BAB I

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

A. Definition of Analytical Exposition

Analytical Exposition is one form of argumentation text. English experts define
analytical exposition text as follows: "Analytical exposition is a text that elaborates the
writer's ideas about the phenomenon surrounding". If translated into Indonesian
language is an analytical exposition text is a text or texts which describe the author's
opinion about the phenomenon that is happening around us.
The exhibition is a text that outlines the ideas surrounding the author of the
phenomenon. The social function is to convince the reader that the idea is the important
thing.
B. Purpose of Analytical Exposition
Communicative purposes of analytical exposition is to convince the reader that the
topic presented is an important topic to discuss or get attention by providing arguments
or opinions that support the main idea or topic.
C. Generic Structure Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis
Thesis in part, the author introduces ideas about the topic or subject that will be
discussed. Thesis is always in the first paragraph of Analytical Exposition Text.
2. Argument
In this section the author presents arguments or opinions that support the main idea
of the author, usually in an Analytical Exposition Text there are more than two arguments.
More and more arguments that appear increasingly believe the reader that the topics
covered by the authors is a very important topic or need attention
3. Reiteration
This section is the concluding part of an Analytical Exposition Text is always located
at the end of the paragraph. Reiteration contain the rewriting or redeployment of the
main ideas contained in the first paragraph. Reiteration is also commonly called the
conclusion or conclusions and sometimes advice.
D. Language Features Analytical Exposition
1. Using a relational process
4. Using a shared internal
5. Using together causally
6. Using the Simple Present Tense
E. Characteristics Analytical Exposition Text Editor
1. Using the simple present tense
2. Using relational process.
3. Usually using the conjunction can lead to a causal relationship. Such as: Because, if
conditional sentence.
4. Using internal conjunction.
5. Using a casual conjunction.
6. Example :

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Smoking Is Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. Thousands About 50
people die every year in Britain as a direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many
as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases, the caused
by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are the caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes
a day, we are six times more Likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke
twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is greater nineteen. Ninety five percent of people who
suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more
Likely to die of heart disease than non-smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more Likely to develop bronchitis and
pneumonia. In one hour in the smoky room, non-smoker breathes as much as substance
causing cancer as if he had fifteen cigarettes smoked.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies Because they do the make much money
from the smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure of this example of analytical exposition
As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified as
argumentative essay. Both present arguments to support the thesis of state in the
orientation. This thesis places the writer's position on the essay. From the generic
structure, what the make big different is that analytical exposition ends with a paragraph
to Strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer's point of view about the topic
Discussed. Writer has show himself in the clear position of the Discussed topic. Paragraph
1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of
the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as
giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of arguments will Strengthen the thesis
stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraphs 2 and 3 are the
detailed arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even
for smokers Themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky
areas too have the bad effect from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This paragraph end actually is restating the thesis. It is something like a
paragraph from the previous conclusive arguments. The last paragraph of this example of
analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people
around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies

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 BAB II
ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb. Passive
voice means that a subject is a recipient of a verb’s action. You may have learned that the
passive voice is weak and incorrect, but it isn’t that simple. When used correctly and in
moderation, the passive voice is fine.
In English grammar, verbs have five properties: voice, mood, tense, person, and number;
here, we are concerned with voice. The two grammatical voices are active and passive.

What’s the difference between active and passive voice?

Active voice
When the subject of a sentence performs the verb’s action, we say that the sentence is in
the active voice. Sentences in the active voice have a strong, direct, and clear tone. Here
are some short and straightforward examples of active voice.

Active voice examples

Monkeys adore bananas.
The cashier counted the money.
The dog chased the squirrel.
All three sentences have a basic active voice construction: subject, verb, and object. The
subject monkey performs the action described by adore. The subject the cashier performs
the action described by counted. The subject the dog performs the action described
by chased. The subjects are doing, doing, doing—they take action in their sentences. The
active voice reminds us of the popular Nike slogan, “Just Do It.”

Passive voice
A sentence is in the passive voice, on the other hand, when the subject is acted on by the
verb. The passive voice is always constructed with a conjugated form of to be plus the
verb’s past participle. Doing this usually generates a preposition as well. That sounds
much more complicated than it is—passive voice is actually quite easy to detect. For these
examples of passive voice, we will transform the three active sentences above to illustrate
the difference.

Passive voice examples

Bananas are adored by monkeys.
The money was counted by the cashier.
The squirrel was chased by the dog.
Let’s take a closer look at the first pair of sentences, “Monkeys adore bananas” and
“Bananas are adored by monkeys.” The active sentence consists of monkeys (subject)
+ adore (verb) + bananas (object). The passive sentence consists of bananas (object) + are
adored (a form of to be plus the past participle adored) + by (preposition)
+ monkeys (subject). Making the sentence passive flipped the structure and necessitated

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the preposition by. In fact, all three of the transformed sentences above required the
addition of by.
When to use active and passive voice
Using the active voice conveys a strong, clear tone and the passive voice is subtler and
weaker. Here’s some good advice: don’t use the passive voice just because you think it
sounds a bit fancier than the active voice.
That said, there are times the passive voice is useful and called for. Take “The squirrel was
chased by the dog,” for example. That sentence construction would be helpful if the
squirrel were the focus of your writing and not the dog.
A good rule of thumb is to try to put the majority of your sentences in the active voice,
unless you truly can’t write your sentence in any other way.

How to change a sentence in passive voice to active voice

Here is an example of a business communication that could be strengthened by
abandoning the passive voice.
That sentence is not incorrect, but it does sound a bit stiff and dishonest. It sounds less
trustworthy than it could—almost evasive. Who wants to do business with a company
that avoids taking full responsibility by slipping into formal passive voice territory? Face
the responsibility head on instead. Own it.
To make that sentence active rather than passive, I identified the subject: we. It was “our
company” that was responsible.
The structure of this sentence is weak because it doesn’t identify the subjects in either
clause. Let’s unveil them. Who might have questions to ask? The person being
addressed: you. Who will be doing the reaching (by calling the number below)? It is still
the communication’s recipient.

Active Voice & Passive Voice

1. Simple Present Tense

Active:
Father reads newspaper every day.
Passive:
Newspaper is read by father every day.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Active:
Father is reading newspaper now.
Passive:
Newspaper is being read by father now.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Active:
Father has read newspaper this time.
Passive:
Newspaper has been read by father this time.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Active:

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Father has been reading newspaper this morning.
Passive:
Newspaper has been being read by father this morning.

5. Simple Past Tense

Active:
Father read newspaper yesterday.
Passive:
Newspaper was read by father yesterday.

6. Past Continuous Tense

Active:
Father was reading newspaper when it rained yesterday.
Passive:
Newspaper was being read by father when it rained yesterday.

7. Past Perfect Tense

Active:
Father had read newspaper yesterday morning.
Passive:
Newspaper had been read by father yesterday morning.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active:
Father had been reading newspaper at 8 o’clock yesterday morning.
Passive:
Newspaper had been being read by father at 8 o’clock yesterday morning.

9. Simple Future Tense

Active:
Father shall read newspaper tomorrow.
Passive:
Newspaper shall be read by father tomorrow.

10. Future Continuous Tense

Active:
Father shall be reading newspaper at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
Passive:
Newspaper shall be being read by father at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.

11. Future Perfect Tense

Active:
Father shall have read newspaper at 10 o’clock this morning.
Passive:
Newspaper shall have been read by father at 10 o’clock this morning.

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Active:
Father shall have been reading newspaper at 9 o’clock this morning.
Passive:
Newspaper shall have been being read by father yesterday morning.

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13. Simple Past Future Tense
Active:
Father should read newspaper when it rained yesterday.
Passive:
Newspaper should be read by father yesterday morning.
14. Past Future Continuous Tense
Active:
Father should be reading newspaper when my mother cooked in the kitchen yesterday.
Passive:
Newspaper should be being read by father yesterday morning.

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

Active:
Father should have read newspaper when I went to school yesterday.
Passive:
Newspaper should have been read by father when I went to school yesterday.

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Active:
Father should have been reading newspaper, an hour after he got up yesterday
morning.
Passive:
Newspaper should have been being read by father, an hour after he got up yesterday
morning.

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 BAB III
FORMAL LETTERS DAN INFORMAL LETTERS

FORMAL LETTERS
We live in a world of technology backed communication. E-mails, texts, etc are most of our
preferred modes of communication. However, letters still have a major use and importance
in our society. Especially formal letters written to authorities or professional contacts,
because they generally stay on record. Let us learn the correct format and language of formal
letters

Formal Letters

A formal letter is one written in a formal and ceremonious language and follows a certain
stipulated format. Such letters are written for official purposes to authorities, dignitaries,
colleagues, seniors, etc and not to personal contacts, friends or family. A number
of conventions must be adhered to while drafting formal letters. So let us take a look at a
sample format of a formal letter.

Format of a Formal Letter

As we said earlier, a formal letter must follow certain rules and conventions. Such a format
helps in relaying the information in a professional way. It must be remembered that there
are various such formats for formal letters that people follow. The one explained here is the
one most commonly used for formal communication these days.

Sender’s Address
The sender’s address is usually put on the top right-hand corner of the page. The address
should be complete and accurate in case the recipient of the letter wishes to get in touch
with the sender for further communication.

Date
The sender’s address is followed by the date just below it, i.e. on the right side of the page.
This is the date on which the letter is being written. It is important in formal letters as they
are often kept on record.

Receiver’s Address
After leaving some space we print the receiver’s address on the left side of the page.
Whether to write “To” above the address depends on the writer’s preference. Make sure you
write the official title/name/position etc of the receiver, as the first line of the address.

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Greeting
This is where you greet the person you are addressing the letter to. Bear in mind that it is a
formal letter, so the greeting must be respectful and not too personal. The general greetings
used in formal letters are “Sir” or “Madam”. If you know the name of the person
the salutation may also be “Mr. XYZ” or “Ms. ABC”. But remember you cannot address them
only by their first name. It must be the full name or only their last name.

Subject
After the salutation/greeting comes the subject of the letter. In the centre of the line write
‘Subject” followed by a colon. Then we sum up the purpose of writing the letter in one line.
This helps the receiver focus on the subject of the letter in one glance.

Body of the Letter

This is the main content of the letter. It is either divided into three paras or two paras if the
letter is briefer. The purpose of the letter should be made clear in the first paragraph itself.
The tone of the content should be formal. Do not use any flowery language. Another point to
keep in mind is that the letter should be concise and to the point. And always be respectful
and considerate in your language, no matter the subject of your letter.

Closing the Letter

At the end of your letter, we write a complimentary losing. The words “Yours Faithfully” or
“Yours Sincerely” are printed on the right side of the paper. Generally, we use the later if the
writer knows the name of the person.

Signature
Here finally you sign your name. And then write your name in block letters beneath
the signature. This is how the recipient will know who is sending the letter.

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 SMA NEGERI 1 BANYUWANGI
Kertosari Street No 87 Banyuwangi
No. Phone. (0333) 41678

Banyuwangi, April 7, 2018

No: 71/ SMAN 1 Banyuwangi / 15/2018

Attachment: –
Subject: Announcement

To:
Parents of Class XII
SMA Negeri 1 Banyuwangi

With respect,

To increase the students’ knowledge of SMAN 1 Banyuwangi, especially class XII.

So, at this time we intend to conduct a field study for students of both social
studies and science outside of school. The event will be held on :

Day/Date : Sunday/April 12, 2018

Time : 08.00 - end
Place : Botanical Gardens
Event : Rare Plants Research

We hope you can give permission to your children to join this activity. Thanks
for your attention.

The Principal of SMAN 1 Banyuwangi,

Anton Jaya, M. Pd

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 D- 1801, Neptune Society,
DS Marg, Lower Parel,
Mumbai 400 008.
11th June 2018.
To,
The Editor-in-Chief,
Hindustan Times,
Main Street,
Mumbai 400 001.
Sir,
Subject: Construction work in our locality during monsoon season causing us difficulties.
Through the medium of your esteemed and respected daily, I wish to inform the municipal
authorities of the difficulties the residents of my locality are facing due to
the construction and repair work currently happening in our area. Monsoon season has
started a few days ago and is compounding our problems.

The repair work has been ongoing for five weeks now and is falling way behind schedule.
And now with the current weather conditions, we are having persistent problems of water
logging and flooding in our area. Another worry is about the accidents that may occur due to
the debris lying around the road. Diseases caused due to waterlogging are another one of
our concerns.

Therefore I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities with the help of your
newspaper. Hopefully, you will be able to help us in drawing their attention and resolving
this matter at the earliest.

Thanking You,

Your Sincerely,

**signature**

[Mr. XYZ]

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INFORMAL LETTERS
Letter writing is an important skill to develop. Written communication in both
the formal and personal matters is crucial and so it is necessary to develop a skill for letter
writing. Here we will focus on how to effectively write informal letters, and tips to improve
our efforts. Let us get started.

Informal Letters

Informal letters are written to close acquaintances of the writer, their friends, family,
relatives, etc. Since they are written to close relations the letters have an informal and
personal tone. Casual language is used while writing informal letters. And sometimes the
letters may even have an emotional undertone.
Informal letters are mainly used for personal communication. So they do not have to follow
any specific pattern, format or conventions. They can be written as per the writer’s wishes
and the requirement of the situation. So the letter is written in a personal fashion in casual
unassuming language.

Format of Informal Letter

As we discussed earlier there is no set format when writing an informal letter. But there is a
general pattern, some conventions that people usually follow. We will be looking at this
pattern and certain tips on how to write effective and attractive informal letters. These can
act as guidelines when you are drafting a letter, they are not hard and fast rules. Let us begin.

Address
The first thing to write is your address, i.e. the address of the writer. We usually write the
address on the left-hand side of the page at the very top. The address should be accurate and
complete. Even when writing to close friends or relatives the address must be written, so
they can reply back to the letter with ease. If the recipient of the letter is in another country,
do not forget to write your country as well in the address.

Date
Next just below the address we write the date. This allows the reader to have a reference as
to when the address was written. He can then relate better to the contents of the letter.

Greeting
Now since you know the person you are writing to, the greeting can be informal as well. If it
is a friend or someone close to your age you can greet them by their first name, like “Dear
Alex”. If you are writing to your relative like your mother/father/aunt/uncle etc, you may
greet them as such, for example, “Dear Mom”. And if you are writing to an elder person,
someone you respect greatly you can address them as Mr or Mrs. Like say for example you
were writing a congratulatory letter to your teacher, it can be addressed as “Dear Mrs. Alex”.

Introduction Paragraph
And now we begin writing the actual letter. The introductory paragraph sets the tone for the
whole letter. You might begin by asking the recipient about their well being. Or you may say
that you hope the letter finds them in good health and great spirits. The opening of informal

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letters should be casual and comforting. It must not be formal and direct as in business
letters.

Body of the Letter

The letter overall should maintain a friendly tone. But you have to adjust the language and
the wordings according to who you are writing to. With a friend, you can afford to be very
casual and flippant even. But if you are writing to an elder relative, you must be extremely
respectful and considerate.
One way to determine the tonality of your letter is to remember how you talk to the person
in a conversation. And then apply the same syntax and sentiments to the letter.

Conclusion
In the conclusive paragraph sum up the reason for writing the letter, i.e. summarize the
letter. Say a meaningful and affectionate goodbye to the reader. And do not forget to invite
the reader to write back or reply to your letter. It shows an intention to keep the
conversation going.

Signature
There is no one way to sign off informal letters. Since they do not follow a strict format, you
may sign off as you please. Some commonly used phrases are

 Lots of Love
 Best,
 Best Wishes,
 Kind Regards,
 Kindly,

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Hello Saumil,

I hope this letter finds you in the best of health and spirits.

You will be glad to know that my birthday falls on November

29th, 2019. I am going to celebrate my birthday at home with
you and all of our close friends. We shall have a music program.
There will be a DJ party at 7. 30 pm. I have invited all of our
close friends. I hope you will also come join us in my birthday
party.

Send my best regards to uncle and aunt.

Yours sincerely

Raihan

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