Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another. Considering the effects caused by pulling horizontally force P on a block of uniform weight W which is resting on a rough horizontal surface. From equilibrium, two reaction forces generated; Normal force N to resist the weight W and Friction force F to resist the pulling force P. Notice that NV acts a distance x to the right of the line of action of W’, Fig. (b which coincides with geometric center of in order to balance the effect caused by P. " . P w fa Apa. _, Impending motion Pr w . | 5 t]N Te Resultant Normal Equilibrium and Frictional Forces (a) (b) (©) Impending Motion: If the block will tend to slip, the maximum value called the limiting static frictional force, Fig. (c), which is directly proportional to the resultant normal force N. Expressed mathematically: Fs=s.N - Where: 1s (mu “sub” s), is called the coefficient of static values for us are given in Table 81 ~ When the block is on verge of sliding, the normal [ASSO force N and frictional force Fs create a resultant Contact Coefficient of Rs Fig. (c). Materials Static Friction (w,) The angle gs (phi “sub” s) that makes with Vis Metal on ice 0.03-005 Baas ‘Wood on wood 030-0.70 called the angle of static friction. Leather on wood 0.20-0.50 -1( Fs (Ho 1 tan{ 3) = an !{ -) = tare as Leather on metal 10.60 Aluminum on 32 aluminumEx( The uniform erate shown in Fig. €7e has a mass of 20 ke. Ifa force P = 80 Nisapplied to the crate, determine it remainsin equilibrium. ‘The coefficient of static friction is, = 0.3 i | SOLUTION Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig, 8-7h, the resultant normal force Ne must act a distance x from the erate’s center line in order to counteract the tipping effect caused by P. Thete ate three unknowns, FR. No, and x, which can be determined strictly from the three equations of equilibrium, Equations of Equilibrium. bE = 8Oeos3N- F=0 =80sin 30°N + Nc - 1962N = 0 0, 80sin 31° N(04 m) ~ 80 cos 3° N(0.2m) + Nel x) =0 o F=693N Ne = 26, x= -0,00908 m ~ 9.08 mm Since x is negative it indicates the resultant normal foree acts (slighily) to the left of the crate’s center line. No tipping will occur since xx < 04m. Abo the maxinuntIrietional force which can be developed at the surface of contact is Fx = usNe = 0.3(236N) = 108N. ince F ~ 693N < TORN, the erate will not sli, although itis very close to doing so. 33Its observed that when the bed of the dump truck is mised to an angle of 6 = 25° the vending machines will hgin to slide off the hed, Fig, &fa. Determine the static coefficient of frietion between a ‘vending machine and the surface ofthe truckbed. SOLUTION An ideslized model of a vending machine resting on the truckbed is shown in Fig. 8-86. The dimensions have been measured and the ‘center of gravity has been located. We will assume that the vent machine weighs W, Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig &-c.the dimension xis used to locate the position of the resultant normal force N. There sve four unknowns, N, Fp, and, Equations of Equilbrium. NER Wsin2s*- F =0 a +72R, = 0 N— Weos25"=0 @ G4 2My = 0; -Wsin 25S ft) + Weos25*(x) = 0 o Since slipping impends at # ~ 25°, using Eqs 1 and2,we have & W sin25° = p,(W c0s25") fay = tan 25° = 0.466 Ans, ‘The angle of 0 = 25° f referred to as the angle of repose, and by ‘comparison, it equal to the angle of static fiction, @ ~ gy. Notice from the ealeulation that is independent of the weight of he vending machine. and so knowing # provides a convenient method for determining the eacfficiont of static fiction. NOTE: From Bq. 3, we fined x = 117 ft Since 117 < 15 ft, indeed ‘the vending machine will slip before itcan tip as observed in Fig. 8a.Ex(3 “The uniform 10-kg ladder in Fig. 89a rests against the smooth wall at Band the ead A rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static friction i z; ~ 03. Determine the angle of inclination 9 of the ladder and the normal reaction at B if the ladder is con the verge of sipping. nc © Fig 9 SOLUTION FreeBody Diagram. Asshonn on the iree-body diagram, Fig 8-9, the frictional foree Fy must act to the rightsince impending motion at A isto the left, Equations of Equilibrium and Friction. Since the ladder is on the verge of sipping, then Fy = Ny = 0.3Nq. By inspection, Ny can be cbtained directly +138 - 0 Ny ~ 100.81) N ~0 My = $8.1 0.3981 N) = 29.43. Now Ng can be found. 2043N ~ Ny =0 Np = 2943N =204N Ans Finally, the angle @ can be determined by summing moments about point A, C1 3Ma = 0; @943.N)Am) sind — (100.81) N]@ m) cos 0 - 0 S08 san) = 1.9667 cos @ ~ 50.089 ~ s0.0° Ans. 35Q/ The (200N) block shown in Fig . Has impending motion up the plane .coused by Gaul) te Asjall diy .t6 the Horizontal force 484) 5.8 of ( 400N ). Determine the coefficient of static friction between the contact surfaces 4usdtial) ¢ saul! , ASL cs Al) Gy) 5H) Lia 400N 7 Rx =0 » Ry=0 0) F = 400 * 0.866 — 200 * 0.5 Cx = 400cos 30 — 200cos 60 -F=0 F=246.4N Ry=0 N—200 sin 60 — 400 sin 30 =0 N= 200 * 0.866 + 400 * 0.5 W=200 N N=173.2 + 200 N=373.2N X . axix 9 Qudtill ¢ pho B=f*N =F ~246.4-0 66 f N 373.2 f= Shang! Oe gh cial Jala