You are on page 1of 9

Aula

FRANCIS BACON E O
PROGRESSO CIENTÍFICO 15
META
6/.1 ".-"$/A?.! ".-( - #$L+.2.L $24 1$+ A?.".,. "(D-"( ,.#$1- 

OBJETIVOS
.L- +#$23  4+ . +4-.#$5$1<
#$L-(1 -.A?.#$,C3.#.$, ".-
#$2"1$5$1 ".-"$/A?.#$(+.2.L
analisar a crítica de Bacon à tradição anterior;
$#$L-(1 -.A?.#$(D-"( 

PRÉ-REQUISITOS
 +4-.#$5$1<3$1-.AH$2 "$1" #./$-2 ,$-3."($-3EL".,.#$1-.:+47# "1E3("
de Galileu Galilei ao racionalismo dogmático.

5D585C6F5BGH5IF5H=C#5;A5CBH9<HHD KKKI<98I
 !,*$4

 !FD

'I5B8C BCG F9:9F=ACG 5 =8b=5 89 AbHC8C 89 =A98=5HC HFcG BCA9G
GIF;9A9ABCGG5A9BH95@=@9I5@=@9= 7&3(.8&(43 9(9Bb9G75FH9G
5@=@9ID9@5H9CF=N5_^C85B5HIF9N58CAbHC8C9G75FH9GD9@C8=G7IFGC9
57CBD9@55B\@=G99F9:CFA58CAbHC8C
CDI6@=75FGI5C6F5A5=G=ADCFH5BH9C$CJIACF;5BIA57CBH=B<5
7CACDF9H9BG^C5GI6GH=HI=_^C8CAbHC8CHF58=7=CB5@5F=GHCHb@=7C857=cB7=5
EI9D5F59@99F59GHbF=@9=B75D5N897CBHF=6I=FD5F5CDFC;F9GGC<IA5BC
)9ID9BG5A9BHCG9A5BHbA9AHCFBC89IADCBHC79BHF5@5G569F5F95@
=N5_^CDF\H=758CG569F8=HC89CIHFCAC8CC7CB<97=A9BHC7CACA9=C
Francis Bacon
D5F55CF;5B=N5_^C9HF5BG:CFA5_^CDFC;F9GG=J585J=85<IA5B5
Nasceu em Lon-
dres, 22 de Janeiro
de 1561, 9 de abril
de 1626) foi um
político, filósofo
e ensaísta inglês,
barão Verulam, vis-
conde de St. Albans.
Desde cedo, sua
educação orientou-
o para a vida políti-
ca, na qual exerceu
posições elevadas.
Em 1584 foi eleito
para a câmara dos
comuns.

CBH9<HHD KKK::I@DH

114
 04
Aula

   15
5FC 5@IBC F5B7=G 57CB 7F=H=75 J99A9BH9A9BH9 7CAC J9F9ACG
A5=G58=5BH9HC855HF58=_^Cs@CGfs755BH9F=CF&9BG58CF9G7CAC&@5H^C
F=GHfH9@9Gd79FC*CA\G89EI=BC9BHF9CIHFCGG9F^C5@JCG8CGG9IG
5H5EI9G,9>5ACGCEI98=N9@9BC %F;5BIA.,q*I8CCA5=GEI9C
<CA9A5Hb5EI=H9AIG58CG^C569FF5_h9GB^C:CF5A56GHF5d85G9@9J5BH585G
85G7C=G5GDCFDFC798=A9BHCG89J=8CGr$9GH5A9GA5C6F557CB7<5A5
5H9B_^CD5F5CG9:9=HCGDF\H=7CG85G=BJ9B_h9G85=ADF9GG^C85Df@JCF59
856kGGC@5=ADF9GG^CDFCDCF7=CBCI5@=H9F5HIF55Df@JCF55;I9FF595
6kGGC@55B5J9;5_^C&9F;IBH59@9G9F\EI99GG5G7C=G5G:CF5ADFC8IN=85G
D9@CAbHC8C89=BJ9GH=;5_^CHF58=7=CB5@)I5F9GDCGH5bB^C

 FD    
!   

&5F5 F5B7=G 57CB 5 5@A5 <IA5B5 b 7CADCGH5 89 HFcG D5FH9G 8=G
H=BH5GG^C9@5G 5A9AfF=55GGC7=585[<=GHfF=5 5=A5;=B5_^C5GGC7=585[
DC9G=55F5N^CF9:9F9BH9[s@CGCs5s@CGCs5G97CBGH=HI=89GH9AC8C
B5D5FH9F57=CB5@855@A5<IA5B59G98=J=899ACIHF5GHFcGD5FH9G55
EI97CB79FB959IG*9C@C;=5B5HIF5@CIF57=CB5@65EI97CB79FB95
B5HIF9N5975EI97CB79FH95C<CA9As@CGCs5b7CB<97=A9BHC8=F9HC
85B5HIF9N5F58=C8=F97HCA98=5BH95F5N^CF5H=CW7CB<97=A9BHC89
9IGDCFA9=C85G7F=5HIF5GF58=CF9:F57HC97CB<97=A9BHC8C<CA9A
A98=5BH95F9t9L^CF58=CF9t9LC57CB8=J=895s@CGCs585B5HIF9N59A
8I5GD5FH9G9GD97I@5H=J59CD9F5H=J59GD97I@5H=J58=J=89G99A:dG=759
A9H5:dG=75W=ADCFH5BH9F9GG5@H5FEI9D5F557CB5:dG=7595A9H5:dG=75
9GH^C=BH=A5A9BH9@=;585GDCGHCEI95A65G9GHI85A5G75IG5G9DF=B7dD=CG
85F95@=8589BC9BH5BHCG^C8=GH=BH5GBCEI9G9F9:9F95CGH=DCG8975IG5G
9GHI8585G,9>5ACGA9@<CF9GH\8=:9F9B7=5_^C
:dG=759GHI855G 75IG5G9s7=9BH99 A5H9F=5@9BEI5BHCEI95A9H5:dG=75
9GHI85575IG5:CFA5@ 95 75IG5sB5@A9H5:dG=75DCFH5BHCHF5H585G75IG5G
:CFA5=GCI85G @9=GsL5G85B5HIF9N5$5J9F8589B^C<\8=J=G^C9BHF9:dG=75
9A9H5:dG=75WDCGGdJ9@D9BG5FEI957CBB^C57F9G79BH5AI=HC5@bA8C
EI98=GG9F=GHfH9@9GBC9BH5BHC5BC_^C8575IG59A57CB8=:9F9B7=5G9
AI=HC8CEI9D9BGCIC9GH5;=F=H5+A:5HC9LHF9A5A9BH9=ADCFH5BH9bEI9
5=BJ9GH=;5_^C85G75IG5G9A57CBB^CH9ACG9BH=8C897CBH9AD@5_^C
A5GG=A895_^C%7CB<97=A9BHC85G@9=G85B5HIF9N5b5A5B9=F5D9@5
EI5@C<CA9A5IA9BH5G9I8CAdB=CGC6F9CG7CFDCG9AEI97CBG=GH9
5D5FH9CD9F5H=J5
s@CGCs5CD9F5H=J5bG=AD@9GA9BH955D@=75_^CDF\H=7585:dG=759GD97I
@5H=J5)98=J=899A A97]B=75C6G9FJ57=CB5@9 A5;=5B^CC6G9FJ57=CB5@

115
 !,*$4

A97]B=75DC89G9F89sB=857CAC55D@=75_^CDF\H=7585:dG=759BEI5BHC
EI95A5;=5EI9B585H9A<5J9F7CAGID9FGH=_^CbG=AD@9GA9BH955D@=75_^C
DF5H=7585A97]B=75CIG9>585G@9=GEI9:CF>5A5C6G9FJ5_^C
H9F79=F5D5FH985s@CGCs5EI97CADF99B895C9GHI8C8C<CA9A
8=J=89G99A D<=@CGCD<=5<IA5B=H5H=G5BHFCDC@C;=59 D<=@CGCD<=57=J=@=G
DC@dH=75s@CGCs5D5F557CB89J96IG75F5BH9G89HI8CC7CB<97=
A9BHC85B5HIF9N5:dG=75$9GH9G9BH=8C57CBG95:5GH5AI=HC8CD9BG5
A9BHC5F=GHCHb@=7Cn857CBH9AD@5_^C8575IG5sB5@n9G95DFCL=A58C
A5H9F=5@=GAC89 *2X(7.94#I=HCG89sB9A57CB7CACIAA975B=7=GH5
Demócrito de B5HIF5@=GH5D9@C:5HC8CGG9IG9GHI8CG8=F=;=F9AG95C858CA5H9F=5@
Abdera

Filósofo grego de-     FD L 


fensor da teoria
atomista. (460/360
 B !
a.C). Segundo ele,
tudo é átomo e, CAC8=GG9ACG5BH9F=CFA9BH9D5F557CBC7CB<97=A9BHCDFC8IN=8C
consequentemente, 5Hb9BH^CB^CH=B<57CBHF=6Id8CD5F55HF5BG:CFA5_^C8CAIB8C=GHCbDCF
tudo é matéria. B^CG9FIA7CB<97=A9BHCDF\H=7CG97CBJ9FH9I9AJ9F6CFF5;=5&C89Fd5
ACG8=N9FDCFH5BHCEI95H5F9:58957CB:C=GI6GH=HI=F5 s@CGCs585G
D5@5JF5GD9@5 s@CGCs585GC6F5G+A:5HC89:IB85A9BH5@=ADCFH]B7=5b5
s@=5_^C8C7CB<97=A9BHC7CA59LD9F=cB7=5A6CF5589DHC855@EI=A=5
57CBGCI69F9H=F5F89GH9H=DC89G569FCEI9=BH9F9GG5J5D5F557=cB7=5
=8b=5857=cB7=57CAC:CF_55H=J57CA5sB5@=858989HF5BG:CFA5F5G=HI5_^C
<IA5B55=8b=58C<CA9A7CACA=B=GHFC9=BH9FDF9H985B5HIF9N589F=J5A
8=F9H5A9BH989GH95GD97HCA\;=7C5@EIdA=7CEI9D9FG=GH9B5GI5C6F5,5@9
Indução
F9GG5@H5FEI99GH5G=8b=5GD9F89AG9I75F\H9F89qGC6F9B5HIF5@rCIqHF5BG79B
Método que extraí 89BH9r95GGIA9AIAG9BH=8C69ADFfDF=CBCD9BG5A9BHC8957CB*C8C
regras gerais a par- G569Fb:FIHC857C@56CF5_^C8CDFC;F9GGCEI9G98\B5<=GHfF=5A5;=5b
tir da observação de C75G=CB5@9BEI5BHCEI9CG569FbIADFC79GGCA9Hf8=7C7@5FC9C6>9H=JC
casos particulares.  @f;=75:C=CIHFCF5AC8CG569F 5H5758CDCF57CB$C 5:CF=GAC
Ex: caminhando en- .8C $CJIACF;5BIA9@95sFA5 q%G=@C;=GACB^Cb9ADF9;58CD5F5
contro uma Garça e
C89G7C6F=A9BHC8CGDF=B7dD=CG857=cB7=5b65@85855GI55D@=75_^C55L=
vejo que é branca ;
mais adiante outra CA5G=BH9FA98=\F=CGDC=GG99B7CBHF5AI=HC8=GH5BH985G8=s7I@8589G85
Garça e constato B5HIF9N59GH9AC8C9BJC@J9CBCGGC5GG9BH=A9BHCA5GB^C5G7C=G5Gr
que também é bran- IBHC7CA5@f;=75HF58=7=CB5@CAbHC8C=B8IH=JCH5A6bAG9F\5@JC8CG
ca, Pelo método in- 5H5EI9G8957CB
dutivo eu poderia % AbHC8C =B8IH=JC HF58=7=CB5@ 7CBG=GH9 G9;IB8C 57CB 9A IA
então formular:
DFC798=A9BHC=B89J=8CDCGHCEI95G=B:9FcB7=5GG^CF9H=F585G89AC8C
que todas as Gar-
ças são brancas. Isto 5DF9GG58C 8CD5FH=7I@5F5CIB=J9FG5@ &5F5 57CB 5 J9F8589=F5 .3):RQ4
é, observei casos 9L=;975IH9@59D57=cB7=5WIA5J9F=s75_^C7CBGH5BH98CG75GCGD9@5G9L
particulares e inferi D9F=cB7=5G,C@H5F9ACG5HF5H5FA5=G9GD97=s75A9BH99GH95GGIBHCIADCI7C
uma lei universal. A5=G58=5BH9EI5B8C56CF85F9ACGCAbHC8C9A57CB

116
 04
Aula

FDI  

)9;IB8C57CB9F5=ADF9G7=B8dJ9@5=AD@5BH5_^C89IA57=cB7=5EI9
15
GC6F9DIG9GG9CAbHC8C897CB<97=A9BHCHF58=7=CB5@9GHbF=@98=GH5BH98C
DFC;F9GGC<IA5BC'I9BCJCG569F:C=9GG9$CDF=B7dD=C8C $CJIACF
;5BIA57CB5sFA5 q%<CA9AA=B=GHFC9=BHbFDF9H985B5HIF9N5:5N9
9BH9B89H5BHCEI5BHC7CBGH5H5D9@5C6G9FJ5_^C8CG:5HCGCID9@CHF565@<C
85A9BH9GC6F95CF89A85B5HIF9N5B^CG569B9ADC89A5=Gr:CF=GAC Axioma
=cB7=5bDCFH5BHC7CB<97=A9BHC85B5HIF9N5W=ADCFH5BH9F9GG5@H5F Este conceito possui
EI957CBB^C89GDF9N55HF58=_^CA5G7CB79BHF5G99A89ACBGHF5FEI9CG várias interpretações,
7CB<97=A9BHCG5Hb9BH^C5HI5J5A 7CA9G75GGC9AD9B<C9D5F7CGI79GGC mas no caso aqui
:CF=GAC, estudado pode ser
%7CB<97=A9BHC7=9BHds7CH9F=5G=8CDFC8IN=8C89A5B9=F5DF97=D=H585 !D)% * *(* 0(
9B9GH9G9BH=8C@CB;989G95DFCL=A5F85F95@=8589G9FJ=I5D9B5GD5F58=G verdade evidente que
fundamenta e garante
DIH5G&5F5BCGGCs@fGC:C9L=GH9A8C=GAC8CG89G97CB<979F D5FH=B8C o saber.
8CG9BGdJ9@985GD9F79D_h9GD5FH=7I@5F9G5 &=.42&8A5=G;9F5=G898IN=B8C
5GG=ADFCDCG=_h9GA9BCG;9F5=G D5FH=F8CG9BGdJ9@985GD9F79D_h9G5
5L=CA5G=A98=5H5A9BH95@75B_\J9=G9@C;C;F58I5@9D57=9BH9A9BH97<9;5F
55L=CA5GA5=G;9F5=G
% DF=A9=FC AC8C b 5HF=6Id8C [ HF58=_^C
57CBCHCA57CAC=BGIs7=9BH99=BG5H=G:5HfF=C
D9@C :5HC 89 B^C 9L=GH=F IA 9L5A9 DFC:IB8C
8CG 75GCG D5FH=7I@5F9G G5@H5B8C 5 5L=CA5G 9
7CB7@IGh9GH5A6bA;9F5=G9GH9AbHC8C5
7CB7<5ACI89 5BH97=D5_h9G85B5HIF9N5=HC
89CIHFCAC8CG^C ;9B9F5@=N5_h9GH9A9F\F=5G
9DFbA5HIF5G(9GIA=Fd5ACG57FdH=758=N9B8C
EI9B9GH975GCG5@H5G985GG9BG5_h9G55L=CA5G
;9F5=G 89 AC8C =ADF97=GC % G9;IB8C 75GC
57CBBCA9=589 =BH9FDF9H5_h9G85B5HIF9N59
G9F=5G9;IB8C9@9IA75A=B<CG9;IFC9D57=
9BH9%J9F8589=FC7CB<97=A9BHCG9F=55GG=A
CAbHC8C89=BH9FDF9H5_^C85B5HIF9N59B^C
895BH97=D5_h9G(9GG5@H557CBEI955EI=G=_^C
8C7CB<97=A9BHC79FHCB^CbIA5H5F9:5AI=HC
:\7=@7CACDC89D5F979FDCGHCEI95A9BH9<I
A5B59GH\DCJC58589DF97CB79=HCGEI9:5@G9=5A
G9IG >I@;5A9BHCG <9;5ACG 89GH9 AC8C B5
H9CF=58CGqd8C@CGr
CBH9<HHD 75CG8=IA=B<CDH

117
 !,*$4

  K

F9@5_^C9BHF95H9CF=58CGd8C@CG9C7CB<97=A9BHCbH^CDFC:IB85
EI957CB7CAD5F57CA5F9@5_^C9BHF95GC:dGH=75958=5@bH=75D@5HgB=75
)9B8C5GG=A8CA9GACAC8CEI9C8=5@bH=7CB979GG=H57CB<979FCG5F;I
A9BHCG8CGGCsGH5GC7=9BH=GH589J97CB<979FAI=HC69ACGd8C@CGD5F5
EI9B^CJ9B<55GC:F9FGI5G=BtIcB7=5G
)^CEI5HFCCGd8C@CG5d8C@CG85HF=6C6d8C@CG8575J9FB57d8C@CG85
DF5_5CId8C@CG8CA9F758C98d8C@CG8CH95HFC&5F5A9@<CF7CADF99BG^C
8CD5D9@EI989G9AD9B<57585IA89GH9Gd8C@CGG9;I=F9ACGD5GGC5D5GGC
589sB=_^C657CB=5B59LDCGH5BC$CJIACF;5BIA
5Z8C@CG85HF=6CCGd8C@CG85HF=6C9GH^C=ADF9;B58CGB5DFfDF=5B5HIF9N5
<IA5B5%<CA9AbDFCDd7=C5G5H=G:5N9FG97CACEI9=ADF9GG=CB5CG
G9BH=8CG97CBG9EI9BH9A9BH99A89GDF9N5FCEI9B^Cb8=F9H5A9BH9C6
G9FJ\J9@%GG9BH=8CGD5F557CBG^CCGG9BH=8CG9AG=A9GACGG^C8b69=G
9L=;=B8C5GG=AC5DC=C=BH9FDF9H5H=JC857=cB7=5%6G9FJ557CBEI95
B5HIF9N5<IA5B5bDFCDd7=55579=H5F5G=8b=5GEI9@<9G^C5;F58\J9=G69A
7CACF9:IH5F5GA5=G8=:d79=G9EI9F9EI9F9AIAA5=CF9L5A9
6 %G d8C@CG 85 75J9FB5 5 =8b=585 75J9FB5 bIA5 5@IG^C 7@5F5 5C A=HC
D@5HgB=7CDF9G9BH9BC@=JFC,85(9Dk6@=7599LDF9GG569ACG9IG9BH=8C
=GHCb=B8=Jd8ICG:97<58CG9AG9IAIB8CD5FH=7I@5F95CA9GACH9ADC
F9DF9G9BH569ACG9FFCG58J=B8CG85G7CB79D_h9GD5FH=7I@5F9G:FIHCG89
IA5A\98I75_^C8CH9AD9F5A9BHC985G@9=HIF5GGH9G:5HCF9G>IBHCG
@9J5ACG=B8=Jd8ICG5=BH9FDF9H5F9ACG:9BgA9BCG5D5FH=F89IADCBHC
89J=GH5D5FH=7I@5FCIG9>585GI5DFfDF=575J9FB5
7%Gd8C@CG85DF5_5CI8CA9F758C5F=;CF9GH9Gd8C@CGF9:9F9AG95CG
9FFCG7CA9H=8CGD9@CIGC=B89J=8C85@=B;I5;9A57CBF97CB<979EI9
5HbCG<CA9BGA5=G8CIHCG7CA9BH9AH5=G9FFCGAF9GIACG^CCGIGCG
=B89J=8CG89D5@5JF5G989sB=_h9GEI9B^C7CFF9GDCB89A[J9F8589
8%Gd8C@CG8CH95HFCD5F557CBHC8CGCGG=GH9A5Gs@CGfs7CG5BH9F=
CF9GB585A5=GG^C8CEI9qD9_5Gr89H95HFCCI:5@G5Gs@CGCs5GF=GHfH9@9G
7CAGI58=5@bH=75H9F=5D9FJ9FH=8C5s@CGCs5B5HIF5@7CBJ9FH9B8C59AIA5
s@CGCs5GID9FGH=7=CG59H9C@f;=75
9AC8CEI9D5F5BCGGCs@fGC:CGCA9BH95DfG5@=69F5_^C85A9BH9
89GH9Gd8C@CGC<CA9ADC89G9;IB8C57CB89sB=H=J5A9BH98=F=;=FG9
5C9GHI8C85B5HIF9N589:CFA5DFC;F9GG=JC9CF89B58C

I  
  ! 

CA979ACG @9B8C 9GH5 9G7@5F9798CF5 7=H5_^C 8C $CJIA CF;5BIA


:CF".,

118
 04
Aula

\:5@5ACG89HC85G5G9GDb7=9G89d8C@CG989G9IG5D5F5HCG&CF
897=G^C GC@9B9 9 =BEI96F5BH\J9@ HC8CG 89J9A G9F 565B8CB58CG 9
56>IF58CG%=BH9@97HC89J9G9F@=69F58C99LDIF;58C89HC8CG9@9G
15
89H5@AC8CEI9C579GGC5CF9=BC8C<CA9AEI9F9DCIG5GC6F95G
7=cB7=5GDCGG55D5F979FG95C579GGC5CF9=BC8CG7bIG5CEI5@B^C
G9D9FA=H99BHF5FG9B^CGC65s;IF5857F=5B_5

&C=GEI5@bCC6>9H=JC857=cB7=59AC8C;9F5@8=Fd5ACGEI9CsA
857=cB7=5<IA5B57CBG=GH99A89G7C6F=F5:CFA589IA5B5HIF9N585859
=BH9FJ=F85B8C@<9IA5IH=@=8589CIIA5BCJ5B5HIF9N57CACDCF9L9AD@C
8C8CAdB=C85B5HIF9N58C5_C:5N9F7C@<9F9G5FA5G9H7*9ACGEI9H9F
7I=858CD5F5B^C=BH9FDF9H5FCD9BG5A9BHC8957CB7CAC5@;CDIF5A9BH9
IH=@=H5F=GH5$C:IB8CCEI99GH\9A>C;CbCDFC;F9GGCBCGDFC79GGCG89
=BH9FDF9H5_^C85B5HIF9N5CIG9>585GGI5G@9=G=BHFdBG975G&CF9GG5F5N^C
57CB89sB9589G7C69FH57=9BHds755D5FH=F898C=GACA9BHCG7CBGH=HIH=JCG
DFC79GGC@5H9BH9@5H9BGDFC79GGIG99GEI9A5H=GAC@5H9BH9@5H9BGG7<9A5
H=GAIG%DF=A9=FC8=NF9GD9=HC5CGDFC79GGCGEI9B^CG^CD9F79DHdJ9=G
DCFA9=C85C6G9FJ5_^C%G9;IB8CG=;B=s7559GHFIHIF5@5H9BH989IA5
89H9FA=B585B5HIF9N5=GHCbB^CG9DC895@H9F5FIA89H9FA=B58C7CFDC
G9AC7CB<97=A9BHCDFbJ=C85GI59GHFIHIF59AC8CEI9DC89Fd5ACG
F9GIA=F5H5F9:58Cs@fGC:C7CACG9B8CC7CB<97=A9BHC859GHFIHIF589
IA:9BgA9BC95G@9=GEI9CF9;9
#5G7CACG98\H5@7CB<97=A9BHC57CB7F=H=7CI7CACJ=ACG5BH9
F=CFA9BH9CAbHC8C=B8IH=JCHF58=7=CB5@)9;IB8C9@9bDF97=GCIABCJC
AbHC8CCI75A=B<C7CFF9HCD5F5CDFC;F9GGC7=9BHds7CBH^C9AEI9
7CBG=GH989:5HCH5@AbHC8C)^C8I5G9H5D5GEI97CADh9A5D9GEI=G5
7=9BHds755DF=A9=F57CBG=GH9B59LHF5_^C895L=CA5G5D5FH=F859LD9F=cB
7=595G9;IB855898I_^C989F=J5_^C89BCJCG9LD9F=A9BHCG5D5FH=F8CG
5L=CA5G
&C89ACG:CFAI@5F5G9;I=BH9EI9GH^CbDCGGdJ9@F9H=F5F5L=CA5G85
9LD9F=cB7=5;I=G589F9GDCGH58=Fd5ACGEI9D5F557CBD9@5J9F8589=F5
=B8I_^CCIG9>5IA5=B8I_^CEI9B^CG9F9GIA9G=AD@9GA9BH959BIA9
F5_^C8975GCGD5FH=7I@5F9GA5G59@=A=B5_^C85G<=DfH9G9G=BJ=\J9=GG9F=5
G=ADCGGdJ9@
7CACC7CFF9H5@DFC79GGC*CA9ACGC7@\GG=7C9L9AD@C8C75@CF
&5F5 G9 9GH569@979F 5 B5HIF9N5 8C 75@CF b DF97=GC DF=A9=FC 9GH569@979F
CB89 G9 5DF9G9BH5 C 75@CF GC@ :C;C 9A G9;I=85 G9 9GH569@979 C EI9
57CB7<5ACI89 H\6I5895IGcB7=5GCIG9>575GCGBCGEI5=GC75@CFB^C
G95DF9G9BH5@I5:C;C:\HIC9DCFsAIA5 H\6I589;F5IGCB89G^C
9BIA9F58CGHC8CGCG75GCG9AEI9C:9BgA9BCG95DF9G9BH5G9;IB8CIA5
=BH9BG=8589A5=CFCIA9BCFB5HIF5@A9BH9bDF97=GC@9J5F9A7CBG=89F5_^C
5G7CB8=_h9G5A6=9BH5=G

119
 !,*$4

)C@CBH9<HHD KKKA;F5B897CA

DfG9GH9GDFC798=A9BHCG85FG9\CDFC79GGC89=B8I_^CDCF9@=A=
B5_^C89<=DfH9G9G:5@G5GCIG9>5G9;I=B8CC9GH569@97=8CD9@5GH\6I5G
9@56CF5G9 IA5 GbF=9 89 EI9GH=CB5A9BHCG 8C H=DC C 75@CF b 5D9B5G IA
:9BgA9BC79@9GH9*C8CGCG7CFDCGG^CEI9BH9G%75@CF89D9B8989IA5
7CADCG=_^CD5FH=7I@5F8CG7CFDCG5GG=A5D5FH=F859@=A=B5_^CGI79G
G=J589<=DfH9G9GB9;5H=J5G7<9;5G95IA5 DF=A9=F57C@<9=H5I=B89A=5H=C
DF=A5=GHCb5IA5DF=A9=F5<=DfH9G9$9GH5D9FGD97H=J5F5B7=G57CB
HF=@<CIIA75A=B<CG=HI58C9BHF98C=GH=DCG897=9BH=GH5G85GI5bDC75CG
9AD=F=GH5G9CG8C;A\H=7CG

!D
D5FH=F8C9LDCGHCDC89ACG7CADF99B89FCAC8C897CACG98\C
DFC;F9GGC7=9BHds7CD5F5F5B7=G57CB)9A8kJ=855C9LDCFC7CB<9
7=A9BHC7=9BHds7C7CACIADFC79GGCDFC;F9GG=JCn5J9F85897CACs@<5
8CH9ADCn9B^C7CAC:FIHC895IHCF=8589G9>5H9C@f;=75CIs@CGfs75
57CB7F=CIIABCJC<CF=NCBH9D5F5C7CB<97=A9BHC%FCAD=A9BHC7CA
5HF58=_^C8C;A\H=759DF=B7=D5@A9BH956IG75D9@5@=69FH5_^C8CGd8C@CG
EI9 =AD989A C 89G9BJC@J=A9BHC 8C G569F 7CBHF=6I=F5A 897=G=J5A9BH9
D5F557CBGHFI_^C857=cB7=5AC89FB5+A57=cB7=5EI97CADFCA9H=85
7CA5Hb7B=757CAC8CAdB=C8CGDFC79GGCG7CAC9L5A97I=858CGC8CG
G9IGD5GGCGDFCACJ9IIA5J5B_CG=;B=s75H=JC9EI95=B85<C>9D9FA5B979
89J98CF85G=BJ9GH=;5_h9G=B=7=585GDCFD9BG58CF9G7CA57CB

120
 04
Aula

!

F5B7=G57CBbG9A8kJ=85IA8CGA5=CF9GD9BG58CF9G857=cB7=5
15
AC89FB5FdH=7C:9F5N 85 HF58=_^C 7=9BHds7557CB7C@C7CI89sB=H=J5
A9BH9 5G 65G9G D5F5 C 9GH569@97=A9BHC 8C AbHC8C 7=9BHds7C AC89FBC
)I57FdH=755CAbHC8C=B8IH=JC7@\GG=7CEI9G9;IB8C9@965G95J5G99A
DF97=D=H5_h9G9B^C9ADFC798=A9BHCG7CB7F9HCGD9FA=H=I5:CFAI@5_^C89
IA5A9HC8C@C;=575D5N895GGC7=5F89:CFA5F=;CFCG59LD9F=cB7=59H9CF=5
=B8I_^CDCF9@=A=B5_^C89<=DfH9G9G:5@G5Gb57<5J9EI9D9FA=H=I55
7CBGID9F5FC8C;A5H=GAC9CG9FFCGHdD=7CG85HF58=_^Cs@CGfs757@\GG=75

" 

LDCB<557FdH=758957CB5CAbHC8C=B8IH=JC
'I5@CG9BH=8C85:F5G9C<CA9A7CAC=BH9FDF9H985B5HIF9N5
LDCB<55H9CF=58CGZ8C@CG

 B  " 

W=ADCFH5BH97CAC65G9D5F5GI5GF9GDCGH5GC6G9FJ5FEI9CGqd8C@CGr
G^CIA9AD97=@<CD5F5C7CB<97=A9BHC9B9GH9G9BH=8CHC8CCAbHC8C
8957CB;=F59AHCFBC85qDIF=s75_^CrDCFD5FH9857=cB7=58CG
:5@GCG>I@;5A9BHCG9DF97CB79=HCG

L$  !

$5DFfL=A55I@5G9F^C5DF9G9BH585G5GF9;F5G8CAbHC8C75FH9G=5BC

I 

%$F5B7=G 4;:247,&3:24:;*7)&)*.7&8.3).(&RZ*8&(*7(&
)&.39*757*9&RQ4)&3&9:7*?&*F58IN=8CDCF CG9@IMG=C(9=G89B
8F589)^C&5I@C$CJ5I@HIF5@ C@9_^C%G&9BG58CF9G

121

You might also like