INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
.
 Differences between 1Link and the Visa Payment System
Feature 1Link
Scope 1Link operates as a domestic
interbank network in Pakistan
Nature 1Link serves as an interbank
network, facilitating electronic
funds transfer within the
country
Operational Area Limited to transactions within
Pakistan
Services Provides services such as
ATM withdrawals, interbank
transfers, and utility bill
payments within Pakistan
Ownership It is owned by a group of
Pakistani banks.
Acceptance Accepted within Pakistan at
participating banks and ATMs
in the 1Link network
Transaction Types Primarily facilitates domestic
transactions within Pakistan,
including ATM withdrawals,
interbank transfers, and local
payments.
Visa
Visa is a global payment
technology company,
facilitating transactions
internationally.
Visa is a global payment
network that provides services
for credit and debit cards,
enabling electronic payments
worldwide.
Operates globally, allowing
transactions in multiple
currencies and countries.
Offers credit and debit card
services, international
transactions, electronic funds
transfers, and various financial
services on a global scale.
Visa is a publicly traded
company with various
stakeholders and global
financial institutions.
Widely accepted globally at
merchants, ATMs, and online
platforms, providing extensive
reach for cardholders.
Supports a wide range of
transactions globally, including
international purchases, cross-
border payments, and
transactions in various
currencies, making it versatile
for users across the world.|.
E-Commerce Websites Security
Ethical considerations for YouTube, focusing on what is right and
wrong when using it
Ethical considerations on YouTube are pivotal for fostering audience trust, ensuring fair
competition, and upholding societal responsibility. Adherence to ethical standards contributes
to a positive user experience, maintaining the integrity of content creators and the platform.
When using YouTube, ethical considerations should include:

1. Content Accuracy: Provide accurate information and avoid spreading misinformation.

Factcheck content before sharing and be transparent about sources.
2. Copyright Compliance: Respect copyright laws and guidelines. Use only content that you
have the right to use, and give proper attribution when necessary.
3. Privacy: Respect individuals' privacy rights. Avoid sharing sensitive or personal information
without consent, and be mindful of the privacy settings of the content you create.
4. Transparency and Authenticity: Be transparent about sponsorships, partnerships, or any
potential conflicts of interest. Authenticity builds trust with your audience.
5. Community Guidelines: Adhere to YouTube's community guidelines to ensure your content
aligns with the platform's standards. Avoid content that promotes violence, discrimination,
or harmful behavior.
6. Child Safety: If your content involves minors, prioritize their safety and adhere to YouTube's
policies regarding child protection.
7. Monetization Responsibility: If you monetize your content, ensure compliance with
YouTube's monetization policies. Avoid deceptive practices to maximize earnings.
8. Data Protection: Safeguard user data if you collect any. Be transparent about how you use
and protect user information.
Ethical considerations for Twitter, focusing on what is right and
wrong when using it
Ethical considerations on Twitter are vital for building user trust, promoting fair engagement,
and addressing societal issues responsibly. When using Twitter, it's important to consider ethical
principles such as:

1. Respect for Others: Avoid harassment, bullying, or spreading false information. Respect
diverse opinions and engage in constructive dialogue.
2. Privacy: Respect people's privacy rights. Avoid sharing sensitive personal information without
consent.
3. Authenticity: Be transparent about your identity and affiliations. Avoid creating fake
accounts or spreading misinformation.
4. Intellectual Property: Respect copyright and intellectual property rights. Give credit when
using others' content and avoid plagiarism.
5. Inclusivity: Foster an inclusive environment by avoiding discriminatory language and
promoting diversity.
6. Cybersecurity: Protect your account and others' information. Avoid participating in or
promoting hacking, doxing, or any malicious activities.
7. Accountability: Take responsibility for your words and actions. Correct misinformation when
necessary and apologize for mistakes.
8. Community Guidelines: Familiarize yourself with and adhere to Twitter's community
guidelines to ensure you're contributing positively to the platform.

Remember, ethical behavior on Twitter contributes to a healthier online environment

for everyone.
Ethical considerations for Facebook, focusing on what is right and
wrong when using it.
Ethical considerations on Facebook are essential for fostering user trust, ensuring responsible
content, and maintaining a positive and secure online community. When using Facebook, ethical
considerations should include:

1. Privacy Settings: Respect privacy settings and be mindful of the personal information you
share. Avoid sharing sensitive details without considering the potential impact on yourself
and others.
2. Consent: Obtain consent before tagging people in photos or sharing content that involves
them. Respect others' wishes regarding the use of their images and information.
3. Authenticity: Represent yourself truthfully. Avoid creating fake profiles or engaging in
deceptive practices.
4. Cyberbullying and Harassment: Refrain from engaging in cyberbullying, harassment, or any
form of harmful behavior. Be respectful in your interactions with others.
5. Content Sharing: Be cautious about sharing false information. Fact-check before sharing
news or articles to prevent the spread of misinformation.
6. Community Standards: Familiarize yourself with and adhere to Facebook's community
standards. Avoid content that violates these guidelines, such as hate speech, violence, or
nudity.
7. Advertising Practices: If you engage in advertising, ensure your content complies with
Facebook's advertising policies. Avoid deceptive practices and be transparent about
sponsored content.
8. Security: Take steps to secure your account. Use strong passwords, enable two-factor
authentication, and be cautious about phishing attempts.

By adhering to these ethical considerations, you contribute to a positive and responsible online
environment on Facebook.
 Improvements in the ethical guidelines of YouTube.

1. Transparent Content Moderation Policies: YouTube should provide clearer explanations of

its content moderation policies, detailing what types of content are allowed or prohibited.
This transparency helps creators and users understand the platform's expectations.
2. Improved Copyright System: Enhance the copyright detection system to minimize false
claims and ensure fair treatment for content creators. Implementing more accurate
algorithms and efficient dispute resolution mechanisms can contribute to a more equitable
system.
3. Strengthening Child Safety Measures: YouTube should continue investing in and refining
measures to protect children from inappropriate content. This includes stricter age
verification, improved content filtering, and increased collaboration with parents and
educational organizations.
4. Algorithmic Accountability: Increase transparency around the recommendation algorithm
to address concerns related to echo chambers and potential radicalization. Providing users
with more control over their content recommendations can contribute to a healthier online
environment.
5. User Empowerment and Privacy: Enhance user privacy controls and provide clearer
information on data usage. Empower users to have more control over their data and the
ads they are exposed to, fostering a sense of trust and accountability between the platform
and its users.
 Improvements in the ethical guidelines of Twitter

1. Transparency in Algorithmic Decisions: Twitter should provide clearer insights

into how its algorithms curate and prioritize content to ensure transparency
and minimize biases.
2. Enhanced User Education: Implement robust initiatives to educate users
about the platform's guidelines, the consequences of violating them, and how
to report inappropriate content. This can help foster a more informed and
responsible user community.
3. Stricter Enforcement of Policies: Twitter could strengthen its enforcement
mechanisms to swiftly address violations of ethical guidelines. This may involve
increased use of technology and human moderation to tackle issues like hate
speech, harassment, and misinformation.
4. Diverse and Inclusive Decision-Making: Ensure diversity and inclusion in the
teams responsible for shaping and enforcing Twitter's policies. A variety of
perspectives can contribute to more balanced and fair decision-making
processes.
5. Regular Ethical Audits: Conduct periodic audits to assess the impact of
Twitter's policies on users and identify areas for improvement. This could
involve soliciting feedback from users, experts, and advocacy groups to ensure
continuous refinement of ethical guidelines.
 Improvements in the ethical guidelines of Facebook

1. Privacy Controls and Education: Facebook should prioritize user privacy by providing more
granular privacy controls and comprehensive educational resources to help users
understand and manage their personal data settings.
2. Stricter Enforcement against Misinformation: Implement more robust measures to combat
the spread of misinformation on the platform. This includes investing in fact-checking
partnerships, enhancing algorithms to identify false information, and taking swift action
against accounts that deliberately spread misinformation.
3. Ethical Advertising Practices: Strengthen guidelines for advertisers to ensure ethical
advertising practices. This involves scrutinizing the content and targeting criteria of ads to
prevent the spread of misleading or harmful information.
4. Diversity and Inclusion in Content Moderation: Ensure diversity and inclusion in the teams
responsible for content moderation. A diverse moderation team can better understand and
address a wide range of perspectives, reducing the likelihood of biased content decisions.
5. Regular Independent Audits: Conduct regular third-party audits of Facebook's content
moderation processes and algorithms to ensure accountability, transparency, and
adherence to ethical standards. Independent assessments can provide valuable insights and
build trust among users.
 PECA 2016 laws of Malicious code, Cyberstalking and
Spoofing

PECA stands for the "Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act,"2016 which is a legislation enacted in
Pakistan. This law was introduced to address various forms of electronic crimes, including
offenses related to unauthorized access to information systems, data interference, electronic
fraud, cyber terrorism, and more.

1. Malicious Code:
• PECA 2016 criminalizes unauthorized interference with data, including the creation
and transmission of malicious code.
• Section 3 of PECA 2016 addresses unauthorized access to information systems and
data.
• Willfully distributing malicious code without authorization, intending harm to
information systems, can result in a punishment of up to two years in prison, a fine of
one million rupees, or both.
2. Cyberstalking:
• The act may cover aspects of cyberstalking under offenses related to harassment.
• Section 24 of PECA 2016 addresses the offense of "Cyber Stalking" and includes
provisions related to online harassment.
• Cyberstalking offense is punishable by up to three years in prison or a fine of one
million rupees. If the victim is a minor, the penalty may extend to five years
imprisonment or a fine of ten million rupees.
3. Spoofing:
• Spoofing is generally covered under the act in terms of fraudulent electronic
communication.
• Section 13 of PECA 2016 deals with the offense of "Electronic Forgery" and may
encompass activities related to spoofing.
• Whoever with dishonest intention establishes a website or sends any information
with a counterfeit source intended to be believed by the recipient or visitor of the
website, to be an authentic source commits spoofing.
• Engaging in spooling is punishable by up to three years in prison, a fine of five hundred
thousand rupees, or both.
 Tools used to detect AI content, plagiarized text, plagiarized images, and plagiarized videos
Detecting AI-generated content, plagiarized text, plagiarized images, and plagiarized videos
involves the use of various tools across different domains. Here are some tools commonly used
for each category:

1. AI Content Detection:
a) OpenAI's Codex:

. Harnesses advanced language models, such as GPT-3, to produce text that closely resembles
human language.

. Adaptable for diverse natural language processing tasks, emphasizing the need to
authenticate content generated through this technology.

b) CopyLeaks:

. Employs sophisticated algorithms designed to identify content originating from AI models.

. Recognizes patterns and linguistic subtleties characteristic of machine-generated text,

enhancing its ability to detect AI-generated content.

c) Jukedeck:

. Specializes in the identification of AI-generated music and audio content.

. Utilizes pattern recognition and analysis techniques to discern music created through artificial
intelligence.

2. Plagiarized Text:
a) Turnitin:

A widely used tool for detecting plagiarism in academic and professional writing.

•It compares submitted academic or professional writing against a vast database of academic
content, journals, and other sources to identify potential instances of plagiarism.

b) Grammarly Plagiarism Checker:

Grammarly is a writing assistant tool that includes a plagiarism checker feature.

• It scans text to detect similarities with content available on the internet and provides
suggestions to improve originality.
c) Copyscape:

Copyscape is a tool specifically designed to find instances of plagiarism on the web.

• It helps identify copied or duplicated text across different online sources.

3. Plagiarized Images:
a) Google Reverse Image Search:

Google Reverse Image Search allows users to upload an image or input an image URL to find
visually similar or identical images on the internet.

• It's commonly used to identify the source or instances of image plagiarism

b) TinEye:

TinEye is a reverse image search engine that helps users find where an image has been used
across the web.

• It can be used to detect instances of image plagiarism.

c) Plagscan:

Plagscan is a plagiarism detection tool that can be used for both text and images. It analyzes
content against a database to identify potential instances of plagiarism.

4. Plagiarized Videos:
a) YouTube Content ID:

YouTube Content ID is a digital fingerprinting system developed by YouTube to automatically

identify and manage copyrighted content within videos uploaded to the platform.

• It helps content owners protect their intellectual property.

b) Plagscan Video Analysis:

Plagscan offers a video analysis feature that can be used to detect plagiarism in video content.

• It analyzes videos to identify similarities with existing content, helping to prevent video
plagiarism.
c) Copyscape Video Plagiarism Checker:

Copyscape Video Plagiarism Checker is a tool designed to identify instances of plagiarism in

videos.

• It checks video content against a database to find matches or similarities with existing videos
on the internet.