reative Commons (CC) is an American non-profit organization and international network devoted to

educational access and expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon
legally and to share.[3] The organization has released several copyright licenses, known as Creative
Commons licenses, free of charge to the public. These licenses allow authors of creative works to
communicate which rights they reserve and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or
other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual
symbols, explains the specifics of each Creative Commons license. Content owners still maintain
their copyright, but Creative Commons licenses give standard releases that replace the individual
negotiations for specific rights between copyright owner (licensor) and licensee, that are necessary
under an "all rights reserved" copyright management.

The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, and Eric Eldred[4] with
the support of Center for the Public Domain. The first article in a general interest publication about
Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, was published in February 2002.[5] The first set of
copyright licenses was released in December 2002.[6] The founding management team that
developed the licenses and built the Creative Commons infrastructure as it is known today included
Molly Shaffer Van Houweling, Glenn Otis Brown, Neeru Paharia, and Ben Adida.[7]

In 2002, the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley, announced the
Creative Commons as successor project and Wiley joined as CC director.[8][9] Aaron Swartz
played a role in the early stages of Creative Commons,[10] as did Matthew Haughey.[11]

As of 2019, there were "nearly 2 billion" works licensed under the various Creative Commons
licenses.[12] Wikipedia and its sister projects use one of these licenses.[13] According to a 2017
report, Flickr alone hosted over 415 million cc-licensed photos, along with around 49 million works
in YouTube, 40 million works in DeviantArt and 37 million works in Wikimedia Commons.[14][15]
The licenses are also used by Stack Exchange, MDN, Internet Archive, Khan Academy, LibreTexts,
OpenStax, MIT OpenCourseWare, WikiHow, TED, OpenStreetMap, GeoGebra, Doubtnut, Fandom,
Arduino, ccmixter.org, Ninjam, etc., and formerly by Unsplash, Pixabay and Socratic.

Purpose and goal

Lawrence Lessig (January 2008)

Creative Commons Japan Seminar, Tokyo (2007)

CC some rights reserved

A sign in a pub in Granada notifies customers that the music they are listening to is freely
distributable under a Creative Commons license.

Made with Creative Commons, a 2017 book describing the value of CC licenses.
Creative Commons has been an early participant in the copyleft movement, which seeks to provide
alternative solutions to copyright, and has been dubbed "some rights reserved".[16] Creative
Commons has been credited with contributing to a re-thinking of the role of the "commons" in the
"information age". Their frameworks help individuals and groups distribute content more freely
while still protecting themselves and their intellectual property rights legally.[17]

According to its founder Lawrence Lessig, Creative Commons' goal is to counter the dominant and
increasingly restrictive permission culture that limits artistic creation to existing or powerful
creators.[18] Lessig maintains that modern culture is dominated by traditional content distributors
in order to maintain and strengthen their monopolies on cultural products such as popular music and
popular cinema, and that Creative Commons can provide alternatives to these restrictions.[19][20]

In mid-December 2020, Creative Commons released its strategy for the upcoming five years, which
will focus more on three core of goals including advocacy, infrastructure innovation, and capacity
building.[21][22]

Creative Commons network

Until April 2018, Creative Commons had over 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to
support and promote CC activities around the world.[23] In 2018 this affiliate network has been
restructured into a network organisation.[24] The network no longer relies on affiliate organisation
but on individual membership organised in Chapter.

Hungary
Creative Commons Hungary was the affiliated network of Creative Commons in Hungary. The non-
profit organization was founded in Budapest, Hungary in 2008 and was deleted from the official
registry on 6 February 2017.[25]

Japan

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Creative Commons Japan (CC Japan/CCJP) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in
Japan.

In 2003, the International University GLOCOM held a meeting for the CC Japan preparation.

In March 2004, CC Japan was launched by GLOCOM University. CC Japan is the world's second
CC affiliated network (the first is in America).

In March 2006, CC Japan become the NPO and be in motion. In the same month, the CC founder
Lawrence Lessig came to Japan to be one of the main holders of the open ceremony. Within the
same year, between May and June, different international events were held in Japan, including
iSummit 06 and the first through third rounds of CCJP.

In February 2007, the ICC x ClipLife 15 second CM competition was held. In June, iSummit 07
was held. In July, the fourth CCJP was held. On July 25, Tokyo approved Nobuhiro Nakayama (中
山信弘) to become the NGO chairman of CCJP.

In 2008, Taipie ACIA joined CCJP. The main theme music which was chosen by CCJP was
announced.

In 2009, INTO INFINITY shown in Tokyo and Sapporo. iPhone held the shows with Audio Visual
Mixer for INTO INFINITY. (Apple joint research and development with CCJP)

In 2012, the 10th anniversary ceremony was held in Japan.

In 2015, Creative Commons 4.0 and Creative Commons 0 were released in Japanese language.[26]

South Korea
Creative Commons Korea (CC Korea) is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South
Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon (in Korean: 윤종수), former
Presiding Judge of Incheon District Court, as a project of Korea Association for Infomedia Law
(KAFIL). The major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the
use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was
consequently founded as a non-profit incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been
actively promoting the liberal and open culture of creation as well as leading the diffusion of
Creative Common in the country.

Creative Commons Korea[27]

Creative Commons Asia Conference 2010[28]
Bassel Khartabil
Bassel Khartabil was a Palestinian Syrian open source software developer who served as a project
lead and public affiliate for Creative Commons Syria.[29] On March 15, 2012, he was detained by
the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison for no crime. On October 17, 2015, the Creative
Commons Board of Directors passed a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil's release.[30] In 2017,
Bassel's wife received confirmation that Bassel had been killed shortly after she lost contact with
him in 2015.[31]

Evolution of CC licenses
All current CC licenses (except the CC0 Public Domain Dedication tool) require attribution
(attributing the authors of the original creative works), which can be inconvenient for works based
on multiple other works.[32] Critics feared that Creative Commons could erode the copyright
system over time,[33] or allow "some of our most precious resources – the creativity of individuals
– to be simply tossed into the commons to be exploited by whomever has spare time and a magic
marker."[34]

Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers would dissuade artists from
publishing their work, and questioned whether Creative Commons would enable the commons that
it aimed to create.[35]

Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered
the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that today's law provides. Rather, the duration of
copyright used to be limited to much shorter terms of years, and some works never gained
protection because they did not follow the now-abandoned compulsory format.[36]

The maintainers of Debian, a Linux distribution known for its strict adherence to a particular
definition of software freedom,[37] rejected the Creative Commons Attribution License prior to
version 3 as incompatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) due to the license's
anti-DRM provisions (which might, due to ambiguity, be covering more than DRM) and its
requirement that downstream users remove an author's credit upon request from the author.[38]
Version 3.0 of the Creative Commons licenses addressed these concerns and,[39] except for the non
commercial and no-derivative variants, are considered to be compatible with the DFSG.[40]

Kent Anderson, writing for The Scholarly Kitchen, a blog of the Society for Scholarly Publishing,
criticized CC as being grounded on copyright principles and not really departing from it, and as
being more complex and complicating than the latter – thus the public does not scrutinize CC,
reflexively accepting it as one would a software license – while at the same time weakening the
rights provided by copyright. Anderson ends up concluding that this is the point, and that "Creative
Commons receives significant funding from large information companies like Google, Nature
Publishing Group, and RedHat", and that Google money is especially linked to CC's history; for
him, CC is "an organization designed to promulgate the interests of technology companies and
Silicon Valley generally".[41]

CC license proliferation
According to Mako Hill, Creative Commons has established a range of licenses tailored to meet the
different protection interests of authors of creative works, rather than forcing a single forced
standard as a "base level of freedom" that all Creative Commons licenses must meet, and with
which all licensors and users must comply. "By failing to take any firm ethical position and draw
any line in the sand, CC is a missed opportunity. ...CC has replaced what could have been a call for
a world where 'essential rights are unreservable' with the relatively hollow call for 'some rights
reserved.'" He also argued that Creative Commons enables license proliferation, by providing
multiple licenses that are incompatible.[42]

The Creative Commons website states, "Since each of the six CC licenses functions differently,
resources placed under different licenses may not necessarily be combined with one another without
violating the license terms."[43] Works licensed under incompatible licenses may not be
recombined in a derivative work without obtaining permission from the copyright owner.[44][45]
[46]

Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation stated in 2005 that he could not support Creative
Commons as an activity because "it adopted some additional licenses which do not give everyone
that minimum freedom", that freedom being "the freedom to share, noncommercially, any published
work".[47] Those licenses have since been retired by Creative Commons.[48]

License uses

Creative Commons guiding the contributors. This image is a derivative work of Liberty Leading the
People by Eugène Delacroix.
Creative Commons is only a service provider for standardized license text, not a party in any
agreement. No central database of Creative Commons works is controlling all licensed works and
the responsibility of the Creative Commons system rests entirely with those using the licences.[49]
[50][51] This situation is, however, not specific to Creative Commons. All copyright owners must
individually defend their rights and no central database of copyrighted works or existing license
agreements exists. The United States Copyright Office does keep a database of all works registered
with it, but absence of registration does not imply absence of copyright, and CC licensed works can
be registered on the same terms as unlicensed works or works licensed under any other licences.

Although Creative Commons offers multiple licenses for different uses, some critics suggested that
the licenses still do not address the differences among the media or among the various concerns that
different authors have.[35]

Lessig wrote that the point of Creative Commons is to provide a middle ground between two
extreme views of copyright protection – one demanding that all rights be controlled, and the other
arguing that none should be controlled. Creative Commons provides a third option that allows
authors to pick and choose which rights they want to control and which they want to grant to others.
The multitude of licenses reflects the multitude of rights that can be passed on to subsequent
creators.[36]

Non-commercial use licenses

"Defining 'Noncommercial'", a 2009 report from Creative Commons on the concept of

noncommercial media
Main article: Creative Commons NonCommercial license
Various commentators have reported confusion in understanding what "noncommercial" use means.
Creative Commons issued a report in 2009, "Defining noncommercial", which presented research
and various perspectives. The report claimed that noncommercial to many people means "no
exchange of money or any commerce". Beyond that simple statement, many people disagree on
whether noncommercial use permits publishing on websites supported with advertising, sharing
noncommercial media through nonprofit publishing for a fee, and many other practices in
contemporary media distribution. Creative Commons has not sought to resolve the confusion, in
part because of high consumer demand for the noncommercial license as is with its ambiguity.[52]
[53]

Personality rights
In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched a bus stop advertising campaign which promoted its
mobile phone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their
work to the photo-sharing site Flickr using a Creative Commons by Attribution license. Users
licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original
creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation being required. Virgin upheld this
single restriction by printing a URL, leading to the photographer's Flickr page, on each of their ads.
However, one picture depicted 15-year-old Alison Chang posing for a photo at her church's fund-
raising carwash, with the superimposed, mocking slogan "Dump Your Pen Friend".[54][55] Chang
sued Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons. The photo was taken by Chang's church youth
counsellor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons
license.[55]

The case hinges on privacy, the right of people not to have their likeness used in an ad without
permission. So, while Mr. Wong may have given away his rights as a photographer, he did not, and
could not, give away Alison's rights. In the lawsuit, which Mr. Wong is also a party to, there is an
argument that Virgin did not honor all the terms of the nonrestrictive license.[55]

On November 27, 2007, Chang voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit against Creative Commons,
focusing the lawsuit only against Virgin Mobile.[56] The case was thrown out of court due to lack
of jurisdiction and subsequently Virgin Mobile did not incur any damages towards the plaintiff.[57]

See also
Free-culture movement
Free content
Open-source license
Public-domain-equivalent license
List of major Creative Commons licensed works
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