01 BE Daylighting

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Daylighting Tantish QS, UTM
Nov 4, 2014 • 0 likes • 1,671 views Lecturer at Universiti Teknologi Follow
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Daylighting
1. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ DAYLIGHTING
2. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ CONTENT • Introduction • Bringing Daylight into Buildings • Designing for Daylight • Daylight Factor •
MS1525:2007 • Rule of Thumb • Daylight Simulation • Shadow Study • Reflecting Direct Sunlight • Glare Analysis
3. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ INTRODUCTION • Why would one be interested in admitting daylight into a building? • Daylight enables
us to see within the building. a • Daylight is used to illuminate building interiors passively, reducing the consumption of electrical energy. a • Daylight can be applied as a design element
that will enliven and add dash and verve to the building form and the activities that occur in the building.
4. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ INTRODUCTION
5. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Solar azimuth angle It is the angle between the true north and the direction of the sun measured
clockwise from true north. The azimuth determines the direction in which the shadow will fall on the ground. Solar altitude angle It determines the length of the shadow cast by the
solid object. It is the vertical angle between the sun and the horizon at a given latitude. INTRODUCTION
6. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ INTRODUCTION Direct radiation – The radiation coming straight from the sun after attenuation through
the atmosphere Diffused Radiation – The radiation reflected from the entire sky except the direct radiation and the ground reflected diffused radiation
7. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using light shelves to bring light into buildings • A light shelf is essentially a horizontal plane that
protrudes out from the vertical plane of a fenestration assembly and into the building interior. • The function of the light shelf is to reflect daylight (both the diffuse component from the
sky vault and direct-beam sunlight) on to the ceiling of the space. • This daylight is expected to reflect off of the ceiling and enter into the building interior (at depths greater than would
be common with simple vertical windows). BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
8. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using light shelves to bring light into buildings • The placement of the light shelf above the eye level of a
standing (and, thus, a sitting) occupant is important. • First, at that height the light shelf will not obscure the view that the occupant sees when looking out of the lower potion of the
window. • Second, there will be virtually no opportunity for the top of the light shelf to enter into the view field of an occupant. BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
9. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using roof top openings to admit daylight into the building interior • The primary function for the
skylight is to promote the admission of daylight, possibly deep into the building interior. • The skylight is located above the occupant’s eye level. As such it’s capacity for offering views of
the external world is limited to scenes of the sky or any very tall vegetation, landforms or buildings. • A clerestory is essentially a window form that may be located either in the vertical
plane of any principal elevation of a building or as vertical fenestration somewhere on the roof surface of a building. BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
10. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using roof top openings to admit daylight into the building interior • When placed in one of the vertical
envelope faces of a building, the ability of the clerestory to admit light more deeply into the building space is better than a vertical window which occurs at an occupants eye level. • When
a clerestory is incorporated into the roof plane of a building, then daylight will be admitted into the space beneath the clerestory. • For example, if you are designing or constructing a
building with a large floor area, then clerestories can be placed away from the perimeter of the building thereby readily admitting daylight into the interior. BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO
BUILDINGS
11. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Borrowing light from a perimeter space to use in building interiors • How to get daylight into internal
areas separated from the building perimeter? • The building has too many stories to use light tunnels or atria; roof-top openings are inappropriate for reasons of style and form. • Daylight
penetrating through the separating, interior walls, composed of translucent or transparent. BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
12. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Borrowing light from a perimeter space to use in building interiors • Some primary limitations exist for
the presence of transparent materials in internal walls: they can offer poor acoustic separation; they do not provide visual privacy; they are comparatively more costly than conventional
opaque assemblies; and they present occasional safety problems. • The design strategy of bring daylight into the interior of a building through a glazed portion of a space divider is
described as borrowing light. Generally, the amount of light that can be borrow is not great and will be insufficient for tasks requiring any handling of detail-containing items. • Having
some daylight pass through a composite partition will enable interior spaces to be employed for activities such as circulation and socializing. • The entrance of even low levels of daylight
can foster the sense that the exterior is nerby, even for occupants of internal spaces. BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
13. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using these three devices in parts or all together • All the 3 devices are basically secondary means for
bringing light into a building. Clerestories and roof top openings are infrequently employed as the principal entries for illuminating a space. • Light shelves and the borrowed light
strategy both function best as supplements for windows that are located in the vertical envelope. • The 3 strategies can be used beneficially in various combinations to improve the
performance of windows in the vertical envelope. BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
14. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using these three devices in parts or all together • Light shelves can be used in vertical fenestration
assemblies to increase the amount of daylight that can pass into internal spaces through partly glazed partitions. • Clerestories located at the perimeter the building will aid in getting
light to the glazing of such composite partitions. • A light shelf or a reflecting panel can be placed external to a clerestory to reflect daylight in through the clerestory fenestration.
BRINGING DAYLIGHT INTO BUILDINGS
15. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Use of vegetation for controlling the admission of daylight • Employ vegetation to reduce excessive
daylight brightness. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
16. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Reflectance of surfaces external to a building • The choice of external surfaces near a building can either
enhance or detract from the character of the illumination within a building. • Surfaces that have higher reflectance can reflect light into a building. • Glossy surfaces that provide
spectacular reflections also can reflect light into a building. • Bodies of water, liquid or frozen, are examples of surfaces that will often display high reflectance. • Alternatively, building
materials like aluminum, stainless steel and concrete with a high sand content also can be highly reflective. • Having highly reflective surfaces near a building can create visual difficulties
for the building occupants. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
17. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Organizing buildings with narrow widths for daylight penetration • Designing buildings with narrow
depths to facilitate the admission of daylight. • For single-sided spaces, a standard rule-of-thumb suggests that the depth that daylight will penetrate usefully is equal to approximately 2
½ times the height of the window. • 2 other design strategies that can be employed to get daylight into interior spaces are, first, to place skylights in the roofs above the spaces, and
second, to increase the ceiling height of the spaces and include clerestories in the uppermost vertical walls. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
18. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ The use of atria for bringing daylight into building interiors • An atria is essentially a covered light well
or cavity that vertically opens up the interior of a building. • The atria volume usually includes a central courtyard level space that is placed on the bottom floor of the atrium. • The floors
above the courtyard level often have balcony areas or open corridors which overlook the courtyard. • Spaces on the floors surrounding an atrium can be illuminated with the daylight that
passes down the atrium. • The quantity of daylight as it reaches the lower floors of a building containing an atrium will greatly depend on the means used to admit daylight into the
atrium volume, the geometry of the atrium space and the choice of materials used throughout the atrium. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
19. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Appropriate orientations for admitting daylight • In the morning for east-facing windows and the
afternoon for west-facing windows, when the sun shines most directly, it tends to be lower in the sky. • The paths of the direct-beam component of the solar radiation will generally
coincide with the primary view fields of building occupants who look out of these windows. • The presence of direct-beam sun-light in the view field can cause significant visual
discomfort because of the excessive brightness of this sunlight. • Suitable window treatments are needed to block direct-beam sunlight when glazing is located on the principal solar
collection elevation. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
20. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/
21. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using windows in vertical walls as clerestories • A window placed higher, rather than lower, in a wall will
provide a more uniform distribution of daylight throughout a space. • Employing higher window provides an additional benefit in that the window surface will be less likely to intrude on
an occupant’s view field. • Placing the window higher in the window-wall can also reduce the possibility that an occupant will experience the glary conditions associated with too-bright
surfaces. • However, a disadvantage of the higher window is that it decreases opportunities for the occupant to find views. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
23. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Windows used as skylights • One principal qualification on using skylights is that, for a space to be
illuminated with skylights, the space must be on the top story of the building. • A second major qualification concerns whether the admission of daylight will have to be controlled as it
passes through the skylight. • Skylights present a very good means for getting daylight into a space at some distance from a perimeter window-wall. • The daylight provided by a vertical
window generally tends to be quite bright near the window-wall and to grow progressively dimmer as one moves away from the envelope. • The daylight pattern created by a skylight
depends primarily on the shape of the skylight and its location. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
26. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Controlling radiation transmission through glazing • Select glazing materials and assemblies displaying
lowered-transmittance to reduce the admission of solar radiation. • The passage of solar radiation into many buildings can cause occupant discomfort, both visually and thermally.
DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
28. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using devices external to the window to control the admission of radiation into buildings • To be
effective, the external shading devices must be deployed so that they stand in the direct path between the solar disk and the window surface. • Match the color and degree of openness of
any external shading devices to other needs for the window assembly. • The more common shading devices are horizontal overhangs and vertical fins that are placed above and
alongside windows in vertical window-walls. • These overhangs and fins can be used in to create egg crate assemblies that are attached to external vertical building surfaces. DESIGNING
FOR DAYLIGHT
29. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Employing internal shading devices to control the admission of solar radiation • Venetian blinds or
roller blinds can be used to cover the internal surface of windows. • All of these internal devices provide control by reducing the radiation transmission through the overall fenestration
assembly. • The abilities of venetian and roller blinds to control the transmittances of solar radiation are determined by much its colors, spacing between the elements of the blinds and
the extend with which the element overlap. • One other important parameter that will determine the performance of these blinds is whether the material of the blind slats is opaque or
translucent. DESIGNING FOR DAYLIGHT
30. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Using the DF to describe the presence of daylight in buildings • The term Daylight Factor describes how
much daylight falls on a surface in a building space (as the light passes through one or more openings in the building envelope). • The DF functions as a metric either for measuring or
predicting daylight presence in a building. • The DF is defined as the ratio of the illuminance measured at some point within a building to the external illuminance, where this external
illuminance is measured for an unobstructed view of an overcast sky. • DF can be quickly employed to size windows during schematic designing, evaluating design suggestions at the end
of schematic designing, or fine-tune building proposals during design development. DAYLIGHT FACTOR
31. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Representations of DF in on building drawings • The DF can be employed in building design not only as
a means to predict or to evaluate the daylight presence within a proposed building, but also to describe how much daylight illumination will reach into the building. • There are two basic
representational devices that are widely employed: the isolux contour and the Daylight Factor profile. • The isolux diagram shows a series of contour lines that indicate equivalent DF
levels. DAYLIGHT FACTOR
32. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Representations of DF in on building drawings • The DF profile is commonly derived from an isolux
contour diagram. • The DF profile is established by creating a vertical plane drawn perpendicular to the window surface and projecting into the building space. DAYLIGHT FACTOR
33. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ MS1525:2007
34. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ MS1525:2007
35. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ • If a designer wishes to determine whether daylighting alone can be used for illuminating a space, then
it is possible to evaluate a proposed window (and building space) design for daylight presence. • The procedure that the designer employs begins with the identification of the
recommended illuminance value. • Dividing the recommended internal illuminance by the external illuminance leaves, effectively, a Daylight Factor (DF) magnitude. • This magnitude
then becomes the target for the designer to achieve in composing the window(s) for the space. • A person can use the following rules of thumb to size the windows. DF (average) = 0.2 x
(glazing area / floor area) DF (minimum) = 0.1 x (glazing area / floor area) RULE OF THUMB
36. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Case 2 Case 3 Base Case Case 1 DAYLIGHT SIMULATION
37. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Case 3 Case 2 Case 1 Base case DAYLIGHT SIMULATION
38. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ DAYLIGHT SIMULATION
41. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Shadow Study Proposed Development G 80.95m F 20.35m E 200m D 11m C 116m B 48m A 48m 28m
42. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ 42 Shadow Study Sunpath Study
43. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ 43 Shadow Study South Facing Façade - Tower N 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
195° 210° 225° 240° 255° 270° 285° 300° 315° 330° 345° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 8 9 10 16 15 14 13 12 11 17 18 19 1st Jan 1st Feb 1st Mar 1st Apr 1st May 1st Jun 1st Jul 1st Aug 1st Sep
1st Oct 1st Nov 1st Dec Stereographic Diagram Location: 1.3°, 103.8° Obj 686 Orientation: -169.3°, 0.0° Throughout the year, until 9am will be shaded Shading from C KEYPLAN FAÇADE OF
INTEREST N Shading from E
44. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ 44 Shadow Study West Facing Façade - Tower N 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° 195°
210° 225° 240° 255° 270° 285° 300° 315° 330° 345° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 8 10 9 16 15 14 13 12 11 17 18 19 1st Jan 1st Feb 1st Mar 1st Apr 1st May 1st Jul 1st Jun 1st Aug 1st Sep 1st
Oct 1st Nov 1st Dec Stereographic Diagram Location: 1.3°, 103.8° Obj 684 Orientation: -79.1°, 0.0° KEYPLAN N No shading from surrounding building for the west facing façade, therefore
sun-shading is required to block afternoon sun FAÇADE OF INTEREST
45. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ 45 Shadow Study East Facing Façade - Tower KEYPLAN N FAÇADE OF INTEREST Shading from C Shading
from E No shading from surrounding building for the east facing façade, therefore sun-shading is required to block morning sun
46. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Reflecting Direct Sunlight Option1 : open skylight Option2 : sawtooth Option3 : vertical shading Without
any shading, whole time of the year, direct sunlight will penetrate into the atrium through the skylight (around 9am to 5pm January to December) 1 With saw tooth shading, direct
sunlight from north will penetrate into the building. (around 9am to 5pm on May- July) With vertical shading, at noon, direct sunlight will penetrate into the building. (around 12pm to
2pm on January to December)
47. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Option 1 – open skylight Reflecting Direct Sunlight
48. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Option 2 – sawtooth Reflecting Direct Sunlight
49. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Option 3 – vertical shading Reflecting Direct Sunlight
50. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Glare Analysis Glare source from direct sunlight, reflection from surrounding building and reflection
from glass canopy from lower floor Indirect glare because of contrast of daylighting level, inside and outside the building Glare source because of reflectance from surrounding building
Indirect glare because of contrast of daylighting level, inside and outside the building
51. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Glare Analysis Indirect glare because of direct sunlight and contrast of daylighting level, inside and
outside the building Glare source because of direct sunlight Glare source because of reflectance from surrounding building Glare source because of direct sunlight
53. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ 1157.14 Wh 1178.81Wh 1465.94 Wh 1896.56 Wh 40% reduction 37.8% reduction 22.7% reduction 0%
reduction Shading from façade module + 1m maintenance grill Shading from façade module Shading from maintenance grill No shading
54. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ 1057.40 Wh 1151 Wh 1302.6 Wh 1358.26 Wh 1411.54 Wh 1464.36 Wh
55. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ N 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° 195° 210° 225° 240° 255° 270° 285° 300° 315° 330°
345° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 8 9 10 16 15 14 13 12 11 17 18 19 1st Jan 1st Feb 1st Mar 1st Apr 1st May 1st Jun 1st Jul 1st Aug 1st Sep 1st Oct 1st Nov 1st Dec Sun shading is not effective
as it only give minimum protection at certain time. Sun shading give protection only in the morning and afternoon
56. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ Vertical shading Horizontal shading Combination of horizontal and vertical shading devices give
protection whole day throughout the year
57. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ a b c
58. GREENRE ACADEMY: GREENRE MANAGER'S COURSE http://www.bsd.com.sg/ c a b
59. Simulation Inputs •Building data- Plans and elevation, façade materials, shading details, orientation, location, etc. •Material/lighting properties - Eg. U values, ETTV, colour
specifications, etc. •Site survey - determine if surrounding buildings or objects will have shading effect on development, etc.
60. Simulation Inputs •Domain should be ~2 times in radius the length of the development. •Walls and partitions must be modeled. •Simulations carried out for 22nd of Dec, Mar, Jun
and Sept at 10am and 4pm. •For daylighting analysis: Simulations under Overcast sky condition at 1pm with working pane at 0.7m from ground.
61. Simulation Inputs •For glare analysis: simulate under Sunny sky •Results to consist at least 2 viewpoints (1.25m from ground) for each façade orientation and decided from Sunpath
analysis to capture worst case condition. •The viewpoints at least 120 degrees measured from the centre of each viewpoint.
62. 1. Output- Sun Path Diagram •Determine the extent of self- shading and overshadowing. •Evaluate if exposure to sun is suitable for defined space usage.
63. 2. Output- Solar radiation Solar radiation results helps in: •Selection of facades to protect against heat transfer so that there will not be over/ under protection (eg. Thermal paints,
Low-E glass) •Placement of solar panels •Locating sun decks/ pools
64. 3. Output- Daylight illuminance •Available light levels in lux or daylight factor in a space. •Determine if luminance is sufficient for task and if artificial lighting is required •Assist in
tenancy planning.
65. 3. Output- Daylight illuminance •Measuring depth of the daylight penetration Clip to minimum 500 lux as the threshold for daylight level. (refer to the standard)
66. 3. Output- Daylight illuminance
67. 4. Outputs- Glare File Name Winter_04pm_cam02 Glare Threshold = 5523.13 cd/mｲ View Angle (deg.) Guth Visual Comfort Probability CIE Glare Index (Einhorn) Unified Glare Rating
60 100 0 0 50 100 0 0 40 100 0 0 30 100 0 0 20 100 0 0 10 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 -10 100 0 0 -20 100 0 0 -30 100 0 0 -40 100 0 0 -50 100 0 0 -60 100 0 0 aver 100.00 0.00 0.00 min 100.00 0 0 max 100 0 0
No shading devices UGR = 48.15 (discomfort glare) With shading devices UGR = 0 (not affected with glare) Guth Visual Comfort Probability (GVP)  Percentage of people who will be
satisfied with the condition. If the area is not affected with glare : GVP 100% CIE Glare Index and Unified Glare Rating (UGR)  Standard index for discomfort glare
68. 4. Glare Index Residential Performance Mandates Sub-parameters Recommended Range/Limits Source of Information Visual UGR (Unified Glare Rating) 22 (dining room) 22-28
(Common areas) SS531 – Code of Practices for Lighting of Work Places Non- Residential Performance Mandates Sub-parameters Recommended Range/Limits Source of Information Visual
UGR (Unified Glare Rating) 16 – 25 (Offices, workstations) 22-28 (Common areas) SS531 – Code of Practices for Lighting of Work Places
69. By comparing illuminance with and without the sunshade to determine the improvements made by the sunshades No Shading With Shading DF Scale - Daylight Factor (DF) is a
measurement of brightness levels in interior spaces. Illuminance Level Scale if unobstructed exterior illuminance level is 10000 lux 5. Sun shade effectiveness
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