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Psychology 10th Edition Bernstein Test
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1. Which characteristic is least associated with motivation?
a. ability
b. initiation
c. direction
d. persistence
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Introduction
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
2. You have written a paper on the topic of motivation for your psychology class. You decide to entitle the paper,
“Motivation” and want to add a tag line to give more emphasis to the title. From the choices below, you decide the most
fitting is: “____.”
a. Motivation: Reasons behind people's thoughts and actions
b. Motivation: The thought processes in which people engage
c. Motivation: Actions that people are capable of performing
d. Motivation: The brain's role in emotion
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Concepts and Theories of Motivation
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
3. Turkey Lurkey corners Henny Penny and demands, "Tell me exactly what purpose you have for running around here
and telling us all the sky is falling. Why are you doing this?" Turkey Lurkey is asking Henny Penny to reveal her ____.
a. optimal arousal
b. well-being
c. motive
d. need
ANSWER: c
4. People sometimes choose a certain career because they want to please their parents. This is an example of a(n) ____
factor as a motivational source.
a. innate
b. biological
c. social
d. cognitive
ANSWER: c
5. Which behavior is most motivated by physiological factors?

a. turning down an offer from an extremely prestigious university because your parents attended good old State
U
b. adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature
c. fulfilling a request made by your employer in the hope that she will return the favor
d. donating clothes, canned goods, and money to charitable organizations because you have plenty
ANSWER: b
6. Which individual is displaying behavior that is most motivated by cognitive factors?

a. Kathy, who starts smoking cigarettes because all of her friends have started doing so
b. Thrupti, who drinks a large glass of water after a softball game
c. Norm, who punches a wall after his girlfriend breaks up with him
d. Yoon, who drops out of school because she has doubts about her academic ability
ANSWER: d
7. Imagine you are a male three-spined stickleback (a fish). You come across a nest of unfertilized three-spined
stickleback eggs and you can't help but do a particular dance and then go ahead and fertilize the eggs. Which theory of
motivation accounts for your behavior?
a. arousal theory
b. behavioral doctrine
c. drive reduction theory
d. instinct doctrine
ANSWER: d
8. Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he is also
unemployed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive
and not very much fun. Danielle chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The ____ theory of motivation would best
predict Danielle's choice.
a. drive reduction
b. arousal
c. evolutionary
d. humanistic
ANSWER: c
9. Jessi, a college freshman, is engaged in the following activities. Which activity cannot be explained by the drive
reduction theory of motivation?
a. drinking juice with breakfast
b. working at a local restaurant to earn some extra money
c. eating a hamburger for dinner
d. reading a book to satisfy her curiosity about how diamonds are formed
ANSWER: d
10. Which behaviorbest illustratesthe maintenance of homeostasis?

a. starting to salivate when you smell freshly baked cookies
b. depositing a check in your newly opened checking account
c. shivering to generate body heat when you are cold
d. dimming the lights before a romantic encounter
ANSWER: c
11. According to drive reduction theory, an imbalance in homeostasis creates a(n) ____, to which the brain responds by
creating a psychological state called a(n) ____.
a. drive; need
b. need; drive
c. instinct; motive
d. motive; instinct
ANSWER: b
12. Jeremy works very hard at school and almost always gets As. According to drive reduction theory, Jeremy's
motivation for studying hard is most likely due to a ____.
a. primary reinforcer
b. reward
c. primary drive
d. secondary drive
ANSWER: d
13. After finishing a marathon, Adena grabs a water bottle and quickly drinks all of its contents in an attempt to satisfy a
____ drive.
a. fixed
b. learned
c. primary
d. secondary
ANSWER: c
14. The fact that some people often ignore their hunger and skip lunch in anticipation of a special dinner is a direct
contradiction to the ____ theory of motivation.
a. drive reduction
b. arousal
c. incentive
d. opponent-process
ANSWER: a
15. Josh starts smoking to experience the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine. This behavior is best explained by
the ____ theory of motivation. Eventually, however, Josh becomes physically addicted to nicotine and now he needs the
drug to reduce the cravings he feels. Josh's behavior is now best explained by ____ theory.
a. incentive; drive reduction
b. drive reduction; arousal
c. arousal; drive reduction
d. drive reduction; incentive
ANSWER: a
16. Jessi decides to take caffeine pills to stay on top of all of her homework, her job, and her extracurricular activities.
However, the resulting overstimulation may be problematic for Jessi because ____.
a. she will experience a drive reduction
b. her subjective well-being will diminish
c. people tend to perform best when arousal is moderate
d. the pills are acting as an intervening variable
ANSWER: c
17. Geoff, a basketball player for City High School, sinks thirty straight free throws during practice. However, during the
critical game of the season, with the score tied and twenty seconds left to play, Geoff misses three consecutive free
throws. Geoff's behavior can be best explained by ____ theory.
a. incentive
b. arousal
c. drive reduction
d. opponent-process
ANSWER: b
18. Anu has just finished watching a movie about cement mixing that she thought was long and boring. According to the
arousal theory of motivation, Anuwill most likely ____ next.
a. drink water
b. do something exciting
c. read about cement mixing
d. go to sleep
ANSWER: b
19. Karl wants to get straight As in school because his parents have promised to buy him a new car if he does so. This is
an illustration of the ____ of motivation.
a. incentive theory
b. arousal theory
d. instinct doctrine
ANSWER: a
20. When Lani has an unpleasant task to complete, such as writing a term paper, she sets up rewards for herself. When she
completes her outline, she watches TV for one hour. When she completes the rough draft, she spends an evening relaxing
with her friends. When she finishes the final draft, she goes to the mall and purchases a CD she has been wanting. Lani's
behavior is best explained by the ____.
a. instinct doctrine
b. arousal theory
d. incentive theory
ANSWER: d
21. Rory and Dory are identical twin rats. The lateral area of Rory's hypothalamus has been destroyed in a tragic exercise
wheel accident. The ventromedial nucleus of Dory's hypothalamus has an electrode implanted in it that is constantly
stimulating that part of her brain. This situation has existed for a week now. How will Rory's weight compare to Dory's?
a. Rory weighs much more than Dory.
b. Dory weighs much more than Rory.
c. Dory and Rory are both tremendously overweight.
d. Dory and Rory are both extremely underweight.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Hunger and Eating
22. Pedro has always been of average weight and build. However, over the past year, his eating habits and his weight have
changed drastically. He now seems to eat constantly and has gained over seventy-five pounds. Pedro most likely has
damage to his ____.
a. lateral hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. ventromedial nucleus
d. paraventricular nucleus
ANSWER: c
23. As the hormone responsible for communicating satiety to the brain, ____ enters the blood when fat supplies increase
in cells and reduces food intake.
a. glucose
b. leptin
c. estrogen
d. melatonin
ANSWER: b
24. When a lack of nutrients is detected by the stomach, the hormone ____ is released into the bloodstream and acts as a
“start eating” signal when it reaches the brain.
a. leptin
b. melatonin
c. estrogen
d. ghrelin
ANSWER: d
25. Mario takes a drug for Restless Thumb Syndrome. One side effect of the drug is the stimulation of the paraventricular
nucleus of his hypothalamus. As a result, Mario should anticipate that he will ____.
a. eat less than usual
b. crave foods low in carbohydrates
c. eat more than usual
d. crave lots of water
ANSWER: a
26. Tweety Bird is tired of being chased by Sylvester, the Cat, who wants to eat Tweety for dinner. Tweety could reduce
Sylvester's desire to eat by ____.
a. destroying Sylvester's ventromedial nucleus
b. stimulating Sylvester's lateral hypothalamus
c. destroying Sylvester's lateral hypothalamus
d. stimulating Sylvester's ventromedial nucleus
ANSWER: c
27. You are a space alien who wishes to conquer Earth. You use a special ray gun that makes humans immobile by
making them too fat to move. Your ray gun should ____ in the hypothalamus.
a. stimulate the ventromedial nucleus
b. destroy the ventromedial nucleus
c. destroy the lateral hypothalamus
d. stimulate the thalamus
ANSWER: b
28. Sabrina is trying to lose weight with a low-carbohydrate diet. She knows this is an effective short-term plan, but she
finds herself craving everything that contains carbohydrates. The neurotransmitter responsible for her cravings is ____.
a. enterostatin
b. galanin
c. neuropeptide Y
d. serotonin
ANSWER: c
29. Dr. Luze-Moore is working on a drug that will curb people’s appetite for high-fat foods. Based on your reading of the
text, Dr. Luze-Moore should focus on a way to block the stimulation of what neurotransmitter?
a. enterostatin
b. galanin
c. serotonin
d. neuropeptide Y
ANSWER: b
30. Jerry is severely overweight. He asks his doctor whether injections of the hormone called leptin would be an effective
treatment for his obesity. His doctor will probably inform him that a leptin injection ____.
a. would not be effective because leptin has no role in regulating body fat
b. is effective in helping most obese people lose weight and body fat
c. would reduce his weight but would negatively affect his muscle tissue
d. is not very effective in reducing weight for most obese individuals
ANSWER: d
31. More recent research has shown that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an important role in ____.
a. experiencing flavor
b. increasing specific hungers
c. receptivity toward a food culture
d. reducing and increasing food intake
ANSWER: d
32. Due to a freak accident involving reindeer games, a sleigh, and some of Santa's elves, Rudolph's lateral hypothalamus
was destroyed. As a result, Rudolph will most likely ____.
a. overeat, well past the point of satiation
b. have intense cravings for his favorite foods
c. lose the desire to eat, nearly starving himself
d. become a finicky eater, preferring only foods high in fat
ANSWER: c
33. After Taki is diagnosed with cancer of the stomach, the doctors decide to remove his stomach entirely. After the
operation, Taki will probably ____.
a. eat much more than before
b. eat roughly the same amount of food as before
c. eat much less than before
d. be unable to regulate his food intake
ANSWER: b
34. Laura likes to eat Mexican food, but she always eats way too much. Even though Laura is full, she orders caramel flan
(her favorite Mexican dessert) just because she enjoys it. According to the textbook, what is Laura’s the most likely
reason for doing this?
a. Food culture
b. Social referencing
c. Appetite
d. Volatile odorants
ANSWER: c
35. Devon and Saurabh are discussing their favorite meals. Devon raves about how much he loves grilling steak and
chicken in his backyard. Saurabhshakes his head, explaining that because of his Hindu beliefs, he feels that animals
should be respected and not slaughtered. Such expressions of food culture demonstrate that ____.
a. our environment can change how the hypothalamus functions

b. eating serves functions beyond nutrition
c. the drive reduction theory has limitations on explaining motivation
d. social referencing is a powerful cue for emotion
ANSWER: b
36. The most effective weight-loss programs available today are least likely to focus on ____.
a. reducing food intake
b. increasing energy expenditure through exercise
c. altering brain mechanisms involved in overeating through anti-obesity drugs
d. changing eating habits and attitudes toward food
ANSWER: c
37. Ashley has the most common eating disorder in the United States. She is a picky eater and often cannot accurately
assess how much she has eaten. What is Ashley’s most likely diagnosis?
a. anorexia nervosa
b. obesity
c. bulimia
d. pica
ANSWER: b
38. Tracie has recently been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. She is least likely to exhibit which symptom?
a. a perfectionistic personality
b. an obsession with being attractive
c. a realization that her eating habits are problematic
d. low levels of certain neurotransmitters
ANSWER: c
39. Research on obesity has found that obese people ____.

a. eat more of every food offered to them than do normal-weight people
b. are most often male
c. may be genetically predisposed to gain weight
d. have the same set-point as normal-weight people
ANSWER: c
40. Deidre is constantly worried about being fat. In addition, a few times a week, she will eat large quantities of food and
then force herself to vomit. As a result, she also suffers from nutritional imbalances, intestinal damage, and dental
problems. What is Deidre most likely diagnosis?
a. obesity
b. weight obsession
c. anorexia nervosa
d. bulimia
ANSWER: d
41. According to research, ____ is/are a major cause of inactivity in overweight children.
a. television watching
b. maladaptive reactions to stress
c. genetic abnormalities
d. not having a parent home after school
ANSWER: a
42. The health danger least associated with anorexia nervosa is ____.
a. diabetes
b. an increased risk of stress fractures
c. death
d. irreversible physical damage
ANSWER: a
43. Which statements about the National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by researchers at the University of
Chicago is false?
a. The researchers attempted to obtain a representative sample of the U.S. population.
b. The results indicate that people in committed, one-partner relationships tend to have the most sex.
c. The survey contained controversial questions regarding pornography, pedophilia, and sexual fetishes.
d. About a third of the participants reported having sex only a few times, or not at all, in the preceding year.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Sexual Behavior
44. Which statement about studies on U.S. sexual behavior is true?

a. Representative samples were not used.
b. Pornography, pedophilia, and fetishism were specifically covered.
c. People in the United States may be rather sexually conservative.
d. Response rates were relatively low for this mail-in survey.
ANSWER: c
45. Which of the following is the primary pattern of sexual response?

a. Orgasm, plateau, resolution, and excitement
b. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
c. Resolution, plateau, orgasm, and excitement
d. Excitement, orgasm, plateau, and resolution
ANSWER: b
46. William and Virginia are discussing the sexual response cycle. William says, "It really isn't fair that women can have
orgasm after orgasm after orgasm after orgasm. We men have our orgasms and then have to wait around a while before
we can have another one." Virginia says, "That is just the way things are—women don't have as long a ____ as men do!"
a. plateau phase
b. feedback loop
c. refractory period
d. resolution phase
ANSWER: c
47. You are watching Sex Talk Live on TV when Sue, the host, begins talking to a caller about sex hormones. Though men
and women have all the same sex hormones, Sue explains, on average, men have relatively more ____ and women have
relatively more ____.
a. progestational hormones; androgens
b. androgens; progestational hormones
c. progestational hormones; estrogens
d. estrogens; androgens
ANSWER: b
48. Sex hormones are said to have an organizational effect on sexuality because they determine ____.
a. whether sexual activity will occur
b. the form of sexual behavior: male or female
c. the timing of reproduction
d. the timing and amount of hormones released from the adrenal cortex
ANSWER: b
49. Katrina wants to study the organizing effects of sex hormones on female brain development. To begin, Katrina needs
to understand when the organizing effects of sex hormones occur, which is ____.
a. conception
b. around the time of birth
c. in the first year of infancy
d. during puberty
ANSWER: b
50. According to research, a male's sexual orientation is most likely due to ____.
a. genetic factors
b. his strict upbringing, which he is reacting against
c. several factors, including prenatal hormones and learning
d. the fact that his father is loving but his mother is cold
ANSWER: c
51. If genetics is the most important determinant of sexual orientation, which set of brothers will have the greatest
likelihood of both having homosexual orientations?
a. identical twin brothers
b. nonidentical twin brothers
c. nontwin brothers
d. adopted brothers
ANSWER: a
52. Randall is attracted to members of both genders and has had male and female sex partners. Randall most likely
identifies himself as ____.
a. homosexual
b. asexual
c. heterosexual
d. bisexual
ANSWER: d
53. Ludwig has high achievement motivation. Which statement will be least characteristic of Ludwig?
a. He will select tasks with clear outcomes.
b. He will prefer a critic who is harsh but competent.
c. He will persist at problem solving.
d. He will seek immediate rewards.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Achievement Motivation
54. Kris is taking the TAT test. She looks at a picture and says, "The woman in the picture is trying to solve a problem at
work. She is thinking hard. She knows if she thinks about it long enough, she'll be able to figure it out." This response
reflects ____ motivation.
a. achievement
b. affiliation
c. attachment
d. parenting
ANSWER: a
55. Frankie, a good basketball player, is extremely competitive and has high achievement motivation. In a psychology
experiment, he is asked to throw a ball from anywhere on the court and try to make a basket. Frankie will probably shoot
the ball from a ____ distance from the basket.
a. very short
b. short
c. moderate
d. long
ANSWER: c
56. Who is displaying high achievement motivation?

a. Joe, who doesn't care about his grade in psychology but does care about his grade in engineering
b. Cora, who wants only immediate positive feedback from a friendly critic
c. Nitaya, who keeps working on a problem that she doesn’t understand at first
d. Bryan, who chooses to play a piano piece way beyond his skill level
ANSWER: c
57. Alice allows her kids to do only those things that she knows they can do successfully. Barry severely punishes his kids
whenever they fail. Connie believes that rewards and punishments should be internal, so she never comments when her
kids succeed or fail. Dwight encourages his kids to attempt challenging, difficult tasks. Who is most likely going to have
kids with high achievement motivation?
a. Alice
b. Barry
c. Connie
d. Dwight
ANSWER: d
58. Juan is a CEO of Hoola-Hoops, Inc. He sees his employees as lazy, untrustworthy creatures with no interest in their
work. Thus, he offers a highly structured, heavily supervised work environment. Juan assumes that his employees are
primarily motivated by ____ rewards.
a. primary
b. intrinsic
c. extrinsic
d. personal
ANSWER: c
59. Leon is intrinsically motivated to wash his neighbor's car. Accordingly, he expects his neighbor to give him ____.
a. food
b. money
c. nothing
d. respect
ANSWER: c
60. Whit started playing the saxophone. He wants to get better at it, so he watches the techniques of professional players
and practices constantly. Whit does not care how he compares to other saxophone players, nor does he want to seek help
from others. Whit appears to have adopted a(n) ____.
a. approach-avoidance conflict
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict
c. performance goal
d. learning goal
ANSWER: d
61. Kareem, who has high achievement motivation, is looking for a job that will satisfy him. Which job should he take?
a. Company one: medium pay, lots of responsibility, chances for advancement, demanding boss
b. Company two: very high pay, easy work, low participation in decision making, great boss
c. Company three: high pay, little responsibility, rigid job structure, great boss
d. Company four: low pay, lots of responsibility, lots of job supervision, mediocre boss
ANSWER: a
62. Beavis works at Burger World. Beavis's manager wants to motivate Beavis to work harder. According to your
textbook, which incentive is least likely to increase Beavis's motivation and job satisfaction?
a. providing increased pay and benefits
b. allowing Beavis to participate in decisions about how the kitchen should operate
c. training Beavis to work both the drive-thru and the counter, not just one or the other
d. recognizing excellence with an "employee of the month" award
ANSWER: a
63. Fernandez owns a business that employs several hundred people. He would like to increase both the satisfaction and
the productivity of his employees. According to research, the least effective way for Fernandez to accomplish this would
be to ____.
a. encourage employees to participate in decisions about how their work should be done
b. give employees problems to solve without being told how to solve them
c. recognize employees publicly for good performance
d. increase employees' pay and benefits
ANSWER: d
64. Myron is a manager. He has noticed that the majority of his employees seem unhappy and unmotivated in their jobs.
What would be an effective way for Myron to improve the job satisfaction of his employees?
a. Encourage workers to set their own work goals.
b. Increase the amount of supervision given to employees.
c. Create the goal of "increased production" for all employees and send it to them in an e-mail.
d. Take a more active role in telling his employees how to solve problems.
ANSWER: a
65. Dr. Happy Golucky believes that to achieve happiness in life, one must develop a sense of well-being, and sets out to
create a list of dos and don’ts. Dr. Golucky identifies which behavior as least characteristic of well-being?
a. experiencing positive moods frequently
b. creating a deficiency orientation
c. adapting to changes by altering expectations and goals
d. experiencing negative emotions relatively infrequently
ANSWER: b
66. Even though Randa recently went through a divorce and her daughter moved across the country, she still feels
relatively positive about her life and continues to maintain strong social ties. She knows that these hard times will fade
and changes her expectations accordingly. Randa seems to have ____.
a. learned by using social referencing
b. reached her optimal level of arousal
c. a high need for achievement
d. achieved well-being
ANSWER: d
67. While watching Survivor on television, you realize that the participants cannot worry about creating alliances or
making worthy contributions until they have first secured a source of food and shelter. This phenomenon is explained best
by ____ theory of motivation.
a. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
b. the opponent process
c. the incentive
d. the arousal
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Relations and Conflicts Among Motives
68. Nathan works at a homeless shelter. The people who come into the shelter are usually tired and hungry after spending
days at a time on the dangerous streets. Most of these individuals have lost touch with their friends and family members
and receive little indication of being loved or needed. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Nathan should first ____.
a. reassure them of the safety and security features of the building
b. try to boost their self-esteem by treating them as respected and honorable individuals
c. provide them with a hot meal and a warm place to sleep
d. express love for and acceptance of them
ANSWER: c
69. Joani is a college student working two jobs to pay her tuition and living expenses. Despite working long hours, she is
worried that she cannot afford to stay in college another semester. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Joani is
attempting to satisfy needs at the ____ level.
a. safety
b. belongingness and love
c. self-actualization
d. esteem
ANSWER: a
70. Shmuel is well fed and owns his own home. According to Maslow, this information suggests that Shmuel's current
motivation should be focused primarily on ____.
a. trying to completely fulfill his potential—to "be all he can be."
b. achieving a sense of personal accomplishment
c. constructing stable relationships with other people
d. reading books of great literature and listening to good music
ANSWER: c
71. Magda claims that she will not be satisfied until she gets the respect she deserves for the job she does at work.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Magda has ____.
a. given up her biological needs because she probably was unable to fulfill them
b. probably been poor all of her life
c. had her lower needs fulfilled to an acceptable degree
d. not had her lower needs fulfilled to an acceptable degree
ANSWER: c
72. Mother Theresa is often praised for the good works she accomplished during her life. She became a nun, took a vow
of poverty, and helped others in the slum areas of cities. According to Maslow, she would be in the ____ stage of his
hierarchy.
a. self-actualization
b. physiological
c. safety and security
d. belongingness and love
ANSWER: a
73. While watching Survivor on television, you realize that the participants cannot worry about creating alliances or
making worthy contributions until they have first secured a source of food and shelter. This phenomenon is explained best
by ____ theory of motivation.
a. the incentive
b. Solomon’s opponent process
c. Maslow's hierarchy
d. the arousal
ANSWER: c
74. The existence, relatedness, growth (ERG) theory was proposed to address some of the problems with Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs. Which statement is not an assumption of the ERG theory?
a. Needs can be satisfied in any order.
b. Needs will vary from time to time.
c. Needs will vary from situation to situation.
d. Needs can be met only one at a time.
ANSWER: d
75. Bryan has been recovering from a series of painful cancer treatments and recently injured his arm in an accident.
Despite these hardships, he has decided to participate in the charity bicycle ride from Toronto to Pittsburgh. Bryan’s
behavior is best explained by what theory of motivation?
a. Existence, relatedness, growth (ERG) theory
b. Maslow’s needs hierarchy
c. Cannon's central theory
d. Drive reduction theory
ANSWER: a
76. In deciding whether to accept the invitation to attend Whoville's annual Whobilation, the Grinch makes a list of pros
and cons. On the one hand, he would enjoy stealing Christmas, as well as upsetting and making fun of the Whoville
residents. On the other hand, he doesn't have anything to wear and it might cause him to recall traumatic childhood
memories. What kind of motivational conflict is the Grinch facing?
a. Approach-approach
b. Multiple approach-avoidance
c. Approach-avoidance
d. Avoidance-avoidance
ANSWER: c
77. You've received job offers from two companies. Both positions offer excellent starting salaries and benefits. Both are
with stable companies that have room for you to advance. You are making an important and difficult decision and thus,
facing a(n) ____.
a. zero-sum game
b. approach-approach conflict
c. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
d. social dilemma
ANSWER: b
78. Stone has just received the opportunity to advance to assistant manager at the car wash. He really wants the extra pay
and the additional experience, but unfortunately, the only slot available for this new position is nights (midnight to 8:00
a.m.). What type of conflict is Stone facing?
a. approach-approach conflict
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict
c. approach-avoidance conflict
d. multiple approach-avoidance conflict
ANSWER: c
79. Shoba has two options for the summer. She could do an internship that would be pretty boring, but the money and
experience would be good. She also has an opportunity to be a nanny in France, which would be very exciting but
wouldn't bring in much money. Shoba is experiencing a(n) ____ conflict.
a. approach-approach
b. approach-avoidance
c. avoidance-avoidance
d. multiple approach-avoidance
ANSWER: d
80. In Marsha’s history class, the students are given a choice of either writing a twelve-page paper or giving a twenty-
minute oral presentation in front of the class. Marsha is having a difficult time making the decision because both are a lot
of work. She is experiencing a(n) ____ conflict situation.
a. multiple approach-avoidance
b. approach-approach
c. avoidance-avoidance
d. approach-avoidance
ANSWER: c
81. Rosa is trying to decide where to go to college. She could go to the University of Hawaii where the weather is
beautiful, but the tuition is high and she would be a long way from home. She could also go to the University of Chicago
where she would be close to her family and have a scholarship, but she's tired of the cold winters and would like to live in
a different state. Rosa is faced with a(n) ____ conflict.
a. approach-approach
b. avoidance-avoidance
c. approach-avoidance
d. multiple approach-avoidance
ANSWER: d
82. You are just ready to pull into a parking place when another driver pulls into the spot from the opposite direction.
Angry, you walk into the store and bump into a person blocking the aisle. Then you tell a father that he should keep his
loud child quiet. Your frustration from the parking lot incident has triggered a(n) ____, causing you to behave rudely to
other people.
a. action tendency
b. opponent-process
c. need for achievement
d. primary drive
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Nature of Emotions
83. We can usually control whether we cry, but we can't usually control whether we feel sorrow. This illustrates that
emotions ____.
a. arise in part from a cognitive appraisal of a situation
b. are passions, not actions
c. are accompanied by bodily responses
d. are experiences, not overt behaviors or specific thoughts
ANSWER: b
84. After several stories in the news about a strangler in a blue van attacking women, Kelly becomes afraid of public
places and pays more attention to any dark-colored vans. Kelly's emotions have ____.
a. negated any action tendency
b. been changed by the emotion culture
c. ceased to be passions
d. altered her thought processes
ANSWER: d
85. Serena is upset that she is not allowed to push the shopping cart at the grocery store. She cries for several minutes, but
once her mother asks her to help select items from the shelf, Serena is smiling and happy. This scenario shows that
emotions tend to be ____.
a. controlled by moods
b. temporary
c. objective
d. mostly negative
ANSWER: b
86. Roberto is getting extremely angry. His body is experiencing the fight-flight reaction, caused by the ____.
a. release of norepinephrine by his sympathetic system
b. release of acetylcholine by his parasympathetic system
c. conscious experience of the activity of his autonomic nervous system
d. struggle between his sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
ANSWER: a
87. While using his do-it-yourself brain surgery kit, Ryan accidentally damages his right hemisphere. Now when Ryan
hears a joke, he ____.
a. does not understand the logic underlying the joke
b. does not understand the joke's punchline
c. understands the joke but does not laugh
d. understands the joke and laughs uncontrollably
ANSWER: c
88. Tyra is about to go on the Millennium Force roller coaster at Cedar Point amusement park. As she gets on the coaster,
she finds that her mouth is dry, her hands are sweaty, and her heartbeat has increased. The ____ nervous system is
responsible for Tyra's bodily changes.
a. extrapyramidal
b. pyramidal
c. sympathetic
d. parasympathetic
ANSWER: c
89. Leslie has eaten lunch and relaxes on the couch with a good book. At that moment in time, the ____ nervous system is
stimulating her body to increase digestion and obtain more nutrients from the food she ate.
a. central
b. parasympathetic
c. sympathetic
d. somatic
ANSWER: b
90. Sandy looks at the final exam and becomes upset when she discovers that it covers two chapters she did not read. As a
result, neurons in Sandy's ____ system are releasing the neurotransmitter ____ at the target organs.
a. parasympathetic; serotonin
b. sympathetic; serotonin
c. parasympathetic; norepinephrine
d. sympathetic; norepinephrine
ANSWER: d
91. Vern was quite nervous during his atmospheric science final exam. A few hours afterward, Vern has calmed down,
allowing his ____ nervous system to release ____ and focus on functions of protection and growth.
a. sympathetic; acetylcholine
b. parasympathetic; acetylcholine
c. sympathetic; norepinephrine
d. parasympathetic; norepinephrine
ANSWER: b
92. You are watching Christina Aguilera on MTV Cribs. As she walks through her backyard, she trips over a rake, falls to
the ground, and gets all dirty. You laugh uncontrollably and cannot help but smile for the next few minutes. In this
situation, the ____ motor system is controlling your facial expressions.
a. extrapyramidal
b. paraventricular
c. pyramidal
d. ventromedial
ANSWER: a
93. Sharise lands a small role in a local play. However, two days later, she sustains head injuries in a car accident. After
the accident, Sharise can no longer voluntarily look angry on stage when she does not actually feel the emotion of anger.
Sharise most likely has damaged her ____ motor system.
a. pyramidal
b. extrapyramidal
c. somatosensory
d. association
ANSWER: a
94. Because Lola's mouth is dry, her hands are sweaty, and her heartbeat has increased, she experiences the emotion of
"fear." This is consistent with ____ theory of emotion.
a. Cannon's central
b. Schachter-Singer's
c. the attribution
d. James's peripheral
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Theories of Emotion
95. In a research study, participants are asked to rate the funniness of a cartoon while either just looking at it or holding a
pencil with their teeth. Those who rate the cartoon while holding a pencil with their teeth rate the cartoon as funnier.
Because the facial muscles for a smile are similar to those required to hold a pencil in one's mouth, the results of this
experiment support ____ theory of emotion.
a. James's peripheral
b. Cannon's central
c. the Schachter-Singer
d. the opponent-process
ANSWER: a
96. An experimenter shows that individuals can be made to experience emotions by direct stimulation of heart activity and
respiration. Depending on the pattern of this stimulation, different emotions are experienced. Which theory of emotion
would best be supported by the above evidence?
b. Fight-or-flight
c. Cannon's central
d. Schachter-Singer
ANSWER: a
97. Lie detector tests use what assumption in detecting liars?
a. Lying is emotionally arousing.
b. Taking lie detector tests is emotionally arousing.
c. A liar is emotionally aroused most of the time.
d. An honest person is not emotionally aroused when taking the test.
ANSWER: a
98. Which situation is most consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis?
a. A boy smiles at a funeral and is punished by his mother.
b. A mother smiles at her children to make them feel happy.
c. An actor smiles on stage in order to become happy.
d. A student smiles at a joke told by his professor.
ANSWER: c
99. Because all your friends are concerned about your feeling depressed lately, you decide to walk around all day with a
smile on your face trying to look happy. By the end of the day, you actually begin to feel happier. The theory of emotion
that best explains this phenomenon is ____.
a. James's peripheral theory.
b. Cannon's central theory.
c. the arousal theory
d. the Schachter-Singer theory
ANSWER: a
100. J.T. is taking a lie detector test as part of an ongoing investigation into a recent bank robbery. The investigators hope
that the polygraph will reveal any dishonesty because different patterns of physiological activity are associated with
different emotions, such as guilt. The investigators most likely ascribe to ____ theory of emotion.
a. Cannon's central
b. James's peripheral
c. Darwin's
d. the Schachter-Singer
ANSWER: b
101. You have lost all feedback from your body about its physiological and behavioral activity. Which theory of emotion
predicts the least amount of change in your ability to experience emotions?
b. Cannon's central
c. Schachter-Singer
d. Darwinian
ANSWER: b
102. Isabella is injured when her automatic pencil sharpener malfunctions and a pencil pierces her skull and destroys her
thalamus. Now Isabella can no longer experience emotion. This situation supports ____ theory of emotion.
b. the Darwin-Buss
d. Cannon's central
ANSWER: d
103. The crew of the starship becomes addicted to a type of video game because the pleasure center in their brains is
stimulated each time they scored. They eventually play the game nearly constantly and experience a pleasurable emotion
without having to interpret a physiological reaction or think about the situational cause of their emotion. This is most
supportive of which theory of emotion?
a. optimal arousal
b. Cannon's central
c. James's peripheral
d. Schachter-Singer
ANSWER: b
104. In the year 2999, Bert is alive, but he is only a brain connected to a "life machine." Because Bert has no body, he
does not experience physiological responses such as changes in heartbeat, perspiration, or breathing. Yet Bert still
experiences the full range of emotions. The theory of emotion that best explains how Bert can experience these emotions
is ____ theory.
a. the Schachter-Singer
b. the opponent-process
c. James's peripheral
d. Cannon's central
ANSWER: d
105. Terrence has just climbed all 354 steps to reach the crown of the Statue of Liberty. When he reaches the top, he
meets Rose, who has climbed the steps just a few paces ahead of Terrence. They immediately decide they love one
another. Which theory of emotion best describes why they believe they are in love?
a. James's peripheral theory
b. The Schachter-Singer theory
c. Cannon's central theory
d. Darwin's theory
ANSWER: b
106. Before coming to his final exam, Howie drinks four cans of Surge (which contains a lot of caffeine). As the final is
being passed out, Howie becomes aware that his hands are shaking and his heart is beating fast. According to ____ theory,
whether Howie attributes his shaking hands and beating heart to ingesting a lot of caffeine or to being concerned about the
final will affect his emotional experience.
b. Cannon's central
d. the Shenker-Turner
ANSWER: c
107. Ten-year-old Sasha begins crying uncontrollably while watching Old Yeller, a movie in which a brave dog saves his
master but is killed by the bad guys. Her mother tells Sasha, "It's all pretend! Don't worry. Yeller is alive and living in
Hollywood, California!" After her mom explains, Sasha feels much better and stops crying. This difference in Sasha's
emotional reaction can best be explained by ____.
a. arousal theory
b. a difference in her interpretation of the situation
d. Maslow's hierarchy.
ANSWER: b
108. Chicken Little is afraid the sky was falling, so he warns everyone about it. Henny Penny explains that Chicken
Little's emotional experience (fear) is a result of him thinking that an event (the sky falling) will negatively affect his well-
being. Henny Penny would most likely agree with ____ theory of emotion.
a. Cannon's central
c. Schachter-Singer's
d. Lazarus's cognitive appraisal
ANSWER: d
109. Roberto tells Azzy that he feels guilty about lying to his parents about a recent speeding ticket. Azzy suggests that
Roberto is experiencing that emotion because he has attached a category label (guilt) to his unpleasant feelings. He
believes this kind of labeling comes from our cultural training. Azzy’s theory seems to be in agreement with ____ of
emotion.
a. the conceptual act model
b. Cannon’s central theory
c. James’s peripheral theory
d. the social referencing model
ANSWER: a
110. In class, both Ned and Allen are called out by the teacher for their performance on the science exam. In Ned’s
culture, it is considered a reward to be individually recognized in a group, so he is happy. In Allen’s culture, it is
considered a dishonor to the group for him to be singled out, so he feels shame. The theory of emotion that best accounts
for these different experiences is ____.
a. the conceptual acts model
b. the opponent-process theory
c. Cannon’s central theory
d. Maslow’s hierarchy
ANSWER: a
111. Ginger has a wonderful job but decides to interview for a position at another company so that she can practice her
interviewing skills. Ginger is not nervous during this interview because she does not believe her well-being is affected by
the outcome. Her emotional experience is best explained by ____ theory.
a. Cannon's central
c. Maslow's hierarchy
d. Lazarus's cognitive appraisal
ANSWER: d
112. Shortly after finishing his fifteen-mile run, Georgio sees a handsome man waiting at the bus stop. Georgio feels
attracted to this man and introduces himself. They agree to meet later for lunch. During lunch, however, Georgio decides
that the man is not nearly as attractive or interesting as he originally thought. What was most likely occurring when
Georgio first met the "handsome" stranger?
a. pyramidal attraction
b. facial feedback
c. social referencing
d. excitation transfer
ANSWER: d
113. Sherman is going to give Luella some flowers. He really wants her to like them. According to the principle of
excitation transfer, when would be the best time for Sherman to give her the flowers?
a. just before Luella is going to go for a jog
b. when she has been sleeping for ninety minutes
c. about a half-hour after she has taken a tranquilizer
d. a few minutes after she has finished jogging
ANSWER: d
114. The addition to James's peripheral theory that the Schachter-Singer theory provides is ____.
a. very minor—they are essentially the same theory
b. the interpretation of bodily responses
c. the social-referencing phenomenon
d. labeling of the adrenal medulla as the initiator of emotional experience
ANSWER: b
115. The main difference between James's peripheral theory and Cannon's central theory of emotion is that ____.
a. the transfer of excitation can be adequately explained only by the Cannon central theory
b. in James's peripheral theory the thalamus plays a decisive role
c. Cannon's central theory says that the brain directly creates the experience of emotion.
d. in James's peripheral theory cognitive appraisal of what caused your responses is especially important
ANSWER: c
116. As a member of the Peace Corps, David is given special training in the customs of the third-world country to which
he was going. Nevertheless, David probably needs little training to correctly interpret his hosts' display of happiness,
surprise, and sadness as revealed by their ____.
a. eye contact
b. body posture
c. facial expressions
d. hand gestures
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Communicating Emotion
117. Janessa smiled in real pleasure when her baby reaches for her. This is an example of ____.
a. a Duchenne smile
b. social referencing
c. "liget."
d. the facial feedback hypothesis
ANSWER: a
118. In October, Emil decides to carve a pumpkin to look as scary as possible. In order for people from many different
cultures to recognize his pumpkin as threatening, Emil should use ____.
a. diagonal and triangular elements
b. a furrowed brow
c. circular elements
d. a witch hat
ANSWER: a
119. Blind infants tend to show the same facial expressions as do sighted infants, but as blind infants grow older, their
expressions become less animated. This indicates that facial expressions ____.
a. are innate
b. are learned
c. may be innate but are maintained by operant shaping
d. are the result of imitation
ANSWER: c
120. The fact that people all over the world seem to associate a smile with positive emotions provides support for the ____
aspects of the expression of emotions. On the other hand, the diversity of types of smiles supports the ____ aspects of the
expression of emotion.
a. social; innate
b. innate; social
c. learned; innate
d. learned; social
ANSWER: b
121. Which statement best supports facial expressions of emotion as being innate?
a. Infants soon begin to imitate the facial expressions of those around them.
b. The pattern of facial movements we call a "smile" is universally related to positive emotions.
c. When playing some games of chance, many people master the skill of hiding their emotions from the other
players.
d. Sticking your tongue out at someone means surprise in China and resentment in North America.
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Analysis
122. According to Darwin, emotional expression is important because it ____.

a. communicates important information to other people
b. causes our brain to arouse our body into action in frightening situations
c. supplies an instinctive response to all situations
d. causes blood to flow to the appropriate parts of the brain
ANSWER: a
123. Three-year-old Simeon is at the top of a tall and scary slide. At the bottom of the slide, Simeon's older brother is
smiling and laughing. When Simeon sees this, he goes down the slide. Simeon's behavior is an example of ____.
a. social referencing
b. attribution
c. transferred excitation
d. social facilitation
ANSWER: a
124. Daniel has a new job. At his first meeting with his new co-workers, someone calls the boss the “old man.” Daniel is
not sure if this remark is meant as an insult or a joke, but when he sees the boss and the others all smiling and laughing he
realizes that the remark was friendly kidding. Daniel’s realization best illustrates ____.
a. Darwin’s theory of emotion
b. social comparison
c. the facial feedback hypothesis
d. social referencing
ANSWER: d
125. In the United States, it is customary that men shake hands when greeting other male friends. However, in the Middle
East, it is customary that men will greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. Thesedifferences in displaying emotions
demonstrates the existence of ____.
a. transferred excitation
b. social comparison
c. the facial feedback hypothesis
d. emotion culture
ANSWER: d
126. Explain why people date from the perspective of the four theories of motivation: instinct doctrine, drive reduction
theory, arousal theory, and incentive theory.
ANSWER: From the perspective of instinct doctrine, especially its most modern descendant, evolutionary
psychology, dating behavior associated with love and marriage is a result of innate desires to create
offspring to propagate our genes with as great a chance of success as possible. Therefore, one’s choice of
mate is influenced by perceptions (often nonconscious) of the genetic fitness of the candidate person.
From the point of view of drive reduction theory, dating is a way of satisfying a drive to find a mate for
reproduction. This biologically based drive creates an imbalance in homeostasis that motivates us to
behave in such a way as to restore the balance. Thus, we engage in social behaviors that we believe will
lead to the satisfaction of our need for a mate and offspring.
Arousal theory would propose that we seek out stimulation that will lead to increased states of arousal.
Although not offered as an explanation for all types of behavior, arousal theory does provide the
possibility of explaining behaviors that other theories don’t explain satisfactorily. In the case of dating,
arousal theory might emphasize the role of novelty (meeting new people and engaging in new activities)
and curiosity, which both play a role in increasing and maintaining desired levels of arousal.
From the point of view of incentive theory, external stimuli motivate behavior. In terms of dating, this
means that we are drawn to individuals and dating scenarios that bring positive incentives and maximize
pleasure. Dating needs to have some positive incentives and pleasure associated with it in order for us to
pursue it. A hungry woman may accept a date with a man who offers to buy her dinner or a woman may
choose to date a man who makes her laugh and feel good about herself.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze
127. List the characteristics of people who have high achievement motivation. Include some parenting characteristics that
are important in the development of a person with high need for achievement.
ANSWER: People with high achievement motivation tend to set challenging and difficult but realistic goals. They
actively pursue success and are willing to take risks in that pursuit. They experience intense satisfaction
from success and are not particularly bothered by failure if they feel they have tried their best. People
who are motivated to achieve tend to be preoccupied with their own performance and level of ability.
They prefer tasks that have clear-cut outcomes—tasks that leave no question about whether they
succeeded or failed. They tend to persist at a task, even after repeated failure, and struggle on their own
before seeking assistance. They enjoy receiving concrete feedback about their progress. Finally, they
tend to delay immediate gratification and make careful plans about the future, especially about career
goals.
Parenting behaviors that contribute to the development of high achievement motivation include
encouraging independent thinking, rewarding success with hugs and other signs of affection,
encouraging children to attempt difficult tasks, especially new ones, encouraging children to find ways
to succeed instead of complaining about failure, and prompting children to go on to the next, somewhat
more difficult, challenge.
128. Compare and contrast the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.
ANSWER: The James-Lange is a self-observation theory of emotion. When stimuli are perceived, they evoke
immediate automatic peripheral responses. These physical responses can include actions such as running
in response to a fearful stimulus. After the automatic responses occur, people feel an emotion because
they observe their physiological responses.
The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that direct central experience is responsible for emotions. The
thalamus originates an emotion. A person perceives a stimulus and interprets it through the thalamus.
The thalamus sends simultaneous signals to the cortex, which causes the emotion to become conscious,
and to the autonomic nervous system, which produces a physiological response.
The Schachter-Singer theory proposes that emotions are based on the attribution of arousal. First, a
person perceives a stimulus and identifies its nature. Then visceral responses occur, which the person
identifies as some emotion. In other words, people attribute their physiological responses to some cause
that makes sense, given the situation they are in.
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regularity:—varying their phases from full to new and from new to
full, and frequently eclipsing the sun and each other, at least to the
equatorial parts of Jupiter; and almost in every revolution suffering
eclipses themselves by falling into Jupiter’s shadow; excepting that
the outermost will seem, like a traveller fond of the sun-beams,
cautiously to avoid the shadow for whole years together. Since we
are advanced so far, if not tired of the journey, let us proceed a step
further; it is but 400 millions of miles to the globe of Saturn. Here
again all will be lost, but Jupiter itself. The Sun will put on something
of a starlike appearance, but with excessive brightness. The five[A33]
satellites of Saturn will exhibit appearances similar to those of
Jupiter, but they will very rarely eclipse the Sun, or suffer eclipses
themselves. The particular phænomena of Saturn’s ring, we cannot
explain, unless we knew the time and plane of Saturn’s revolution on
his axis. But this we know, that it must sometimes appear, by night,
like a prodigious luminous arch, almost equal to one quarter of the
heavens; and at other times, dark, so as to afford no light itself, but
to intercept the light of every star beyond it, by night, and of the sun
itself by day. And to conclude, if borne on the wings of a comet we
should travel with it to the remotest part of its orbit; our whole
planetary system would disappear, and the sun become a star, only
more refulgent than Sirius perhaps, because less distant.
The opinion of the earth’s rotation on its axis was once violently
opposed, from a notion of its dangerous tendency with respect to the
interests of religion:[A34] But, as truth is always consistent with itself,
so many new proofs were furnished from time to time by new
discoveries, that a mistaken interpretation of some passages in the
bible was compelled to give way to the force of astronomical
evidence. The doctrine of a plurality of worlds, is inseparable from
the principles of Astronomy; but this doctrine is still thought, by some
pious persons, and by many more I fear, who do not deserve that
title, to militate against the truths asserted by the Christian religion. If
I may be allowed to give my opinion on a matter of such importance,
I must confess that I think upon a proper examination the apparent
inconsistency will vanish. Our religion teaches us what philosophy
could not have taught; and we ought to admire with reverence the
great things it has pleased divine Providence to perform, beyond the
ordinary course of Nature, for man, who is undoubtedly the most
noble inhabitant of this globe. But neither religion nor philosophy
forbids us to believe that infinite wisdom and power, prompted by
infinite goodness, may throughout the vast extent of creation and
duration, have frequently interposed in a manner quite
incomprehensible to us, when it became necessary to the happiness
of created beings of some other rank or degree.
How far indeed the inhabitants of the other planets may resemble
man, we cannot pretend to say. If like him they were created liable to
fall, yet some, if not all of them, may still retain their original
rectitude. We will hope they do: the thought is comfortable.—Cease,
Galileo, to improve thy optic tube: and thou, great Newton, forbear
thy ardent search into the distant mysteries of nature: lest ye make
unwelcome discoveries. Deprive us not of the pleasure of believing
that yonder radiant orbs, traversing in silent majesty the etherial
regions, are the peaceful seats of innocence and bliss: where neither
natural nor moral evil has ever yet intruded; where to enjoy with
gratitude and adoration the creator’s bounty, is the business of
existence. If their inhabitants resemble man in their faculties and
affections, let us suppose that they are wise enough to govern
themselves according to the dictates of that reason their creator has
given them, in such manner as to consult their own and each other’s
true happiness, on all occasions. But if, on the contrary, they have
found it necessary to erect artificial fabrics of government, let us not
suppose that they have done it with so little skill, and at such an
enormous expence, as must render them a misfortune instead of a
blessing. We will hope that their statesmen are patriots, and that
their kings, if that order of beings has found admittance there, have
the feelings of humanity.—Happy people! and perhaps more happy
still, that all communication with us is denied. We have neither
corrupted you with our vices, nor injured you by violence. None of
your sons and daughters, degraded from their native dignity, have
been doomed to endless slavery by us in America, merely because
their bodies may be disposed to reflect or absorb the rays of light, in
a way different from ours. Even you, inhabitants of the moon,
situated in our very neighbourhood, are effectually secured, alike
from the rapacious hand of the haughty Spaniard, and of the
unfeeling British nabob. Even British thunder impelled by British
thirst of gain, cannot reach you: And the utmost efforts of the mighty
Frederick, that tyrant of the north and scourge of mankind, if aimed
to disturb your peace, becomes inconceivably ridiculous and
impotent.
Pardon these reflections; they rise not from the gloomy spirit of
misanthropy. That being, before whose piercing eye all the intricate
foldings and dark recesses of the human heart become expanded
and illuminated, is my witness with what sincerity, with what ardor, I
wish for the happiness of the whole race of mankind: how much I
admire that disposition of lands and seas, which affords a
communication between distant regions, and a mutual exchange of
benefits:[A35] how sincerely I approve of those social refinements
which really add to our happiness, and induce us with gratitude to
acknowledge our great Creator’s goodness:—how I delight in a
participation of the discoveries made from time to time in nature’s
works, by our Philosophic brethren in Europe.
But when I consider, that luxury and her constant follower tyranny,
who have long since laid in the dust, never to rise again, the glories
of Asia, are now advancing like a torrent irresistible, whose weight
no human force can stem, and have nearly completed their conquest
of Europe; luxury and tyranny, who by a vile affectation of virtues
they know not, pretend at first to be the patrons of science and
philosophy, but at length fail not effectually to destroy them; agitated
I say by these reflections, I am ready to wish—vain wish! that nature
would raise her everlasting bars between the new and old world; and
make a voyage to Europe as impracticable as one to the moon. I
confess indeed, that by our connections with Europe we have made
most surprising, I had almost said unnatural, advances towards the
meridian of glory; but by those connections too, in all probability, our
fall will be premature. May the God of knowledge inspire us with
wisdom to prevent it: let our harbours, our doors, our hearts, be shut
against luxury. But I return to my subject, and will no longer indulge
these melancholy thoughts.
Some have observed, that the wonderful discoveries of the

microscope ought to go hand in hand with those of the telescope;
lest whilst we contemplate the many instances of the wisdom and
power of divine Providence, displayed in the great works of creation,
we should be tempted to conclude that man, and other less
important beings of this lower world, did not claim its attention. But I
will venture to affirm, without at all derogating from the merits of
those who have so greatly obliged the world with the success of their
microscopical enquiries, that no such danger is to be apprehended.
Nothing can better demonstrate the immediate presence of the Deity
in every part of space, whether vacant or occupied by matter, than
astronomy does. It was from an astronomer St. Paul quoted that
exalted expression, so often since repeated; “In God we live, and
move, and have our being.” His divine energy supports that universal
substratum on which all corporal substances subsist, that the laws of
motion are derived from, and that wings light with angelic swiftness.
If the time would permit, how agreeable the task to dwell on the
praises of Astronomy: to consider its happy effects as a science, on
the human mind. Let the sceptical writers forbear to lavish
encomiums on their cobweb Philosophy, liable to be broken by the
smallest incident in nature. They tell us it is of great service to
mankind, in banishing bigotry and superstition from amongst us. Is
not this effectually done by Astronomy? The direct tendency of this
science is to dilate the heart with universal benevolence, and to
enlarge its views. But then it does this without propagating a single
point of doctrine contrary to common sense, or the most cultivated
reason. It flatters no fashionable princely vice, or national depravity.
It encourages not the libertine by relaxing any of the precepts of
morality; nor does it attempt to undermine the foundations of religion.
It denies none of those attributes, which the wisest and best of
mankind, have in all ages ascribed to the Deity: Nor does it degrade
the human mind from that dignity, which is ever necessary to make it
contemplate itself with complacency. None of these things does
Astronomy pretend to; and if these things merit the aim of
Philosophy, and the encouragement of a people, then let scepticism
flourish, and Astronomy lie neglected; then let the names of
Berkeley, and Hume, become immortal, and that of Newton be lost in
oblivion.
I shall conclude this part of my discourse with the words of Dr.

Barrow—It is to Astronomy we owe “that we comprehend the huge
fabric of the universe, admire and contemplate the wonderful beauty
of the divine workmanship, and so learn the invincible force and
sagacity of our own minds, as to acknowledge the blessings of
heaven with a pious affection.”
I now come, in the last place, to point out some of the defects of
Astronomy at this day. Which I am induced to undertake by the
hopes I entertain that some of those defects may be removed under
the auspices of this society, and of you my fellow citizens, who have
so zealously promoted its institution. “The advantages arising from
Astronomy, the pleasure attending the study of it, the care with which
it was cultivated by many great men among the ancients, and the
extraordinary attention paid to it in Europe by the present age,” all
contribute to recommend it to your protection, under which we have
the best reason to expect that it will flourish.
The mildness of our climate and the serenity of our atmosphere,

perhaps not inferior to that of Italy, and likewise our distant situation
from the principal observatories in the world (whence many curious
phænomena must be visible here that are not likely to be observed
any where else) are so many circumstances greatly in our favour.
And I trust there will not be wanting men of genius, to arise in this
new world, whose talents may be particularly adapted to
astronomical enquiries. Indeed I am persuaded that nature is by no
means so nigardly in producing them, as we are apt to imagine.
Some are never tempted forth from obscurity, some are untimely
snatched away by death, a striking instance whereof we have in
Horrox; and many are accidentally led to other pursuits.
The Astronomy of comets is still in its infancy; not that the
attention of the learned and ingenious has at all been wanting for
more than a century past; but because it will necessarily require
many ages to bring it to perfection. I wish we were in a condition to
promote it in some degree, by carefully observing such comets as
may appear. As yet we scarce dare affirm that any one has or will
return a second time. It has never, that I know of, been certainly
proved by observation, that a comet has descended within a
parabolic orbit, and until that is done we have only a coincidence of
periods and orbits (none of which have been very precise) to depend
on for their return. Far less are astronomers able to determine the
changes that may, and probably do, happen in their orbits[A36] and
velocities in every period, so as to predict their nearer or more
remote approach to the earth or any planet. Whether their business
be to repair or destroy, whether they are worlds yet in formation or
once habitable worlds in ruins; whether they are at present habitable
and regular attendants of our Sun only, or whether they are the vast
links that connect the distant parts of creation by surrounding more
suns than one, we know not.
If we descend to the Planetary System, there are still many things

wanting to compleat Astronomy.
The orbits of the primary planets have at one time been supposed
moveable with various irregularities, at other times fixed and
permanent. It seems now generally granted, that according to the
theory of gravity they must change their situations; yet not long
since, some great astronomers warmly contended that this change
was altogether insensible.
According to the best tables we now have, the planes of the orbits
of Jupiter, the Earth and Mercury are immoveable, though the orbits
themselves have a progressive motion in their planes. On the
contrary, the poles of the orbits of Saturn, Mars and Venus are
supposed to revolve about the poles of the earth’s orbit, with such
velocities as at present nearly reconcile calculation to appearances.
But there is good reason to apprehend that such a supposition is not
true in fact, and a mistake in this matter will have some important
consequences. More probable is it, that the poles of the orbits of all
the planets, the earth not excepted, revolve about some common
centre. The several quantities of these motions, I am confident, are
to be had from observation, and not from theory alone. If such a
motion of the earth’s orbit be admitted, it will account for the
diminution[A37] of the obliquity of the ecliptic; which seems now
incontestible; and that in whatever manner we divide the forces
producing such motion, amongst the two superior planets and
Venus, or even amongst all of them. And I should suspect the further
diminution of obliquity, from this cause, will amount to about one
degree and an half.
But as Astronomy now stands, it seems doubtful whether this

change is owing to a deviation in the diurnal or annual motion of the
earth; which introduces a very disagreeable uncertainty in
conclusions drawn from some nice and useful observations.
The Lunar Astronomy has been brought so much nearer to

perfection, by the celebrated Mayer,[A38] than could have been
expected, that I shall mention no deficiency in it, but this. We do not
certainly know whether that apparent acceleration of the moon’s
motion, which Mayer with other great astronomers has admitted,
ought to be attributed to a real increase of velocity in the moon, or to
a diminution of the earth’s diurnal motion. If to the former, the
destruction of this beautiful and stupendous fabric, may from thence
be predicted with more certainty than from any other appearance in
Nature: But if to the latter, it may be prettily accounted for, by Dr.
Halley’s ingenious hypotheses concerning the change of variation in
the magnetical needle. The Doctor supposes the external crust or
shell of the earth to contain a nucleus detatched from it, and that the
impulse which first caused the diurnal motion, was given to the
external parts, and from thence in time communicated to the internal
nucleus, by means of an intervening fluid; but not so as perfectly to
equal the velocity of the superficial parts of the globe. Whence it will
follow, that the external shell of the earth is still communicating
motion to the internal parts, and losing motion itself proportionably.
The diurnal motion must therefore become slower and slower, yet
can never be retarded, by this cause, beyond certain limits; nor can
we conceive that any inconvenience will follow.
There is another physical question relating to the moon, which to

me appears extremely curious; it is this—Whence is it that the moon
always turns the same side to us? or, which is the same thing, How
comes the moon’s rotation on her axis, and her monthly revolution
about the earth, to be performed in the same time? None I believe
will suppose it to be accidental, nor will the astronomer be easily
satisfied with a final cause. Was it not originally brought about by a
natural cause which still subsists? Can the attraction of any foreign
body change a rotatory motion into a libratory one, and a libratory
motion into rest, in spaces so very free from all resistance as those
wherein the planets move? There are other defects in Astronomy
that are purely optical. Removing of those, depends on the further
improvement of telescopes, or rather on the more judicious use of
them, at times and places the most favourable.
In speaking of telescopic discoveries I purposely reserved those

made on Venus for this place, because they are still uncertain.
Burratini in Poland first discovered spots in Venus, then Cassini in
Italy; and afterwards Bianchini got a sight of them. But from all their
observations it is uncertain, whether Venus revolves on its axis once
in 23 hours, or once in 24 days. Perhaps it does neither. Nor is their
determination of the axis’ situation much more satisfactory. These
spots on Venus are not to be seen but through an excellent
telescope and a pure atmosphere.
In the year 1672 and 1676 Cassini saw a small star near Venus,
which he thought might be a satellite attending on her. It appeared to
have the same phase with Venus. In 1740 Mr. Short with a telescope
of 16 inches saw a small star at the distance of ten minutes from
Venus, which from its apparent shape he likewise thought might be a
satellite. And in 1761 Mr. Montaigne, in France, saw what he took to
be the satellite of Venus, on the 3d, 4th, 7th and 11th of May.[A39] But
whether Venus has a satellite or not, must still be left amongst the
doubtful things of Astronomy.
The spots on the sun, and those on the surfaces of several

planets, have been many years observed without our approaching
any nearer towards discovering their nature and cause. Dr. Wilson of
Glasgow, has lately succeeded in advancing one step at least, with
respect to those of the sun. He has proved from observation that
those spots are vast cavities, whose bottoms lie far below the
general surface of the sun, and whose sloping sides form the border
which we generally see surrounding them. If I should venture to add
one conjecture of my own, to those of this ingenious gentleman, I
would suppose that those prodigious cavities in the surface of the
sun, some of them capable of containing half our earth, are not
repeatedly formed by unaccountable explosions of a semifluid
substance, but permanent and solid, like the cavities within the
moon. And that it is the dark matter sometimes lodging in them, that
distinguishes them, and is only accidental.
The diurnal rotations of Saturn and Mercury are yet unknown; but
when further improvements shall be made in the art of using
telescopes, this circumstance will hardly escape the vigilance of
astronomers.
These are a few of the many things that are still left to the industry
of the ingenious in this science.
But if all higher and more sublime discoveries are not reserved for
us in a future and more perfect state; if Astronomy shall again break
those limits that now seem to confine it, and expatiate freely in the
superior celestial fields; what amazing discoveries may yet be made
amongst the fixed stars! That grand phænomenon the Milky-Way
seems to be the clue that will one day guide us. Millions of small
stars compose it, and many more bright ones lie in and near it, than
in other parts of heaven. Is not this a strong indication that this
astonishing system of worlds beyond worlds innumerable, is not
alike extended every way, but confined between two parallel planes,
of immeasureable, though not infinite extent? Or rather, is not the
Milky-Way a vein of a closer texture, running through this part of the
material creation? Great things are sometimes best explained by
small and small by great. Material substances, such as we daily
handle, have been thought composed of impenetrable particles in
actual contact: then again it has seemed necessary to suppose them
at a distance from each other, and kept in their relative situations by
attraction and repulsion. Many appearances require that those
distances should be very great in proportion to the size of the
particles. Hence some, with no small reason, have concluded that
matter consists of indivisible points endued with certain powers. Let
us compare these smaller portions of it with that great aggregate of
matter which is the object of Astronomy; Light will then appear to
have as free passage through a piece of glass, as the comets have
in the planetary regions; and several other new considerations will
arise.
If instead of descending we ascend the scale. If we consider that

infinite variety which obtains in those parts of nature with which we
are most intimate: how one order of most curiously organized
bodies, infinitely diversified in other respects, all agree in being fixed
to the earth, and receiving nourishment from thence: how another
order have spontaneous motion, and seek their food on different
parts of the earth, whilst by gravity they are confined to its surface,
but in other respects diversified like the former. How a third float in,
and below the surface of, a dense fluid, of equal weight with their
bodies, which would soon prove fatal to both the others: And a fourth
consisting of a vast variety too, have this property in common, that
by a peculiar mechanism of their bodies, they can soar to great
heights above the earth, and quickly transport themselves to distant
regions in a fluid so rare as to be scarcely sensible to us. But not to
pursue this boundless subject any further, I say, when we consider
this great variety so obvious on our globe, and ever connected by
some degree of uniformity, we shall find sufficient reason to
conclude, that the visible creation, consisting of revolving worlds and
central suns, even including all those that are beyond the reach of
human eye and telescope, is but an inconsiderable part of the whole.
Many other and very various orders of things unknown to, and
inconceivable by us, may, and probably do exist, in the unlimited
regions of space. And all yonder stars innumerable, with their
dependencies, may perhaps compose but the leaf of a flower in the
Creator’s garden, or a single pillar in the immense building of the
Divine Architect.
Here is ample provision made for the all-grasping mind of man!
If it shall please that Almighty Power who hath placed us in a

world, wherein we are only permitted “to look about us and to die;”
should it please him to indulge us with existence throughout that half
of eternity which still remains unspent; and to conduct us through the
several stages of his works; here is ample provision made for
employing every faculty of the human mind, even allowing its powers
to be constantly enlarged through an endless repetition of ages. Let
us not complain of the vanity of this world, that there is nothing in it
capable of satisfying us: happy in those wants, happy in those
restless desires, forever in succession to be gratified; happy in a
continual approach to the Deity.
I must confess that I am not one of those sanguine spirits who

seem to think, that when the withered hand of death hath drawn up
the curtain of eternity, almost all distance between the creature and
creator, between finite and infinite, will be annihilated. Every
enlargement of our faculties, every new happiness conferred upon
us, every step we advance towards the perfection of the divinity, will
very probably render us more and more sensible of his inexhaustible
stores of communicable bliss, and of his inaccessible perfections.
Were we even assured that we shall perish like the flowers of the
garden, how careful would a wise man be to preserve a good
conscience, during the short period of his existence; because by his
very constitution, which he cannot alter, this is his pride and glory,
and absolutely necessary to his present happiness; because this
would insure to him at the approach of death, the soothing reflection,
that he was going to restore, pure and uncorrupted, that drop of
divinity within him, to the original ocean from whence it was
separated. How much more anxiously careful ought we to be, if we
believe, as powerful arguments compel us to believe, that a conduct
in this life depending on our own choice, will stamp our characters
for ages yet to come. Who can endure the thought of darkening his
faculties by an unworthy application of them here on earth, and
degrading himself to some inferior rank of being, wherein he may
find both his power and inclination to obtain wisdom and exercise
virtue, exceedingly diminished? On the other hand, if that humble
admiration and gratitude, which sometimes rises in our minds when
we contemplate the power, wisdom and goodness of the Deity,
constitutes by far the most sublimely happy moments of our lives,
and probably will forever continue to do so, there cannot be a
stronger incitement to the exercise of virtue and a rational
employment of those talents we are entrusted with, than to consider
that by these means we shall in a few years be promoted to a more
exalted rank amongst the creatures of God, have our understandings
greatly enlarged, be enabled to follow truth in all her labyrinths with a
higher relish and more facility, and thus lay the foundation of an
eternal improvement in knowledge and happiness.
[TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN ORIGINAL.]
To the illustrious and celebrated Society of Sciences, at Philadelphia,
Christian Mayer, Astronomer to the most serene Prince, the

Elector Palatine, wisheth prosperity.
I have concluded on due reflection, that the opportunity of writing,

afforded me by the eminent Mr. Ferdinando Farmer, ought the less to
be neglected, as by this means I might make some small return for
the honour which the illustrious Society conferred on me, when they
enrolled me in the list of their members.
I learnt with great pleasure, by a work printed in Philadelphia, and

transmitted to me about three years since, that even there
Astronomy is cultivated. That book, together with my own
astronomical papers, having been destroyed by an unfortunate fire
about two years ago, I have been induced to address something to
your illustrious Society, concerning some of my new discoveries in
the heavens.
I occupy a new Observatory at Manheim, accommodated to all

astronomical purposes: nor is it deficient in any of the most valuable
London-made instruments. Among these, the one which principally
excels, is a mural quadrant of brass, of eight feet radius, made by
that celebrated artist Bird, in the year 1776; fitted with an achromatic
telescope, and firmly affixed to a wall, in the meridian; which I use
daily, when the weather permits. I observed, nearly two years since,
that, among the fixed stars, many of them from the first to the sixth
degree of magnitude, other small attendant stars (or satellites) were
distinguishable: some of which, by reason of their steady and dim
light, resemble an order of planets, while others do not exceed the
smallness of the telescopic size. The circumstance which principally
excited my surprize, is, that I found none of those little attendant
stars, a very few only excepted, contained in any known catalogue;
although I could clearly discover that their use, for the purpose of
determining the proper motion of the fixed stars, is very obvious. For
where the difference of right ascension and declination, of a few
seconds at most, is found between the brighter fixed star and its
attendant, the lapse of time could scarcely give any other variation to
the fixed star, than to its satellite: from what cause soever that
variation may arise, whether from the precession of the equinoxes,
the variation in the obliquity of the ecliptic, the deviation of the
instrument, or from the aberration of light or the nutation, or from any
other cause whatever, which may depend on the mutable state of the
atmosphere or the latitude of places, the fact is evident, that every
change of situation, observed, between the fixed star and its
satellite, affords the most certain proof of its actual motion; whether
this be referred to the fixed star or its satellite.
I knew that Halley, the celebrated English astronomer, was the

first, who, in the year 1719, from an actual comparison of
Flamstead’s observations with those of Ptolemy, respecting some
few fixed stars, Syrius, Arcturus, and Aldebaran, discovered that
these stars moved, with a motion peculiar to themselves: But I knew
at the same time, that in Flamstead’s British Celestial History, so
long ago as the year 1690, the name of attendant (or satellite) was
assumed by Flamstead; when that great man had not even thought
of the proper motion of the fixed stars.
Other astronomers, since the time of Halley, so far as they

examined the proper motion of the fixed stars, have followed the
Halleian method, in a comparison of their own observations with
those of the ancients. This method requires long and laborious
calculations; and continues liable to many doubts, on account of its
uncertainty, as well by reason of the inaccurate nature of the
instruments, as of the observations of the ancients. But this is not the
case with my new method; from which, by means of the variation
observed between the satellite and its brighter fixed star, it
necessarily results, that the appropriate motion, either of the one star
or the other, is to be attributed to it. Hence it is, that, within two years
past, I have observed almost two hundred attendants of divers fixed
stars; moving nearly in the same parallel, immediately before or after
their respective fixed stars: and I have communicated many
observations of this kind to the celebrated English astronomer, Nevil
Maskelyne, who assures me they prove highly acceptable to him.
From amongst many of my observations, I transmit to your

illustrious society a few, by way of specimen; the corresponding
observations to which, I find in the Britannic Celestial History of
Flamstead; whence at the same time it is obvious, that observations
of this kind are eminently useful, for the purpose of discovering the
proper motion of such stars.
[The Table, containing the Observations here referred to, will be

found in the second volume of the Society’s Transactions, annexed
to Mr. Mayer’s communication: he then proceeds thus, referring to
that Table.]
The first and second left-hand column of the following Table are
easily understood, from the title. The third column shews the
difference of right ascension, in mean time, between the star and its
satellite: The attendant, preceding the fixed star, is set down in the
first place, in the table; the attendant, following, is placed after its
fixed star. The fourth column notes the difference between the fixed
star and its attendant, as I have observed it at Manheim. The letter A
denotes, that the attendant is to the southward; letter B more
northward. The following columns contain the observations of the
same star, made by Flamstead.
It appears from the whole of the observations, that, of all the stars,
Arcturus is carried with the greatest celerity, by his own motion,
westward; since the same attendant, which in Flamstead’s time, on
the 14th of February, 1690, preceded Arcturus 5″ in time, now enters
the meridian 6″ after him. From the diminished difference also, of
declination between Arcturus and his attendant, it is evident, that
Arcturus progresses annually, by his own appropriate motion, nearly
2″ in a circular course, towards the south. From this it clearly results,
that the declination of the attendant, as observed by me, reduced to
the parallel of Greenwich, produces the same altitude of the
Greenwich pole, as that deduced from Flamstead’s observation; but
not so, the declination of Arcturus, observed at the present day, even
with the aberration and nutation corrected.
A similar investigation may be made, with respect to the other

fixed stars and their attendants; and, from the comparison already
begun with other fixed stars, it may be ascertained whether an
appropriate motion is to be attributed to the fixed star or its
attendant, or to both.
All my observations are made in a meridienal plane with a mural

quadrant, at Manheim, in his Serene Highness the Elector Palatine’s
new Observatory, erected for me: its longitude, East from
Greenwich, is nearly 34′ 6″, in time; its latitude, nearly 49° 27′ 50″.
It will give me very great pleasure, if I shall learn that these

observations of mine do not prove unacceptable to your illustrious
society: to whose goodness I most respectfully commend myself;
being ever the very devoted admirer and humble servant of your
illustrious and celebrated Society.
Christian Mayer,
Astronomer to his Serene Highness the Elector
Palatine and Duke of Bavaria.
Manheim, in Germany, April 24, 1778.
Letter from Mr. Rittenhouse to Professor Mayer of Manheim, in

Germany.
Philadelphia, August 20th. 1779.
Sir,
I am directed by the Philosophical Society to acknowledge your

letter of the 24th of April, 1778, and to return you their thanks for
communicating the Observations it contains, wishing you success in
further prosecuting so curious a Discovery. They likewise embrace
this occasion to replace the volume of their Transactions which
shared the fate of your more valuable papers.
This country having been the seat of war, our meetings have been
interrupted for two years past, and the publication of a second
volume thereby prevented; but as the Society is again revived, and
we have materials for the purpose, it will not be much longer
delayed.
You will please to accept, by this conveyance, a discourse

delivered some years ago before the Philosophical Society, which I
the rather present you with, because I, therein, gave my opinion that
the fixed stars afforded the most spacious field for the industry of
future Astronomers, and expressed my hopes that the noblest
mysteries would sometime be unfolded in those immensely distant
regions.[A40] Your excellent discovery has proved that passage to be
well founded, and I shall be happy in hearing farther from you on this
subject. It is unnecessary for me to suggest to you a comparison
between the many Observations you have made, in order to
determine whether the several changes observed will agree with any
imagined motion of our system. Those you have communicated
seem to favour such a supposition. I am, Sir, your most obedient and
humble servant.
David Rittenhouse, Vice-President.
Some Remarks of Mr. Rittenhouse, on the famous Problem of

Archimedes.[A41]
To the Printers of the Pennsylvania Gazette.
Philadelphia, Oct. 8th. 1767.
Gentlemen,
In your paper, No. 2017, an ingenious gentleman who signs

himself T. T. has favoured the public with remarks upon that
celebrated saying of the famous Syracusean geometrician: “Give me
a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth.” When these remarks
appeared, I was engaged in matters that would not allow me to pay
that attention to them, which they deserved. The justice, however,
due to Archimedes, and the respect I bear for that truly great man’s
memory, oblige me now (though late) to offer my sentiments upon
this interesting subject.
I readily agree with your sensible correspondent, as to the

conclusion he has drawn from the principles whereon he seems to
have founded his calculation, without being at the trouble to examine
his numbers. All that I propose is, to place this grand mechanical
problem in another light, wherein it will appear more feasible.
If a ball of earth, weighing 200 pounds, were left at liberty near the
surface of this globe, it would descend, by its own gravity, about 15
feet in one second of time, and about 20 miles in 80 seconds: And if,
as this gentleman supposes, there are about 2000 trillions of such
balls in the whole Earth,—the Earth, by their mutual attractions, in 80
seconds of time; will move toward the ball 1/1736,000,000,000,000
of an inch; and if the same force were to act continually for 105
years, it would move about one inch. Therefore, the force wherewith
a man acts, when he lifts a weight of 200 pounds, if applied without
intermission for the space of 105 years, is sufficient, without any
machinery, to move the Earth one inch in that time;[A42] and it must,
from the velocity received by that force alone, continue for ever after
to move at the rate of one inch in about 50 years.
A Mechanic.
Letter from Mr. Rittenhouse, to the Rev. Mr. Barton.
Norriton, July 20th. 1768.
Dear Brother,
In Hall and Sellers’ paper of last Thursday, we have some curious

remarks on an Essay for finding the Longitude, lately published in
the Pennsylvania Chronicle, and which I had before seen in the
London papers.
The first remark is no doubt just, and is perhaps the only one
made, which Mr. Wood’s essay gave just occasion for; how he could
commit such a mistake, is not easy to conceive. But the remarker
immediately charges him with another: for he tells us, that he (Mr.
Wood I suppose) says, that Mr. Harrison’s Machines were finished
about Christmas 1765; whereas his father (whether Wood’s father or
Harrison’s, is not clear,) made three, which the remarker saw in
motion about 18 years since. He then proceeds to assure us, (by the
spirit of prophecy I presume, at least I cannot conceive how he could
come by this piece of knowledge in a natural way,) that neither the
father or his son will ever be able to finish their machines.
A machine, says the remarker, to measure the mean motion, will

be far preferable to any other method yet proposed; and immediately
afterwards he confesses, he cannot conceive that a true meridian
can be found at sea, to several minutes. Now this “uncertain error”
must certainly affect any other machine for that purpose, as well as
Wood’s Sand-Glass, and exceed the error occasioned by turning the
glass somewhat quicker at one time than another. Besides, it would
not be easy to shew, why a machine to measure the Earth’s mean
motion on its axis, with respect to the Sun, will be preferable to one
that will measure the Earth’s true motion on its axis, with respect to
the fixed Stars.
I would not be thought to recommend Wood’s project. He himself

takes notice of two disadvantages attending it, viz. the wearing of the
orifice through which the sand passes, and the sand itself becoming
polished in time, so as to run more freely; to which if we add, that
perhaps it may be greatly affected by heat and cold, there seems to
be but little probability of its usefulness. Nor do I see how it can even
have the merit of being new: for the scheme itself, with all the
remarker’s objections that have any weight in them, must readily
occur to every person that thinks at all on the subject. I shall only
observe, that it appears doubtful to me, whether the remarker does
not equally deserve the censure he so freely bestows on Mr. Woods
—“His works are full of errors, and his writings of contradictions.”
* * * * * * * * * *
I remain your affectionate brother.
David Rittenhouse.
Dr. Rittenhouse’s Chronometer.
The construction of this Time-piece is thus described by Mr. Henry Voight, chief
coiner in the Mint, heretofore an eminent clock and watch maker in
Philadelphia; an artist of great ingenuity, and well known for the excellence of
his workmanship. The description is given in Mr. Voight’s own words.
“The Clock which Dr. Rittenhouse made use of in his Observatory

was a construction of his own. It had but three wheels in its
movement, of high numbers. Only one pinion, without a wheel,
driven by the main wheel; whose axis goes through the front plate,
that carried the dial-work; and this wheel[A43] has a perpetual rochet.
[A44]
The seconds are eccentric, as in the common clocks.
“The pallet-wheel moves outside of the back-plate, and the pallets

are fastened to the rod of the pendulum, which has double
suspending springs fixed in a cross-bar, to which the rod is rivetted in
the middle. These springs are suspended as in common; but they
are not so long as in general, and have only one-and-an-half inch
free action, which keeps the pendulum very steady in its vibrations.
“On the rod of the pendulum there is fixed a glass tube, of the
thickness of a strong thermometer-tube, and is in the whole as long
as the rod: but it is bent, about one-third upwards; like a barometer,
but longer; and upon that end, on the top, the tube is as wide again
as it is below, for about one-and-an-half inch in length: the other two-
thirds of the length is filled with spirits of wine; and at this end, the
tube is hermetically sealed. The shorter part is filled with mercury, so
high as to fill the widest part of it, about half an inch, and is not
sealed but remains open. The bend is close together, and there is no
more space between the tubes than three-eighths of an inch.
“This tube is fastened to the pendulum-rod with common sewing-

thread, and rests upon two pins fixed in the bob of the pendulum, as
high up as possible. The bob has no slide, but is immoveable; and

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Psychology 10th Edition Bernstein Test

5. Which behavior is most motivated by physiological factors?

6. Which individual is displaying behavior that is most motivated by cognitive factors?

10. Which behaviorbest illustratesthe maintenance of homeostasis?

a. our environment can change how the hypothalamus functions

39. Research on obesity has found that obese people ____.

44. Which statement about studies on U.S. sexual behavior is true?

45. Which of the following is the primary pattern of sexual response?

56. Who is displaying high achievement motivation?

122. According to Darwin, emotional expression is important because it ____.

Some have observed, that the wonderful discoveries of the

I shall conclude this part of my discourse with the words of Dr.

The mildness of our climate and the serenity of our atmosphere,

If we descend to the Planetary System, there are still many things

But as Astronomy now stands, it seems doubtful whether this

The Lunar Astronomy has been brought so much nearer to

There is another physical question relating to the moon, which to

In speaking of telescopic discoveries I purposely reserved those

The spots on the sun, and those on the surfaces of several

If instead of descending we ascend the scale. If we consider that

Here is ample provision made for the all-grasping mind of man!

If it shall please that Almighty Power who hath placed us in a

I must confess that I am not one of those sanguine spirits who

[TRANSLATED FROM THE LATIN ORIGINAL.]

To the illustrious and celebrated Society of Sciences, at Philadelphia,

Christian Mayer, Astronomer to the most serene Prince, the

I have concluded on due reflection, that the opportunity of writing,

I learnt with great pleasure, by a work printed in Philadelphia, and

I occupy a new Observatory at Manheim, accommodated to all

I knew that Halley, the celebrated English astronomer, was the

Other astronomers, since the time of Halley, so far as they

From amongst many of my observations, I transmit to your

[The Table, containing the Observations here referred to, will be

A similar investigation may be made, with respect to the other

All my observations are made in a meridienal plane with a mural

It will give me very great pleasure, if I shall learn that these

Letter from Mr. Rittenhouse to Professor Mayer of Manheim, in

Philadelphia, August 20th. 1779.

I am directed by the Philosophical Society to acknowledge your

You will please to accept, by this conveyance, a discourse

David Rittenhouse, Vice-President.

Some Remarks of Mr. Rittenhouse, on the famous Problem of

Philadelphia, Oct. 8th. 1767.

In your paper, No. 2017, an ingenious gentleman who signs

I readily agree with your sensible correspondent, as to the

Letter from Mr. Rittenhouse, to the Rev. Mr. Barton.

Norriton, July 20th. 1768.

In Hall and Sellers’ paper of last Thursday, we have some curious

A machine, says the remarker, to measure the mean motion, will

I would not be thought to recommend Wood’s project. He himself

I remain your affectionate brother.

“The Clock which Dr. Rittenhouse made use of in his Observatory

“The pallet-wheel moves outside of the back-plate, and the pallets

“This tube is fastened to the pendulum-rod with common sewing-

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