jail common to detain a convicted criminal offender to serve
sentences of less than three years.
3. Workhouses, Jail Farm or Camp- a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who are
serving short sentences. It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services and
constructive leisure time activities.

Philippine Correctional System

Based on a historical perspective, until the late 18 th century (1700-1799), prisons were used mainly for
the confinement of debtors who could not meet their obligations, for accused persons awaiting trial and
judgement, and convicts who are waiting for their sentences, either of death or banishment, to be put into
effect. Individuals who were confined in prisons suffered extreme cruelty and brutalization due to the
absence of a law that protects the rights of the accused and convicted felons. Thus, the principal purpose
of prisons in the past used to be “custodial” to impose vengeance and punishment against those who
breached the law. This system was designed not only to punish the convict but also to serve as deterrence
to others to abide the laws set by rulers. When human rights movements grew stronger over the years,
prison reforms started to develop that resulted to more humane treatment of prisoners. Eventually,
imprisonment gradually came to be accepted as an instrument not only for holding those persons, but also
a place of punishing convicted criminals. At present, prisons focus on the custody, control, and security of
prisoners toward their rehabilitation and reformation.

Although prisoners are intended to be institutions where order prevails, it is possible for order to break
down in certain circumstances. The prison administrator has the responsibility to ensure that each
prisoner understand what type of behavior is expected and what acts are forbidden. As a result, prison
authorities designed a clear set of disciplinary sanctions to guarantee acts of discipline and order inside
the prison facility. In dealing with prison discipline, the prison authorities apply the normal process of
natural justice to ensure due respect on prisoners right. This means that the prisoners right. This means
that the prisoner should have the opportunity to attend a disciplinary hearing, to enter a defense, and to
question the evidence presented. Because of the prison reform movements, the “Bureau of Prisons” is now
called the “Bureau of Corrections” that houses prisoners for their rehabilitation. Hence, “imprisonment” is
now termed “confinement” as if possible, for treatment as if prisoners are confined in a hospital for
treatment of an illness. Inmates are now subject to treatment as if they are hospital patients that need
medication.

Prison Defined

A prison is a place used for confinement of convicted criminals sentenced to a term of more than (3)
years. It is also defined as a building comprised of various cells or locked rooms designed to accommodate
prisoners who are sentenced for breaking a law punishable by more than three years. Confinement in
prison is the punishment that court most commonly imposed for serious crimes and such other felonies
designed for the rehabilitation of criminals. Thus, confining criminals for long period of time is part of
prison system in the Philippines. Throughout history, various countries have imposed criminal offenders,
but imprisonment has usually reserved for pre-trial detention of punishment of petty criminals with a short
term of confinement. Today, pre-trial detention and imprisonment for short sentences are given by jails;
long term sentences on the other hand are provided by prisons.

Purpose of Confinement

48
 Experts in correctional management believe that punishment could discourage an unacceptable
behavior that may endanger in society. through punishment, good values are relayed and right things are
learned. The following are the specific purposes of punishment that justify its imposition against criminals:

1. Incapacitation
It is based on the idea and philosophy of incarceration that argues that criminals must be isolated
from society not only because of their crime but to prevent future harm to the community. The
proponents hereof advocate that the offender should be prevented from committing further crimes
wither by his removal from society or by implementing some approach that restricts his physical
ability to commit crimes again. As mentioned earlier incarceration is the usual and common method
of incapacitating offenders; however, others are more severe forms such as the death penalty.
2. Deterrence
The deterrent purpose of punishment is based on behavioral psychology about preventing or
controlling actions ad behaviors through fear of punishment. It is based on the idea of dissuading
others from following the offender’s behavior through the imposition of undesirable consequence.
Once punishment is imposed, this may create a general deterrence because most individuals ae
rational; therefore, potential offenders will understand the risk of being similarly caught,
prosecuted, and sentenced for the commission of a crime.
3. Restitution
According to Hudson, restitution is the monetary payment by the offender to the victim for the
harm reasonably resulting from crime. according to Black’s Law Dictionary, on the other hand,
restitution is an act of restoring; restoration of anything to its rightful owner; the act of making
good or giving equivalent for any loss, damage or injury and indemnification. The purpose of
punishment under the idea of restitution is to make the offender accountable for the repair if the
financial and perhaps the related harm left by the crime.
4. Retribution
The word retribution describes a punishment that is proportionate and appropriate for a crime. this
covers restitution to victims, imprisonment, and other penal measures enough to provide justifiable
forms of punishment. Retribution of this nature is intended to facilitate the orderly functioning of
society by codifying crimes and providing mechanisms for punishing them. People who commit
crimes do so with the awareness that they may be caught and punished. It adds further, that since
a felon has harmed the society, therefore, he must be punished accordingly.
5. Rehabilitation
It is the most recently idealized purpose of punishment which applies the philosophy of treatment
through trainings and programs. Under this concept, the criminals are made capable of returning to
society as productive and law-abiding members. Thus, rehabilitation connotes the re-integration of
criminals into society after their criminal behavior is changes for the better. Rehabilitation is viewed
as a humane alternative to retribution and deterrence to criminals. In certain cases, the convict is
released on probation or some other methods with certain conditions.

Theories in Justification of Penalties

1. Prevention – the state must punish the criminal to prevent or suppress the danger to the state
arising from the criminal acts of the offender

2. Self-defense – the state has the right to punish the criminal as a measure of self-defense so as to
protect society from the threat and wrong inflicted by the criminal.

3. Reformation – the object of punishment in criminal cases is to correct and reform the offender

49
 4. Exemplarity – the criminal is punished to serve as an example to deter others from committing
crimes.

5. Justice – that crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice, a vindication of
absolute right and moral law violated by the criminal.

Duties and responsibilities of Key BJMP Officers

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) were created pursuant to Section 60 of RA 6975,
which took effect on January 2, 1991. Apparently, this is an upgraded version of its forerunner, the Office
of Jail Management and Penology created on January 16, 1976 of the defunct Philippine
Constabulary/Integrated National Police. The BJMP has jurisdiction over all district, city and municipal jails.
It is a line bureau of the Department of the Interior and Local Government. Its general function is to
ensure the establishment of secure, clean, adequately equipped, and sanitary facilities and provision of
quality services for the custody, safekeeping and development of district, city and municipal inmates, any
fugitive from justice, or transfer to the National Prison, and/or any violent mentally ill person who
endangers himself or herself or the safety or others as certified to by the proper medical health or health
officer, pending transfer to a mental institution. Its mission is “to enhance public safety by providing
humane safekeeping and development of inmates in all district, city and municipal jails”.

In line with the afore-quoted mission, the Bureau endeavors to perform the following functions:

1. Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district, city and municipal jails
nationwide.
2. Implement strong security measures for the control of inmates.
3. Provide for the basic needs of inmates.
4. Conduct activities for the development of inmates;
5. Improve jail facilities
6. Promote the general welfare and development of its personnel.

All personnel of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology shall adhere strictly to the core values of
their agency. The core values are the principles that guide the organization on its conduct and relationship
with its clients. Accordingly, the men and women of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology shall
take into heart the following core values:

1. Commitment – it refers to a strong sense of dedication to the ideals of the organization and to the
public that it serves.
2. Respect for Human Rights – it denotes the promotion and protection of the rights of inmates and
fellow human beings.
3. Efficiency/Competence – mastery of important skills for delivery of quality services of the ability
to perform the assigned job in an effective manner.
4. Self-Discipline – the ability to act regardless of emotional state, or the ability to withstand undue
and unjust influences.
5. Teamwork – the combined effective action of all personnel or the ability to work with others for
the effective delivery of services.

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology has the obligation to perform specific tasks for the
attainment of its objectives. In accordance with its mission, the following are the BJMP’s specific
objectives:

50
 1. To improve the living conditions of inmates in accordance with the accepted standards set by
the United Nations;
2. To enhance the safekeeping and development of inmates in preparation for their eventual
reintegration into the mainstream of society upon their release; and
3. To provide and develop professionalized jail services.

In accomplishing the above-cited objectives of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, the
pre-established principles of the Bureau must be observed. These principles are enumerated as follows:

1. Humane treatment of inmates;

2. Observance and professionalism in the performance of duties; and
3. Strengthened multi-sectoral approach in the safekeeping and development of inmates through
active partnership with other members of the criminal justice system and advocates in
corrections.

Organizational Structure of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

In any organization, the activities of its members such as tasks allocation and coordination are
directed towards the organizational objectives. This is where organizational structure comes into play and
through this; the organization’s personnel and the functions to be performed are arranged properly. For
better management of the Bureau, its people and tasks were arranges according to position, rank and
functions which are broken down as follows:

National Headquarters

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology maintains a National Headquarters that houses the
Command and Staff Office which is composed of the Command Group, Directorates, and Management
Support Staff. The components of the Command and Staff Office perform the following functions:

A. Command Group
The command group is composed of the various key personnel whose tasks are to facilitate the
functions and mandates of the Bureau.
1. Chief, BJMP – the Chief of the BJMP shall act as adviser to the Secretary of the DILG relating
to formulation and formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs in the
formulation and control of district, city and municipal jails nationwide; he shall exercise
command, supervision and control over all personnel of the Bureau.
2. Deputy Chief for Administration – he serves as the adviser and assistant of the BJMP Chef in
the formulation and implementation of the plans, programs, and polices pertaining to
personnel, logistics, and comptrollership; he shall assist the BJMP Chief in the proper
implementation of the various programs and activities of the different divisions and regional
offices, and in the administration of the jails nationwide; and assumes the duties of the BJMP
Chief during the latter’s absence.
3. Deputy Chief for Operation – advises and assists the BJMP Chief in the formulation and
implementation of the plans, programs and policies pertaining to jail operations. He shall
likewise assume the duties of the Deputy Chief for Administration during the latter’s absence.
4. The Chief of Directorial Staff – he exercises direct supervision over the operations over the
operations and activities of the Directorates and offices of the National Headquarters.

B. Directorates
The directorates assist the command group in the full discharge of the powers and functions of the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. It consists of various offices, to wit:

51
 1. Directorate for Human Resources and Records Management – develops and implements
programs relating to selection, recruitment, examinations, appointments, promotion,
retirement, separation from the service, and assignment of personnel. It also provides
programs for Human Resource Development aimed at the development of a qualified and
efficient force in the BJMP.
2. Directorate for Operations – this office advises and assists the Chief of the BJMP on matters
relating to the formulation and execution of correctional programs, particularly on the aspects
on the aspects of organization, training, operation, and planning. It likewise formulates and
implements policies, guidelines and programs relating to security, custody, discipline and
control of inmates.
3. Directorate for Logistics –the directorate for logistics is responsible in advising the Chief of
the BJMP on general management of logistics resources.
4. Directorate for Comptrollership – advises the Chief of the BJMP on matters related to
budgeting, accounting and financial management; it shall also monitor resources ad fiscal
management functions.
5. Directorate for Program Development – it shall assist the Chief of the BJMP in the
formulation and development of plans and programs to achieve the mission and objectives of
the Bureau; this office shall also conduct research studies and gather data for planning and
programming purposes.
6. Directorate for Intelligence, Investigation and Inspectorate – it formulates and develops
policies, standards and guidelines on security and inspection activities covering areas of concern
and interest for purposes of improving the management of BJMP and its units and offices down
to the jails nationwide; it shall also conduct periodic inspection of jails and render a report
thereon.

C. Management Support Staff

The Management Support Staff of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology covers the
following offices:
1. Office of the Legal Affairs Service – this office advises the BJMP Chief on legal matters and
renders legal opinions on matters related to the administration and operations of the BJMP; it
likewise conducts hearings pursuant to BJMP Administrative Disciplinary Machinery.
2. Office of the General Service – it exercises administrative and operational control over
personnel assigned or attached with the National Headquarters; it shall likewise ensures the
security of the National Headquarters and shall be responsible for the quartering spaces for
transient personnel.
3. Office of the Accounting Service – this supervises the recording of financial transactions of
the agency and gives technical advice on financial and budgetary matters to the head of the
agency. This office shall also supervise the preparation and submission of financial statements.
4. Office of Finance Service – it shall assist and advise the Director of the Directorate for
Comptrollership on financial matters and requirements of the BJMP. The office shall also
coordinate with other offices concerning the preparation and distribution of pay allowances of
uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the BJMP.
5. Office of Supply Accountable Officer – this shall assist and advise the Director of the
Directorate for Logistics on supply and equipment requirements of the BJMP.
6. Office of Internal Audit Service – this office shall formulate and develop policies, standards,
rules and regulations for the effective conduct of inspection; likewise, it shall conduct personnel
inspection and performance audit.
7. Office of Chaplaincy Service – it shall assist in the formulation of polices and guidelines
regarding religious activities.

52
 8. Office of Media Affairs and Community Relations Service – this office is responsible in
assisting and advising the Chief of the BJMP on the Bureau’s community relations programs and
activities.
9. Office of Information and Community Technology – this office shall provide adequate and
updated management information to serve as basis for effective planning, management and
control, policy formulation, and decision-making.
10. Office of Health Service – this office assists in the formulation and implementation of
policies, guidelines and programs for health promotion of personnel and their qualified
dependents and inmates.
11. Office of National Executive Senior Jail Officer – this office represents rank and file in staff
conferences and other activities involving morale, welfare, discipline and professionalism and in
special bodies such as merit promotion board, adjudication board, and the like.

BJMP Regional Office

To carry out the powers and functions of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, the regional
offices were operated and maintained in each of the administrative regions of the country, headed by a
Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology with the rank of at least Senior Superintendent. The
Regional Director is assisted by an Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional
Director for Administration. Assistant Regional Director for Operations and Regional Chief of Directorial
Staff, who are all officers with the rank of at least Superintendent. Basically, the Regional Director is
designated to head the BJMP Regional Office, to oversee the implementation of jail services within its
jurisdiction covering provincial, district, city and municipal jails, and be responsible for the enforcement of
laws and regulations in his area.

BJMP Provincial Office

The provincial office is maintained in every for the effective discharge of the Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology’s function. It shall be headed by a “provincial administrator” with the rank of
Superintendent whose job is to oversee the implementation of jail services of all district, city, and
municipal jails within his territorial jurisdiction. Within large cities or group pf clustered municipalities, a
District Jail headed by a District Warden may be established as “district jail”. As a rule, no person shall be
appointed or designated as a District Jail Warden if his rank is not Superintendent. A district facility is
designated for the confinement of inmates coming from a city or clustered municipalities who are waiting
or undergoing trial or serving sentence for a term of one day to three years. The BJMP shall also operate
and maintain City and Municipal Jails as the case may be, to be headed by a “city or municipal warden”.
The municipal jail warden should have the rank of Senior Inspector, while the City Jail Warden should
have the rank of Chief Inspector.

Rank Classification of BJMP Personnel

The rank classification has an impact on the level of effectiveness in the management of individuals
within the organization. It helps provide efficient management and supervision of organizational personnel
and establishes authority based on superior-subordinate relationship. Below shows the rank classification
and salary grade of the uniformed members of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.

Rank Salary Grade

Jail Director 28
Jail Chief Superintendent 27
Jail Senior Superintendent 26
Jail Superintendent 25
Jail Chief Inspector 24
53
 Jail Senior Inspector 23
Jail Inspector 22
Senior Jail Officer IV 19
Senior Jail Officer III 18
Senior Jail Officer II 17
Senior Jail Officer I 16
Jail Officer III 14
Jail Officer II 12
Jail Officer I 10

The Guiding Principles in the Treatment of Provincial Jail Inmates

In order to guarantee full respect of human rights and humane treatment of prisoners, the
provincial jail personnel are armed with basic principles in dealing with their clients. These guiding
principles in the treatment of provincial jail inmates are hereby numerated:

1. There shall be no discrimination in the treatment of offenders on account of race, color, sex,
religion, language, politics, nationality, social origin, property, birth, or other status.
2. The purpose of jail confinement is not merely to punish a convicted offender but to negate his
criminal tendencies and restore his positive values to make him a productive ad law-abiding citizen.
3. Except as provided by law, a detention prisoner shall be presumed innocent and shall be treated
differently from a convicted prisoner.
4. The religious belief of inmates shall be respected.

The Standard Procedures of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

Individuals confined in jails are subjected to strict supervision and control using the standard
operating procedures of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. The term standard operating
procedure refers to a prescribed procedure to be followed routinely in accomplishing the job of the
organization, department and others. In dealing with inmates and detainees confined in a jail, the
procedures of commitment and classification of prisoners and detainees are observed. Likewise, the
reception and the disciplinary procedures on any misconduct and misbehavior inside the prison are also
provided in the procedures of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. In cases involving special
types of prisoners, the Bureau has a list of steps for its personnel to follow. The said standard operating
procedures also provide for systems of custody, security and control, emergency plans and movement and
transfer of prisoners and detainees. These are standards of rehabilitation services given to prisoners and
also for rights of inmates and individuals confined in jail. Below is the summary of the standard
procedures used by the BJMP.

Commitment and Classification of Prisoners or Detainees in Jails

In accordance with the BJMP, any detainee or prisoner confined in jails shall undergo the
procedures in commitment and classification, as discussed below:

Commitment – Means the entrusting for confinement of an offender to a jail by competent court or
authority for investigation, trial and/or service of sentence.

Courts and Entities Authorized to Commit a Person to Jail – the Following are authorized to commit
person to jail:

a. Supreme Court
b. Court of Appeals
54
 c. Regional Trial Court
d. Metropolitan/Municipal Trial Court
e. Municipal Circuit Trial Court
f. Deportation Board
g. Commission on Elections
h. National Prosecution Service
i. Police Authorities
j. All other administrative bodies as may be authorized by law

Classification – refers to assigning or grouping of offenders according to their sentence, gender, age,
nationality, health, criminal records, etc.

Categories of Offenders – the two general classes of offenders are:

a. Prisoners
b. Detainees

Classification of Prisoners – the 4 main clusters of prisoners are, namely:

a. Insular Prisoners – one who is sentences to a prison term of three years and one day to death.
b. Provincial Prisoners – one who is sentenced to a prison term of 6 months and 1 day to 3 years
c. Municipal or city prisoners – one who is sentenced to serve imprisonment of 6 months or less.

Classification of Inmates According to Security

Inmates may fall into different classes depending on the reference used. When classified according
to security, the inmates are considered as:

1. High-risk Inmates
2. High-profile Inmates
3. Ordinary Inmates

Section 6. Classification of Detainees – the three types of detainees are those:

a. Undergoing investigation
b. Awaiting or undergoing trial
c. Awaiting final judgment

Reception Procedures, Classification Board, Disciplinary Board and Punishable Acts of

Offenders

When a prisoner or detainee is committed in a jail, he shall be subjected to reception and

classification procedures of the BJMP upon the submission of necessary documents. These documents
include the Commitment Order, Medical Certificate, Complaint/Information, and Police Booking Sheet. In
cases where disciplinary action is needed, the prisoner or detainee concerned shall subject to disciplinary
procedures of the Bureau. The following procedures are observed upon commitment or temporary
confinement of a prisoner or detainee in jail:

Reception Procedures – a well-planned and orderly reception of the offender has direct bearing on good
jail management. A decent and human program should start with the commitment of the offender since it
will give him first impression of the correctional process and will greatly affect his behavior while in
confinement and after his release. The following procedures should be observed:

55
a. The Jail Desk Officer shall carefully check the credentials of the persons bringing in the offender to
determine his/her identity and authority.
b. He shall examine carefully the arrest report and the authenticity of the commitment order of
mittimus in due form to determine whether the offender has been committed under legal authority
as provided for under Section 3, Rule XIII of the Rules of Court.
c. The admitting officer or jailer shall search carefully the offender for weapons and other contraband.
d. The admitting officer or jailer shall take all cash and other personal property from the offender or
detainee, list them down on a receipt form in duplicate, duly signed by him and countersigned by
the offender. The original receipts should be kept for the record and the duplicate copy should be
given to the offender.
e. All cash and other valuables of the prisoner must be turned over to the Trust Officer or Property
Custodian for safekeeping covered by officials’ receipts.
f. The offender shall then be fingerprinted and his photograph taken.
g. The admitting officer r jailer shall accomplish a jail booking report in four copies, attaching thereto
the photograph of the offender to be distributed as follows:
1. RJMP Central Office
2. Regional Office
3. Provincial Administrator’s Office
4. Jail File
h. The newly admitted offender shall be thoroughly strip-searched followed by careful examination of
his clothing for contraband. He shall be checked for body vermin, cuts, bruises and other injuries,
and also for needle marks to determine if he is a drug addict.
i. The Jail Physician or the Local Health Officer shall immediately conduct a thorough medical
examination of the offender.
j. When it is not possible for the Jail Physician to be in attendance during the admission of the
offender, the receiving office shall observe the mental alertness, overall appearance and any
physical abnormalities or appearance of rashes or scratches or their identifying marks of the
individual and note them down in the offender’s jail booking report. The offender observed to be
suffering from any contagious disease shall immediately be isolated.
k. A medical record shall be accomplished by the Jail Physician or Local Health Officer showing the
condition of the offender or detainee at the time of admission and to include, if possible, his
medical history.
l. A social case study shall be made by a social worker as basis for the offender’s classification and
proper segregation.
m. The sentenced prisoner shall be provided with jail clothing. His personal clothing should be
receipted, cleaned, and stored safely until his release. The detainee, for his own safety, may be
allowed to wear civilian clothes.
n. As soon as possible the offender should be briefed or oriented on the jail rules and regulations.
o. The Warden shall establish and maintain a prison record of all inmates consisting of information
concerning the inmate’s name and alias, if any; weight, height, and body marks or tattoos, if any;
nationality and, if naturalized Filipino, his previous nationality; previous occupation/profession;
prior criminal convictions; and previous place of residence. In the case of a prisoner, the record
shall also indicate the crime for which he was convicted; the sentencing court, his sentence and the
commencement date thereof; institutional behavior and conduct; and the nature he was received
for confinement.
In the case of a detainee, the record shall indicate the Investigation slip number of his case, if
pending with the prosecutor’s office; or the criminal case number in the trial court where the case
is pending; or the case number in the appellate court in the case is on appeal and the status of the
appeal; or the reason for his detention. The prison record shall be signed by the Warden.

56
 p. Upon completion of the reception procedures, the offender shall be assigned to his quarters.
q. If available, the offender should be issued all the materials that he will be using during his
confinement.
r. A jail shall be used for the safekeeping of any fugitive from justice from any province, and the
Warden shall in such case be entitled to receive the same compensation for the support and
custody of such fugitive from justice as us provided for other offenders, to be paid by the officer
demanding the custody of the prisoner, who shall be reimbursed for such day as part of the costs
of prosecution.
s. A detainee is presumed innocent and shall be treated as such; if possible, he shall be segregated
from convicted prisoners.
t. If the detainee agrees to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted prisoners, he
shall be asked to manifest his “Agreement” in writing. Otherwise, the Warden shall issue a
“Certification” under oath to the effect that the detainee was apprised of the provisions of Article
29 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, and that the detainee refused to abide by the rules
imposed upon conviction offenders.
u. A detainee who signs an “Agreement” shall be treated as a sentenced prisoner in so far as work
and discipline are concerned. Any failure or neglect to perform his assigned work shall be
considered sufficient cause for the cancellation of the “Agreement” and he shall thereafter not be
treated as a convicted prisoner and cease to earn the privilege granted.
v. A detainee who is covered by a “Certification” shall not be required to work but he may make clean
his cell and perform such other work as many are necessary for hygiene or sanitary reasons. He
shall be credited with the service of the sentence with 4/5 of the time during which he was
detained.
w. The warden shall submit the “Agreement” or “Certification”, as the case may be, to the proper
court before the date set for the arraignment of the detainee and the same shall form part of the
records of the case. The same procedure shall be followed with respect to all accused persons who
have been convicted but whose cases are pending appeal before a higher court. The “Agreement”
or “Certification” as the case may be shall form part of the records.
x. Full credit for the preventive imprisonment shall commence from the date of the “Agreement”.

Classification Board

a. Composition – each jail shall maintain a classification Board, if facilities and personnel are
available, to be composed of the following:
Chairman – Assistant Warden
Member – Chief, Security Officer
Member – Medical Officer/Public Health Officer
Member – Jail Chaplain
Member – Social Worker/Rehabilitation Officer
b. Duties and Functions – the Classification Board shall be tasked with the gathering and collating
of information and other data of every offender into a case study to determine the work
assignment, the type of supervision and degree of custody and restrictions under which an offender
must live in jail.
c. The case study shall consist of relevant information, such as:
1. The facts and data of the present case, explaining how we was involved in the case;
2. The offender’s earlier criminal history and if he is a recidivist or habitual delinquent, the facts
about his attitude and behavior while confined in other institutions;
3. His biography, parentage of life history;
4. Physical condition;
5. Vocational interest;
57
 6. Educational and religious background and interest;
7. Recreational interest;
8. Psychological characteristics as evaluated by the psychiatrist and psychologists;
9. Observed behavior while under diagnosis; and
10. Initial reaction to group counselling.
d. The inmate is required to appear before the Classification Board for frank discussion concerning his
assets and weaknesses. After which, he is informed of the program planned for him. He is asked of
his willingness and cooperation to undergo this program for his own good.
e. The Board, if needed, will see to it that the program planned for the inmate is followed.

Disciplinary Board – A Disciplinary Board shall be organized and maintained by jails for the purpose of
hearing disciplinary cases involving any offender who violates jail rules and regulations.

a. Composition – a Disciplinary Board shall be composed of the following:

Chairman – Assistant Warden
Member – Chief, Security Officer
Member – Medical Officer or Public Health Officer
Member – Jail Chaplain
Member – Social Worker or a Rehabilitation Officer

If the above composition is not feasible because of personnel limitations, the Station/Sub-station
Commander or the Warden shall perform the functions of the Board as a Summary Hearing Officer.
b. Duties and Function – the Board is tasked to investigate the facts of the alleged misconduct
referred to it by the Warden. It shall hold sessions as often as are necessary in a room which may
be provided for the purpose. All cases referred to it shall be heard and decided with 48 hours from
the date of the case.
c. Authorized Disciplinary Punishment Imposable to Offenders – the Board is authorized to
impose any of the following disciplinary punishments:
1. Reprimand
2. Temporary or permanent cancellation of some or all recreational privileges;
3. Cancellation of visiting privileges;
4. Extra-fatigue duty; and
5. Close confinement in a cell which shall not exceed seven days in any calendar month, provided
that this punishment shall be imposed only in the case of an incorrigible prisoner when other
disciplinary measures had proven ineffective.

In addition to the above-mentioned punishments, the Board may recommend to the Warden partial
or full forfeiture of good conduct time allowance to be earned for that month and subsequent
months depending upon the gravity of the offense.

d. Limitations
1. No female offender shall be subject to any disciplinary punishment which might affect her
unborn or nursing child.
2. No infirmed or handicapped offender shall be meted out punishment which might affect his
health or physician well-being.
3. Corporal punishment, confinement in dark ill-ventilated cells and any form of cruel, unusual,
inhuman or degrading punishment are absolutely prohibited.

58
 4. Whenever the penalty of extra-fatigue duty or solitary confinement imposed may affect the
health of the offender, he shall be made to undergo medical examination to determine his
physical fitness to serve his punishment.
5. The Jail Physician shall visit the prisoners undergoing punishment when necessary and shall
advise the Warden if the recommends the termination of the punishment on grounds of physical
or mental health.

Instruments of restraint such as handcuffs, leg iron and straightjackets are not to be applied as
a form of punishment. They shall only be used as a precaution against escape and on medical
grounds to prevent an offender from injuring himself or others. Breaches of discipline shall be
handled without anger or emotionalism and decisions executed firmly and justly. As a general
rule, every violation of jail guideline shall be dealt with accordingly. In extreme cases where the
violation necessitates immediate action, the Warden or the Officer of the Day may administer
the necessary restraints and report the action taken to the Disciplinary Board.
e. Procedure in the Hearing of Disciplinary Cases – the following procedures shall be allowed in
the hearing of disciplinary cases.
1. The aggrieved offender shall inform any member of the custodial force of the violation; the
latter in turn shall officially report the matter to the Desk Officer. If one of the jail employees
knows the violation committed by the offender, a brief description of the circumstances
surrounding or leading to the reported violation and all matters relative to the case shall be
made.
2. The Desk Officer shall simultaneously inform the Warden/ Station/Sub-station Commander, as
the case may be, and shall immediately cause the investigation. He shall submit to the Warden
his report together with his recommendations.
3. The Warden shall evaluate the report and if he believes that there is no sufficient evidence to
support the alleged violation, he shall dismiss the case. If he believes there exists sufficient
evidence, he shall decide the case and impose the necessary penalty in case of minor
violations. If the case is less grave, he shall endorse it to Board for hearing or decide it himself
as a Summary Disciplinary Officer if there is no Disciplinary Board;
4. The offender shall be confronted of the reported violation and asked how he pleads to the
charge. If he admits the violation or pleads guilty, the Board shall impose the corresponding
punishment;
5. If the offender denies the charge, the hearing shall commence with the presentation of
evidence and other witnesses by the Desk Officer. The offender shall then be given the
opportunity to defend himself by his testimony and those of his witness, if any, and to present
other evidences to prove his innocence;
6. After the hearing, the Board shall decide the case on the merits;
7. Whether the offender is found guilty or not, he should be advised to obey the rules and
regulations strictly and reminded that good behavior is indispensable for his early release
and/or the granting of privileges; and
8. Decisions of the Board/Summary Disciplinary Officer are subject to review and/or higher
authority. The offender may request a review of the findings of the Board/Summary Disciplinary
Officer and the propriety of the penalty to the Central Office, BJMP, whose decision is final.

Punishable Acts – An inmate is strictly prohibited from committing any of the following acts:

a. Minor Offenses
1. Selling or bartering with fellow offender items not classified as contraband.
2. Rendering personal service to fellow offender.
3. Untidy or dirty in his personal appearance.
59
 4. Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his quarters and/or surroundings.
5. Making frivolous groundless complaints.
6. Taking the cudgels for or reporting complaints on behalf of other offenders.
7. Late in formation or duty without justifiable reasons.
8. Willful waste of food.
b. Less Grave Offenses
1. Failure to report for work detail without sufficient justification.
2. Failure to render assistance to an injured personnel or inmate.
3. Failure to assist in putting out fires inside the jail.
4. Acting boisterously during religious, social and other group functions.
5. Swearing, cursing or using profane or defamatory languages, directed personally towards
persons.
6. Malingering or reporting for sick call to escape work assignment.
7. Spreading rumors or maliciously intriguing against the honor of any person, particularly
members of the custodial force.
8. Failing to stand attention and give due respect when confronted or reporting to any officer or
member of the custodial force.
9. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal serviced to himself and/or others.
10. Exchanging uniform or wearing clothes than those issued to him for the purpose of
circumventing jail rules.
11. Loitering or being in an unauthorized place.
12. Using the telephone without the authority from the Desk Officer/Warden.
13. Writing, defacing, or drawing on walls, floors or any furniture or equipment.
14. Withholding information which is inimical and prejudicial to the jail administration.
15. Possession of lewd or pornographic literature and/or photographs.
16. Absence from cell, brigade, place of work during headcount, or at any time without justifiable
reason.
17. Failing to turn over any implements/articles issued after the work detail.
18. Committing any act prejudicial to or which is not necessary to good order and discipline.
c. Grave Offenses
1. Making untruthful statements or lies in official communication, transaction, or investigation.
2. Keeping or concealing keys or locks of places in the jail where it is off limits to offenders.
3. Giving gifts, selling to or bartering with personnel.
4. Keeping in his possession money, jewelry, or other contraband which the rules prohibit.
5. Tattooing others or allowing him to be tattooed on any part of the body, or keeping any
paraphernalia to be used in tattooing.
6. Forcibly taking or extracting money from fellow inmates.
7. Punishing or inflicting injury or harm upon himself or other inmates.
8. Receiving, keeping, taking or imbibing liquor and other prohibited drugs.
9. Making, improving, or keeping any kind of deadly weapon.
10. Concealing or withholding information plans of attempted escape.
11. Unruly conduct and behavior and flagrant disregard of discipline and instructions.
12. Escaping, attempting or planning to escape from the institution of from any guard.
13. Helping, aiding or abetting others to escape.
14. Fighting, causing any disturbance, or participating therein and/or agitating to cause such
disturbance or riot.
15. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by himself or others and/or allowing to be the subject of
such indecent, immoral or lascivious acts.
16. Willful disobedience to a lawful order issued by an officer or member or the custodial force.

60
 17. Assaulting any officer or member of the custodial force.
18. Damaging any government property or equipment issued to the inmates.
19. Participating in any kangaroo court, or an unauthorized or irregular court with disregard for or
perversion of legal procedures as a mock court by offender in a jail/prison.
20. Affiliating oneself to any gang or faction whose main purpose is to foment regionalism or to
segregate them from others.
21. Failing to inform the authority concerned when afflicted with nay communicable disease.
22. Engaging in gambling or any game of chance.
23. Committing any act which is in violation of any law or ordinance, in which case, he shall
separately be prosecuted criminally in accordance with law.

Treatment of Special Needs or Unusual Offenders

The prisoners and detainees who by virtue of their condition need special treatment shall be dealt
with in accordance with the procedural guidelines of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. These
guidelines are as follows:

Section 1. As a general rule, special/unusual offenders should not be held in jails with other offenders.

a. Females
1. The women’s quarters should be fully separated from the male quarters.
2. All handling and supervision of female offenders/detainees must be done by female jail staff.
3. In larger jails, services may be allowed by a resident matron who shall keep the keys to the
women’s quarters and should be available at any time.
4. No male offenders shall be allowed to enter the women’s quarters.
5. Only work suitable to their age and physical condition should be assigned to female offenders.
b. Drug Addicts
1. Offenders found to be drug dependents/addicts should be segregated from other offenders,
especially during withdrawal period.
2. Close supervision of inmates should be maintained to prevent attempts to commit suicide or
self-mutilation.
3. No sedatives/stimulants shall be prescribed or administered, except by a physician.
4. Measures should be taken to enable offenders to follow strictly the jail physician’s advice
regarding diet and other treatment measures during the withdrawal period.
5. Prompt search the addict’s quarters should be conducted and constant alertness maintained to
prevent the smuggling of narcotics and other dangerous drugs.
c. Alcoholics
1. Alcoholics should be placed in a comfortable quarter separate from other offenders and close
supervision must be maintained to guard against suicide attempts.
2. Any symptom of abnormal behavior among offenders should be reported to the jail physician.
3. Close supervision should be maintained to guard against the smuggling of liquor and
intoxicating drinks or products containing alcohol.
d. Mentally-ill
1. The mentally-ill should e under the close supervision of a jail physician.
2. The mentally-ill should be placed in individual cells and special restraint rooms provided for
violent cases.
3. Close supervision should be maintained to guard against suicide attempts or violent attacks on
others.
4. The mentally-ill should be transferred to mental institutions for proper psychiatric treatment.
e. Sex Deviates

61
 1. The homosexual should be segregated immediately to prevent them from influencing other
offenders to abnormal behavior.
2. The other sex deviates, likewise, should be separated from other inmates for closer supervision
and control.
f. Escape-Prone Prisoners/Detainees
1. The escape-prone prisoners/detainees should be held in the most secured quarters, preferably
in single cells.
2. Their conduct should be closely supervised and their actuations observed during and after
visiting hours.
3. Their quarters should be searched frequently and subjected to frequent strip searches.
4. Special attention should be given to the examination of things resulting from strip searches.
5. Their telephone calls should be restricted and its use should be allowed only if monitored on an
extension.
g. Suicide-Risk Offenders
1. The suicide-risk prisoner/detainee should be given close and constant supervision.
2. They should be subjected to frequent strip searches.
h. The Handicapped, Aged and Infirm
1. The handicapped should be housed separately and closely supervised to protect them from
maltreatment or abuse by other offenders.
2. Special treatment should be given to these prisoners who shall be required to work only in
accordance with their physical disabilities for their own upkeep, and for the sanitation of their
quarters and surroundings.
i. The Youthful Offenders
1. Immediately after apprehension and booking, the arresting officers concerned shall take
youthful offender to the city or municipal health officer or proper medical health officer for a
thorough physical and mental examination. The examination and treatment papers resulting
therefrom shall form part of the records of the case of the youthful offender.
2. A youthful offender held for physical and mental examination during trial or pending appeal, if
unable to furnish bail, from the time of his arrest, be committed to the care of:
a. The Department of Social Welfare and Development thru its local office or representative in
the community;
b. The local rehabilitation center;
c. A detention home in the province or city shall be responsible for his appearance in court
whenever required. Provided, that in the absence of any such center or agency, the city
and/or municipal jail shall provide quarters for youthful offenders separate from other
detainees.
3. Whenever it is for the best interest of the community and the effective rehabilitation of the
youthful offender, considering the age, immaturity, gravity of the offense, situation of the
offender and other circumstances, the BJMP unit, in coordination with the DSWD and the City or
provincial prosecutor (fiscal), may recommend to the court concerned the release of the
youthful offender on recognizance, to the custody of his parents or other suitable parents or
other suitable person who shall be responsible for his appearance whenever required; and
4. The foregoing procedure pertains merely to the custody, detention and rehabilitation of youthful
offenders. Consequently, the usual course of investigation of his case until its filing with the
proper court should be pursued by the arresting elements concerned.
j. Alien Offenders – the Warden shall notify the Commissioner of Immigration of the receipt of an
alien prisoner, stating:
1. The name of the prisoner
2. His nationality and the number of his Alien Certificate of Registration

62
 3. The offense committed
4. The court imposing the sentence

Custody, Security and Control, Emergency Plans, Movement and Transfer or Prisoners and
Detainees

The present correctional facilities have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movements of
prisoners and detainees throughout the facility. These facilities were designed to provide effective custody,
security and control of inmates and detainees. In case of emergency, or during movement and transfer of
prisoners and detainees, the jail uses its existing emergency plans and procedures or rules in the
movement and control of prisoners. In accordance with the standard operational guidelines of the BJMP
for the custody, control movement and transfer of prisoners and detainees and in emergency cases, the
following are observed:

CONCEPT – The overall concept of jail security operations encompasses both prevention and
rehabilitation. These two efforts are inseparable as neither can be accomplished without the other. Jail
security is necessary to safeguard the lives of people residing within the vicinity, those managing the jails,
and inmates whose lives are to be rehabilitated to become constructive members of society.

SECURITY AND CONTROL – The following guidelines should be strictly observed in jail security and
control:

a. Maintain strict control of firearms. Never permit any firearm inside the jail except in some areas
where firearms are authorized.
b. Maintain 24-hour supervision of offenders.
c. Maintain a system of key control which shall include an accurate listing of all keys and of
receipting them. Never permit the offenders to handle keys or to study them.
d. Secure firearms and anti-riot equipment in the armory where there shall be within easy reach
of the jail guard and yet afford maximum security against access by offenders.
e. Supervise the proper use of tools and other potentially dangerous articles such as bottles,
acids, kitchens knives, etc. and keep them out of offenders reach when not in use.
f. Conduct regular offenders count at least 4 times within the 34-hour day a period. Establish
procedures which will ensure beyond doubt, that every offender is physically present or
accounted for, ate every count.
g. Conduct frequent surprise searches of offenders and their quarters to detect contraband.
h. Conduct frequent inspection of security facilities to detect tampering or defects.
i. Guard against escapes, assault on jail personnel and offender’s disturbances.
j. Develop plans in dealing with emergencies like escapes, fires, assaults and make plans known
to and understood by jail personnel.
k. Never allow a jail guard to open the offender’s quarters alone. At least, another guard should
be present.
l. Select carefully the offenders to be assigned as orderly or aide and maintain control over their
activities. No offender should be allowed to assume any of the authority which belongs to the
jail staff nor shall any offender be allowed to exercise authority, supervision and control over
the other prisoners.

3. Duties of Custodial Force – Members of the custodial force have the following duties and
responsibilities.

a. To supervise and maintain order and discipline of offenders in housing those assembled for
religious services, entertainment and athletics, during meals, work details, bath and visits;

63
 b. To censor offender’s mail;
c. To inspect insecurity devices;
d. To maintain inner and outer perimeter security;
e. To escort offenders to court, other authorized places of confinement and hospitals in cases of
emergencies;
f. To ensure custody and safety of those confined in jail;
g. To escort visitors within the jail premises;
h. To report any infringement of rules and regulations to prevent atrocities;
i. To inform the Warden of any emergency case;
j. To keep or maintain records of the offenders; and
k. To perform such other duties as may be assigned by competent authority.

Offenders Count – it is a part of the institutional procedures that at specified timed during each 24-
period all offenders are physically counted. For this type of count, the general procedures are as follows:

a. Each inmate is counted physically at specified times;

b. During the count all movements of the offenders shall cease until the count is completed;
c. The count must be accurate. A positive verification must be made to ensure that the offenders are
physically present. Counting a man on the basis of seeing any part of his clothing, hair, or shoes is
not a good counting procedure.
d. Report of each count of a group of offenders is submitted to the Warden and/or Deputy Warden;
and
e. If the total jail cunt does not tally with the total jail population at any given time, another count
shall be made. An immediate report shall be rendered to the Warden and/or Deputy Warden for
any unaccounted offender.

Security Procedures During Meal Service – Security must be considered in the serving of food inside
cells/quarters. A jailer should not enter the quarters of the offenders to distribute food unless another
officer is available to handle the keys and control the entrance door. When the feeding is to be
accomplished with only one officer on duty, it is essential that food shall be served without unlocking the
door if there is danger of being overpowered by the offender. If not, the door may be opened but he must
ne on the alert always.

Dining Room Security

a. As a general precaution, individual mess utensils of offenders shall be made of plastic.

b. When dining rooms are provided, the offenders should be marched in column of two’s along
designed routes under the supervision of one or two jail personnel. Other officials may be stationed
along the route to direct the orderly movement of offenders to and from the mess hall.
c. There must be a roving supervisor to handle occasional disturbances or settle complaints.
d. After meals, all utensils used by the offender should be collected. This should ne strictly supervised
by jail personnel to be sure that no utensils are brought out of the dining room.
e. Forks, spoon, and other kitchen utensils should be checked and accounted for after every meal.

Mail Censorship – to give the offender a respite from the strain of prison life, he should be encouraged
to maintain wholesome contact with friends and relatives through correspondence. A mere personal
source of knowledge about happenings in the outside world will tone down the depressive mood that
develops when one is shut off from the outside world. However, the privileges of sending and receiving
mail exclude smuggling contraband and using this medium as a means of illicit communication.

The following procedures should be strictly observed when censoring mail:

64
 a. Mail shall be secured until time that the censors are ready to examine them;
b. The offender’s mail shall be opened and searched only by qualified, trained and authorized
personnel.
c. Letters containing currency, checks or money should be marked with the amount enclosed and
deposited with the Trust Officer/Property Custodian. The receiving officer should list down the
amount received on a receipt form in duplicate. The original receipt signed by the receiving should
be given to the offender for his information.
d. All greeting cards should be carefully examined and fillers of any kind found therein should be
collected for laboratory examination.
e. Photographs clearly within the scope of the jail regulations should be marked on the reverse side
and placed in a envelope.
f. Any item of correspondence or enclosure that does not conform with regulations or are detrimental
to the security and order of the jail should be brought to the attention of the jail warden;
g. In the censoring of mail, prisoners using slang, unusual nicknames and sentences with double
meaning should be carefully studied and analyzed to determine their real meanings;
h. All letters containing statements concerning the security or reputation of the jail, like attempts to
escape, smuggling/trafficking of contraband and statements that may affect the rules and policies,
etc. shall be forwarded to the Officer-in-Charge of mail censorship;
i. All letters passed by censors should bear the censor’s stamp at the top of each page and on the
envelope. The letter should be placed back in the same envelope and resealed;
j. A listing of mail for offenders should be properly posted in a conspicuous place. This will also form
part of the records of the jail;
k. If the offender fails to claim his letter within 24 hours after it has been posted, the mails should be
delivered to him;
l. Contents of an offender’s mail should not be discussed with other jail personnel, except for official
purposes; and
m. All outgoing mails shall pass through the normal mail facilities of the jail subject to the usual
censorship.

Fire Prevention Rules – Fire does not only cause financial losses but also loss of lives and property. To
prevent occurrences of fires in jails and to minimize its effect if such occurs, the following rules should be
followed:

a. Offenders should be kept aware if the hazards caused by the careless handling of cigarettes,
flammable materials, fuel, welding equipment, etc.;
b. Fire extinguishers should place in close proximity to all housing units and should be located in
strategic places in buildings and work areas;
c. Empty drums and cans should be filled with water and some with sand placed in strategic places
for ready use;
d. Keys to all emergency exits, cells, brigades and storage places of fore fighting equipment should be
made available. Such keys should have tags marked distinctly to avoid confusion during
emergencies;
e. Portable floodlights should be available in the Control Center for night fire;
f. Government equipment should have marked priority tags or symbols to determine which should be
first for evacuation during an emergency.

Emergency Plans – Emergency plans for fire or conflagrations, riots or violent disturbances, jailbreaks
and other such occurrences should be formulated to suit the physical structure and other factors peculiar
to the individual jail. Hence, herewith are suggested steps or activities which may be considered for a
warden’s planning:

65
a. Plan in Case of Fire or Conflagration – fire plans and the like should become a part of the
operational plans which every jail is expected to maintain in the officer files. It is important that
each participant should know his particular role. A jail should have a detailed plan in dealing with
the conflagration. If facilities and personnel are available, the following control plan should be
considered:
1. Fire crew, consisting of jail personnel and offenders, chosen according to the degree of their
custody, intelligence, interest and training, should be formed and trained to man the fire-
fighting truck and be made available at all times;
2. The offenders who are selected should be separately housed in close proximity to the fire truck
and other equipment. They should be issued special uniforms different from those of the
ordinary inmates so that they may be checked and identified easily when outside the main
compound;
3. At first sign of fire, the Control Center shall immediately sound a pre-arranged alarm either by
siren, bell or any means available. At the same time, it shall notify the Fire Department, Police
Station and other units that may help in putting out fore and/or evacuation of the offender;
4. The Desk Officer or the person in-charge of the keys to the storage for the fire-fighting
equipment, emergency gates and gates of different cells/brigade, should distribute the keys to
the responsible personnel concerned;
5. All offenders in the affected area shall be required to help in putting out the fire, using water
and sand in the drums and cans, the fire-fighting equipment, fire extinguishers and such other
things available to put out the fire;
6. The fire crew shall immediately respond to the scene to put out the fire while the other jail
personnel shall station themselves according to the plan;
7. If there is a necessity to evacuate government records, supplies and equipment, they should be
evacuated to a safe place according to priority and under proper guard;
8. If there is a necessity to evacuate the jail population, they should be evacuated in an ordinary
manner, using closed vans and other vehicles, or by any other means, to pre-arranged building
or detention centers for their safe and temporary confinement under strict security;
9. When the all-clear alarm is sounded, first aid shall be administered to the injured; an
institution-wide count of offenders should be made and immediately followed by a security
check;
10. If the offenders were evacuated and the jail is still intact, they should be returned to the
institution and continue normal jail activities; and
11. Thorough investigation relative thereto should thereafter be conducted and report thereon so
submitted to the Provincial Jail Administrator and copy furnished the Assistant Regional
Director, the Chief of the Jail Bureau, and the Station or Sub-Station Commander.
b. Plan for Riots and Violent Disturbances – no matter how efficient the jail administration is,
there will always be occasional riots of disturbances that require immediate emergency action.
While it is not possible to foresee the exact nature of the disturbance and when it may occur; there
should pre-determined and well-defined plans for action to cope with such emergencies, like the
following:
1. At the sound of the first pre-arranged alarm, all inmates must be locked up inside their
respective cells/quarters. Offenders’ work crew should be brought immediately into designated
areas by custodians for counting and subsequently locked after a head count.
2. If the disturbances occur during visiting period, all visitors shall be immediately ushered out of
the visiting premises to the most secured portion of the jail previously pre-determined for this
purpose. They should not be permitted to get out the premises until proper counting of
offenders shall have been made;

66
3. Simultaneously, all members of the security group out on post shall immediately report to the
Desk Officer and make themselves available for emergency deployments. All critical posts shall
be covered according to the plan to prevent escapes. Do not rush into the scene. The most
senior officer present shall automatically take command of the force and make an assessment
of the situation;
4. The Control Center shall take into consideration the readiness of all communication lines for
emergency deployments. All critical posts shall be covered according to the plan to prevent
escapes. Do not rush into the scene. The most senior officer present shall automatically take
command of the force and make an assessment of the situation;
5. The Desk Officer or the Armorer should make an immediate preparation for the issuance of the
necessary anti-riot equipment and firearms;
6. On his judgment and proper assessment of the prevailing condition, the officer in command
may cause the division of the available force into the three groups, as follows:
a. 1st Group – to compose the initial wave of anti-riot assault contingent whose main
objectives shall be to disperse the rioters and get their leaders and shall be armed with
wicker shields, protective headgears, gas masks and night sticks or batons, when these are
available.
b. 2nd Group – to serve as back-up force to support the first group and for this purpose shall
be equipped with tear gas guns and gas grenades.
c. 3rd Group – to be composed of guards trained on proper handling and use of firearms who
shall be ready to fire when the lives of the guards are in peril on orders of the Officer in-
Command.
7. When everything is ready, the Officer-in-Command shall, with the use of a megaphone or
microphone or any public address system, direct the offenders to cease and desist, return to
their respective cells or face the consequences of their acts. The known leaders should be called
by their names and asked to stop the rioting or disturbance.
8. The second alarm should be sounded when all efforts of the Officer-in-Command had failed. By
this time, all guards shall be prepared for the assault. The first group shall now enter the
compound followed by the second group at a discreet distance. The third group shall be in
strategic position, ready to fire when and if the lives of the guards are in danger.
9. The first group shall be staked with quelling the riot and get the leaders of the rioting group
and, if met with stiff resistance, should withdraw on orders of their officers;
10. The second group shall not use riot control gasses, except on orders of the Officer-in-
Command. Gas should be used in such quantity to have the desired effects. When the area is
saturated with gas, the first group with gas masks shall attack using their batons to force rioter
back into their cells and get the leaders. Use of pressurized water from the fire truck may be
resorted to.
11. On instruction of the Officer-in-Command, initial alarm shall be delayed to the Superintendent,
Station or Sub-station Commander and/or the nearest police station or unit giving assistance to
quell such disturbance in the jail.
12. When conditions become critical and the disturbance has reached full scale, the Officer-in-
Command shall cause the sounding of the third alarm. At this instance, the Control centre shall
notify all nearby police agencies for assistance and then all other plans in connection with jail
uprising shall be executed. Nearby hospitals shall also be notified if the situation demands;
13. As a last resort to prevent mass jailbreaks or serious assault upon members of the custodial
forces, the selected marksman of the third group may be ordered to fire, by the Officer-in-
Charge, only after due warning shots. Here again, reasonable caution to insure the safety of
individuals, is imperative. The order to fire should be given only as a last resort, not necessarily

67
 to kill but only to maim at designated targets, not at innocent bystanders, fellow officers or
some other employees; and
14. Finally, after any such incident, the following steps should be undertaken:
1. Administer first aid to the injured;
2. Have a headcount made;
3. Segregate ring leader agitators;
4. Check security of the institution;
5. Conduct a thorough investigation of the incident. Prosecute those who have violated the
laws, rules and regulations.
6. Repair damages;
7. Adopt effective measures to prevent repetition of similar incidents; and
8. Submit reports to the Provincial Jail Administrator, copy furnished the Central Office of the
Jail Bureau and the Station and Sub-Station Commander.

c. Plan for Escapes or Jailbreaks – since escapes typically occur without warning, it is essential that the
jail shall have well-developed plans of procedures that may be placed into effect quickly. Time is the
essence in blocking off the movements of escapees and effecting recapture. The following basic guidelines
in dealing with jailbreak in progress or that which has just been perpetrated, are imperative:

1. The Control Center shall immediately sound the alarm and the Warden and Desk Officer shall
be notified;

2. At first sound of the alarm, all prisoners shall be locked in their respective cells while those in
work detail should be marched in an orderly manner to their cells;

3. All jail personnel, custodial or non-custodial shall make themselves available for emergency
deployment with the exception of those previously assigned. The Desk Officer or the Armorer
shall issue firearms to members of the custodial force who shall be immediately dispatched to
strategic posts according to the plan;

4. Personnel who have offenders under their supervision, assigned to essential maintenance
posts such as powerhouse, kitchen, hospitals, fire station, etc, must remain on duty, take their
counting at the time of the emergency alarm, and a report thereon submitted to the Control
Center.

5. A simultaneous institution-wide count shall be made to determine the number of offenders

who escaped and their identities established;

6. As soon the identities of the escapees have been established, their names and other personal
circumstances shall be immediately flashed to all units of the province, district, station or sub-
station and all nearby stations shall be notified;

7. Radio and television stations and other news media shall be notified and, if possible,
furnished with the escapees’ photographs for possible publication and flashing over the
television screen;

8. Recovery teams shall be ordered to proceed to known lairs, hangouts, residence and houses
of immediate relatives and friends for the immediate recapture of the escapees;

9. In case of mass jailbreak, all members of the custodial force shall be immediately issued
firearms and assigned to critical posts to block the escape routes while the pursuing teams
should get out of the jail premises to recapture the escapees. The rest of the jail personnel and

68
 custodial force who are off-duty shall be contacted by phone or through fastest means available
to require them to report for duty immediately;

10. If an officer or any member is held hostage, reasonable caution should be taken to ensure
his/her safety;

11. If the Warden is held hostage, for all intents and purposes, he ceases to exercise authority
and the next in command or the most senior officer present shall take over;

12. If there are no hostages and the offenders are still inside the jail compound and continue to
defy orders given by the Warden or by the Officer-in-Charge, procedures shall be activated
immediately according to plan;

13. Maximum force shall be deployed for escapees found holding on an area to pressure them
to surrender and avert their movements; and

14. An investigation shall be conducted to determine any flaws in the Security Plan for possible
correction to be submitted to the Assistant Regional Director, copy furnished the Central Office
of the Jail Bureau, the Station or Sub-Station Commander.

d. Plans for other Emergencies

If facilities and personnel requirements are available, a jail shall have emergency plans in case of
power failure and natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes and other calamities. The plans shall
cover the specific roles of jail personnel present, alarm system to be used, emergency power units to be
utilized, kind of security to be provided and such other measures as are necessary to ensure the safety
and security of jail personnel present, alarm system to be used, emergency power units to be utilized,
kind of security to be provided and such other measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and
security of jail personnel and offenders. Likewise, the plans shall also include detailed procedures for the
evacuation of prisoners in cases of floods, earthquakes and other calamities, if such evacuation is
necessary. Separate SOPs to this effect should be issued.

Movement/Transfer of Prisoners/Detainees

a. Subject to the condition set forth in the succeeding Section, an offender may be brought out from a
jail in any of the following instances:
1. To appear or attend, as witness or as accused, before any court of justice or prosecutor’s office
during preliminary investigation, arraignment or hearing of a criminal case; or
2. To appear as witness in any investigation or formal inquiry being conducted by a government
agency;
3. To view the remains of a deceased relative within the second degree of affinity or
consanguinity;
4. To undergo medical examination or treatment in an outside hospital or clinic.
b. An offender may be transferred to another institution only upon specific order of the Court having
jurisdiction over him, except in cases of serious illness where hospitalization is hospital is necessary
and the detainee is immediately taken to the nearest hospital with the court subsequently notified.
c. In any emergency and for the safety of detainees in jail, the Warden may move them to any
secured place for temporary detention. However, in viewing the remains of deceased relative within
the second degree of consanguinity and affinity, clearance should first be obtained from the Court
concerned. The written request must be accompanied by the following documents:
1. Death Certificate of the deceased relative duly certified by the attending physician or Local Civil
Registrar;
69
 2. Burial permit; and
3. The appropriate certificate as indicated after the name of each deceased relative:
i. Spouse – marriage contract
ii. Children – Birth Certificate of the deceased child and Marriage Certificate of the prisoner
iii. Brother or Sister – Birth Certificates of the offender and his deceased brother or sister;
iv. Father or Mother – Birth Certificate of the offender
v. Grandparent – Birth Certificate of the offender and his parent who is son or daughter of
the deceased;
vi. Grandchild – Birth Certificate of the deceased and the detainees’ son or daughter who is
the father or mother of the deceased.
d. A written request to view the remains of a deceased relative shall be filed in the officer of the
Warden at least three days before the privilege sought is enjoyed.
e. The offender shall be allowed to stay not more than 3 hours in the place where the remains of the
deceased relative lie in state; provided, that the detainee will not be allowed to join the funeral
cortege.
f. The Warden shall disapprove the request of an offender to view the remains a deceased relative or
not favorable endorse a similar request of the offender to the appropriate Court or government
agency in any of the following cases:
1. The deceased relative is lying in state in a place that is beyond a 30-kilometer radius from the
place of confinement of the prisoner or, in any case, where the prisoner cannot return to said
place during the daylight hours.
2. The detainee has a record of escape;
3. The detainee has two or more pending criminal cases or is a vital witness in a pending criminal
case.
g. Before leaving the jail for the authorized destination the offender shall turn over to the Warden
such amount as may be necessary to pay for his transportation and local expenses and those of the
jail guards escorting him. The Warden shall issue a receipt therefor and restore any unspent
portion thereof to the offender upon his return.

Cooperation between Jail Wardens Regarding Transfer of Detention Prisoners

a. Jail authorities must agree as to the use of facilities for the temporary detention or imprisonment of
a detainee from other localities before, during and after trial.
b. The Warden effecting the movement/transfer of any offender shoulder all expenses for
transportation and other incidental expenses of the same while confined in other jails.

Rules to be Followed during Transfer of Offenders – Whenever the transfer of offenders to other
jails is conducted, the following rules shall be observed:

a. The responsibility for the security of the detainee being transferred shall remain with the custodian
until received by another custodian. Whenever possible, transfer shall be made during the day. At
any moment or transfer of inmates shall be treated confidentially.
b. Prior to movement, all guards shall be given detailed instruction on their duties and responsibilities
to include particularly specific instruction that the most direct route to the destination must be
followed.
c. Notorious/disastrous prisoners being moved shall be handcuffed. When two or more prisoners are
transported, each must be secured to the other. In no case shall a prisoner be handcuffed and
secured to any transit to avoid being trapped in case of accident.
d. Before nay transfer, all offenders shall be inspected and searched for dangerous weapons or
objects which may be used for escape or self-destruction.

70
e. As a general rule, offenders under escort shall always be under the watchful eye of the guard. The
guard shall always be close enough to the prisoner being escorted to be able to respond effectively
in case of emergency.
f. The following basic security precautions shall be observed during the transfer/movement of
prisoners:
1. Offenders should not be allowed to tinker with the handcuffs;
2. It must be ascertained that the offender/detainee does not have crippled, deformed o very
small hands to allow him to “slip” the cuff off;
3. All offenders being transferred should be regarded as extremely notorious to avoid being
careless;
4. The cuff should be properly adjusted for tightness to avoid the need of adjustments while in
route;
5. No offender shall be allowed to go to a toilet or wash-room alone;
6. A jail guard should always walk behind an offender, never in front and the prisoner should
always precede the guard into an automobile;
7. A guard shall be extra careful not to sit, stand or walk next to an offender while carrying a gun
as it can be easily grabbed from him; and
8. Stopping along the highway while in transit is highly discouraged, especially when transporting
prisoners by vehicle hired solely for the purpose.

71
 Assessment Task No. 5

My Weekly Student Journal #2

Directions: Write a minimum of 300-word reflective essay on what have you learned about the concept
“Modern Concepts of Penology and Jails.” Write your journal entry on the space provided below. You may
also write your own title. Kindly refer to the Student Journal Rubric in the succeeding page for you to
know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for the journal entry is and how you will be
graded.

_________________________________
(Title)

72
 WEEKLY STUDENT JOURNAL RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Content 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Journal Journal Journal Journal lacks
demonstrates a demonstrates demonstrates critical thinking.
high degree of some degree of limited critical Superficial
critical thinking in critical thinking in thinking in connections are
applying, applying, applying, made with key
analyzing, and analyzing, and/or analyzing, and/or course concepts
evaluating key evaluating key evaluating key and course /20
course concepts course concepts course concepts materials,
and theories from and theories from and theories from activities, and/or
readings, readings, readings, assignments
lectures, media, lectures, media, lectures, media,
discussions discussions discussions,
activities, and/or activities, and/or activities, and/or
assignments. assignments. assignments.
Personal 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Growth Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Personal growth
significant satisfactory less than and awareness
personal growth personal growth adequate are not evident
and awareness of and awareness personal growth and/or
deeper meaning through some and awareness demonstrates a
through inferences made, through few or neutral
inferences made, examples, simplistic experience with /20
examples, well insights, and inferences made, negligible
developed challenges. examples, personal impact.
insights, and insights, and/or
substantial depth challenges that
in perceptions are not well
and challenges. developed.
Writing 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Quality Well written and Above average Average and/or Poor writing style
clearly organized writing style and casual writing lacking in
using standard logically style that is standard English,
English, organized using sometimes clarity, language
characterized by standard English unclear and/or used, and/or
elements of a with minor errors with some errors frequent errors in
strong writing in grammar, in grammar, grammar, /10
style and punctuation, punctuation, punctuation,
basically free usage, and usage, and usage, and
from grammar, spelling. spelling spelling. Needs
punctuation, work.
usage, and
spelling errors.
Total Points /50
73
 Rubric adapted from Denise Kreiger, Instructional Design/Technology Services, SC&I, Rutgers, 4/2014

Assessment Task No. 6

SHORT PAPER DISCUSSION

Directions: Write a minimum of 300-word paper discussion about the admission, classification and
diversification of inmates in the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. Write your activity in the space
provided below. Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what
the instructor’s expectation for this activity and how you will be graded.

74
 SHORT PAPER DISCUSSION RUBRIC
NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your instructor only.

Category Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Focus 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the single controlling point Sharp, distinct Sufficiently No apparent Minimal
made with an awareness of controlling point developed point but Evidence of a
task about a specific topic. made about a content with evidence of a topic. /10
single topic with adequate specific topic.
evident elaboration or
awareness of explanation.
task.
Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the presence of ideas Substantial, Sufficiently Limited Superficial
developed through facts, specific, and/or developed content with and/or minimal
examples, anecdotes, details, illustrative content with inadequate content.
opinions, statistics, reasons content adequate elaboration or
and/or explanations. demonstrating elaboration or explanation. /10
strong explanation.
development
and
sophisticated
ideas.
Organization 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the order developed and Sophisticated Functional Confused or Minimal control
sustained within and across arrangement of arrangement of inconsistent of content
paragraphs using transitional content with content that arrangement arrangement.
devices and including evident and/or sustains a of content with /10
introduction and conclusion. subtle logical order or without
transitions. with some attempts at
evidence of transition.
transitions.
Style 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the choice, use and Precise, Generic use of Limited word Minimal variety
arrangement of words and illustrative use variety of words choice and in word choice
sentence structures that of a variety of and sentence control of and minimal
create tone and voice. words and structures that sentence control of
sentence may or may not structures that sentence
structures to create writer’s inhibit voice structures. /10
create voice and tone and tone.
consistent appropriate to
writer’s voice audience.
and tone
appropriate to
audience.
Conventions 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-Grammars, mechanics, Evident control Sufficient Limited control Minimal control
spelling, usage and sentence of grammar, control of of grammar, of grammar,
formation. mechanics, grammar, mechanics, mechanics,
spelling, usage mechanics, spelling, usage spelling, usage /10
and sentence spelling, usage and sentence and sentence
75
 formation. and sentence formation. formation.
formation.
TOTAL /50

Assessment Task No. 7

Directions: In the space provided below, make a table that shows and describes the National Prisons in
our country manned by Bureau of Corrections and District, City and Municipal Jails manned by the Bureau
of Jail Management and Penology. Write at least 5 descriptions in national prisons and 5 also in jails. One
(1) point for every correct answer. Write your activity in the space provided below.

76
--- Cont. ---

77
Lesson 3

Laws about Bureau of Jail

Management and Penology
and Bureau of Corrections

Google Image

78
 At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Know the amended laws governing the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and Bureau of
Correction
2. Differentiate the law about the BJMP and Bureau of Corrections

College COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION (CCJE)

Program CRIMINOLOGY
Course Code CA 221
Course Title INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 3 Week 3

Module Topic Laws about Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and Bureau of Corrections

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

Intended Learning 1. Know the amended law about the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and Bureau of
Outcomes Corrections
2. Differentiate the law about the BJMP and Bureau of Corrections

13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)
Number of Hours

1. What is the importance of studying the laws that governs the Bureau of Jail Management
Study Questions and Penology and the Bureau of Corrections?
2. What are the salient features?

Required
Lesson 3. Course Module on
Institutional Corrections College of
Criminal Justice Education. University
of the Visayas
Learning Resources
Suggested
Foronda, M. (2014). Correctional Administration 1
(Institutional Based Corrections) Second Edition.
Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
Educational YouTube Videos

https://youtu.be/yyUszlwrmmE

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 3 Laws about Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
and Bureau of Correction (RA 9263 and RA 10575). Student may refer to the suggested and
other recommended learning materials indicated in this Course Study Guide as additional
reading resources.
Learning Activity
2. While studying and learning the topics in Lesson 3, the student can now start writing entry
three of the Weekly Student Journal based from the given concept “Role of the Laws (RA
9263 and RA 10575) in the development of our corrections”.
3. After studying and learning the topics in Lesson 3, the student shall answer Assessment
Task 9 and 10 (Laws about Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and Bureau of Correction
(RA 9263 and RA 10575).

Required Output 1. Student Journal Entry 3

2. Paper Discussion
3. Analysis Paper

Assessment Tasks
79
 1. Weekly Student Journal
2. Activity on Laws about Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and Bureau of Correction (RA
9263 and RA 10575)

Assessment Tool 1. Student Journal Rubric

2. Short Paper Discussion
3. Paper Analysis Rubric

Target Competency
Conduct criminological research and further studies; Enforce laws, rules and regulations.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for Use:

RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA GERUNCIO C. CMPOMANES, PhD LIMUEL J. ABELGAS, Dev.Ed.D. DONALD B. NARRA, PhD
Faculty Dean, CCJE UV-Toledo City Campus Chairman, CCJE Advisory Council Dean
Date: Date: Date:
Revision #002

80
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9263

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION

(BFP) AND THE BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP), AMENDING CERTAIN
PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6975, PROVIDING FUNDS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

SECTION. 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the “Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004.”

SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy and Principles. — It is the declared policy of the State to maintain peace
and order, protect life, liberty and property, and promote the general welfare essential for the enjoyment
by all the people of the blessings of democracy (Article II, Section 5 of the Philippine Constitution).
Moreover, it recognizes the responsibility of the State to strengthen government capability aimed towards
the strengthening of the delivery of basic services to the citizenry through the institutionalization of highly
efficient and competent fire and jail services.

It is provided for under Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior and
Local Government Act of 1990,” that the tasks of fire protection, and jail management and penology shall
be the responsibility of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and the Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology (BJMP), respectively.

Moreover, Section 3 of Republic Act No. 8551, otherwise known as the “Philippine National Police Reform
and Reorganization Act of 1998,” provides that in times of national emergency, the BFP and the BJMP
along with the Philippine National Police (PNP) shall, upon the direction of the President, assist the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in meeting the national emergency, in addition to the performance of their
inherent functions as mandated by law.

It is therefore recognized that the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP, as members of the
uniformed service of the government under the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG),
are required the same amount of sacrifice, service and dedication like their counterparts in the PNP and
the AFP to carry out their respective duties to the extent of risking their lives and limbs.

Towards this end, the State shall provide for the professionalization and restructuring of the BFP and the
BJMP by upgrading the level of qualifications of their uniformed personnel and standardizing their base
pay, retirement and other benefits, making it at par with those of the PNP and the AFP.

SEC. 3. Organization and Key Positions of the BFP and the BJMP. — The BFP and the BJMP shall be
respectively headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2) deputy chiefs, one (1) for administration
81
and one (1) for operations, all of whom shall be appointed by the President upon recommendation of the
Secretary of the DILG from among the qualified officers with at least the rank of senior superintendent in
the service: Provided, That in no case shall any officer who has retired or is retirable within six (6) months
from his/her compulsory retirement age be appointed as Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the Jail
Bureau, as the case may be: Provided, further, That the Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail
Bureau shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years: Provided, however, That in times of war or
other national emergency declared by Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.

The heads of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of director shall have the position title of Chief of Fire
Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The second officers in command of the BFP and the
BJMP with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the position title of Deputy Chief for Administration
of the Fire Bureau and Deputy Chief for Administration of the Jail Bureau, respectively. The third officers in
command of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of chief superintendent shall have the position title of
Deputy Chief for Operations of the Fire Bureau and Deputy Chief for Operations of the Jail Bureau,
respectively. The fourth officers in command of the BFP and the BJMP with the rank of chief
superintendent shall have the respective position title of Chief of Directional Staff of the Fire Bureau and
Chief of Directorial Staff of the Jail Bureau, who shall be assisted by the directors of the directorates in the
respective national headquarters office with at least the rank of senior superintendent.

The BFP and the BJMP shall establish, operate and maintain their respective regional offices in each of the
administrative regions of the country which shall be respectively headed by a Regional Director for Fire
Protection and a Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology with the rank of senior
superintendent. He/she shall be respectively assisted by the following officers with the rank of
superintendent: Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant Regional Director for Operations,
and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff.

SEC. 4. Professionalization and Upgrading of Qualification Standards in the Appointment of

Uniformed Personnel to the BFP and the BJMP. — No person shall be appointed as uniformed
personnel of the BFP and BJMP unless he/she possesses the following minimum qualifications:

a) A citizen of the Republic of the Philippines;

b) A person of good moral character;

c) Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests for the purpose of determining
his/her physical and mental health;

d) Must possess a baccalaureate degree from a recognize institution of learning;

e) Must possess the appropriate civil service eligibility;

f) Must have not been dishonorably discharged or dismissed for cause from previous employment;

g) Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude;

h) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 m.) in height for male, and one meter and
fifty-seven centimeters (1.57 m.) for female: Provided, That a waiver for height and age requirements
shall be automatically granted to applicants belonging to the cultural communities; and

82
i) Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5 kgs.) from the standard weight corresponding to
his/her height, age and sex;

Provided, That a new applicant must not be less than twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of
age: except for this particular provision, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be continuing in
character and an absence of any one of them at any given time shall be a ground for separation or
retirement from the service: Provided, further, That the uniformed personnel who are already in the
service upon the effectivity of this Act shall be given five (5) years to obtain the minimum educational
qualification and one (1) year to satisfy the weight requirement.

After the lapse of the time period for the satisfaction of a specific requirement, current uniformed
personnel of the BFP and the BJMP who will fail to satisfy any of the requirements enumerated under this
Section shall be separated from the service if they are below fifty (50) years of age and have served in the
government for less than twenty (20) years, or retired if they are from age fifty (50) and above and have
served in the government for at least twenty (20) years without prejudice in either case to the payment of
benefits they may be entitled to under existing laws.

SEC. 5. Appointment of Uniformed Personnel to the BFP and the BJMP. — The appointment of
uniformed personnel to the BFP and the BJMP shall be affected in the following manner:

a) Fire/Jail Officer I to Senior Fire/Jail Officer IV. — Appointed by the respective Regional Director for Fire
Protection and Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology for the regional office uniformed
personnel or by the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau for the national
headquarters office uniformed personnel, and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC);

b) Fire/Jail inspector to Fire/Jail Superintendent. — Appointed by the respective Chief of the Fire Bureau
and Chief of the Jail Bureau, as recommended by their immediate superiors, and attested by the CSC;

c) Fire/Jail Senior Superintendent. — Appointed by the Secretary of the DILG upon recommendation of the
respective Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau, with the proper attestation of the CSC;
and

d) Fire/Jail Chief Superintendent to Fire/Jail Director. — Appointed by the President upon,

recommendation of the Secretary of the DILG, with the proper endorsement by the Chairman of the CSC.

SEC. 6. Lateral Entry of Officers into the BFP and the BJMP. — In general, all original appointments
of officers in the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau shall commence with the rank of fire/jail inspector
wherein applicants for lateral entry into the BFP shall include all those with highly specialized and technical
qualifications such as, but not limited to, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers,
chemical engineers, chemists, architects, criminologists, certified public accounts, nurses, physical
therapists, and dentists, while applicant for lateral entry into the BJMP shall include all those with highly
specialized and technical qualifications such as, but not limited to, social workers, psychologists,
criminologists, teachers, nurses, dentist and engineers. Doctors of medicines, members of the Philippine
Bar and chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of fire/jail senior inspector in their particular technical
service. Graduates of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) shall be automatically appointed to
the initial rank of fire/jail inspector.

SEC. 7. Professionalization and Upgrading of Qualification Standards in the Designation of

Uniformed Personnel of the BFP and the BJMP to Key Positions. —

83
a) No person shall be designated to the following key positions of the BFP unless he/she has met the
qualifications provided therein:

1) Municipal Fire Marshal. — Should have the rank of senior inspector, who must have finished at least
second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twelve (12) units in a master’s degree program in public
administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines from a
recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career
courses for such position as may be established by the Fire Bureau;

2) City Fire Marshal. — Should have the rank of chief inspector, who must have finished at least second
year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twenty-four (24) units in a master’s degree program in public
administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines from a
recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career
courses for such position as may be established by the Fire Bureau;

3) District Fire Marshal, Provincial Fire Marshal, Assistant Regional Director for Administration, Assistant
Regional Director for Operations and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff. — Should have the rank of
superintendent, who must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a master’s degree in public
administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines from a
recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career
courses for such position as may be established by the Fire Bureau;

4) District Fire Marshal for the National Capital Region, Regional Director for the Protection and Director of
the Directorate of the National Headquarters Office. — Should have at least the rank of senior
superintendent, who must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a master’s degree in public
administration, management, engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines from a
recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career
courses for such position as may be established by the Fire Bureau;

5) Deputy Chief for Administration of the Fire Bureau, Deputy Chief for Operations of the Fire Bureau and
Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau. — Should have the rank of chief superintendent, who must be
a member of the Philippine Bar or a holder of a master’s degree in public administration, management,
engineering, public safety, criminology or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of
learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as
may be established by the Fire Bureau; and

6) Chief of the Fire Bureau. — Should have the rank of senior director, who must be a member of the
Philippine Bar or a holder of a master’s degree in public administration, management, engineering, public
safety, criminology or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and must have
satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be established by
the Fire Bureau;

b) No person shall be designated to the following key positions of the BJMP unless he/she has met the
qualifications provided therein:

1) Municipal Jail Warden. — Should have the rank of the senior inspector, who must have finished at least
second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twelve (12) units in a master’s degree program in
management; public administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security

84
administration defense studies or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and
must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be
established by the Jail bureau.

2) City Jail Warden. — Should have the rank of the chief inspector, who must have finished at least
second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twenty-four (24) units in a master’s degree program in
management, public administration, public safety; criminology, penology, sociology, national security
administration, defense studies or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and
must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be
established by the Jail Bureau: Provided, That in city jails with a population of one thousand (1,000) or
more inmates, the city jail warden shall have the rank and qualifications of a district jail warden;

3) District Jail Warden, Provincial Jail Administrator, Assistant Regional Director for Administration,
Assistant Regional Director for Operations and Regional Chief of Directorial Staff. — Should have the rank
of superintendent, who must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a master’s degree in
management, public administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security
administration, defense studies or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and
must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be
established by the Jail Bureau;

4) Regional Director for Jail Management and Penology and Director of the Directorate of the National
Headquarters Office. — Should have at least the rank of senior superintendent, who must be a graduate of
Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a master’s degree in management, public administration, public safety,
criminology, penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies or other related
disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary
training or career courses for such position as may be established by the Jail Bureau.

5) Deputy Chief for Administration of the Jail Bureau, Deputy Chief for Operations of the Jail Bureau and
Chief of Directorial Staff of the Jail Bureau. — Should have the rank of chief superintendent, who must be
a member of the Philippine Bar or a holder of a master’s degree in management, public administration,
public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies or other
related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the
necessary training or career courses for such position as may be established by the Jail Bureau; and

6) Chief of the Jail Bureau. — Should have the rank of director, who must be a member of the Philippine
Bar or a holder of a master’s degree in management, public administration, public safety, criminology,
penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies or other related disciplines from a
recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career
courses for such position as may be established by the Jail Bureau.

Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP who is currently occupying such position but lacks of
the qualifications mentioned therein shall be given three (3) years upon the effectivity of this Act to
comply with the requirements, otherwise he/she shall be relieved from the position.

SEC. 8. Professionalization and Qualifications Upgrading Program. — The DILG shall design and
establish a professionalization and qualifications upgrading program for the uniformed personnel of the
BFP and the BJMP in coordination with the CSC and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) through
an off-campus education program or other similar programs within ninety (90) days from the effectivity of
this Act.

85
SEC. 9. Attrition System for the Uniformed Personnel of the BFP and the BJMP. — There shall be
established a system of attrition for the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP within one (1) year
from the effectivity of this Act to be submitted by said bureaus to the DILG for approval. Such attrition
system shall include, but is not limited to, the provisions of the following principles:

a) Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank. — Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP who is
relieved and assigned to a position lower than what is established for his/her grade in the respective
staffing pattern of the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau, and who shall not be assigned to a position
commensurate to his/her grade within two (2) years after such demotion in position shall be separated or
retired from the service;

b) Attrition by Non-Promotion. — Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP who has not been
promoted for a continuous period of ten (10) years shall be separated or retired from the service, except
for those who are occupying a third-level position;

c) Attrition by Other Means. — Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP with at least five (5)
years of accumulated active service shall be separated from the service based on any of the following
factors:

1) Inefficiency based on poor performance during the last two (2) successive semestral rating periods;

2) Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) cumulative semestral rating periods;

3) Physical and/or moral incapacity to perform his/her duties and functions; or

4) Failure to complete the required career courses and/or appropriate civil service eligibility for his/her
position except for justifiable reasons; and

d) Separation or Retirement from the Bureau and the Jail Bureau under this Section. — Any personnel who
is dismissed from the BFP and the BJMP pursuant to the above-enumerated principles in this Section shall
be separated if he/she has rendered less than twenty (20) years of service, and be retired if he/she has
rendered at least twenty (20) years of service unless the concerned personnel is disqualified by law to
receive such benefits.

SEC. 10. Promotion System for the Uniformed Personnel of the BFP and the BJMP. — Within six
(6) months after the effectivity of this Act, the DILG shall establish a system of promotion for the
uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP through the following principles:

a) Rationalized Promotion System. — The system of promotion shall be based on merits and on the
availability of vacant ranks in the BFP and the BJMP staffing pattern. Such system shall be gender-fair so
as to ensure that women personnel of the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau shall enjoy equal opportunity
for promotion as of men;

b) Requirements for Promotion. —

1) Any personnel of the BFP and the BJMP shall not be eligible for a promotion to a higher rank unless
he/she has met the minimum qualification standards or the appropriate civil service eligibility set by the
CSC, and has satisfactorily passed the required psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical tests;

86
2) Any personnel of the BFP and the BJMP who has exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry at
the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call of duty, or selected as such in a nationwide search
conducted by any accredited civic organization, shall be promoted to the next higher rank: Provided, That
these shall be validated by the DILG and the CSC based on established criteria.

SEC. 11. Performance Evaluation System. — There shall be established a performance evaluation
system which shall be administered in accordance with the rules, regulations and standards, and a code
conduct for the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP to be promulgated by the Fire Bureau and
the Jail Bureau through the DILG. Such performance evaluation system shall be administered in such a
way as to foster the improvement of individual efficiency and behavioral discipline as well as the
promotion of organizational effectiveness and commitment to service.

The rating system as contemplated herein shall be based on standards prescribed by the Fire Bureau and
the Jail Bureau through the DILG and shall consider the results of the annual psychiatric/psychological and
physical tests conducted on the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP.

SEC. 12. Standardization of the Base Pay, Retirement and Other Benefits of the Uniformed
Personnel of the BFP and the BJMP. — In order to enhance the general welfare, commitment to
service and professionalism of the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP, they shall receive the
minimum starting salary equivalent to the salary grade level of the corresponding rank classification of
their counterparts in the PNP, as provided under Section 36 of the Republic Act No. 8551, and in the AFP,
as provided under Section 2 of Republic Act No. 9166.

The rate of base pay of the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP shall be adjusted in accordance
with the following salary grade schedule:

RANK SALARY GRADE

Fire/Jail Director 28
Fire/Jail Chief Superintendent 27
Fire/Jail Senior Superintendent 26
Fire/Jail Superintendent 25
Fire/Jail Chief Inspector 24
Fire/Jail Senior Inspector 23
Fire/Jail Inspector 22
Senior Fire/Jail Officer IV 19
Senior Fire/Jail Officer III 18
Senior Fire/Jail Officer II 17
Senior Fire/Jail Officer I 16
Fire/Jail Officer III 14
Fire/Jail Officer II 12
Fire/Jail Officer I 10

Provided, That all benefits currently received by the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP under
other existing laws shall continue to be received by them: Provided, further, That their retirement pay
shall be subject to the adjustment/s based on the prevailing scale of base pay of the uniformed personnel
in the active service.

87
SEC. 13. Implementation. — The implementation of this Act shall be undertaken in staggered phases,
but not to exceed three (3) years, taking into consideration the financial position of the national
government: Provided, That any partial implementation shall be uniform and proportionate for all ranks.

SEC. 14. Implementing Rules and Regulations. — The DILG, in coordination with the BFP, the BJMP,
the CSC, the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), and the Department of Finance (DOF) shall,
within ninety (90) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate the rules and regulations necessary to
implement the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 15. Annual Report. — The BFP and the BJMP through the DILG and the DBM shall jointly submit to
the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives an annual report on the
implementation of this Act. This report shall include information on the application of the budget for the
salary and other benefits provided under this Act. The DBM, in consultation with the BFP and the BJMP
through the DILG, shall periodically review and adjust every five (5) years the rates of base pay, taking
into consideration labor productivity, consumer price index, oil price and other similar economic indicators
as may be determined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).

SEC. 16. Separability Clause. — If any position or provision of this Act is declared unconstitutional, the
same shall not affect the validity and effectivity of the other provisions not affected thereby.

SEC. 17. Repealing Clause. — All laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations, and other issuances, or
parts thereof, which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, are hereby deemed repealed,
amended or modified accordingly.

SEC. 18. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its complete publication in the
Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation, whichever comes earlier.

Approved,

(Sgd.) JOSE DE VENECIA

Speaker of the House
of Representatives

(Sgd.) FRANKLIN M. DRILON

President of the Senate

This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 2373 and House Bill No. 6557 was finally passed by the
House of Representatives and the Senate on January 29, 2004 And February 2, 2004, respectively.

(Sgd.) ROBERTO P. NAZARENO

Secretary General
House of Representatives

(Sgd.) OSCAR G. YABES

Secretary of the Senate

Approved: MAR 10 2004

(Sgd.) GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO

President of the Philippines

88
[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10575]

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE BUREAU OF CORRECTIONS (BUCOR) AND PROVIDING FUNDS

THEREFOR

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

SECTION 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as “The Bureau of Corrections Act of 2013”.

SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to promote the general welfare and
safeguard the basic rights of every prisoner incarcerated in our national penitentiary. It also recognizes
the responsibility of the State to strengthen government capability aimed towards the institutionalization
of highly efficient and competent correctional services.

Towards this end, the State shall provide for the modernization, professionalization and restructuring of
the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) by upgrading its facilities, increasing the number of its personnel,
upgrading the level of qualifications of their personnel and standardizing their base pay, retirement and
other benefits, making it at par with that of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP).

SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. –

(a) Safekeeping, which is the custodial component of the BuCor’s present corrections system, shall refer
to the act that ensures the public (including families of inmates and their victims) that national inmates
are provided with their basic needs, completely incapacitated from further committing criminal acts, and
have been totally cut off from their criminal networks (or contacts in the free society) while serving
sentence inside the premises of the national penitentiary. This act also includes protection against illegal
organized armed groups which have the capacity of launching an attack on any prison camp of the
national penitentiary to rescue their convicted comrade or to forcibly amass firearms issued to prison
guards.

(b) Reformation, which is the rehabilitation component of the BuCor’s present corrections system, shall
refer to the acts which ensure the public (including families of inmates and their victims) that released
national inmates are no longer harmful to the community by becoming reformed individuals prepared to
live a normal and productive life upon reintegration to the mainstream society.

SEC. 4. The Mandates of the Bureau of Corrections. – The BuCor shall be in charge of safekeeping
and instituting reformation programs to national inmates sentenced to more than three (3) years.

(a) Safekeeping of National Inmates – The safekeeping of inmates shall include decent provision of
quarters, food, water and clothing in compliance with established United Nations standards. The security
of the inmates shall be undertaken by the Custodial Force consisting of Corrections Officers with a ranking
system and salary grades similar to its counterpart in the BJMP.

89
(b) Reformation of National Inmates – The reformation programs, which will be instituted by the BuCor for
the inmates, shall be the following:
(1) Moral and Spiritual Program;
(2) Education and Training Program;
(3) Work and Livelihood Program;
(4) Sports and Recreation Program;
(5) Health and Welfare Program; and
(6) Behavior Modification Program, to include Therapeutic Community.

(c) The reformation programs shall be undertaken by Professional Reformation Personnel consisting of
Corrections Technical Officers with ranking system and salary grades similar to Corrections Officers.

(1) Corrections Technical Officers are personnel employed in the implementation of reformation programs
and those personnel whose nature of work requires proximate or direct contact with inmates.

(2) Corrections Technical Officers include priests, evangelists, pastors, teachers, instructors, professors,
vocational placement officers, librarians, guidance counselors, physicians, nurses, medical technologists,
pharmacists, dentists, therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, social workers, engineers,
electricians, agriculturists, veterinarians, lawyers and similar professional skills relevant to the
implementation of inmate reformation programs.

SEC. 5. Operations of the Bureau of Corrections. – (a) The BuCor shall operate with a directorial
structure. It shall undertake reception of inmates through its Directorate for Reception and Diagnostics
(DRD), formerly Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC), provide basic needs and security through its
Security and Operations Directorates, administer reformation programs through its Reformation
Directorates, and prepare inmates for reintegration to mainstream society through its Directorate for
External Relations (DER), formerly External Relations Division (ERD).

(b) The DRD shall be responsible for the conduct of classification of each and every inmate admitted to the
BuCor. Inmates shall be classified according to security risk and sentence. Included in the classification is
determining inmate’s certain skills or talents, physical, spiritual, social, mental and psychological
evaluation and other behavioral assessments, as reference of the DRD in the preparation of individual
inmate reformation programs.

(c) Aside from those borne of the provisions under Rule 8, Part I, Rules of General Application of the
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and that of the existing regulation
of the BuCor on security classification (i.e. maximum, medium and minimum security risk), inmates shall
also be internally classified by the DRD and segregated according to crimes committed based on the
related penal codes such as Crimes Against Persons, Crimes Against Properties, Crimes Against Chastity,
so on and so forth, as well as by other related Special Laws, Custom and Immigration Laws.

(d) From the DRD, the Custodial Force and Reformation Personnel of respective security
institutions/camps shall be in charge for the security and the implementation of the recommended inmate
reformation program of each and every inmate while serving sentence, respectively.

(e) The Directorate for External Relations (DER) shall be responsible for pre-release and post-release
programs of inmates due for release. The DER shall also classify inmates according to skills acquired for
referral and endorsement to appropriate companies or corporations participating in the BuCor On-The-Job
Training Programs for newly reformed inmates. The DER shall also evaluate, classify and apply necessary
90
programs to inmates for readiness to join the mainstream society upon release.

(f) Apart from handling inmates, the BuCor shall administratively operate like a standard government
agency through its Administrative Directorates with internal control and internal audit units.

(g) The BuCor shall employ full computerization in the build-up, maintenance and transmittal of necessary
inmate records to all its Prison and Penal Farms and other recipient agencies (i.e. Board of Pardons and
Parole).

SEC. 6. Lands of the Bureau of Corrections. – (a) Aside from administrative purposes, all BuCor lands
shall be used for inmate security, reformation programs and as a means to promote sustainability, both
for income and non-income generating programs, with or without partnership among nongovernment
organizations, civic organizations or other government entities.

(b) As a way to maximize its assets’ value for the effective and extensive reformation (corrections)
programs for national inmates, the BuCor shall have the absolute authority to design, formulate and
implement land-use development plans and policies.

(c) The BuCor may propose additional penal farms as may be necessary as possible, aside from its
existing seven (7) prison and penal farms to decongest existing penal institutions and accommodate the
increasing number of inmates committed to the agency.

(d) All BuCor lands shall have a Certificate of Title registered under its name.

SEC. 7. Facilities of the Bureau of Corrections. – The BuCor shall operate with standard and uniform
design of prison facilities, reformation facilities and administrative facilities, through all the operating
prison and penal farms, such as the following:
(a) Dormitory;
(b) Administration building;
(c) Perimeter/Security fences;
(d) Hospital/Infirmary
(e) Recreation/Multipurpose hall;
(f) Training/Lecture center;
(g) Workshop facility;
(h) Mess hall/kitchen;
(i) Visiting area;
(j) Water tank and pump;
(k) Reception and diagnostic center; and
(l) Service personnel facilities.

SEC. 8. Supervision of the Bureau of Corrections. – The Department of Justice (DOJ), having the
BuCor as a line bureau and a constituent unit, shall maintain a relationship of administrative supervision
with the latter as defined under Section 38(2), Chapter 7, Book IV of Executive Order No. 292
(Administrative Code of 1987), except that the DOJ shall retain authority over the power to review,
reverse, revise or modify the decisions of the BuCor in the exercise of its regulatory or quasi-judicial
functions.

SEC. 9. Organization and Key Positions of the Bureau of Corrections. – (a) The BuCor shall be
headed by a Director who shall be assisted by three (3) Deputy Directors: one (1) for administration, one

91
(1) for security and operations and one (1) for reformation, all of whom shall be appointed by the
President upon the recommendation of the Secretary of the DOJ: Provided, That the Director and the
Deputy Directors of the BuCor shall serve a tour of duty not to exceed six (6) years from the date of
appointment: Provided, further, That in times of war or other national emergency declared by Congress,
the President may extend such tour of duty.

(b) The Head of the BuCor, with the rank of Undersecretary, shall have the position and title of Director
General of Corrections. The second officers in command of the BuCor, with the rank of Assistant
Secretary, shall have the position and title of Deputy Directors of Corrections. The third officer in
command of the BuCor, with the rank of Chief Superintendent, shall have the position and title of
Corrections Chief Superintendent. The fourth officer in command of the BuCor, with the rank of Senior
Superintendent, shall have the position and title of Corrections Senior Superintendent. The fifth officer in
command of the BuCor, with the rank of Superintendent, shall have the position and title of Corrections
Superintendent.

(c) The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) shall rationalize the existing organizational
structure and staffing pattern of the BuCor in accordance with the provisions of this Act and relevant
compensation and position classification laws, rules and regulations.

SEC. 10. Increase of Personnel. – The BuCor shall maintain the custodial personnel-to-inmate ratio of
1:7 and reformation personnel-to-inmate ratio of 1:24. Hence, it is authorized to increase its manpower to
meet such ratio and may continue to increase personnel per percentage rate increase of committed
inmates annually or as the need arises.

SEC. 11. Professionalization and Upgrading of Qualification Standards in the Appointment of

the BuCor Personnel. – (a) No person shall be appointed as personnel of the BuCor unless one
possesses the following minimum qualifications:

(1) A citizen of the Republic of the Philippines;

(2) A person of good moral character;
(3) Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical test for the purpose of determining
his/her physical and mental health;
(4) Must possess a baccalaureate degree from a recognized learning institution;
(5) Must possess the appropriate civil service eligibility;
(6) Must not have been dishonorably discharged or dismissed for cause from previous employment;
(7) Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude; and

(8) Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62 m.) in height for male, and one meter and
fifty-seven centimeters (1.57 m.) for female: Provided, that a waiver for height and age requirement/s
may be granted to applicants belonging to the cultural communities: Provided, further, that a new
applicant must not be less than twenty-one (21) or more than forty (40) years of age. Except for this
particular provision, the above-enumerated qualifications shall be continuing in character and an absence
of any one of them at any given time shall be ground for separation or retirement from the service:
Provided, furthermore, That those who are already in the service upon the effectivity of this Act shall be
given five (5) years from the date of such effectivity to obtain the minimum educational qualification and
eligibility with subsidiary assistance as provided for in this Act.

(b) After the lapse of the period for the satisfaction of a specific requirement, incumbent personnel of the
BuCor who fail to satisfy any of the requirements enumerated under this section shall be separated from
92
the service if they are below fifty (50) years of age and have served in the government for less than
twenty (20) years, or retired if they are fifty (50) years and above and have served in the government for
at least twenty (20) years without prejudice in either case to the payment of benefits they may be entitled
to under existing laws.

(c) For sustained professionalism in the service, the BuCor is directed to conduct study for the feasible
establishment of the Philippine Corrections Academy, patterned after the Philippine National Police
Academy (PNPA) of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Philippine Military Academy (PMA) of the
Armed Forces of Philippines (AFP) for its commissioned officers.

(d) The BuCor shall continue training its personnel through its Personnel Training School, which shall be
renamed as Corrections Training School/Institute patterned after the BJMP’s Jail National Training Institute
(JNTI), the Bureau of Fire’s Fire National Training Institute (FNTI) and the PNP’s National Training Institute
(PNTI).

SEC. 12. Appointment of Personnel to the BuCor. – The appointment of the BuCor shall be effected in
the following manner:

(a) Corrections Officer I to Corrections Chief Superintendent – Appointed by the Director General of
Corrections, and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC); and

(b) Director General of Corrections and Deputy Director of Corrections – Appointed by the President upon
the recommendation of the Secretary of the DOJ, with the proper endorsement by the Chairman of the
CSC.

SEC. 13. Lateral Entry of Officer into the BuCor. – In general, all original appointments of officers in
the BuCor shall commence with the rank of Corrections Inspector wherein applicants for lateral entry into
the BuCor shall include all those with highly specialized and technical qualifications such as, but not limited
to, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, chemical engineers, chemists, architects,
criminologists, certified public accountants, nurses, physical therapists, dentists, social workers,
psychologists, sociologists, guidance counselors and teachers. Doctors of Medicine, members of the
Philippine Bar and chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of Corrections Senior Inspector in their
particular technical service.

SEC. 14. Professionalization and Upgrading of Qualification Standards in the Designation of

Personnel of the BuCor to Key Positions. –

(a) No person shall be designated to the following key positions of the BuCor unless one has met the
qualifications provided therein:

(1) Sub-Colony Supervisor – Should have the rank of Senior Inspector, who must have finished at least-
second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twelve (12) units in a master’s degree program in
management, public administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security
administration, defense studies or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and
must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be
established by the BuCor;

(2) Colony Assistant Superintendent – Should have the rank of Chief Inspector, who must have finished at
least second year Bachelor of Laws or earned at least twenty-four (24) units in a master’s degree program

93
in management, public administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security
administration, defense studies or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and
must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be
established by the BuCor;

(3) Colony Superintendent – Should have the rank of Superintendent, who must be a graduate of Bachelor
of Laws or a holder of a master’s degree in management, public administration, public safety, criminology,
penology, sociology, national security administration, defense studies or other related disciplines from a
recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily passed the necessary training or career
courses for such position as may be established by the BuCor: Provided, That in prison and penal farms
with an inmate population of two thousand (2,000) but below three thousand (3,000), the Colony
Superintendent shall have the rank and qualification of a Colony Senior Superintendent; and

(4) Regional Superintendent – Should have the rank of Senior Superintendent or Chief Superintendent,
who must be a graduate of Bachelor of Laws or a holder of a master’s degree in management, public
administration, public safety, criminology, penology, sociology, national security administration, defense
studies or other related disciplines from a recognized institution of learning, and must have satisfactorily
passed the necessary training or career courses for such position as may be established by the BuCor:
Provided, That in prison and penal farms with an inmate population of three thousand (3,000) but below
five thousand (5,000), the Regional Superintendent shall have the rank and qualification of a Colony
Senior Superintendent: Provided, further, That in prison and penal farms with an inmate population of
over five thousand (5,000), the Regional Superintendent shall have the rank and qualification of a Chief
Superintendent.

Any personnel of the BuCor who is currently occupying such position but lacks any of the qualifications
mentioned therein shall be given five (5) years to comply with the requirements; otherwise, the personnel
shall be relieved from the position.

SEC. 15. Professionalization and Qualifications Upgrading Program. – The DOJ shall design and
establish a professionalization and qualifications upgrading program for personnel of the BuCor, in
coordination with the CSC and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), through an off-campus
education program or other similar programs within ninety (90) days from the effectivity of this Act.

SEC. 16. Attrition System for the Personnel of the BuCor. – There shall be established a system of
attrition for the personnel of the BuCor within five (5) years from the effectivity of this Act, to be
submitted by the said bureau to the DOJ for approval. Such attrition system shall include, but is not
limited to, the provision of the following principles:

(a) Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank – Any personnel of the BuCor who is relieved and assigned to
a position lower than what is established for the grade in the respective staffing pattern, and who shall not
be assigned to a position commensurate to one’s grade within two (2) years after such demotion in
position shall be separated or retired from the service;

(b) Attrition by Non-Promotion – Any personnel of the BuCor who has not been promoted for a continuous
period often (10) years shall be separated or retired from the service, except for those who are occupying
a third level position;

(c) Attrition by Other Means – Any personnel of the BuCor with at least five (5) years of accumulated
active service shall be separated from the service based on any of the following factors:

94
(1) Inefficiency based on poor performance during the last two (2) successive semestral rating periods;

(2) Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) cumulative semestral rating periods;

(3) Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform one’s duties and functions; or
(4) Failure to complete the required career courses and/or appropriate civil service eligibility for his/her
position except for justifiable cause or reason; and

(d) Separation or Retirement from the BuCor under this Section – Any personnel who is dismissed from
the BuCor pursuant to the above-enumerated principles in this section shall be separated if one has
rendered less than twenty (20) years of service, and be retired if one has rendered at least twenty (20)
years of service unless the concerned personnel is disqualified by law to receive such benefits.

SEC. 17. Promotion System for the Personnel of the BuCor. – Within six (6) months after the
effectivity of this Act, the BuCor shall establish a system of promotion for the personnel of the BuCor
through the following principles:

(a) Rationalized Promotion System – The system of promotion shall be based on merit and on the
availability of vacant ranks in the BuCor staffing pattern. Such system shall be gender-fair so as to ensure
that women personnel of the BuCor shall enjoy equal opportunity for promotion as to men;

(b) Requirements for Promotion –

(1) Any personnel of the BuCor shall not be eligible for promotion to a higher rank unless one has met the
minimum qualification standards or the appropriate civil service eligibility set by the CSC, and has
satisfactorily passed the required psychiatric/psychological, drug and physical test; and

(2) Any personnel of the BuCor who has exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk of
one’s life above and beyond the call of duty, or selected as such in a nationwide search conducted by any
accredited civic organization, shall be promoted to the next higher rank: Provided, That these shall be
validated by the DOJ and the CSC based on established criteria.

SEC. 18. Performance Evaluation System. – (a) There shall be established a performance evaluation
system which shall be administered in accordance with the rules, regulations and standards, and a code of
conduct for the personnel of the BuCor to be promulgated by the BuCor through the DOJ. Such
performance evaluation system shall be administered in such a way as to foster the improvement of the
individual efficiency and behavioral discipline, as well as the promotion of organizational effectiveness and
commitment to public service.

(b) The rating system as contemplated herein shall be based on standards prescribed by the BuCor
through the DOJ and shall be considered the result of the annual psychiatric/psychological and physical
test conducted on the personnel of the BuCor.

SEC. 19. Standardization of the Base Pay and Other Benefits of the Uniformed Personnel of the
BuCor. – In order to enhance the general welfare, commitment to service and professionalism, the
following are considered uniformed personnel of the BuCor:

CUSTODIAL RANK REFORMATION RANK

95
Corrections Chief Superintendent
Corrections Senior Superintendent
Corrections Superintendent
Corrections Chief Inspector
Corrections Senior Inspector
Corrections Inspector
Corrections Senior Officer IV
Corrections Senior Officer III
Corrections Senior Officer II
Corrections Senior Officer I
Corrections Officer III
Corrections Officer II
Corrections Officer I
Corrections Technical Senior Superintendent
Corrections Technical Superintendent
Corrections Technical Chief Inspector
Corrections Technical Senior Inspector
Corrections Technical Inspector
Corrections Technical Senior Officer IV
Corrections Technical Senior Officer III
Corrections Technical Senior Officer II
Corrections Technical Senior Officer I
Corrections Technical Officer III
Corrections Technical Officer II
Corrections Technical Officer I

The DBM shall determine the equivalent rank of the uniformed personnel of the BuCor patterned after the
existing ranks of the military and uniformed personnel of other departments.

The base pay, allowances and other benefits of the abovementioned personnel shall be in accordance with
the existing compensation and position classification laws and regulations.

SEC. 20. Retirement Benefits. – Upon compulsory retirement, any custodial officer from the rank of
Corrections Chief Superintendent and below shall be entitled to retirement benefits computed on the basis
of one grade higher than the position last held: Provided, That the retirement pay shall be subject to
adjustment/s based on the prevailing scale of base pay of the uniformed personnel in the active service.

SEC. 21. Funding Source. – The funds required for the implementation of this Act including personnel
benefits shall be taken from the budget of the BuCor for the current fiscal year and also from the
following:

(a) Collections from clearances and certification fees;

(b) Income from institutional projects subject to memoranda of agreements (MOAs), contracts or joint
venture agreements; and

(c) Other miscellaneous incomes (outside MOAs and contracts), such as:

(1) Penal farm agro-production; and

(2) Inmate handicraft industry.

Thereafter, such amounts as may be necessary to implement this Act shall be included in the annual
General Appropriations Act.

SEC. 22. Implementation. – The implementation of this Act shall be undertaken in staggered phases,
but not to exceed five (5) years, taking into consideration the financial position of the national
government: Provided, that any partial implementation shall be uniform and proportionate for all ranks.

SEC. 23. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – The DOJ, in coordination with the BuCor, the CSC,
the DBM and the Department of Finance (DOF), shall, within ninety (90) days from the effectivity of this
Act, promulgate the rules and regulations necessary to implement the provisions of this Act.

96
SEC. 24. Transitory Provisions. – (a) The incumbent Director and two (2) incumbent Assistant Directors
shall serve under the terms for which they have been appointed without need of new appointments upon
the enactment of this Act.

(b) All incumbent personnel who, upon the effectivity of this Act, shall opt to early or optionally retire from
the service will be entitled to the retirement benefits computed as follows:
Age Age Basis for Computing Benefits
57 62

58 63

59 64

60 65

(c) All incumbent personnel, upon the effectivity of this Act, may continue to render services until one
reaches the compulsory age of retirement for public officers of sixty-five (65). Those who shall be newly
hired will have a compulsory age retirement of fifty-six (56) years pursuant to the prevailing provisions on
retirement age of those who are in the uniformed services.

SEC. 25. Annual Report. – The BuCor, through the DOJ and the DBM, shall jointly submit to the
President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives an annual report on the
implementation of this Act. This report shall include information on the application of the budget for the
salary and other benefits provided under this Act. The DBM, in consultation with the BuCor through the
DOJ, shall periodically review and adjust every five (5) years the rates of base pay, taking into
consideration labor productivity, consumer price index, oil price and other similar economic indicators as
may be determined by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).

SEC. 26. Separability Clause. – If any portion or provision of this Act is declared unconstitutional, the
same shall not affect the validity and effectivity of the other provisions not affected thereby.

SEC. 27. Repealing Clause. – All laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations and other issuances, or
parts thereof, which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed repealed, amended
or modified accordingly.

SEC. 28. Effectivity Clause. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its complete publication in
the Official Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation, whichever comes earlier.

Approved,

(Sgd.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE

President of the Senate

(Sgd.) FELICIANO BELMONTE JR.

Speaker of the House
of Representatives

This Act which is a consolidation of House Bill No. 6887 and Senate Bill No. 3335 was finally passed by the
House of Representatives and the Senate on February 5, 2013 and February 6, 2013, respectively.

(Sgd.) EDWIN B. BELLEN

Acting Senate Secretary

(Sgd.) MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP

Secretary General
97
House of Representatives

Approved: MAY 24 2013

(Sgd.) BENIGNO S. AQUINO III

President of the Philippines

Assessment Task No. 8

My Weekly Student Journal #3

Directions: Write a minimum of 300-word reflective essay based on your understanding on the concept
“Role of the Laws (RA 9263 and RA 10575) in the development of our corrections”. Write your journal
entry on the space provided below. You may also write your own title. Kindly refer to the Student Journal
Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for the
journal entry is and how you will be graded.

98
 Weekly Student Journal Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Content 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Journal Journal Journal Journal lacks
demonstrates a demonstrates demonstrates critical thinking.
high degree of some degree of limited critical Superficial
critical thinking in critical thinking thinking in connections are
applying, in applying, applying, made with key
analyzing, and analyzing, analyzing, and/or course concepts
evaluating key and/or evaluating key and course /20
course concepts evaluating key course concepts materials,
and theories from course concepts and theories from activities, and/or
readings, and theories readings, assignments
lectures, media, from readings, lectures, media,
discussions lectures, media, discussions,
activities, and/or discussions activities, and/or
assignments. activities, assignments.
and/or
assignments.
Personal 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Growth Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Personal growth
significant satisfactory less than and awareness
personal growth personal growth adequate are not evident
and awareness of and awareness personal growth and/or
deeper meaning through some and awareness demonstrates a
through inferences through few or neutral
inferences made, made, simplistic experience with /20
examples, well examples, inferences made, negligible
developed insights, and examples, personal impact.
insights, and challenges. insights, and/or
substantial depth challenges that
in perceptions are not well
and challenges. developed.
Writing 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Quality Well written and Above average Average and/or Poor writing style
clearly organized writing style casual writing lacking in
using standard and logically style that is standard English,
English, organized using sometimes clarity, language
characterized by standard unclear and/or used, and/or
elements of a English with with some errors frequent errors in
strong writing minor errors in in grammar, grammar, /10
style and grammar, punctuation, punctuation,
basically free punctuation, usage, and usage, and
from grammar, usage, and spelling spelling. Needs
punctuation, spelling. work.
usage, and
99
 spelling errors.
Total Points /50
Rubric adapted from Denise Kreiger, Instructional Design/Technology Services, SC&I, Rutgers, 4/2014

Assessment Task No. 9

Directions: In a minimum of 250-words, write a discussion that shows the similarities as to the
implementation of RA 9263 and RA 10575. Do your activity in the space provided below. Kindly refer to
the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s expectation for
this activity and how you will be graded.

100
 COLLEGE OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
2nd Floor, GYM Building, University of the Visayas Main Campus
Corner D. Jakosalem, Colon Street, Cebu City, 6000

SHORT PAPER DISCUSSION RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your instructor only.

Category Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Focus 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the single controlling point Sharp, distinct Sufficiently No apparent Minimal
made with an awareness of task controlling point developed point but Evidence of a
about a specific topic. made about a content with evidence of a topic. /10
single topic with adequate specific topic.
evident elaboration or
awareness of explanation.
task.
Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the presence of ideas Substantial, Sufficiently Limited content Superficial
developed through facts, specific, and/or developed with inadequate and/or minimal
examples, anecdotes, details, illustrative content with elaboration or content.
opinions, statistics, reasons content adequate explanation.
and/or explanations. demonstrating elaboration or /10
strong explanation.
development and
sophisticated
ideas.
Organization 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the order developed and Sophisticated Functional Confused or Minimal control
sustained within and across arrangement of arrangement of inconsistent of content
paragraphs using transitional content with content that arrangement of arrangement.
devices and including evident and/or sustains a logical content with or /10
introduction and conclusion. subtle order with some without
transitions. evidence of attempts at
transitions. transition.

Style 10-8 7-5 4-2 1

-the choice, use and Precise, Generic use of Limited word Minimal variety
arrangement of words and illustrative use of variety of words choice and in word choice
sentence structures that create a variety of and sentence control of and minimal
tone and voice. words and structures that sentence control of
sentence may or may not structures that sentence /10
structures to create writer’s inhibit voice structures.
create consistent voice and tone and tone.
writer’s voice appropriate to
and tone audience.
appropriate to
audience.

101
 Conventions 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-Grammars, mechanics, spelling, Evident control Sufficient control Limited control Minimal control
usage and sentence formation. of grammar, of grammar, of grammar, of grammar,
mechanics, mechanics, mechanics, mechanics, /10
spelling, usage spelling, usage spelling, usage spelling, usage
and sentence and sentence and sentence and sentence
formation. formation. formation. formation.
TOTAL /50

Assessment Task No. 10

Directions: Write an analysis paper regarding the two different laws creating the correctional agencies
and determine the areas of possible improvement. Do this activity in the space provided below. Kindly
refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s
expectation for this activity and how you will be graded.

102
 ANALYSIS PAPER RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Introduction 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
and Thesis First paragraph is First paragraph A catchy No attempt was
catchy. Thesis is has a weak beginning was made to catch the
evident and point “grabber”. Thesis attempted but reader’s attention /10
to be argued well is mixed among was confusing in the first
stated. many sentences rather than paragraph. Thesis
and hard to piece catchy. Thesis is is not apparent
together. not entirely nor is the topic of
apparent although the essay.
topic is evident.
Supporting 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
statements All facts Almost all facts Most of the facts There are several
presented in the presented in the presented in the factual errors in
essay are essay are study are the essay. There
accurate and accurate and accurate. is no real effort to
support/relate occasionally Evidence is make the piece /10
back to the support/relate scattered and cohesive.
thesis/topic back to the difficult to follow
sentence. thesis/topic rather than used
sentence. to prove your
thesis/topic
sentence.
Organization 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
The essay is very The essay is The essay is a Idea seems to be
well organized. 5 pretty well little hard to randomly
paragraphs or organized. 5 follow. arranged. No
more are evident. paragraphs are Paragraphs are effort at
One idea or evident. One idea unclear. The paragraph /10
argument follows may seem out of transitions are organization.
another in a place. Clear sometimes not
logical sequence transitions are clear.
with clear used.
transitions.
Analysis 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
The essay The essay The essay The essay does
thoroughly analyzes the somewhat not analyze the
analyzes the author’s analyzes the author’s
author’s style/techniques author’s style/techniques /10
style/techniques. style/techniques or the essay
but contains some contains little
summary of the analysis and
plot. mostly just
summarizes the
plot.
Closing 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Paragraph Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Paper does not
concisely restates restates thesis vaguely restates contain a
thesis statements, statements, main thesis conclusion or
main points and points and statements, main conclusion is not /10
includes an includes final points and apparent to
insightful final concluding includes a weak reader.
concluding thought on the final unoriginal

103
 thought on the topic. final thought.
topic.
Total Points /50
Rubric adapted from Virginia’s CTE Resource Center, Assessment Rubric: Flow Chart

Lesson 4

Seven Penal Institutions of

the Philippines and the
Admission, Confinement and
Classification of Inmates

Google Image

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

College COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION (CCJE)
104
 Program CRIMINOLOGY
Course Code 1. 221
CA Identify
Course Title the
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
Credit Unit 3 different
Lesson 4 Week 4 penal
Seven Penal Institution of the institution
Philippines and the Admission, Confinement and
Classification of Inmates s of the
Module Topic
Philippines
and its
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
location.
1. Identify the different penal institutions of the Philippines and its location.
Intended Learning
2. Discuss
2. Discuss the creation of the different penal institutions in our country.
Outcomes
3. Explain the proper accommodationthe standards of inmate

creation of
the
different
13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)
Number of Hours
penal
institution
1. What is the importance of knowings in our
and understanding the admission, confinement, and
classification of inmates in penal institutions?
Study Questions country.
2. What are the different penal institutions that can be found in our country?
3. How do inmates in penal 3. Explain
institution been classified?
the proper
Required Suggested
accommod
Lesson 4. Course Module on Institutional ation Foronda, M. (2014). Correctional Administration 1
Corrections College of Criminal Justice (Institutional Based Corrections) Second Edition.
Education. University of the Visayas
standards
Learning Resources Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
for inmate
Educational YouTube Videos

 https://youtu.be/Jx_hguY1GP8

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 4 on Seven Penal Institution of the Philippines and the
Admission, Confinement and Classification of Inmates which is the last part of your Course Module.
Student may refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials indicated in this
Course Study Guide as additional reading resources.
Learning Activity 2. While studying and learning the topics in Lesson 4, the student can now start writing entry four of
the Weekly Student Journal based from the given concept “Role of the Penal Institutions in our
country.”
3. After studying and learning the topics in Lesson 4, the student shall answer Assessment Task 12
(Seven Penal Institutions), and Assessment Task 13 and 14 (Penal Institution of the Philippines and
the admission, confinement and Classification of Inmates)

1. Student Journal Entry 4

2. Schematic Diagram
Required Output 3. Short Paper Discussion
4. Short Quiz

1. Weekly Student Journal

Assessment Tasks 2. Activity on Seven Penal Institution of the Philippines and the Admission, Confinement and
Classification of Inmates

Assessment Tool
1. Student Journal Rubric
2. Schematic Making Rubric
105
 3. Short Paper Discussion

Target Competency
Conduct criminological research and further studies; Enforce laws, rules and regulations.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for Use:

RINNA MARIE C. DELA PEÑA GERUNCIO C. CMPOMANES, PhD LIMUEL J. ABELGAS, Dev.Ed.D. DONALD B. NARRA, PhD
Faculty Dean, CCJE UV-Toledo City Campus Chairman, CCJE Advisory Council Dean
Date: Date: Date:
Revision #002

106
 SEVEN PENAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE ADMISSION,

CONFINEMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF INMATES

The Seven Penal Farms of the Bureau of Corrections

The prison system in the Philippines used the concept of “penal colony”. A penal colony is a
settlement used to exile prisoners are separate them from free community by placing them in a remote
location, often an island or distant colonial are regarded as “open institutions” due to the absence of
barriers and walls. The First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of
Offenders held in Geneva in 1995 defined open institution “an institution which is characterized by the
absence of material or physical precautions against escapee such as walls, locks, bars, armed or other
special security guards, and by a system based on self-discipline and the inmate sense of responsibility
toward the group in which he lives. This system encourages the inmates to use the freedom accorded to
him without abusing it. It is these characteristics which distinguish the open institution from other types of
institution, some of which are run on the principle without, however, realizing them to the full”. The other
feature of the Philippine Prison System is the idea of “penal farm” which refers to large correctional facility
where penal labor convicts are place to economical use in a farm usually through manual labor, largely in
open air such as in agriculture, logging, lives stock raising, and quarrying. Its historical equivalent on a
very large scale was a penal colony. The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are used primarily to
feed the prisoners themselves and for the correctional personnel as well. The following are the seven
penal farms in the Philippines which are under the control and close supervision of the Bureau of
Corrections.

1. The New Bilibid Prison

The old Bilibid prison was the first penal institution in the country using the concept of a national
penitentiary established even before the effectivity of the Spanish Penal Code in the Philippines. It was in
the year 1847 that the first Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place for confinement of
Filipino prisoners, by virtue of the Royal Degree of the Spanish Crown. The design of the old Bilibid Prison
was such that the brigades were constructed in a radial spokes-of-a-wheel form. For easy command and
control, a central tower was placed as “brigadas” are made of strong adobe stones so sturdy that even in
this day after its transfer to the City Government of Manila, it still stands and has been used by the City of
Manila as the City Jail. The place is still famous for its name as the “May Halique Estate”, at nearby
Central Market of Manila. In 1936, the City of Manila exchanged its Muntinlupa property of 551 hectares
with that of the Bureau of Prisons lot in Manila. This Muntinlupa Estate was originally intended as a site for
the Boys Training School. Because it is too far from Manila, the City of Manila preferred the site of the old
Blibid Prison.

By virtue of the Commonwealth Act No. 67 a new prison was built in Muntinlupa which gave birth to
the “New Bilibid Prison”. Today, the New Bilibid Prison operates two satellite units, namely, Bukang
Liwayway Camp and Sampaguita Camp. These two camps are located a few meters back of the New
Bilibid Prison Compound. The Reception and Diagnostic Center is situated in Sampaguita Camp which
serves as a place for classification of prisoners. At present, the New Bilibid Prison houses maximum
security, medium security, and minimum security prisoners. The New Bilibid Prison also specializes in the
industrial type of vocational training. It operates a furniture shop, shoe repairing shop, blacksmith and
107
tinsmith shop, auto mechanics, and automobile building shop, tailoring, electronic, watch repairing,
carpentry, and rattan furniture shop. It is also engage in gardening, poultry, piggery and animal
husbandry.

2. The San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm

The established of the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga was by virtue of the Royal
Decree promulgated in 1869. The necessity of its establishment was observed during the revolution
against the Spanish government that requires an additional prison separates from Bilibid for those who
fought the established government. In effect, the San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga were
establishing for confinement of political offenders. Filipino fighters who advocated to reforms against the
Spanish Government and who were not executed or put to death were sent earlier to Guam or the
Marianas Island or to Zamboanga. The prison was named after its founder Capt. Ramon Blanco of the
Spanish Royal Army. One of the Pilipino prisoners there during the days was Dr. Jose Rizal who fought for
reforms and was considered an enemy of the Spanish Government. The San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
have an area of 1,524.6 hectares. Its provincial product is copra, one of the biggest sources of the income
of the Bureau of Prisons. It also cultivates rice, com, and coffee and raises cattle and other livestock.

3. The Iwahig Penal Colony

The Iwahig Penal Colony previously known as “iuhit penal settlement” was originally established on
November 16, 1904 in Puerto Princesa City to serve as an institution for incorrigible criminals. Its
establishment was envisioned by Governor Forbes, who was then the Secretary of Commerce and Police,
and the facility was made on the suggestion of Governor Luke E. Wright who felt the need for an
institution designed for hardened criminals. On November 1, 1905, the Philippine Commission under the
authority of the Reorganization Act 1407 changed the policy by converting the Penal Colony from an
institution for well-behave and declared tractable prisoners. There being no walls, only mutual trust and
confidence between wards and prison authorities keep them together.

Today, the Iwahig Penal Colony enjoys the reputation of being one of the best open institutions all
over the world. Originally, it was land area of 36,000 hectares but in the late 1950’s it was expanded to
40,000 hectares and finally, by virtue of Executive Order issued by Governor Newton Gilbert on October
15,1912, the land area was again expanded into 41,007 hectares. The colony was divided into four sub-
colonies, namely, Sta. Lucia Sub-Colony with 9,685 hectares, Inagawan Sub-Colony with 13,000 hectares,
Montible Sub-Colony with 8,000 hectares, and Central Sub-Colony where the headquarters and main
buildings of the colony are located with a land area of 14,000 hectares. Each operates as a small
institution under the charge of the Penal Supervisor. The Iwahig Penal Colony administers the “Tagumpay
Settlement”. The Settlement is 1,000 hectares, a portion which was divided into a 6-hectare homestead
lot which was distributed to release inmates who desired to live in settlement.

4. The Davao Penal Colony

This was established on January 21, 1932 in accordance with Act No. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414,
Series of 1931. The first contingent of prisoners that opened the colony was led by Gen. Paulino Santos,
its founder and then Director of Prisons during that time. At present, the area approximately consists of
30,000 hectares situated in the Districts of Panabo and Tagum, Davao del Norte and is devoted to abaca.
In 1942, this colony was used as a concentration camp of American Prisoners of War. During the war, the
Japanese soldiers devastated the colony, destroy its buildings, machinery and industries. In August 1946,
the colony was re-established and restored to its to its former productive activity by slow reconstruction.
This institution is now the main source of income of the Bureau of Prisons from its vast abaca, rice, and

108
other agricultural products. The colony has been engaged in a joint venture with Tagum Development
Company in a 3,000-hectare banana plantation.

The colony is subdivided into (3) sub-colonies, namely; the Panalo Sub-colony, the Kapalong Sub-
colony, and the Abaca Decorticating Plant take charge of the production of abaca, which is the main
product and industry of the penal colony. The Davao Penal Colony also has a settlement site, the Tanglaw
Settlement for release inmates who wish to stay inside the colony.

5. The Correctional Institution for Women

In 1931, the Correctional Institution for Women was established on an 18-hectare piece of land in
Mandaluyong by authority of Act No. 3579 which was passed on November 27,1929. Its origin is from
“Women’s Prison” but due to the modern concept and merging trends in penology, the same was
changed to “Correctional Institution for Women”. Prior to the establishment of this institution, female
prisoners were confined in one of the wings of the Bilibid Prison. Later, the need for a female
superintendent was felt, so a position for a female superintendent was created in 1934. Today, the
Correctional Institution for Women is an institution under the Bureau of Corrections with a separate
budgetary outlay for the needs of female prisoners. This is the only penal institution conducts vocational
courses in dressmaking, beauty culture, handicraft, cloth weaving and slipper making. Education is also
offered to physical education, reflexology classes, aside from basic health, dental, and medical services
regularly given to inmates.

6. The Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm

In 1954, there was a tremendous increase in prison population in the New Bilibid Prison and so the
President issued Proclamation No. 72, dated September 27, 1954, setting aside 16,190 hectares of virgin
land in Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro, for the establishment of the Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm. The
first colonies and employees arrived in Sablayan on January 14, 1955. Since then, several buildings have
been constructed for the use of the personnel and employees of the colony The Sablayan Penal Colony has
been used as a facility where prisoners from the New Bilibid Prison are brought for decongestion of the
New Bilibid Prison. It provides a work program in agro-industrial production as well as non-formal
education for prisoners. Horticulture is the main source of production; private sectors are encouraged to
participate through joint ventures in rice and corn. At present, rice is the principal product of the colony
which serves as its main source of income. It is self-sufficient in rice and also raises vegetables not only
for the use of the colony but also for the inmates of the New Bilibid Prison.

7. The Leyte Penal Farm (Leyte Regional Prison)

The Leyte Regional Prison (LPR) was created by virtue of P.D. No. 28 and was establish on January 16,
1973 under Presidential Decree No. 1101. It is located in Brgy. Mahagna, Abuyog, Leyte some sixty-six
(66) kilometres from Abuyog town proper. It is situated on a 861.66 hectare forested area on top of a
mountain surrounded by mountain ranges. It is also composed of two communities: the “enclosed
community” and the “open community” prisoners who are in the enclosed community are those who
belong to the medium and maximum security while prisoners who are in the minimum security are placed
in the open community.

It was built to receive, confine, securer and rehabilitate convicted criminals classified as national
prisoners whose sentence range from three (3) years and one (1) day imprisonment or above. Most
prisoners came from region VIII comprising the provinces in the island of Samar, Leyte and Biliran. This
penal colony houses maximum security, medium security and minimum-security prisons. Prisoners within
the prison compound are usually engaged handicraft while those who are living-out prisoners are engaged
in farming and also in handicraft making. Others are household helpers who receive some simple tokens
109
and small compensation. Prisoners were used for maintenance work in the stockage and in the hospital,
assisting in various shop in the island, road work, garbage disposal and sanitation, electric railways,
building repair and maintenance, and ordinance work.

Confiscation of contrabands Item

 Confiscation of Contraband- narcotics and all other prohibited drugs or substances, the
possession and/or use of which are punishable under our laws, all types of weapons, substances or
chemicals that may cause injury to a person, and items or articles which an inmate is not allowed
to possess under prison rules shall be considered contraband items and confiscated.

Issuance of Uniform

1. Issuance of Uniforms, etc.- the newly admitted inmate shall be issued two regulation
uniforms/suits and two t-shirts. Whenever practicable, he shall also be issued the following items:
a. One (1) blanket;
b. One (1) mat;
c. One (1) pillow with pillow case;
d. One (1) mosquito net;
e. One (1) set, mess kit; and
f. One (1) pair, slippers.
The inmate shall be held responsible and accountable from the items issued to him.

Personal Effect of Inmates

Personal Effects of Inmate- in addition of the articles supplied by the prison, the inmate may bring
clothes and other items essential to his well-being, provided the quantity, nature, and dimension thereof
will not interfere with the safety and living conditions of the other inmates. The Superintendent may allow
the inmate to bring in electrical equipment like television sets, radio cassettes, video players, electric fans,
and similar items provided the same is for common use with other inmates. In no case shall an inmate be
allowed to bring in luxurious items such as conditioners, carpets, sofas, beds, sleeping mattresses,
washing machines, and the like.

General Classification of Prisoner

When the diagnostic examination is done, the inmates are admitted in prison and they are classified
afterwards for better control, management, and treatment. The Operational Manual of the Bureau of
Corrections provides the following guidelines for the classification of inmates, to wit:

1. Classification Board – every prison shall have a classification board that classifies inmates. The
board shall composed of the following:

Chairman
Superintendent
Vice-Chairman

110
 Chief, RDC
Members
Medical officer
Chief, Education Section
Chief, Agro-Industries Section
Secretary
Chief, Overseer

Classification of Inmates as to Security Status

1. Classification of Inmates as to Security Risk – an inmate shall be assigned to any of the

following security groups:

A. Maximum Security Prisoners – these shall include highly dangerous or high security inmates
as determined by the Classification Board, who require a high degree of control and
supervision. (They are confined at the Maximum. Security Prison, NBP Main Building) and wear
tangerine/orange color of uniform.) under this category are:

A.1. those sentenced to death;

A.2. those whose minimum sentence is 20 years imprisonment;
A.3. remand inmates or detainees whose sentence is 20 years and above and those whose
sentences are under review by the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals;
A.4. those with pending cases;
A.5. recidivist, habitual, delinquents, and escapees;
A.6 those who are confined in the Reception and Diagnostic Center;
A.7. those under disciplinary punishment; and
A.8. those who are criminally insane or those with severe personality or emotional disorders
that make them dangerous to fellow inmates or to the prison staff.

B. Medium Security Prisoners – these shall include those who cannot be trusted in less security
areas and those whose conduct or behavior require minimum supervision. (They occupy the
Medium Security Prison, Camp Sampaguita, and wear blue color of uniform.) under this
category are:

B.1. those whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years imprisonment;

B.2. remand inmates or detainees whose sentence is below 20 years;
B.3. those who are 18 years old and below, regardless of the case and sentence;
B.4. those who have two or more records of escapes. They can be classified as medium security
inmates if they have served eight years since they were recommitted. Those with one record of
escape must serve five years; and
B.5.first offender sentenced to life imprisonment. They may be classified as medium security
prisoners or less, upon the recommendation of the Superintendent. Those who are detained in
a city or provincial jail shall not be subjected to said classification.

C. Minimum Security Prisoners – these shall include those who can be reasonably trusted to
serve their sentences under less restricted condition. (They occupy the Minimum-Security
Prison, Camp Bukang Liwayway, and wear brown color of uniforms.) Under this category are:

C.1. those with severe physical handicap as certified by the chief medical officer of the prison;

111
 C.2. those who are 65 years old and above, without pending case and whose convictions are
not on appeal;
C.3. those who served one-half of their minimum sentence or one-third of their maximum
sentence, excluding Good Conduct Time Allowance (GCTA); and
C.4. those who have only six months more to serve before the expiration of their minimum
sentence.

Color(s) of Uniform as to Security Classification.

Determination of the security category under which a prisoner falls is by the color of his prison
uniform, which is as follows:

1. Maximum Security – Tangerine

2. Medium Security – Blue
3. Minimum Security – Brown
4. Detainee - Gray

Diversification and Classification of Inmates to entitled of privilege

1. Classification of Inmates as to entitlement to Privileges- to determine their entitlement

to prison privileges, inmates are classified as follows:

a. Detainee – a person who is confined in prison pending preliminary investigation, trial, or

appeal, upon legal process issued by the competent authority.
b. Third Class Inmate – one who has either been previously committed for three or more times
as a sentenced inmate, except those who had been reduced from a higher class;
c. Second Class Inmate – a newly arrived inmate; an inmate demoted from first class; or one
promoted from the third class;
d. First Class Inmate – one whose unknown character and credit for work while in detention
earned assignment to this class upon commencement of sentence; or one who has been
promoted from the second class;
e. Colonist- the Director may, upon the recommendation of the Classification Board, classify an
inmate who has the following qualification as a colonist:

e.1. at least first-class inmate and has serve one year immediately preceding the
completion of the period specified in the following qualifications; and
e.2. has served imprisonment with good conduct for a period equivalent to one-fifth of the
maximum term of his prison sentence, or seven years in the case of a life sentence.

Privilege of the Colonist

Privileges of a Colonist – a colonist shall have the following privileges:

a. Credit of an additional GCTA of five days for each calendar month while he retains said
classification aside from the regular GCTA authorized under Article 97 of the Revised Penal
Code;
b. Automatic reduction of the life sentence imposed on the colonist to a sentence of 30 years;
c. Subject to the approval of the Director, to have his wife and children, or the woman desires to
marry, live with him in prison and penal farm. Transportation expenses of the family going to
and the discharge of the colonist from the prison and penal farm shall be for the account of the
112
 government. The family may avail of all prison facilities such as hospitals, church, and school
free of charge. All the members of the family of a colonist shall be subjected to the rules
governing the prison and penal farm.
d. As a special reward to a deserving colonist, the issuance of a reasonable amount of clothing and
ordinary household supplies from the government commissary in addition to free subsistence;
and
e. To wear civilian clothes on such special occasions as may be designated by the Superintendent.

Husband and wife inmates may be allowed to serve their sentence together in prison and
penal farm as soon as both are classified as colonists. The grant of colonist status may for
cause be revoked at any time by the Superintendent with the approval of the Director.

Confinement and Accommodations of Inmate

Inmates confined in a prison facility shall be entitled to the following accommodations designed to
control their behavior and activities:

1. Place of confinement – an inmate shall only be confined in a place declared by the President of
the Philippines by Executive order to be place of confinement of national inmates or by specific
direction of the court, provided that a male inmate shall be committed directly to and shall be
confined in a prison nearest his actual place of residence. A prison may also be used as a place of
detention for other classes of inmates or for the temporary safekeeping of any person detained
upon legal process.
2. Security Compounds – a prison shall, whenever possible, have separate prison compounds for
the segregation of inmates according to their security classification. Each compound shall be under
a Superintendent who is assisted by an Assistant Superintendent.
3. Separate Facilities – where facilities permit, there shall be separate dormitories to house inmates
under the following categories:

a. Finally sentenced inmates;

b. Death convicts;
c. Inmates who, by reason of their criminal record, are likely to exercise negative influence on
their inmates;
d. Detainees;
e. Youth offenders or those below 18 years of age;
f. First offenders;
g. Habitual delinquents, recidivists, escapees;
h. Infirm, aged, invalid and other finally convicted inmates whose physical conditions seriously
impair their mobility;
i. Those suffering from mental disease or abnormality, including sexual deviates
j. Female offenders;
k. Drug dependents;
l. Foreign nationals; and
m. Members of cultural minorities.

4. Prison Accommodation Standards – these are:

a. All accommodations for the use of inmates shall meet requirements of sanitation and hygiene
with emphasis on adequate ventilation, living space, and lighting.
b. Bathrooms and washing areas shall be provided in every prison facility.

113
 c. All areas regularly used by inmates shall be properly maintained and kept clean at all times.
d. Beds and clothing shall be neatly made up in uniform manner at all times. Beds and buildings
occupied by inmates shall be thoroughly disinfected at least once a month.
e. Cleanliness shall be maintained at all times in all dormitories or cells, specially toilet and baths.
f. As often as it is necessary, an inmate shall send his dirty clothes to the laundry.
g. Even Sunday and holiday, if weather permits, inmates will exposed their clothes, beds,
beddings and so forth in the sunshine in an area designated for the purpose. Cleanliness of the
premises of the dormitories and their surroundings shall be strictly enforced. Littering is
prohibited.
h. Inmates shall be served meals three times a day. Breakfast shall be served not more than 14
hours after the previous day’s dinner.

Transfer of Inmates

The following are the rules on the transfer of inmates to another correctional facility in accordance
with the operational guidelines of the Bureau of Corrections:

1. Transfer of Inmates to Another Prison – an inmate may be transferred by the Director

upon the recommendation of the superintendent concerned to another prison facility to bring
the said inmate closer to his rehabilitation program.
2. Transfer of Insane Inmates – an inmate who has been confirmed to be mentally abnormal
or insane may be transferred to a mental hospital with the approval of the Director.
3. Transfer of Inmate to Stocked of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) – the
confinement of an inmate may be transferred to an AFP stockade provided the inmate is
certified as minimum risk and those not belong to any of the following categories:

a. Inmate serving a life term or sentenced to death;

b. Inmate with a previous record of escape;
c. Recidivist;
d. Inmate serving sentence for a crime involving moral turpitude;
e. Female inmate
f. Inmate who had previously been transferred to an AFP stockade and was returned to prison
for cause;
g. Inmate who is more than 50 years old who can no longer perform manual or work;
h. Inmate who is permanent resident of a place within a radius of 100 kilometers from the AFP
stockade where he is being transferred; or
i. Inmate with a pending case or who is a witness in any pending criminal case.

4. Transfer of Inmates not Eligible to be a Colonist to a Prison and Penal Farm – upon the
recommendation of the Classification Board, the Director may also transfer to a prison and
penal farm an inmate who, although not eligible for classification as a colonist, is:

a. Physically and psychologically fit to absorb the rehabilitative program in the colony, or
b. That such an assignment is therapeutically indicated.

5. Transfer of Inmates to a Provincial Jail and Vice Versa – the President of the Philippines
may direct, as the occasion may require, the transfer of inmates from national prison to a
provincial jail, or vice versa. The expenses for such transfer shall be borne by the bureau
except the cost of escort service which shall be provided by the Philippine National Police.

114
 6. Mental and Physical Examination of Inmate to be transferred – the inmate shall be given
a mental and physical and physical examination prior to his transfer.

Outside Movement of Inmates

The standard operating procedures on the movement of inmates were established to guide the
correctional personnel in cases where movement of prisoners is necessary. These rules are hereby
enumerated, to wit:

1. Movement of Inmate Outside Confinement Facility–the Superintendent of a prison may

authorize an inmate to be taken out of prison in the following instances:
a. To appear in court or other government agency as directed by competent authority;
b. For medical examination/treatment or hospitalization in an outside clinic or hospital; or
c. To view the remains of a deceased relative.

2. Approval of the Secretary of the Outside Movement – the prior approval of the Secretary shall
be required for the outside movement of the NBP or CIW inmate as provided in paragraphs b and c
above.
3. Outside Movement of a Death Convict – a death convict shall not be allowed to leave his place
of confinement except for the urgent treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or serious ailment,
if the diagnosis cannot be done or the treatment provided in the prison hospital.
4. Basis of Court Appearance – the court appearance of an inmate shall be based on a subpoena
issued by the court as endorsed by the Director.
5. Court Appearance of a Life Termer or Death Convict – no inmate sentenced to death or life
imprisonment confined in the NBP shall be brought outside the said prison for appearance or
attendance in any court except when the Supreme Court authorizes the presiding judge of said
Court, upon proper application, to effect the transfer of said inmate. The NBP Superintendent shall
request the judge in Metro Manila and in the Provinces of Rizal, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna who
requires the appearance or attendance in any judicial proceeding with in the premises of the said
prison.
6. Application to View the Remains of a Deceased Relative; Supporting Documents – a
minimum or medium security inmate may, upon written application, be allowed by the
Superintendent to view the remains of the following relatives upon written application and
submission of the original or certified true copies of the death certificate, the burial permit and the
document specified hereunder:

a. Wife or husband (marriage certificate)

b. Child (birth certificate of child and marriage certificate of the inmate)
c. Brother/sister (birth certificate of brother/sister and birth certificate of the inmate)
d. Father/mother (birth certificate of the inmate)
e. Grandchild (birth certificate of the inmate)
f. Grandparent (birth certificate of the inmate and his/her parent who is the son/daughter of the
deceased grandparent)

7. When to File Application –the application to view the remains of a deceased relative and all its
supporting documents shall be filed with the Superintendent at least two days before the
enjoyment of the privilege sought. In the case of an NBP or CIW inmate, the application in its
supporting documents, together with the prison record of inmate and the favorable
recommendation of the Superintendent thereof and the Director shall be forwarded to the
Secretary for the final action at least one working privilege is to be enjoyed.

115
 8. Duration of Privilege – the inmate may be allowed more or less three hours to view the deceased
relative in the place where the remains lie in the state but shall not be allowed to pass any other
place in transit, or to join the funeral cortege.
9. Distance of Travel – the privilege may be enjoyed only if the deceased relative is in a place
within the radius of 30 kilometers by road from the prison. Where the distance is more than 30
kilometers, the privilege may be extended if the inmate can leave and return to his place of
confinement during the daylight hours of the same day.

Rights and Privilege of Inmates

Inmate Communication

The following are the standard procedures on inmate communication in accordance with the Bureau
of Corrections Manual:

1. Right to Communicate – an inmate shall have the right to communicate or correspond with
persons and organizations and to send and receive letters, packages, books, periodicals, and other
materials that can be lawfully sent by email.
2. Censorship of Mail Matter – all letters sent or received by an inmate, as well as magazines,
books, periodicals, and all reading materials shall be subjected to censorship to prevent the entry
of contraband and the entry or exit of information that may adversely affect the security of the
prison.
3. Guidelines in Censorship of Mail Matter – the sending the receiving of mail by all inmates shall
be governed by the following guidelines:

a. Inmates’ mail shall be secured until such time that the censors are ready to examine them.
b. Inmates’ mail shall be opened and search by qualified, trained and authorized personnel.
c. Greeting cards shall be carefully examined and fillers of any kind found therein shall be
collected for laboratory examination.
d. Photographs shall be marked on the reverse side and replaced in the envelope.
e. In censoring mail, prison slang, unusual nicknames, and sentences with double meaning shall
be carefully studied and deciphered.
f. Letters passed by censors shall bear the censor’s stamp at the top of each page and on the
envelope. The letter shall be replaced in the same envelope. The letter shall be replaced in the
same envelope and released.
g. The contents of an inmate’s mail shall be confidential and shall not be discussed with other
prison personnel.

4. What May be Censored –all letters containing statements concerning the security or reputation of
the prison like escape attempts, smuggling/trafficking of contrabands or statements that may
affect prison rules and policies, shall be censored. Any item or correspondence or enclosure that
does not conform to regulations or are detrimental to the security, good order, and discipline of the
prison shall be confiscated and submitted to the Superintendent for disposition.
5. Collection and Delivery of Mail – the mail officer shall collect and deliver mail matters on a daily
basis, Monday through Friday. An inmate shall be advised to claim his mail if he fails to claim his
letter within 24 hours after it is received in prison.
6. Expenses for Special Delivery of Mail – inmates shall be allowed to send letters by registered
mail, certified, stamped, or special delivery at their expense.
7. Sending of Money – inmates may receive or send money through the prison postal service under
the supervision and assistance of designated prison officers. The mail officer shall issue a receipt in
duplicate for the amount enclosed in the inmate’s incoming letter and shall deposit the amount in
116
 the Trust Fund. The original receipt signed by the mail officer shall be filed with the Trust Fund
Officer and the duplicate copy thereof shall be given to the inmate.
8. Mail Privilege of Inmate under Punishment – inmates under disciplinary punishment shall be
allowed full mail privileges, unless his misconduct involves a serious violation of mail regulations.
9. Use of Telephone – all offenders who demonstrate good behavior shall earn one telephone call to
an authorized individual every 90 days. In such a case, the telephone call shall be monitored and
shall have a duration not exceeding five minutes. When making the call, the inmate shall identify
himself as an inmate.
10.Foreign Inmates – inmates of a foreign nationality shall be allowed to communicate with the
diplomatic and consular representatives of the state of which he or she is a national.
11.Stateless Inmates – a national of a state without diplomatic or consular representation in the
country and a refugee or stateless person shall be allowed to communicate with the diplomatic
authorities of the state which takes charge of his or her interest or any national or international
authority tasked to protect such person.

Inmate Grievances

When differences occur inside the correctional facility, the same are settled in accordance with the
rules on grievances. The Bureau of Corrections Manual provides the following standard operating
procedures on inmate grievances:

1. Inmate Complaint Center – to extend prompt, efficient, and timely services to the inmates,
there shall be an inmate complaints, information, and assistance center in each prison compound
which shall be under the office of the Superintendent. The center shall act on all written
complaints that are not palpably frivolous, as well as request for information and assistance of
inmates, within 72 hours from receipt thereof.
2. Inmate Council – there shall be an inmate council composed of finally convicted inmates in every
prison which shall serve as an advisory body to the Superintendent. The Superintendent shall
provide a set of qualification, rules, and regulations for membership in the council.
3. Role of Inmate Representative in the Inmate Council – the inmate representatives of the
inmate council shall meet the Superintendent or his representative to discuss issues and matters
affecting the prison population. The inmate representatives shall not be entitled to special
privileges and shall not have any authority over other inmates or participate in the imposition of
disciplinary measures, or otherwise interfere with prison administrative functions.

Prison Labor and Rule and Regulation Implemented in the Prison

Purpose of Prison Labor

In the past, prison labor was a punitive measure; however, prison labor in modern corrections is
considered as a means of treatment and improving a prisoner’s ability to work for economic development.
Under the standard procedures of the Bureau of Corrections, the following are the conditions for prison
labor;

1. Prison Labor of Finally Convicted Inmate – a finally convicted able-bodied inmate may be
required to work at least eight hours a day, except on Sundays and legal holidays, in and about the
prison, public buildings, grounds, roads, and other public works of the national government. In the
interest of the service, however, they may be required to work in expected days.

117
 2. Prison Labor of a Detainee – a detainee may not be required to work in prison. However, he
may be made to polish his cell and perform such other labor as may be deemed necessary for
hygienic or sanitary sanctions.
3. Agreement of Detainee to Abide by Rules Imposed on Finally Convicted Inmates –upon his
admission, the detainee shall be informed that he may be credited in the service of his prison
sentence with the full time during which he may have undergone preventive imprisonment if he
agrees in writing to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed on those previously convicted
twice or more times of any crime. If the detainee agrees, he shall be asked to manifest his
agreement in writing.
4. Certification of Superintendent if Detainee Refuses to Abide by Rules Imposed on Finally
Convicted Inmates – if the detainee does not agree to abide by the same disciplinary rules as a
finally convicted inmate, the Superintendent shall issue a certification under oath to effect that the
detainee was appraised of his right to be credited in the service of his prison sentence with the full
time during which he may have undergone preventive imprisonment and that the inmate refused to
abide by the rules imposed upon convicted inmates. In such case, the detainee shall be credited in
the service of his sentence with four-fifths of the time during which he has undergone preventive
imprisonment.
5. Agreement or Certification as Part of Prison Record – the agreement or certification
mentioned above shall form part of the prison record of the detainee.
6. Female Inmate – a female inmate shall only be assigned to work on jobs suitable to her age and
physical condition. She shall be supervised only by women officers.
7. Old Inmate – an inmate over 60 years of age may be excused from mandatory labor.
8. Place of Work Assignment – only medium and minimum-security inmates may be assigned to
work in agricultural field projects with in a prison reservation. Maximum security inmates shall not
be allowed to work outside maximum-security compound.
9. Work Program – work programs shall be conducted in prisons to promote good work habits and
self-esteem among inmates and not as a means to exploit cheap prison labor or as a punishment
for deviant behavior.

Discipline of Inmates

Discipline is the training that develops self-control, character or orderliness, and efficiency. It is a
method for the correction of the conduct of a person. Discipline and order in a penal institution should be
maintained with firm authority, but only the necessary restrictions should be given for the safe custody of
the prisoners and for well-ordered community life in the institution.

Prohibited Acts

Every breach of discipline shall be reported to proper prison authorities. The erring inmate shall be
given due process before he is punished. Ignorance of prison rules shall not be countenanced or
considered as an excuse for its non-observance.

The following acts shall subject an inmate to disciplinary action:

1. Participating in illegal sexual acts or placing himself in situations or behavior that will encourage
the commission of illegal sexual acts;
2. Openly or publicly displaying photographs, pictures, drawings, or other pictorial representations of
persons engage in sexual acts, actual or stimulated, masturbation, excretory functions, lewd or
obscene exhibitions of the genitals;
3. Possessing articles which pose a threat to prison security or to the safety and well-being of the
inmates and staff;

118
 4. Giving gifts, selling, or engaging in barter with prison personnel;
5. Maligning or insulting any religious group;
6. Rendering personal services to or requiring personal services from a fellow inmate;
7. Gambling;
8. Exchanging uniforms with another inmate or wearing a uniform other than those officially issued to
him;
9. Using profane, vulgar, or obscene language or making loud or unusual noise of any kind;
10. Loitering in the prison compound or reservation;
11. Giving a gift or providing material or other assistance to fellow inmates or to the prison
administration in general;
12. Engaging in any private work for the benefit of a prison officer or employee;
13. Controlling the activities of other inmates except in organizations or groups recognized by prison
authorities;
14. Tattooing himself or allowing himself to be tattooed on any part of his body. The removal or
alteration of tattoos may only be performed by a prison medical officer upon prior approval by the
Superintendent;
15. Disobeying legal orders of prison authorities promptly and courteously;
16. Threatening, orally or in writing, the life of any employee or prison official;
17. Possessing any communication device like a cellular telephone, pager or radio transceiver;
18. Constructing, renovating or repairing, with personal funds, a prison building or structure;
19. Making frivolous or groundless complaints;
20. In general, displaying any behavior which might lead to disorder or violence, or such other actions
that may endanger the facility, the outside community or others.

Punishment

Punishments usually inflicted against misbehaved prisoners are determined by law and by the
regulation of a competent administrative authority. In accordance with the Manual of the Bureau of
Corrections, the following are the rules of punishment:

1. Board of Discipline Composition – the Director shall establish a Board of Discipline in each
prison to hear cases involving an inmate who violates prison rules. It shall be presided over by the
Assistant Superintendent.
2. Procedure in Disciplinary Cases – the procedure in handling disciplinary cases shall be as
follows:

a. The written complaint or report of an aggrieved inmate or any inmate or prison personnel
having knowledge of any breach of discipline by an inmate shall be filed with the office of the
Superintendent. The complaint or report shall be signed by the complainant and shall describe
the violation and the names of possible witnesses.
b. If the Superintendent, after the initial investigation finds that the complaint or report is
baseless, he shall order its dismissal. Otherwise, he shall endorse the case to the Board of
Discipline for hearing.
c. The Board of Discipline should hold sessions as often as necessary. It shall decide cases
referred to it within five working days after termination of hearings.
d. The hearing should be summary in nature and shall not be bound by the technical rules of
evidence.
e. The inmate charged with the offense shall be allowed to present evidence in the hearing.
f. The decision of the Board of Discipline shall be subject to review and approval by the
Superintendent.

119
 g. A decision approved by the Superintendent shall be final.

3. Protection of Inmate from Institutional Abuse – an inmate shall be treated with respect and
fairness by prison employees. He shall be protected against the following:

a. The imposition of any cruel, unusual or degrading act as a form of disciplinary punishment;
b. Corporal punishment;
c. The use of physical force by correctional officers, except in cases where the latter act in self-
defense to protect another person from imminent physical attack, or to prevent a riot or
escape;
d. Deprivation of clothing, bed and bedding, light, ventilation, exercise, food, or hygienic facilities;
and
e. Forced labor

4. Imposable Punishment – the Board of Discipline shall be authorized to impose any of the
following disciplinary measures on an errant inmate:

a. Cautionary reprimand.
b. Cancellation of recreation, education, entertainment, and visiting privileges.
c. Deprivation of GCTA for a specified period.
d. Change of security status to the next higher category, e.g., from medium to maximum.

5. Confinement in Disciplinary Cell – if the corrective measure proves to be ineffective, an

obstinate inmate may be punished by confinement in a disciplinary cell from one to two months
depending upon the gravity of the offense committed. The punishment shall only be meted out if
the prison medical officer, after the examination, certificates that the inmate is fit to undergo the
same or it will not adversely affect his physical or mental health.
6. Mitigation of Punishment – for the first offense, and if the inmate’s conduct justifies it, the
Superintendent may mitigate, suspend, or modify the penalty imposed on an inmate.
7. Release from Disciplinary Cell – the prison medical officer shall visit periodically the inmate in
the disciplinary cell and shall advice the Superintendent if the punishment shall be terminated on
grounds of physical or mental health.
8. Use of Instrument of Restraint – instruments of restraint, which include handcuffs, chains, iron
and strait- jackets, shall not be applied as punishment. They shall only be used:

a. To prevent an escape during an inmates’ transfer or movement;

b. To prevent an inmate from harming himself or others, or from destroying public or private
property.

9. Limitation on Punishment to be Imposed on Female Inmate – a female inmate shall not be

subjected to disciplinary measures which might adversely affect her unborn or nursing child.
10.Disciplinary Punishment to Form Part of Record of an Inmate –the penalty imposed by the
Board of Discipline shall form part of the carpeta and prison record of an inmate.
Note: instrument of restraint is one which checks or suppresses the physical liberty of prisoners.

Institutions Prison Labor

Purpose of Prison Labor

120
 In the past, prison labor was a punitive measure; however, prison labor in modern corrections is
considered as a means of treatment and improving a prisoner’s ability to work for economic development.
Under the standard procedures of the Bureau of Corrections, the following are the conditions for prison
labor;

1. Prison Labor of Finally Convicted Inmate – a finally convicted able-bodied inmate may be
required to work at least eight hours a day, except on Sundays and legal holidays, in and about the
prison, public buildings, grounds, roads, and other public works of the national government. In the
interest of the service, however, they may be required to work in expected days.
2. Prison Labor of a Detainee – a detainee may not be required to work in prison. However, he
may be made to polish his cell and perform such other labor as may be deemed necessary for
hygienic or sanitary sanctions.
3. Agreement of Detainee to Abide by Rules Imposed on Finally Convicted Inmates –upon his
admission, the detainee shall be informed that he may be credited in the service of his prison
sentence with the full time during which he may have undergone preventive imprisonment if he
agrees in writing to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed on those previously convicted
twice or more times of any crime. If the detainee agrees, he shall be asked to manifest his
agreement in writing.
4. Certification of Superintendent if Detainee Refuses to Abide by Rules Imposed on Finally
Convicted Inmates – if the detainee does not agree to abide by the same disciplinary rules as a
finally convicted inmate, the Superintendent shall issue a certification under oath to effect that the
detainee was appraised of his right to be credited in the service of his prison sentence with the full
time during which he may have undergone preventive imprisonment and that the inmate refused to
abide by the rules imposed upon convicted inmates. In such case, the detainee shall be credited in
the service of his sentence with four-fifths of the time during which he has undergone preventive
imprisonment.
5. Agreement or Certification as Part of Prison Record – the agreement or certification
mentioned above shall form part of the prison record of the detainee.
6. Female Inmate – a female inmate shall only be assigned to work on jobs suitable to her age and
physical condition. She shall be supervised only by women officers.
7. Old Inmate – an inmate over 60 years of age may be excused from mandatory labor.
8. Place of Work Assignment – only medium and minimum-security inmates may be assigned to
work in agricultural field projects with in a prison reservation. Maximum security inmates shall not
be allowed to work outside maximum-security compound.
9. Work Program – work programs shall be conducted in prisons to promote good work habits and
self-esteem among inmates and not as a means to exploit cheap prison labor or as a punishment
for deviant behavior.

Compensation Credits

Inmate compensation. – Six (6) months after being permanently assigned to work in prison, an
inmate may receive compensation credits at rates to be prescribed by the Director, provided:
a. He maintains good conduct; and
b. He shows interest and a definite degree of progress in the particular work assigned to him.
Compensation credits. – Compensation credits shall be allowed in the payment of those
classified on workmanship classification of skilled and semi-skilled grades. The credits accruing to
each shall be made monthly in accordance with the approved recommendation of the committee
named for this purpose. A copy of the committee’s recommendation, duly approved by the
Director or the Superintendent, shall be furnished the Commission on Audit for his information in

121
 connection with his duty of supervising the proper accountability of the fund created, the credits
to which shall be part of the inmate’s Trust Fund.
Compensation earned, how applied. – the whole or part of the compensation credits earned
by an inmate may be forfeited and applied to the payment of supplies and equipment lost or
damaged resulting from the inmate’s misconduct or wilful negligence. One-half (1/2) of said
earnings may be utilized by the inmate to purchase some of his needs. The remainder shall be
withheld, to be paid to him upon release only. In exceptional cases, however, upon satisfactory
showing of a necessity for withdrawal, the Director or the Superintendent may authorize the
disbursement of any part of the amount retained.

Time allowance for Good Conduct and Loyalty

Article 97 RPC (Good Conduct Time Allowance/ GCTA), provides that a prisoner shall entitled to a
deduction from his prison term for good conduct. The good conduct of any prisoner in any penal
institution shall entitle him to the following deduction of sentence:

a. During the first two years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of five days for
each month of good behavior.

b. During the third to the fifth year inclusive, of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction of
eight days for each month of good behavior.

c. During the following years until the tenth year inclusive of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed of
ten days for each month of good behavior; and

d. d. During the eleventh and successive years of his imprisonment, he shall be allowed a deduction
of fifteen days for each month of good behavior.

Note: The authority to issue GCTA lies to the Director of BUCOR. The BJMP, since has no authority
must request to the latter for the issuance of the same. At present, BJMP is working legal
remedies on this.

Article 98 of the Revised Penal Code (Special Time Allowance for Loyalty (STAL), provides for a
deduction of one-fifth of the period of his sentence shall be granted to any prisoner who, having evaded
the service of his sentence under circumstances of occasion of disorder; conflagrations; earthquakes; and
other calamities and surrendered himself to the authorities within 48 hours following the issuance of a
proclamation announcing the passing of the calamity or catastrophe referred to in this article. Whenever
lawfully justified, the Director of BUCOR shall grant allowances for good conduct. Such allowances once
granted shall not be revoked.

RA 10592 – An act amending Articles 29, 94, 97, 98 and 99 of Act No. 3815, as amended.

The New Good Conduct Time Allowance for Prisoners and Related DOJ Opinion on the Penal Colonist
Status.

The IRR for the new GCTA has the following features:

1. It should be construed liberally in favor of a detained or convicted prisoner.

122
 2. A Management, Screening and Evaluation Committee (MSEC) shall be created to determine the
procedures and standards of behavior for the grant of GCTA and related grants for submission as
recommendation to authorities for approval.

3. The grant of GCTA and other grants (like STAL and TASTM) shall be PROSPECTIVE in application.

4. Aside from GCTA, an inmate stands to be granted Special Time Allowance for Loyalty (STAL)
from 1/5 up to 2/5 from his preventive imprisonment or service of sentence; and Time Allowance
for Study, Teaching and Mentoring (TASTM) corresponding to 15 days for every month of study or
mentoring services.

5. Deductible GCTA is based accordingly:

First 2 years: 20 days off for each month

Third to fifth year: 23 days off for each month.

Sixth to tenth year: 25 days off for each month

Eleventh and successive year: 30 days off per month

6.“An appeal by the accused shall not deprive him of his entitlement to the time allowance.”

The IRR also defined certain corrective parameters in the administration of inmate documents and
its application. Thus:

1. Preventive imprisonment by a detainee is credited FULL TIME when there is a

Detainee’s Manifestation.

2. In the absence of the manifestation, when there is Detainee’s Waiver, the creditable
period is four-fifths (4/5) of the time of preventive imprisonment. This means that 80% of
his detention is credited in his record.

3. GCTA has been included in the enumeration under partial extinction of criminal
liability.

4. Those authorized to grant time allowances are the following:

1. Director of Corrections

2. Chief, BJMP

3. Wardens, Provincial, District, City or Municipal Jail

Inmate Communication

The following are the standard procedures on inmate communication in accordance with the Bureau
of Corrections Manual:

1. Right to Communicate – an inmate shall have the right to communicate or correspond with
persons and organizations and to send and receive letters, packages, books, periodicals, and
other materials that can be lawfully sent by email.
2. Censorship of Mail Matter – all letters sent or received by an inmate, as well as magazines,
books, periodicals, and all reading materials shall be subjected to censorship to prevent the

123
 entry of contraband and the entry or exit of information that may adversely affect the security
of the prison.
3. Guidelines in Censorship of Mail Matter – the sending the receiving of mail by all inmates
shall be governed by the following guidelines:

h. Inmates’ mail shall be secured until such time that the censors are ready to examine them.
i. Inmates’ mail shall be opened and search by qualified, trained and authorized personnel.
j. Greeting cards shall be carefully examined and fillers of any kind found therein shall be
collected for laboratory examination.
k. Photographs shall be marked on the reverse side and replaced in the envelope.
l. In censoring mail, prison slang, unusual nicknames, and sentences with double meaning shall
be carefully studied and deciphered.
m. Letters passed by censors shall bear the censor’s stamp at the top of each page and on the
envelope. The letter shall be replaced in the same envelope. The letter shall be replaced in the
same envelope and released.
n. The contents of an inmate’s mail shall be confidential and shall not be discussed with other
prison personnel.

4. What May be Censored –all letters containing statements concerning the security or
reputation of the prison like escape attempts, smuggling/trafficking of contrabands or
statements that may affect prison rules and policies, shall be censored. Any item or
correspondence or enclosure that does not conform to regulations or are detrimental to the
security, good order, and discipline of the prison shall be confiscated and submitted to the
Superintendent for disposition.
5. Collection and Delivery of Mail – the mail officer shall collect and deliver mail matters on a
daily basis, Monday through Friday. An inmate shall be advised to claim his mail if he fails to
claim his letter within 24 hours after it is received in prison.
6. Expenses for Special Delivery of Mail – inmates shall be allowed to send letters by
registered mail, certified, stamped, or special delivery at their expense.
7. Sending of Money – inmates may receive or send money through the prison postal service
under the supervision and assistance of designated prison officers. The mail officer shall issue a
receipt in duplicate for the amount enclosed in the inmate’s incoming letter and shall deposit
the amount in the Trust Fund. The original receipt signed by the mail officer shall be filed with
the Trust Fund Officer and the duplicate copy thereof shall be given to the inmate.
8. Mail Privilege of Inmate under Punishment – inmates under disciplinary punishment shall
be allowed full mail privileges, unless his misconduct involves a serious violation of mail
regulations.
9. Use of Telephone – all offenders who demonstrate good behavior shall earn one telephone
call to an authorized individual every 90 days. In such a case, the telephone call shall be
monitored and shall have a duration not exceeding five minutes. When making the call, the
inmate shall identify himself as an inmate.
10.Foreign Inmates – inmates of a foreign nationality shall be allowed to communicate with the
diplomatic and consular representatives of the state of which he or she is a national.
11.Stateless Inmates – a national of a state without diplomatic or consular representation in the
country and a refugee or stateless person shall be allowed to communicate with the diplomatic
authorities of the state which takes charge of his or her interest or any national or international
authority tasked to protect such person.

Discipline and Punishments of Inmates

124
 Discipline is the training that develops self-control, character or orderliness, and efficiency. It is a
method for the correction of the conduct of a person. Discipline and order in a penal institution should
be maintained with firm authority, but only the necessary restrictions should be given for the safe
custody of the prisoners and for well-ordered community life in the institution.

Prohibited Acts

Every breach of discipline shall be reported to proper prison authorities. The erring inmate shall be
given due process before he is punished. Ignorance of prison rules shall not be countenanced or
considered as an excuse for its non-observance.

The following acts shall be subject an inmate to disciplinary action:

1. Participating in illegal sexual acts or placing himself in situations or behavior that will encourage the
commission of illegal sexual acts;
2. Openly or publicly displaying photographs, pictures, drawings, or other pictorial representations of
persons engaged in sexual acts, actual or stimulated

Inmate Services

There are necessary services provided by prisoner personnel that ensure humane treatment of
prisoners and eliminate the monotony inside the prison facility. These inmate services include the
following in accordance with the Bureau of Correction Manual of Operations:

1. Inmate Services – as part of the prison rehabilitation and treatment program, the inmate shall be
guaranteed access to health, education, religious and related rehabilitation services.

a. Food is the general term for all matter that is taken into the body for nourishment. All prisoners
should be provided by the prison authorities with sufficient food of nutritive value at the usual
hours.
b. Exercise includes any activity which has as its aim the training or development of the body or
mind. It may be a regular series of movements designed to strengthen or develop some part of
the body or some faculty.
c. Sport is any activity or experience that gives enjoyment or recreation; such an activity requires
less or more vigorous body exertion and carried on according to some traditional form or set of
rules whether they are held indoors outdoors. The prison should have the facilities for sports
that may be indulged in by the prisoners.
d. Library is a collection of books and other graphic materials for reading or reference. All
institutions should have a library for use of all categories of prisoners.

2. Health Services –health care and services shall be given to inmates similar to those available in
the free community and subject to prison regulations. A prison shall have at least one qualified
medical doctor and dentist.
Note: Medical services of the institution should include those services with the diagnosis,
treatment, curing, and prevention of diseases; the relief of pain and the improvement and
preservation of the health of the prisoners.

3. Medical Consultation and Visiting Hours – medical consultation and visiting hours shall be
established by the Superintendent in consultation with the medical staff.
4. Basic Guidelines on Medical Consultations – the following guidelines shall be observed
whenever an inmate visits a prison hospital/clinic for consultation and/or treatment:

125
 a. The inmate shall be in proper uniform during consultations.
b. He shall be attended to on a “first-come, first-served” basis.
c. The number of inmates allowed at the hospital/clinic for consultation/treatment shall depend on
the number of available doctors.
d. An inmate shall be suspected to a body search upon entering and leaving the prison
hospital/clinic.
e. In emergency cases, only the medical staff and the patient shall be allowed inside the
emergency room.
f. An inmate shall not loiter in the hospital/clinic or leave the same without permission from the
medical staff.
g. Visitors of inmates shall not be allowed to stay inside the hospital/clinic to attend to sick inmate
without the permission of the medical staff.
h. Children below 12 years of age shall not be allowed to stay inside the hospital ward or
treatment room.
i. Patients in the hospital shall not be required to stand for checking.

5. Pregnant CIW Inmates –in the CIW, there shall be special accommodation for pregnant women.
Whenever practicable, however, arrangements shall be made for children to be born in a hospital
outside the prison.
6. Infant Born to a CIW Inmate – an infant born while the mother is serving sentence in the CIW
may be allowed to stay with the mother for a period not exceeding one year. After the lapse of the
said, if the mother of the infant fails to place the child in a home of her own, the Superintendent
shall mate arrangements with the Department of Social Welfare and Development or any other
social welfare agency for the infant’s care. As far as practicable, the CIW shall have a nursery
staffed by qualified personnel.
7. Recommendation for Release of Seriously-ill Inmate – the prison medical officer shall visit
sick inmates daily and attend to those who complain of any ailment. He shall render a report to the
Superintendent whenever he considers that an inmate’s mental or physical health has been or will
be injuriously affected by continued imprisonment or by any condition of confinement.
8. Notification of Kin of Sick or Dead Inmate – whenever an inmate is critically sick or dies, the
prison medical officer shall report the matter to the Superintendent who in turn shall notify the
inmate’s family by the fastest means of communication available.
9. Meals in Hospital/Clinic – meals shall be served in a prison hospital/clinic at the same time that
the food is served to the other inmates, unless directed otherwise by the prison medical officer.
Inmates assigned to work in the hospital/clinic shall be provided with food rations coming from the
general kitchen.
10.Referral of Inmate for Outside Medical Consultation/Treatment – an inmate who needs
medical treatment or examination that cannot be provided in the prison hospital may be referred to
a hospital/clinic outside the prison for the needed examination, treatment, or hospitalization. The
expenses for the outside medical referral shall be borne by the inmate. During the said referral, the
inmate shall be accompanied by a member of the prison medical staff.
11.Medical Certification- the outside medical examination, treatment, or hospitalization of an
inmate shall be supported by a certification of the medical officer or, if there is none, by a
government physician, which shall specify the exact ailment of the inmate, treatment or
examination required, the duration of the hospitalization that may be required, and shall certify
that the ailment cannot be properly attended to in the prison hospital, provided, that in the case of
an NBP or CIW inmate, the request for outside medical referral shall be forwarded by the Director
to the Secretary for approval at least one day before the proposed referral.

126
12.Referral to Government Hospital – unless absolutely necessary, an inmate shall be referred to a
government clinic, hospital, or institution for the required examination, treatment, or
hospitalization. If the referral is made to private institutions, the expenses incident thereto shall be
borne by the inmate.
13.Outside Referral or Dental Work – except in emergency cases, no dental work for an inmate
shall be done outside prison, and in cases of restoration work, expenses shall be borne by the
inmate.
14.Donation of Human Organ; Form of Donation – the Director may authorize an inmate to
donate to a licensed physician, surgeon, known scientist, or any medical or scientific institution,
including eye banks and other similar institution, including eye banks and other similar institution
any organ, part or parts of his body and to utilized the same for medical, surgical or scientific
purposes, of said organ, or body part or parts which, for a legitimate reason, would be detached
from the body of the grantor, subject to the following conditions:

a. The organ or body part or parts being donated shall be detached after the death of the inmate.
b. The authorization to detach or use the organ or body par or parts shall be writing; specify the
person or institution granted the authorization, the organ, part or parts to be detached, the
specific use or uses of the organ or body part or parts to be employed and shall be signed by
the inmate and attested by two disinterested witnesses.
c. The donation is approved by the proper court.

15.Disposition of Cadaver of Deceased Inmate – unless claimed by his family, the body of an
inmate who dies in prison may be turned over to an institution of learning or any scientific research
center designated by the Secretary, for the purpose of study and investigation, provide that such
institution shall provide a decent burial of the remains. Otherwise, the Bureau shall order the burial
of the body of the inmate at government expense, granting permission to the members of the
family and friends of the inmate to be present thereat. If the body is claimed by the family, all
expenses incident to the burial shall be at the expense of the family.
16.Burial of Convict – in no case shall the burial of a convict be held with pomp.
17.Adult Education – all illiterate inmates shall attend adult education classes. Literate inmates ay
attend classes corresponding to their educational level.
18.Educational Programs for Inmates – a prison may offer any or all of the following educational
programs:

a. Elementary education;
b. Secondary education program to prepare students to successfully pass the required tertiary
level qualification examination and to receive a regular high school diploma. A student will have
completed the program when all the credits required for a regular high school diploma from an
accredited institution have been earned;
c. College education; and
d. Vocational training.
Note: Vocational training may be utilized to discourage idleness among inmates but lately,
emphasis is also placed on the giving of special training courses to the prisoners as preparation
of release.

19.Certificate of Completion – the inmate shall be issued a certificate/diploma upon successful

completion of an educational program or course. This certificate shall form part of his record.
20.Recreational and Cultural Activities – recreational and cultural activities shall be provided in all
prisons for the benefit of the mental and physical health of the inmate.

127
Release of Inmates

Kinds of Releases

Prisoners are released from confinement for any of the following reasons:

1. Upon expiration of his sentence

2. By order of the Court or of competent authority.
3. After being granted of parole, pardon (clemency) or amnesty. In the matter of executive clemency
and parole cases, the Director of Corrections submits the inmate’s prison record to the Board of
Pardons and Parole within the following periods:
a. For commutation of sentence: at least 1 month before the expiration of 1/3 of the minimum
period of the inmate’s indeterminate sentence and in special cases, at least one month before
the periods specified by the Board
b. For conditional pardon: at least 1 month before the expiration of ½ of the minimum period of the
inmate’s indeterminate sentence and in special cases, at least one month before the periods as
the board may specify
c. For parole: at least one month before the expiry date of his minimum sentence.

Authority to Release

Those authorized to order or approve the release of inmates are:

1. The Supreme Court or the lower courts (in cases of acquittal or grant of bail)
2. The President of the Philippines (in cases of executive clemency or amnesty)
3. The Board of Pardons and Parole (in parole cases)
4. The Director of Corrections (upon the expiration of the sentence of the inmate)

Separation and Placement Center

A facility called the Separation and Placement Center is maintained for prisoners to be released i.e.
those whose schedules date of release shall be issued within 30 days. It is here where the prisoner
is cleared of his government property accountability.

Inmates in this facility undergo a one-day seminar in preparation for their lives outside prison. As a
matter of course, they are provided by the agency with transportation fare to their homes, plus a
gratuity to cover the probable cost of subsistence en route and, if practicable, a set of clothing.

The release of prisoners is conducted by the institution superintendent, with the approval of the
Director of Corrections.

Proper Identification Before Releasing

Prior to his release, the prisoner is properly identified through fingerprints and other identification
marks as verified from pertinent records in his admission, taking into consideration the
distinguishing marks noted in reports.

Prisoners are not released through telegrams sent, or telephone calls made, by unnamed/
unauthorized sources. Inmates released by reason of acquittal, dismissal of the case, the filing of
bond, or the payment of the indemnity are released upon receipt by the Superintendent of a written
order bearing the seal of the court and duly signed by the clerk of court or by the judge.

Release of Foreign National Prisoner

128
 As a rule, inmates must be released without unnecessary delay. In cases where an inmate to be
released is suffering from a communicable disease or mental derangement and cannot defray the
expenses for his treatment in, an appropriate government institution.

In the case of a foreign national prisoner about to be released, the Director of Corrections must
notify the Commissioner of Immigration 30 days before the approximate date of release.
Accordingly, the following documents should be submitted to the Immigration Commissioner.

a. Certified copies of the court of decision

b. Synopsis of the prison record
c. Expected date of release

Released Prisoner with Pending Case(s)

In instances when an inmate to be released has a pending case, the Director must give the court
where the case is pending at least 30 days notice before the actual date of release. The proper
recourse would be to turn over the released inmate to the court where the inmate has a pending
criminal case for disposition.

Prohibition in Releasing

In accordance with rules, inmates are not allowed to leave, or to be released from, prison 60 days
before and 30 days after an election except for valid or legal reasons.

Escort Procedures

The following are the Escort Procedures in Transporting High Risk Prisoners in accordance with the
2008 Bureau of Corrections Operational Manual:

1. Primary Duties of Escort Guards – escort guards shall exercise extreme caution at all times and
shall see to it that the inmate does not:

a. Escape;
b. Converse with unauthorized persons;
c. Obtain forbidden articles, especially intoxicants or weapons;
d. Annoy passers-by; and
e. Suffer harm or humiliation.

2. Distance of Guards from Inmates – in escorting a group of inmates, a guard shall keep a
distance of not less than 10 paces from his charge. Upon arrival at the destination, he shall station
himself at a vantage point where all the inmates are within sight and can be properly controlled.

When on board a ship or boat, the group of inmates shall be positioned in the most secure part of
the vessel and shall be required to sit down. The guard shall station himself at strategic points
where he can effectively respond. An inmate shall not be allowed to stand up or move about until
the vessel is ready to dock, except when the guard needs to have a clear view of the port
starboard passages.

3. Basic Escort Procedures – an escort guard shall strictly observe the instructions written at the
back of the inmate’s pass and the purpose and destination of the escort mission. These include, but
are not limited, to the following:

129
 a. While in transit, the inmate shall not be allowed to stop at any place or contact any person until
the destination is reached.
b. The inmate shall at all times be placed under proper restraint, e.g. handcuffs. However, the
same shall be removed when the inmate enters the courtroom.
c. The inmate shall be returned to the prison facility immediately after the purpose of the pass has
been served.
d. The use of a privately-owned vehicle in transporting an inmate is prohibited.

4. Escort Procedures for Court Appearance –in escort duties for court hearing, the
Superintendent shall prove at least two guards for every inmate. However, when two or more
inmates are to be escorted, the number of guards may be reduced proportionately without
sacrificing security requirements. If an inmate is notorious or has a previous record of escape,
additional escort guards shall be assigned.
5. Appearance in Metro Manila Courts – in conducting NBP or CIW inmates for appearance in
Metro Manila Courts, the escort detail shall be headed by a supervising guard or by a senior officer.
If the Court concerned is in the suburbs of Metro Manila such as Cavite, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna,
and Batangas, the escort shall return their wards to the NBP or CIW immediately after the hearing.
6. Turnover of Inmate to Local Jail – a guard assigned to escort an inmate for court hearings who
cannot return to the prison of origin on the same day shall request the court to issue an order
turning over the inmate to the nearest provincial/city jail or police detention cell. The escort guard
shall not stay in private dwelling or hotel with the inmate.
7. Acknowledge of Turnover of Inmates – upon turning the inmate over to an authorized officer
at the destination, the escort-in-charge shall secure an acknowledgement receipt for the custody of
the inmate. This shall clearly bear the name of the receiving officer, his destination and date and
time the inmate was received.
8. Postponement/Resetting of Hearing – after the hearing or if the scheduled hearing is
postponed/reset to another date, the inmate shall be returned to the prison of origin without delay.
If necessary, the escort-in-charge shall secure from the court an order committing the inmate to
provincial/city jail or other detention center.
9. Procedure if Escort Guard becomes Sick – if the escort guard becomes sick, he shall notify
thereof the Superintendent of the prison of origin by the fastest means available so that a
replacement can be sent to continue the mission.
10.Fake or Spurious Subpoena – if the subpoena received by the prison turns out to be spurious, or
if, in spite of a valid subpoena, the scheduled trial is not held, the inmate shall be immediately
returned to the prison of origin. The escort-in-charge shall submit a written report to the
Superintendent on the matter.
11.Certificate of Appearance – immediately after the trial but before leaving the court premises,
the escort-in-charge shall secure from the clerk of court a certificate or other proof of appearance.
12.Procedure During Outside Movement of Inmates – the following security procedures shall be
observed during the outside movement of an inmate:

a. Before Departure from Prison:

I. The written mission order issued by the Superintendent, the mittimus and other prison
record of the inmate shall be given to the escort guards. In case of detainee, the records
shall include the written authorization of the appellate or sentencing court for the outside
movement of the detainee.
II. Whenever possible the transfer shall be affected during daylight hours.

130
 III. The escort guards shall be given detailed instruction on their duties and responsibilities, to
include the instruction that the use the most direct travel route to their authorized
destination.
IV. The inmate shall be thoroughly searched for contraband or deadly weapons or objects which
may be used for escape or self-destruction.
V. Money found in the possession of the inmate shall be confiscated by the Desk Officer who
shall issue a receipt therefor and who shall return the money to the inmate upon his return.
If the inmate is to confined and needs money for medicine or food, the money therefore
shall be turned over under receipt to the escort guard. All disbursements made by the
escort guard shall be properly receipted for.
VI. The inmate shall be placed in handcuffs or other instrument of restraint. If there is more
than one inmate to be transferred, they shall be group in pairs and securely connected to
one another by a rope, ascertaining that the inmate does not have crippled deformed or
very small hands to allow him to slip the handcuffs off.
VII. Handcuffs shall be properly adjusted for tightness before departure to avoid the need of
adjusting the same while in transit.
VIII. The inmate shall stay inside the prison premises until the vehicle to be used in transporting
him is ready for boarding. The inmate shall board a motor vehicle ahead of the guard.

b. Transit

I. The handcuffs or instrument of restraint shall not be removed while the inmates are in
transit. An inmate shall not be handcuffed to any part of the vehicle during transit to avoid
his being trapped in case of a vehicular accident.
II. If it necessary to board public transportation such as ship or airplane, the guard shall
position themselves with their inmates in an area that is cleared of civilians or if this is not
possible, shall sit/position themselves between the civilians and the inmates.
III. All inmates being escorted shall be under the supervision of a guard at all times, including
going to the toilet or washroom. The guard shall always be close enough to the inmate to
respond to any untoward incident.
IV. If there is more than one inmate escorted, there shall be a head count of the inmates every
turnover of guarding shift. The team leader of the escort guard shall conduct an inspection
during all guarding shifts.
V. An inmate shall not be allowed to tinker with handcuffs or other instrument of restraint.
VI. A guard shall always walk behind and not in front of the inmate, nor in any case, allows the
inmate to reach his firearm.
VII. The guard shall not pass any unauthorized place while in transit.

c. Arrival at Destination

I. Upon the arrival at the authorized destination, the guards and their inmate/s shall stay in
the public transportation until the same is cleared of the other passengers. They shall only
disembark after the inmate and his personal belongings have been searched/ inspected and
the transportation that will bring them finally to their final destination is ready for boarding.
II. The handcuffs or instrument of restraint may be removed at the authorized destination if
there is no danger of escape.
III. The guard shall return the inmate to the prison of origin as soon as the purpose of the
outside movement has been served.

131
 d. After-Mission Report – after completing the mission the leader of the guard detail shall
submitted a written report to the Superintendent, together with copies of the transmittal letter
and certification of appearance. In case of an inmate being transferred to another prison or jail
institution or competent authority, the responsibility of the said inmate shall remain with the
custodian until formally received by another custodian.

13.Other Security Procedure – the following security procedures shall also be observed in case of
an inmate subject of a medical referral or who is allowed to view the remains of a deceased
relative:

a. Medical Referrals:

I. The inmate who is brought to an outside hospital for medical treatment/examination shall
be provided with at least two (2) escort guards and returned to the prison of origin during
the daylight hours after the treatment is completed. Upon said return, the Department shall
furnish copies of the inmate’s medical certificate, diagnosis and plan management.
II. If the inmate is to be confined in a hospital, the inmate may be handcuffed to the bed if he
is ambulatory and there is risk that he may escape.

b. Viewing the Remains:

I. The inmate shall not be allowed more than three (3) hours from the time of arrival at the
wake to the place where the remains lie in state.
II. The remains to be viewed must be in a place within a radius of thirty (30) kilometres from
the place of confinement. Where the distance is more than 30 kilometers, the privilege may
be enjoyed if the inmate can leave the return to his place of confinement during daylight
hours of the same day.

14.Outside Work Detail of Medium Security Inmates – in case a medium security inmate is
detailed to work outside the immediate vicinity of the prison compound, the following security
procedures shall be observed:

I. In no case shall an inmate be allowed to work outside the prison compound without an escort
guard.
II. Security shall be on a one inmate to one guard ratio.
III. The inmate shall be bodily searched before and after his work detail.

132
 Assessment Task No. 11

My Weekly Student Journal #4

Directions: Write a minimum of 300-word learning statement about the “Role of the Penal Institutions in
our country.” Write your journal entry on the space provided below. You may also write your own title.
Kindly refer to the Student Journal Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what
the instructor’s expectation for the journal entry is and how you will be graded.

_________________________________
(Title)

133
 WEEKLY STUDENT JOURNAL RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Content 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Journal Journal Journal Journal lacks
demonstrates a demonstrates demonstrates critical thinking.
high degree of some degree of limited critical Superficial
critical thinking critical thinking in thinking in connections are
in applying, applying, applying, made with key
analyzing, and analyzing, and/or analyzing, and/or course concepts
evaluating key evaluating key evaluating key and course /20
course concepts course concepts course concepts materials,
and theories and theories from and theories from activities, and/or
from readings, readings, readings, assignments
lectures, media, lectures, media, lectures, media,
discussions discussions discussions,
activities, activities, and/or activities, and/or
and/or assignments. assignments.
assignments.
Personal 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Growth Demonstrates Demonstrates Demonstrates Personal growth
significant satisfactory less than and awareness
personal growth personal growth adequate are not evident
and awareness and awareness personal growth and/or
of deeper through some and awareness demonstrates a
meaning inferences made, through few or neutral
134
 through examples, simplistic experience with /20
inferences insights, and inferences made, negligible
made, challenges. examples, personal impact.
examples, well insights, and/or
developed challenges that
insights, and are not well
substantial developed.
depth in
perceptions and
challenges.
Writing 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Quality Well written and Above average Average and/or Poor writing style
clearly writing style and casual writing lacking in
organized using logically style that is standard English,
standard organized using sometimes clarity, language
English, standard English unclear and/or used, and/or
characterized with minor errors with some errors frequent errors in
by elements of in grammar, in grammar, grammar, /10
a strong writing punctuation, punctuation, punctuation,
style and usage, and usage, and usage, and
basically free spelling. spelling spelling. Needs
from grammar, work.
punctuation,
usage, and
spelling errors.
Total Points /50
Rubric adapted from Denise Kreiger, Instructional Design/Technology Services, SC&I, Rutgers, 4/2014

Assessment Task No. 12

Directions: Make a schematic diagram that shows the creation of the Penal Institutions in our country
and in your own words, make a short discussion for each penal institution. You can use your style in
making this activity. Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand
what the instructor’s expectation for this activity and how you will be graded.

135
 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM MAKING RUBRIC

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
All of the There are one or There are three There are five
procedures two procedures or four or more
have been that have not procedures that procedures that /10
shown at the been shown at have not been have not been
diagram. the diagram. shown at the shown at the
diagram. diagram.

Lay-out and 10-8 7-5 4-2 1

Organization Diagram is well- Diagram is neatly Diagram lacks a There is no
designed, designed and logical and evidence of
logically logically visual flow of planned design
organized and organized. ideas, is or organization /10
graphically disorganized of ideas in the
pleasing and and is difficult diagram. Work
demonstrates to interpret. is not
attention to

136
 detail. presentable.

Mechanics 10-8 7-5 4-2 1

Diagram The diagram has The diagram The diagram
contains no few mechanical contains several has a
mechanical or or grammatical mechanical significant
grammatical errors. errors that number of /10
error. detract from the errors that
content. make the
document
difficult to read.

Total Points /30

Assessment Task No. 13

Directions: In your own words, make a short discussion about how inmates in prison/correctional
facilities has been admitted, classified and diversified. Write this activity in the space provided below.
Kindly refer to the Rubric in the succeeding page for you to know and understand what the instructor’s
expectation for this activity and how you will be graded.

137
 SHORT PAPER DISCUSSION RUBRIC
NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your instructor only.

Category Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

Focus 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the single controlling point Sharp, distinct Sufficiently No apparent Minimal
made with an awareness of controlling point developed point but Evidence of a
task about a specific topic. made about a content with evidence of a topic. /10
single topic with adequate specific topic.
evident elaboration or
awareness of explanation.
task.
Content 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the presence of ideas Substantial, Sufficiently Limited Superficial
developed through facts, specific, and/or developed content with and/or minimal
examples, anecdotes, details, illustrative content with inadequate content.
opinions, statistics, reasons content adequate elaboration or
and/or explanations. demonstrating elaboration or explanation. /10
strong explanation.
development
and
sophisticated
ideas.
Organization 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the order developed and Sophisticated Functional Confused or Minimal control
sustained within and across arrangement of arrangement of inconsistent of content
paragraphs using transitional content with content that arrangement arrangement.
devices and including evident and/or sustains a of content with /10
introduction and conclusion. subtle logical order or without
transitions. with some attempts at

138
 evidence of transition.
transitions.
Style 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-the choice, use and Precise, Generic use of Limited word Minimal variety
arrangement of words and illustrative use variety of words choice and in word choice
sentence structures that of a variety of and sentence control of and minimal
create tone and voice. words and structures that sentence control of
sentence may or may not structures that sentence
structures to create writer’s inhibit voice structures. /10
create voice and tone and tone.
consistent appropriate to
writer’s voice audience.
and tone
appropriate to
audience.
Conventions 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
-Grammars, mechanics, Evident control Sufficient Limited control Minimal control
spelling, usage and sentence of grammar, control of of grammar, of grammar,
formation. mechanics, grammar, mechanics, mechanics,
spelling, usage mechanics, spelling, usage spelling, usage /10
and sentence spelling, usage and sentence and sentence
formation. and sentence formation. formation.
formation.
TOTAL /50

Assessment Task No. 14

Directions: In the table below, write five (5) major problems/issues that the Philippine Correctional
Institutions has been facing nowadays, and on the other column, write also a proposed solution in each
problem/issue. Write this activity in the space provided below. Five (5) points for each correct answer.

Major Problems/Issues Proposed Solutions

139
References

Beup, F. & Beup, H. (2015). Institutional Corrections. Seguiban Printing and Publishing Enterprises,
Inc.

Foronda, M. (2014). Correctional Administration 1 (Institutional Based Corrections) Second Edition.

Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.

Images

 https://images.app.goo.gl/SsNkJc19ZBYJfSRg8
 https://images.app.goo.gl/UAsgnHmvLYnDEBz59
 https://images.app.goo.gl/UAsgnHmvLYnDEBz59
 https://images.app.goo.gl/yYBago1k67yBhTaj6
140
 https://images.app.goo.gl/kHeuvGFFXNWHHAwW6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/t6NrViBGHL1ffQB46
 https://images.app.goo.gl/uHUFCZFcV1KSxr266
 https://images.app.goo.gl/ipCCgB15vH5sd8uU7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/B5ZyJCdptWJoVxBT8
 https://images.app.goo.gl/wsidTL5nYYjnngr57
 https://images.app.goo.gl/RDKZMvvFHZCTzccv6
 https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fkahimyang.com%2Fresources-
4%2Fiwahig-prison-all.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fkahimyang.com%2Fkauswagan
%2Farticles%2F754%2Ftoday-in-philippine-history-november-16-1904-the-iwahig-prison-and-
penal-farm-in-palawan-province-was-
established&tbnid=I6jei2oXHmeIUM&vet=1&docid=pRyqi6pxJy6DyM&w=850&h=502&itg=1&q=giv
e%20me%20a%20photo%20of%20the%20iwahig%20penal%20colony&hl=en-US&source=sh
%2Fx%2Fim
 https://images.app.goo.gl/L4yZGFKP7igAsjhEA
 https://images.app.goo.gl/Zcby8ZNRpntTCNJG7
 https://images.app.goo.gl/taYR1f93f6udLRT16
 https://images.app.goo.gl/h3dfBgfgN1nBHQuX6
 https://images.app.goo.gl/a17SDe7cUubtY7P76

141