Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 7
Assessment: Intellectual and Cognitive Measures
Multiple Choice Questions
2. Due to Western society’s emphasis on both intelligence and equality, the use of
intelligence tests
a. has declined.
b. is controversial in decision-making about education and occupation.
c. has been accepted as the primary decision-making tool for education and
occupation.
d. has dramatically increased.
Answer: B Page: 243
3. The publication of The Bell Curve (1994) created considerable debate because
a. of the controversial nature of the research presented in the book.
b. of the original nature of many of the authors’ conclusions, which generated a
great deal of controversy.
c. of the authors’ attempts to link the results of research on intelligence to public
policy initiatives.
d. the history of research on intelligence as presented in the book had been
previously unknown.
Answer: C Page: 243
4. Currently, tests of intelligence and related cognitive abilities are considered to be among
a. the psychometrically strongest of the tests that psychologists have developed.
b. the psychometrically weakest of the tests that psychologists have developed.
c. the least controversial of the tests that psychologists have developed.
d. the most confusing of the tests that psychologists have developed.
Answer: A Page: 244
7. Which of the following is not one of the three dominant theoretical models regarding
intelligence?
a. Factor models.
b. Correlational models.
c. Hierarchical models.
d. Information processing models.
Answer: B Page: 245 - 246
8. ____________ models of intelligence involve two or more factors that are postulated to
be at more or less the same structural level, whereas ____________ models are based on
the assumption that there are different levels of factors.
a. Hierarchical; correlational
b. Factor; information processing
c. Factor; hierarchical
d. Information processing; correlational
Answer: C Page: 245 – 246
10. The earliest and likely most influential factor model of intelligence was developed by
a. Alfred Binet.
b. David Wechsler.
c. Charles Spearman.
d. Raymond Cattell.
Answer: C Page: 246
15. Raymond Cattell believed that existing intelligence models focused too much on
a. non-verbal and perceptual elements.
b. verbal and school-based tasks.
c. perceptual elements.
d. verbal and perceptual elements.
Answer: B Page: 246
16. Raymond Cattell proposed ____ general factors of intelligence, known as ____________.
a. 2 ; fluid intelligence and genetic intelligence
b. 2 ; fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
c. 3 ; fluid, genetic, and crystallized intelligence
d. 3 ; fluid, genetic, and specialized intelligence
Answer: B Page: 246
18. _________ intelligence refers to what we have learned in life, both from formal
education and general life experiences.
a. Fluid
b. Crystallized
c. Multiple
d. Processing
Answer: B Page: 246 – 247
20. The main interrelated elements in Sternberg’s (1985) triarchic theory are
a. componential, contextual, developmental.
b. compositional, contextual, experiential.
c. componential, contextual, experiential.
d. compositional, contextual, developmental.
Answer: C Page: 247
24. Which method(s) is/are used by psychologists to help estimate premorbid IQ?
a. Consulting a client’s achievement records.
b. Testing with measures of ability that are less sensitive to decline.
c. Examining subtests that are least affected by neurological impairment.
d. All of the above.
Answer: D Page: 250
26. To meet criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation the individual must have an IQ in
the lowest
a. 2% of the population, and show functional impairments.
b. 2% of the population, with or without functional impairments.
c. 10% of the population, and show functional impairments.
d. 10% of the population, with or without functional impairments.
Answer: A Page: 250
32. If Andrea’s chronological age is 25 and the average age of those receiving the same test
score as she did is 25 years, what is Andrea’s IQ?
a. 75.
b. 100.
c. 110.
d. 120.
Answer: B Page: 253
33. According to the Wechsler scales, if Jose scores one standard deviation above the mean,
his IQ is
a. 100.
b. 110.
c. 115.
d. 120.
Answer: C Page: 253
34. Wechsler translated raw scores into standard scores based on a ____________
distribution.
a. bimodal
b. normal
c. multimodal
d. positively skewed
Answer: B Page: 253
41. The general interpretive strategy recommended for the Wechsler tests, is to
a. move from the specific (such as the factor scores) to the general (such as the full
scale IQ) when interpreting results.
b. move from the general (such as the full scale IQ) to the specific (such as the factor
scores) when interpreting results.
43. Decades of research on the subtest profiles of the Wechsler scales has found that they
a. add little to the prediction of academic achievement.
b. add considerably to the prediction of academic achievement.
c. add considerably to the prediction of learning behaviours.
d. have high internal consistency reliability.
Answer: A Page: 260
44. Which of the following is one of the perceptual reasoning subtests on the WAIS-IV?
a. Block Design.
b. Similarities.
c. Comprehension.
d. Symbol Search.
Answer: A Page: 264
45. Digit Span, Arithmetic, and Letter-Number Sequencing are subtests of the WAIS-IV that
contribute to the ___________ index.
a. processing speed
b. working memory
c. perceptual reasoning
d. verbal comprehension
Answer: B Page: 264
47. The WAIS-IV has been shown to have ___________ reliability and __________ validity.
a. questionable; questionable
b. questionable; excellent
c. excellent; excellent
d. excellent; questionable
Answer: C Page: 265
48. To increase the developmental appropriateness of the WISC-IV, the developers modified
the WAIS by:
a. creating separation versions for children in pre- to early adolescence and for mid-
to older adolescence.
b. including sample and/or practice items within each subtest.
c. including specific phrases for the administrator to use when providing feedback
on the child or adolescent’s performance that are developmentally applicable.
d. all of the above.
Answer: B Page: 266
50. It has been speculated that the Flynn Effect can primarily be explained by
a. genetic factors.
b. environmental factors.
c. unknown factors.
d. measurement error.
Answer: B Page: 269
51. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children and Kaufman Adolescent and Adult
Intelligence Test differs from the Wechsler scales in which of the following ways:
a. Focus on how children and adults learn, assessing styles of learning rather than
knowledge or skill areas.
b. Identifies gaps between an individual’s potential to learn and what the examinee
has actually learned.
c. Uses different subscales that focus on processing and achievement.
d. All of the above.
Answer: D Page: 270
53. __________ memory involves general knowledge of words, concepts, and events,
whereas ___________ memory deals with the person’s direct experiences.
a. Semantic ; episodic
b. Episodic ; semantic
c. Semantic ; working
d. Episodic ; declarative
Answer: A Page: 271
54. Semantic memory and episodic memory are subtypes of __________ memory.
a. procedural
b. declarative
c. contextual
d. working
Answer: B Page: 271
1. Compare and contrast Alfred Binet and David Wechsler’s definitions of intelligence.
Suggested answer: Page 245
a. Binet developed a test to predict school performance, so his definition of
intelligence focused more narrowly on abilities related to scholastic and academic
tasks
b. Wechsler’s definition is broader, and he defined intelligence as a person’s global
ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with his or her
environment.
3. What is the difference between “g” and “s”? How are they related and what type of
models do they represent?
Suggested answer: Pages 246
a. “G” is the single common core (or general factor) that all intellectual activities
share. “S” refers to specific factors that are responsible for the unique aspects in
the performance of any given task. The more a test is influenced by “s,” the less it
is influenced by “g.”
b. This is an example of a two-factor model.
4. What is the key difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
Suggested Answer: Page 246 - 247
a. Fluid intelligence, the ability to solve novel problems, is considered to be innate
whereas
b. Crystallized intelligence is thought to be learned in life (from education and
experiences).
5. List at least three forms of intelligence that are proposed by Gardner’s theory of multiple
intelligences. What was Gardner’s general view concerning intelligence tests?
Suggested Answer: Page 247
a. Some of the forms of intelligence suggested by Gardner include linguistic,
musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinaesthetic, intrapersonal,
interpersonal, naturalistic, spiritual, existential, and moral.
b. Gardner:
i. believed that different types of intelligence are inadequately assessed by
traditional intelligence tests.
ii. argued that for intelligence assessment to be culturally unbiased, the full
range of different types of intelligence must be recognized.
8. What was the important innovation that David Wechsler introduced to assist in the
measurement of intelligence? Why was this so important for IQ testing?
Suggested Answer: Page 253
a. Wechsler used deviation scores to measure intelligence. He translated raw scores
into standard scores based on a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a
standard deviation of 15.
b. This ensured that there was comparability in the meaning of IQ scores across
different ages.
10. Describe the Flynn effect and indicate what is believed to be its cause.
Suggested Answer: Page 268 - 269
a. The Flynn effect:
i. refers to an interesting phenomenon where IQ has been slowly rising in
the past few decades (annual increase of .33 IQ score points).
ii. IQ is rising at the population level (i.e., this is not necessarily true of each
individual)
iii. Not all IQ subtests are rising at the same rate. Visuospatial abilities (fluid
intelligence) increased more than measure of acquired knowledge
(crystallized intelligence).
b. Potential cause:
i. James Flynn argued that environmental influences must somehow be the
driving force in the rise of IQ.
ii. Environmental influences include improvements in educational systems,
nutrition, greater parental involvement with children, fewer severe
childhood diseases, rapid developments in technology (television, video
games, computers, etc.), cognitive complexity of jobs has increased,
leisure time has increased
11. What is declarative memory? Name and describe the two subtypes of declarative
memory.
Suggested Answer: Page 271
a. Declarative memory is memory that involves symbolic representations such as
phone numbers.
b. It can be further divided into semantic memory (which is memory for general
knowledge of words, concepts and events) and episodic memory (which is
memory for a person’s direct experiences, such as events in their lives).
IT was the day of the Lingthurst ball. Cicely woke early, and tried to
believe that she was in good spirits, and that her anxiety of the
evening before had been exaggerated and uncalled for. And when
her mother met her with the good news that Colonel Methvyn had
had a calm and undisturbed night, and seemed wonderfully
refreshed by it, the make-believe seemed something very like reality,
and Cicely’s face looked bright enough when she met her cousin in
the breakfast-room to satisfy Geneviève that her ebullition of the
previous day had been forgiven, if not forgotten, or that at least it
was to be tacitly ignored.
Geneviève was excited, but not happy. Some closeness of
observation is, however, required to discriminate between the two
conditions, and this neither of her companions was this morning
sufficiently at leisure to bestow upon her. So, “poor Geneviève is full
of her ball. I hope she will enjoy it,” thought Mrs. Methvyn; and
“Geneviève cannot have meant what she said yesterday. It must just
have been one of her childish little fits of temper, not worth noticing,”
was the decision Cicely arrived at.
“Your father is very anxious for his letters this morning,” said Mrs.
Methvyn, as they were sitting at breakfast. “I hope there will be
nothing wrong in them—nothing to upset him, when he seems so
much better.”
Just as she spoke the letter-bag was brought in. Mrs. Methvyn
opened it.
“Two for you, Cicely,” she said, as she distributed the budget; “one
for Geneviève, three for your father, all business letters I fear.” She
looked at them anxiously. “I wish we could keep them till Mr.
Guildford comes.”
“It would be no use. Papa would be sure to ask for them,” said
Cicely decidedly. “Give them to me, mother; I will take them up to
him myself.”
“Is Mr. Guildford coming to-day?” said Geneviève in surprise, as
her cousin left the room.
“Yes,” said Mrs. Methvyn; “he promised yesterday, when he had
to leave in such a hurry, that he would come again to-day.”
“Oh!” said Geneviève. Then, fancying her aunt looked at her
curiously, “I thought that he was so very busy,” she added
confusedly.
Cicely meanwhile was knocking at her father’s door. Her first tap
was unnoticed. She repeated it.
“Come in,” said Colonel Methvyn’s voice. To Cicely it sounded
very weak and feeble. “Oh! is it you, my dear?” he exclaimed when
he saw her. “I thought it was Barry with the letters.”
“I have brought them, papa,” said Cicely. “But I do so wish you
would not read them yet. They look like business letters, and they
always tire you so.”
She stooped and kissed him. He had had a good night Mrs.
Methvyn had said, but to Cicely’s eyes he looked sadly white and
frail this morning; his voice was tremulous, his hand shook as he
held it out for the letters.
“Give them to me, my dear child. I shall be more comfortable
when I have read them.”
He opened two of them and tossed them aside with indifference.
The third was a longer letter. Colonel Methvyn read it through once—
twice—then folded it up again and put it back carefully into its
envelope with a little sigh. Cicely watched him anxiously.
“Is it all right, papa?” she said. “Nothing to vex you, I mean?”
“Oh! no, it is all right enough,” he answered rather absently.
“Cicely,” he went on, after a little pause, “there will probably be a
telegram for me some time to-day. Don’t think of keeping it from me,
my dear. It would annoy me inexpressibly if you did so. Let it be
brought up at once. Tell your mother so.”
“Very well, papa,” replied Cicely. She leant over him and kissed
him again, then she went quietly downstairs.
Her mother looked up quickly as she re-entered the room.
“I don’t think there is anything particular in papa’s letters,” said
Cicely, in answer to her mother’s unspoken question. “But he says
there may be a telegram some time to-day, and he wishes it taken to
him at once.”
“I hope it won’t come,” said Mrs. Methvyn. “I don’t feel easy about
your father. He is doing far too much. How do you think he is looking
this morning, Cicely?”
“Pretty well,” replied Cicely. “What time do you think Mr. Guildford
will be here, mother?”
“Early—before luncheon, I fancy,” said Mrs. Methvyn. “You will not
be out today when he comes, my dear?”
“Oh! no,” said Cicely. “I wish I knew what time he will be coming,”
she thought to herself, “I would walk part of the way to meet him.”
For since seeing her father her fears had revived. She felt certain
that Mr. Guildford must have thought unfavourably of him the day
before, otherwise he would not be coming again so soon; she felt
restless and unhappy, and longed with intense longing to express
her fears to the only person who could soothe or allay them; the
thought of the ball at Lingthurst grew hourly more distasteful to her.
“If only Geneviève could go alone,” she thought, “and mother and
I stay at home. But, of course, it would give offence—I must go.”
She could settle to none of her usual occupations, and at last she
determined to set off to meet Mr. Guildford. She looked in at the door
of her cousin’s room before going. Geneviève was laying out
betimes her costume for the evening, apparently perfectly happy in
the occupation; she looked up with a bright smile at the sound of
Cicely’s voice.
“Is not the effect of these flowers on the skirt beautiful, my
cousin?” she exclaimed, pointing to the mass of snowy clouds of
gauze that lay on the bed. “I only wish it were time to dress. I am all
impatience to put it on.”
“It is very pretty,” said Cicely kindly. “I am sure it will suit you
beautifully, Geneviève. I am going out for a little,” she went on,
“please tell mamma so if you hear her asking for me. I cannot disturb
her just now. She is in papa’s room. You don’t want to come out this
morning?”
“Oh! no, thank you,” said Geneviève, “I have twenty things to do. I
don’t like the bows they have put on my boots, they make the foot so
broad. I am going to arrange them again.”
“Well, good-bye then,” said Cicely, turning to go. Just then there
came a ring at the front-door bell. It sounded sharp and loud through
the quiet house.
“Who can that be?” exclaimed Geneviève.
“The telegram,” said Cicely. “I must go and see if it is.”
“Stay a moment. I can tell you,” said Geneviève.
One of the windows of the room looked to the front, but the sill
was high and narrow. She drew a chair forward and stepped up on to
it. Cicely watched her in astonishment.
“What are you doing, Geneviève?” she exclaimed. “You can’t see
anything from there. You forget the porch.”
“Ah! but I can,” replied Geneviève triumphantly. She was by this
time mounted on the sill, craning her neck round in a peculiar
fashion. “You forget there is a window in the side of the porch. From
here, when I put my head so, I can see who stands at the door—
voilà! I found this out the first days I was here. Now I see. No, Cicely,
it is not the boy from the station. It is a tall figure, a gentleman. Can it
be Mr. Fawcett?”
She turned round with eager inquiry.
“No,” replied Cicely, “I don’t expect him to-day. Do come down,
Geneviève. It would look so strange if any of them saw you climbing
up there.”
She spoke rather coldly. Geneviève’s conduct jarred upon her.
She only waited till the little lady had accomplished her descent in
safety, and then went downstairs, to satisfy herself of the correctness
of her cousin’s information.
She was not long left in doubt. Parker was coming in search of
her—Mr. Guildford was in the library and had asked for her.
“How kind of him to come so early,” thought Cicely, trying to
believe that no thing but kindness was the motive for such prompt
fulfilment of his promise. “If he were really uneasy about papa, he
would certainly have waited to see me last night,” she said to herself,
as she entered the room; but, nevertheless, she looked strangely
pale, and the tremor in her voice was not quite imperceptible when
Mr. Guildford came forward to meet her. He shook hands somewhat
abruptly. Cicely glanced at his face. He too seemed discomposed;
he looked worn and tired, as if he had not slept all night. A terror
seized Cicely. “Has he come to break it to me? Does he think the
very worst?” were the thoughts that flashed through her mind. She
felt herself beginning to tremble so much that she sat down on the
nearest chair without attempting to speak.
Mr. Guildford did not seem to notice her agitation; he did not look
at her, but kept his eyes fixed upon the table beside which he was
standing.
“He is afraid of looking at me—he cannot make up his mind how
to tell me what he must,” thought Cicely, with a sort of shiver. But the
silent waiting at last grew unendurable; she felt that it must be
broken.
“It is very kind of you to have come so early,” she began. “I cannot
tell you how kind I think it.”
Mr. Guildford turned suddenly. “I came early on purpose,” he said.
“I was so afraid of missing you. But how ill you look, Miss Methvyn,”
he went on hastily. “Is there anything wrong? You look so dreadfully
pale. I am afraid I should not have asked to see you.”
Cicely’s pale lips quivered. “I am quite well,” she whispered.
“There is nothing wrong with me. I shall be all right again directly—
but, Mr. Guildford, I—I know why you have come this morning I know
what you have to tell me. Please don’t hesitate—it is better not. I
shall not be silly—you will see.”
She tried to smile, but hardly succeeded. Mr. Guildford looked at
her in amazement. “You know why I wanted to see you this morning,
Miss Methvyn?” he repeated. “You cannot. It is impossible that—that
you should suspect,” he stopped in confusion.
“I have thought him much less well the last few days,” said Cicely.
“Of course I cannot judge as you can, but still I almost expected you
to tell me you were beginning to lose hope. I knew you would tell me
first.”
“Are you speaking about your father?” said Mr. Guildford. “Did you
think it was on his account I wanted to see you?”
“Yes, of course,” replied Cicely wonderingly. “Is it not so? Do you
not think him much worse?”
“No,” said Mr. Guildford. “I have not thought so. I do not think
Colonel Methvyn quite as well as he was some time ago—he is more
nervous, more easily upset than he used to be; but I see no
important change in him. There is no reason why he should not
remain as well as he is—or even gain ground a little—for years to
come, provided always his mind is kept tranquil. I could not take
upon myself to say how he would stand any severe shock.”
Cicely gazed at him as if she could hardly believe him.
“That is just what you said some months ago,” she exclaimed.
“And you really don’t think him much worse?
“Certainly not. What made you think so?”
“I don’t know. I have not thought him quite well. I fear he has been
worried and troubled, and I have let my fears get the better of me, I
suppose. I felt quite certain that you had come this morning to
prepare me for something dreadful.”
She smiled, but faintly still—the revulsion from terror to renewed
hope was almost too much for her. Mr. Guildford smiled too, but in
his smile there was even less sunshine than in Cicely’s, and in his
voice there was even a touch of bitterness as he replied,
“Something dreadful! Far from it. You will believe me when you
hear what it really is that I want to say to you this morning—” he
paused and took a step or two away from where he had been
standing. Then he came back again to the table, and, lifting a book
that was lying upon it, turned the leaves over idly with his fingers. “I
want you to release me from a promise, Miss Methvyn,” he said at
last.
Cicely looked up in surprise. “What promise? I don’t understand,”
she replied.
“Don’t you remember,” he went on, speaking slowly, but without
looking at her, “don’t you remember that some time ago I promised
you—tacitly or directly I am not sure which, and it does not matter,
the promise was given—that I would not leave this neighbourhood as
long as Colonel Methvyn required me—as long as I felt that I could
be of use to him?”
“Yes,” said Cicely, “I have always depended upon your not doing
so. I don’t remember the exact words, but I felt satisfied that you had
perfectly re-assured me about it, at the time I was afraid of your
going.”
“Yes. I did promise as I said. There is no doubt I did,” said Mr.
Guildford, and it is from this promise I want you to release me.”
“You want to go away! You have got some better position in
prospect!” exclaimed Cicely. “Oh! how unfortunate—can you not
defer going, even for a few months? Papa may be stronger, or Dr.
Farmer may be back; of course, we cannot expect you to sacrifice
your future to us, but I cannot help telling you I am dreadfully sorry. I
was so thankful to hear you say that you do not think papa much
worse, and now, I shall just feel more anxious about him than ever.”
She turned her head away, but Mr. Guildford felt that there were
tears in her eyes.
“You need not—you must not think I would act without regard to
Colonel Methvyn,” said Mr. Guildford hurriedly. “I have heard from Dr.
Farmer—he is not likely to be away very much longer—and in the
meantime I can assure you that the medical man I should
recommend to your father is thoroughly deserving of your
confidence.
“I dare say he is,” said Cicely impatiently. “It is not that that I am
thinking of. I don’t believe any doctor can do much for my father. It is
not doctoring he needs as much as cheering and interesting. That is
what you have done for him—far better than poor old Dr. Farmer
could do. And he will miss you after a while even more than now;
there are reasons—” she hesitated. “Oh! I am dreadfully sorry,” she
repeated, “but of course we cannot expect you to sacrifice your
future. We are only too grateful for what you have done. Forgive me
for seeming so selfish.”
Mr. Guildford did not appear to notice her last words. “You mistake
me a little,” he said. “My reasons for wishing—for thinking it best I
should go away, have nothing to do with my prospects—nothing
whatever. At this moment I have not the faintest notion where I shall