Int. J. Sustainable Materials and Structural Systems, Vol. 4, No.

1, 2020 91

Beam-column joints made of self-compacting

concrete containing recycled coarse aggregates
and nano-silica

Teresa Rai
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India
Email: teresa82003@gmail.com

Bibhuti Bhusan Mukharjee*

Department of Civil Engineering,
Biju Patnaik University of Technology Rourkela,
Odisha 769015, India
Email: bbmukharjee_ce@vssut.ac.in
Email: capgs.bbmukharjee@bput.ac.in
Email: bibhuti.2222@gmail.com
*Corresponding author

Sudhirkumar V. Barai
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, India
Email: skbarai@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in

Abstract: This research focuses on the analysis of beam-column joints

prepared using self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporated with nano-silica
(NS) and recycled coarse aggregates (RCA). For this purpose, beam-column
joint behaviour of normal concrete, SCC incorporating RCA and NS was
examined under static loading condition. Analysis of the experimental results
indicates that the performance of the joints made with RCA is comparable with
that of normal concrete in terms of cracking and ultimate load-carrying
capacity. This study also depicts that compressive strength (CS) of SCC made
with 100% RCA is somewhat higher than that of SCC made with normal
aggregates. Moreover, enhancement in CS can be obtained with the
introduction of NS in SCC containing 100% RCA.

Keywords: recycled aggregate concrete; RAC; nano-silica; self-compacting

concrete; SCC; beam-column joints.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Rai, T., Mukharjee, B.B.
and Barai, S.V. (2020) ‘Beam-column joints made of self-compacting concrete
containing recycled coarse aggregates and nano-silica’, Int. J. Sustainable
Materials and Structural Systems, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.91–104.

Copyright © 2020 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

92 T. Rai et al.

Biographical notes: Teresa Rai is working as a Divisional Engineer at the

Government of Sikkim, India. She received her MTech in Structural
Engineering from the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, India.

Bibhuti Bhusan Mukharjee is an Associate Professor at the Department of Civil

Engineering, Centre for Advanced Post Graduate Studies, Biju Patnaik
University of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India. He received his PhD from
the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, India. His areas of interests include innovative materials in civil
engineering, sustainable technology, and recycled aggregate concrete. He
authored 45 numbers of technical articles.

Sudhirkumar V. Barai is a Professor of Civil Engineering and currently

working as the Dean in undergraduate studies of Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, India. He received his PhD from the Department of Civil
Engineering, Indian Institute of Science and Indian Academy of Sciences,
Bangalore, India. His areas of interests include concrete technology structural
health monitoring, computation intelligence applications and recycled
construction materials. He authored three books and more than 100 numbers of
technical articles.

1 Introduction

The problems associated with placement of concrete in areas congested with

reinforcements can be minimised with the utilisation of self-compacting concrete (SCC)
as it increases the rate of placement of concrete with ease of flow around such areas.
The advantages of using SCC over normal concrete are achievement of high level of
homogeneity, minimisation of voids and attainment of identical strength. It has a
potential for a higher level of finish and durability of the structure. Moreover, the
reduction of the use of vibrating equipment decreases noise around the construction sites
and thus, helps improve the working environment. The utilisation of SCC in the
construction sector has been rising rapidly owing to its improved construction practice
and performance with the combination of health and safety benefits. The aggregate
characteristics such as gradation, angularity, strength, and water absorption had a
significant impact on behaviour of SCC (Beygi et al., 2014). Tests such as slump flow,
V-funnel and J-ring tests was proposed for quality-control operation on the job-site for a
huge volume of ready-mix SCC and various relationships among those test parameters
have been established in previous studies (Cattaneo and Mola, 2011). Beam-column
joints are often considered to be the weakest links in a structure. Primarily, the strength
and durability of structural members are dependent upon the efficient design of such
joints. These parts of structures play a vital role in the overall structural integrity, as
ineffective and improperly designed joints can lead to collapse of the entire structure.
However, proper compaction and placing of concrete in these joint areas are difficult in
these areas of highly congested reinforcement. This difficulty can be addressed by
using SSC in joints, as its ability to flow inside the congested formwork easily.
Said and Nehdi (2004) investigated the effect of reversed cyclic loading on the behaviour
of beam-column joints made of SCC and concluded that joints made of SCC had
comparable load carrying capacity up to a certain ductility level. Furthermore, the
 Beam-column joints made of SCC containing RCA and NS 93

performance of SCC under shear stress in the joint panel was also comparable to that of
normal concrete in terms of cracking and deformation. Li et al. (2009) studied influence
unanticipated moderate earthquakes on joint behaviour and special reinforced concrete
possessed inherent ductility for sustaining its effect.
Li and Kulkarni (2009) used finite element method for prediction of the local failure
characteristics of beam-column joints and suggested that enhancement shear stress
characteristics joints could be obtained by augmenting the ratio between longitudinal bars
to anchorage. The study recommended maintaining bar anchorage ratio as 17% for
obtaining optimum joint shear characteristics. Vidjeapriya and Jaya (2012) compared the
impact of reverse cyclic loading on behaviour of precast and monolithic joint specimens
and found that precast specimens exhibited satisfactory behaviour in comparison to
monolithic specimens.
In recent years, extensive use of natural aggregates for production of cement as well
as concrete has led to a sharp depletion of these natural resources. Simultaneously, a
considerable quantity of waste concrete is generated from demolition of dilapidated
structures, and the disposal of which has posed a significant problem due to
non-availability of dumping sites. In order to meet up the ever-increasing demand of the
booming construction industry also, addressing the combined problem of increasingly
depleting natural aggregates and waste disposal, natural aggregates in concrete are being
fully replaced or partially with aggregates produced from demolished concrete (Rao
et al., 2007; Blengini and Garbarino, 2010). The concrete produced using this recycled
coarse aggregates (RCA) in place of natural coarse aggregates (NCA) is termed as
recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Previous studies demonstrated that RAC showed
inferior mechanical properties than conventional concrete made with natural aggregates
(Mukharjee and Barai, 2015). This degradation of nature of concrete incorporating
recycled aggregates was due to the lower strength and higher porosity of RCA
in comparison to that of NCA (Bairagi et al., 1993; Zega and Di Maio, 2010;
Saravanakumar and Dhinakaran, 2013; Medina et al., 2014). However, substantial
improvement in the characteristics of concrete could be obtained with the introductions of
water reducing admixtures (Barbudo et al., 2013). Ho et al. (2013) demonstrated that
RAC could be designed to achieve comparable mechanical properties in comparison to
mixes with NCA. However, RAC exhibited more shrinkage strains as compared to
natural aggregate concrete (NAC), but the values were within recommended limits. Other
durability characteristics of concrete were observed to be severely affected with the
introduction of RCA in mixes (Richardson et al., 2011). Particularly, water, air and
chloride ion penetration was enhanced significantly when RCA were used concrete (Zong
et al., 2014). The use of recycled aggregates for development sustainable SCC has been
investigated and RCA had adverse impact on various properties of SCC (Kebaïli et al.,
2015). Previous investigations demonstrated about the use of RCA for structural
applications with satisfactory required properties (Tošić et al., 2015). Numerous studies
have been available comprising the behaviour of beam column joint made with RAC.
Corinaldesi and Moriconi (2006) studied the effect of RCA on beam-column joints and
observed different rupture characteristics for RCA beam column joints because of lower
elastic modulus of RCA. However, when the joints were made stiffer by making
adjustments, the joints made with recycled concrete was more deformable even though
less resistant than normal concrete. Fakitsas et al. (2011) found that SCC made with RCA
had higher compressive and frictional characteristics, which indicated about the influence
94 T. Rai et al.

of internal curing. However, the unconfined shear strength, compressive and frictional
characteristics of SCC made with NCA were found to be superior to that of SCC made
with RCA.
Currently, nanotechnology has been introduced in various fields of science and
engineering. In this regard, the application on nanotechnology in civil engineering
is based on development of new nano-materials for improving the properties of
cementitious materials. Incorporation of nano-particles in cement-based materials is
effective in modifying their characteristics due to the fact that nano-particles can act as
nuclei for cement phases and promote hydration of cement due to their high reactivity, as
nano-reinforcement, and as filler by densification of the micro-structure and the ITZ,
which leads to reduction of porosity (Pacheco-Torgal et al., 2013). Moreover, the use of
silica nano-particles in colloidal form significantly improved the properties of RAC
(Mukharjee and Barai, 2014). Quercia et al. (2014) studied the modified behaviour of
SCC by use of amorphous nano-silica (NS). The results demonstrated that NS could be
efficiently used in SCC in improving its mechanical properties and durability.
From the extensive review of existing studies, it is concluded that widespread
investigations related to the application of recycled aggregates and NS in SCC is not
found in existing literature. Moreover, the beam-column joint behaviour of SCC using
NS and RCA has not been analysed in depth in previous studies. Therefore, the present
research investigates the behaviour of beam-column joints made with SCC with RCA and
NS.

2 Materials and methods

In this study, beam-column joint behaviour of reference concrete (prepared with NCA),
SCC prepared with NCA, SCC prepared with RCA and SCC made with RCA and NS is
analysed. The materials and testing procedures used in this work are described below:

2.1 Materials
Portland slag cement fulfilling the requirements Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) with
specific gravity 3.10, and 28 days compressive strength (CS) values of 44 MPa, was used
for the experiment. Crushed dolerite was used as NCA and RCA manufactured from
waste concrete pieces were used as replacement of NCA. Sand collected from nearby
river conforming to zone II specification IS 383 (1970) was used as natural fine
aggregates (NFA). Several standard laboratory tests have been conducted to characterise
aggregates and the outcomes are furnished in Table 1.
Colloidal NS used in this work was having specific gravity 1.12 g/cc, pH value 10.11,
and solid content of 39% was designing trial mixes. The particle size of NS was
measured by utilising transmission electron microscope (TEM), a microscopic technique
because of lack of scope for direct measurement. The image of NS acquired in bright
filed mode of TEM is illustrated in Figure 1 which indicates about the presence of
spherical and non-agglomerated particles. Furthermore, the ranges of size of NS particles
were varying from 8 to 20 nm. The water of the concrete laboratory of the institute was
utilised for making concrete. The superplasticiser used in this study was AT-CARPOL
(ADO Additives Ltd.), was a blend of especially selected high molecular weight
 Beam-column joints made of SCC containing RCA and NS 95

poly-carboxylates and organic polymers. The specific gravity of superplasticiser was

found to be 1.08 and pH value in the range 6–8.
Table 1 Properties of aggregates

Sl. no. Property NCA RCA NFA

1 Specific gravity 2.84 2.54 2.66
2 Apparent specific gravity 2.99 2.76 2.62
3 Water absorption 1.73% 3.09% 0.94%
4 Aggregate impact value 14.6% 21% -
5 Los Angeles coefficient 18% 30% -

2.2 Design of concrete mixes and joints

The normal concrete mixes were designed as per guidelines of IS 10262 (2009) and
SCC mixes were designed as per European guidelines for SCC (EFNARC, 2005).
The water-cement ratio was kept 0.35 and maximum size of 12.5 mm aggregates was
adopted for all the mixes. The second mix (SCC-NCA) was made with NCA and
superplasticiser added to it to achieve the desired workability and flow of concrete.
In the third mix (SCC-RCA), NCA were replaced with RCA. To account for the
high water-absorption capacity of RCA, suitable amount of water added to mixes as
per requirement based upon water absorbing capacity of RCA. The fourth mix
(SCC-RCA-NS) was prepared with RCA and a small proportion (3% by weight) of
cement was substituted with NS to improve its mechanical properties. The details of
quantities of various materials per cubic metre of concrete are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Concrete mix proportions (kg/m3)

Sl. no. Constituent REF SCC-NCA SCC-RCA SCC-RCA-NS

1 Cement (kg) 310 506 557 540
2 Water (kg) 109 177 195 195
3 NFA (kg) 945 875 822 822
4 Coarse aggregates(kg) 1,262 918 772 772
5 Superplasticiser (kg) 0 1.52 1.67 1.67
6 Nano-silica (kg) 0 0 0 16.7

Various tests have been conducted to determine the flow characteristics of SCC and the
results are furnished in Table 3. The results illustrated in the table above indicate that all
the SCC mixes are sufficiently stable and workable and can be used in beam-column
connections.
The beam dimensions were kept as 400 mm × 120 mm × 150 mm and two numbers
of 10 mm at the top and 2–8 mm at the bottom were provided as main reinforcement.
Two-legged 6 mm vertical stirrups @ 70 mm c/c were provided to counteract the shear
forces. The column dimensions were 150 mm × 150 mm × 1,000 mm and 4–10 mm bars
and two-legged 6 mm bars @ 100 mm c/c were provided as longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement, respectively. In addition to above, three numbers of 6 mm lateral ties
@ 50 mm c/c inside the joint were provided as transverse reinforcement and the joint was
96 T. Rai et al.

checked for shear and anchorage as per design standards. The arrangements in the
reinforcement bars in the beam-column joint specimen mould are shown in Figure 2(a).

Figure 1 Image of NS acquired by TEM

Table 3 Properties of various types of SCC mixes

Sl. no. Test method Property SCC-NCA SCC-RCA SCC-RCA-NS

1 Slump flow Flowability 760 mm 770 mm 600 mm
2 T500 slump flow Viscosity 3.5 s 4s 5.5 s
3 J-ring test Passing ability 1.5 mm 0.5 mm 2.0 mm
4 V-funnel Segregation resistance 5s 6s 9s

2.3 Testing of specimens

Cubes of dimensions 150 mm × 150 mm × 150mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter
and 300 mm height were cast and tested to find out the 28-days CS of the four types of
mixes as per BIS (IS 516, 1999). Tests were performed on beam-column joints to find
out their ultimate load-carrying capacity and the failure pattern. In the experimental
programme, four sets of exterior RCC beam-column joints were cast. These were normal
concrete or reference concrete (REF), S with natural coarse aggregates (SCC-NCA),
self-compacting concrete with recycled coarse aggregates (SCC-RCA) and
self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregates and nano-silica (SCC-RCA-NS).
 Beam-column joints made of SCC containing RCA and NS 97

Five critical sections in the beam-column connections were identified and strain gauges
fixed at those locations [Figure 2(b)]. The strain indicator readings were recorded at
various load intervals. The strain gauge locations were joint longitudinal direction (strain
gauge 1), joint lateral direction (strain gauge 2), beam top portion (strain gauge 3), beam
bottom portion (strain gauge 4) and column top portion (strain gauge 5). Two hydraulic
jacks each of capacity 100 kN were used for loading the column axially and the beam
vertically. A dial gauge was used at the beam end to record the deflection readings and
strain gauges were fixed at five critical locations at and near the joint to measure strains
corresponding to increasing loads at the beam end. An axial load of 80 kN was applied to
the column to simulate the gravity forces that would act upon it, prior to the application
of load at the beam. Then, a gradually incremental load at an interval of 2.5 kN was
applied at the beam-end and the corresponding deflection and strain readings were
recorded at various intervals. The beam of the current test unit was taken to the mid-span
of the bay, while the column from the mid-height of one storey to the mid-height of the
next storey. The joint specimens were tested in a reaction frame, as shown in Figure 2.
The bottom of the column was fixed to the base of the frame in order to satisfy the
fixed-end boundary condition.

Figure 2 (a) Beam-column joint specimen mould with reinforcement cage inside (b) Strain gauge
locations for the beam-column joints (c) Loading arrangement for testing of
beam-column joint (see online version for colours)

(a)

1
5
2

4 3

(b) (c)
98 T. Rai et al.

3 Results and discussion

The variation of 28-day CS of cubes and cylinders of the various trial mixes is illustrated
in Figure 3, which indicates that all SCC mixes have higher CS values than the control
mix possibly due to the higher cement content in these mixes and improved compaction.
In the SCC-mixes, when NCA are replaced with RCA, the CS increases from 37.8 MPa
to 38.5 MPa, which could be due to the influence of internal curing (Fakitsas et al.,
2011). The internal curing that occurred in RAC mixes is speculated to lead to enhanced
frictional characteristics and as a result, increase in CS is detected. The old mortar
absorbs some of the water resulting in lower ‘effective’ water-cement ratio. Moreover,
Figure 3 indicates that 28 days CS of NS incorporated SCC-RCA mix have slightly
higher CS as compared the equivalent mix without NS. This could be because of filling
of voids in concrete by silica nano-particles and enhancement in number of C-S-H gel
(Pacheco-Torgal et al., 2013).

Figure 3 Variations in 28 days CS of various types of concrete mixes

Figure 4 Load-deflection behaviour of beam-column joints

The deflection of the beams has been determined using a dial gauges at various silent
points and the load-deflection characteristics of the beam-column joints for the all mixes
(REF, SCC-NCA, SCC-RCA and SCC-RCA-NS) is presented in Figure 4, which depicts
 Beam-column joints made of SCC containing RCA and NS 99

that the deflection is minimum for REF concrete mix and maximum for SCC-RCA mix,
which could be due to the lower RCA content in SCC and inferior strength of RCA.
The deflection for SCC-RCA-NS is to some extent lesser than that for SCC-RCA and is
similar to REF concrete. Addition of NS has marginally enhanced the behaviour of
SCC-RCA.

Figure 5 Load vs. strain behaviour at various locations of beam column joint, (a) longitudinal
joint (b) lateral joint (c) beam top (d) beam bottom (e) column top

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)
100 T. Rai et al.

Figure 5 indicates the strains in various positions in the beam column joint such as the
longitudinal direction of the joint, lateral direction of joint, beam top, beam bottom and
column top. It can be observed, that the strains in the bottom portion of the beam and the
top portion of the column adjacent to the beam are compressive in nature whereas, the
strains in the lateral direction of the joint and the top portion of the beam are tensile under
static loading. The beam is strained to a maximum extent, with the optimum tensile strain
in the top portion and the maximum compressive strain in the bottom portion. The joint
area did not develop much strain, since sufficient transverse and shear reinforcement and
development length for anchorage were provided in the joint. It did not show any crack
formation even after the member reached its ultimate load-carrying capacity. The column
portion above the joint was strained to some extent. It is observed that the SCC is more
deformable and less resistant than normal concrete. A plausible reason is lower content of
aggregates in SCC, which is necessary to facilitate flow of concrete but this apparently,
reduces the frictional resistance. This decreases the contribution of aggregate interlocking
in the shear-resistance mechanism. Moreover, SCC with RCA is subjected to more strain
than SCC with natural aggregates. The beam undergoes the most straining like in the
previous cases. There is a little deterioration in the joint region. Because of the lower
content of coarse aggregates and the lower stiffness of recycled aggregates, there is
reduced aggregate interlock contribution, which decreases the shear resistance of the
member consequently, resulting in higher strains in the beam-column joint. From the
figures, it can be deduced that addition of NS to SCC with recycled aggregates has
proved beneficial. It has helped to reduce the strains in the member. The joint area is also
more or less contained, in comparison to SCC-RCA. The strains detected in the beam
region are similar to the values of the strains in normal concrete.

4 Failure pattern of beam-column joints

The joints were closely observed for the initiation of the first visible crack and the
maximum load-carrying capacity of the member. The following pictures show the pattern
of crack formation in the joint under loading. Figure 6(a) shows the crack-pattern of the
joint for normal concrete (REF). In this joint specimen, the first crack is appeared on the
top surface of the beam, due to bending when the load applied at the beam end was
17.5 kN. It is able to take further load as the crack propagated and widened till the
member reached its ultimate load carrying capacity of 44.5 kN. There is no crack
formation in the joint area even when the member failed and could not sustain any further
load, since sufficient reinforcement was provided in this critical area to arrest the
formation of crack. In the case of beam-column joint cast using SCC with natural
aggregates, crack formation was observed in the beam portion of the unit, due to bending
[Figure 6(b)]. The first crack appeared when the applied load was 14.5 kN. After the
crack formation, it propagated and widened as the load was increased. The size of the
crack was more than that in the control specimen. However, the joint area was intact even
when the ultimate carrying capacity of 37.5 kN was reached, and the member failed to
take any more load.
 Beam-column joints made of SCC containing RCA and NS 101

Figure 6 A cracking pattern: joint with REF (normal concrete) b cracking pattern: joint with
SCC-NCA (see online version for colours)

(a) (b)

Figure 7(a) depicts the pattern of crack formation in the joint cast with SCC with recycled
aggregates, SCC-RCA. The first visible crack, flexural in nature appeared in the top
portion of the beam when the load was applied at end of beams was 13.5 kN, which grew
till the member reached its ultimate load carrying capacity of 35.5 kN. The reduced load
carrying capacity of the joint can be attributed to lower coarse aggregate content and
lower stiffness of the RCA which decreased the shear resistance of the member.
However, since sufficient transverse and shear reinforcement was provided in the joint, it
did not show any visible crack formation even after the unit stopped taking any further
load beyond 35.5 kN. For the beam-column joints made with SCC with RCA and NS
(SCC-RC-NS), a flexural crack was also formed in the top portion of the beam and no
crack was detected in the joint region [Figure 7(b)]. The first cracking load was 15.5 kN
and the ultimate load that the member could bear was 40.5 kN. The amount of cracking
observed was less than that in SCC-RC with no NS.

Figure 7 (a) Cracking pattern: joint with SCC-RCA (b) Cracking pattern: joint with
SCC-RCA-NS (see online version for colours)

(a) (b)
102 T. Rai et al.

5 Conclusions

In this experimental programme, the performance of beam-column joints made with SCC
incorporating RCA and NS was observed and compared with respect to the performance
of joints made with normal concrete. The major findings of the present investigation are
listed in following bullet points:
 The SCC mixes with RCA and NCA were found to be sufficiently workable and
stable to be used in beam-column joints, requiring no vibration at all, as the concrete
was able to flow freely. The introduction of NS reduced the workability of the mix,
however, all the all the concrete mixes were sufficiently stable and workable and
possible for to be used in beam-column connections.
 The 28-day CS of SCC with RCA was similar to that of SCC with NCA, which
could be because of the beneficial effects of ‘internal curing’. The SCC containing
RCA and NS showed marginally higher strength than SCC-RCA because the NS
particles fill the void spaces of C-S-H gel structure and this acted as a nucleus with
CSH-gel particles, resulting in increased density and higher strength.
 The load carrying capacity of beam-column joint was reduced when normal concrete
was substituted with SCC. A possible reason for the aforementioned behaviour was
lower content of coarse aggregates in SCC, which reduced the contribution of
aggregate interlock to the total shear resistance mechanism.
 The beam-column joint cast using SCC with recycled aggregates showed similar
behaviour under loading. The ultimate load was comparable to that of SCC with
NCA, which could be the result of internal curing effect, which was speculated to
have resulted in improved frictional characteristics. When NS was added to
SCC-RCA, it resulted in slightly improved behaviour of the joint, which was
comparable to that made of normal concrete.
 The analysis of crack pattern in beam-column joint for four different types of
indicated that joint made of coarse recycled aggregates were weak in nature and
crack developed in the joint area. However, with the addition of NS in SCC-RCA
mixes, the joint strength was improved and the behaviour of crack propagation was
similar to normal concrete.

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