BUILDING with “LOGS"Tho ext of log construction ia relatively simple, once fe Dusie principle are understood, The plonesre who opened ‘the lands beyond tho eastarn seaboard did not have boards ‘with which to balld ich shelter as they nesded. Loge mere > plentiful in the forested area of our country that, with their resurcsfol ingenuity, tho settlers built their homes in conformity with thos principles of log constration which [prevailed in the countries fom which they sngrated,‘Thoso ‘Principles have remained the sme dawn through the years, ‘Tho pioneer had but an ax for a tool and consequentiy mado only thoae article which opuld be hewed ont of weed ‘Today ther are many tools aailable, md to do Ars class job of Tog construction one must know how to handle the Goublobitiod or singlebitied ax, the broadax, at, adz, his sli, ship augur, and drawlnife. In thie bulletin it is cesomed that the reader is familiar with the ordinary frame building methods used where wood is the prinepal ‘onstruction material, BUILDING WITH Locs 2y Curve P Frey, Bnpine, and W, Bases Gnome, Ci Arc, Fort Centet ‘Building the toundati FF exon "= Re aae aaa F ‘Door aod wind is 15 The Sled rte s ef aiRaee é BUILDING THE FOUNDATION A building should have «good foundation, and 2 log strocture ino exooption to the rue." For the sake of onomy sm labor and Taterlal His auficienty in some instances, to olnce seal bull ‘piers of concrete of rou nadie one, bt ually {will be Shae allay to ue otis wall of soe many oe co ‘ree fo provide uninterrupted support for the logs and thus avo fiir talency io cog, ‘The well however, sould’ be provided Jrth aul openings forthe sieulation of tir to prevent the wood rom dry rotting Furthermore the continuous founcation vall has tho addtional tivantage of preventing rodents from geting under the balding. Inno case should the fog be placed dieetly upon ‘the ground since wood tends to decey when fn cat with the ear. ‘fie two. end walls of the exterior foundation shouldbe higher giant se an ere i the iene te of he igs on adjacent wall, the endcwall loge being half their thickness Nii than howe o the ina co in building» Ing wall the eet problem isin closing the opening Seton each aiof log” Ther aaron wary of ding thi, bout only’ those regarded ne most satafactory wil be described ip this publication, Whe width of such openings i alse by scveral factors: (i) The maaner of placing the Tors upon each other (3) the type of corner ured where to walle rst: [8) the openings for dors and windows} and (1) the natural shrinkage of wood in the proces of drying PREPARING THE LOGS ‘The selection of stright, smooth, oven-sized logs is the prime sonntderation (ig. 1)- "Top diameters should We 26 uniform as pox ‘Se but saw aule not les han 10'nor more than 12 inches (Slightly -leo rms imensins mayb wif ery arava) ‘The per shout be as slight ax pai: Fer gener then 49 for hp ine nae ws inn 10 ince in onda to eel a ‘renee diameter at he large or but en ‘Cedar, pine, and larch in the order named, are most desirable ‘or log eamtraction. AM kot, lube: or baum nl be tse ale hi Nog fet” RR Tete oe a inte fall or winter. for two important reasons: (1) Toyey a it spring oF summer peel eater, Lat erck or clk to‘an ios degree white satonng. (2) Insect aeivty iv dormant tong the winter tooth: hee. if che loge are ent and seasonal then ty syne Tai dana bine or src fg Log hal bev, peeled and It onside well above the ground fox a leat € months Ptore being placed inthe buiing. THe my vot always bm posible, bat itis & fod rae to follow. tags shoud selon Rng dk wih or nce cnn tho ert cnplete exposure to the air. Loge havaig a sweep or enrre howl fe pie with the enrve uppermost = that thelr weight will tend so uigiten then whey ae dying. Were de ii ce 4s Timite, logs may be doublodackeds wang poles betwees Gere Cyrene Re ution tray ads Sin Sort the logs carefully before sitting constricien, using the better ones in the front gr afher conspicuous walle of the bul fing TE the Togs are nat uniform in sae the larger ones should be placed at the bottom ofthe wale DIMENSIONS OF THE BUILDING For pret acon thiamine of «To iin are the inside teasuremente taken from ope Tog tothe sorreseesding le in’ eppesie wal Outside dinenions vary wmvtiee with the san of the fogs, tus aceonnting for the tee of nse meussrements . Where projecting comers are desired, Jogs boul be atleast 6 fect Jonger dha the fide dimensions of the bung. In erecting the ‘wal che log shouldbe kept even or pun onthe nae fees eisdesited fish the interior with sellbount ot pater FRAMING THE CORNERS ‘its a ing ic te to sve Cw Pai Seancecin Se est ge te op 2) "food, self lockng, mechanical jonny relatively easy to contract, iment ea ee EE am ct ie te _fhrae tere faa ie at ie peer een eae a Bapreeten tamil ue Sera oe Fre eee eee ee a fee ame Sebopmages tier festa wierd eee eee Seer ete aen ee gaits Re eG Ane ce ee See een ee eae sim ra The framing of Ui comer, dserind in gun by SON Ee et tthe penn gt obtain ree greasing seein levies ian a trurely canter 2 that the Snsde face of all four loge is to eee Lee ae ee ee eregen eerg Sea E Breeds orcas eat meee iad Nil ae eel a Ses ‘gre 5--Choppleg the stl na eae corse . Jog, start moring the divider upmard, with a sife motion o that che ie ng for he cari of ender ge pn pot of ie upper lg mains «nar on Ui trae of he upper og ws wal be he ntston of te arcs of the to fogs when, in hoteh has oan eat from fie upper one. Repext this operation four tie to ue all four sides of he corners A tle praction wil sale you slop at Kepag the pics of te lider perpen ‘Aft the ‘notch has been mazked at both ends of the log, turn st over on its back. Te f 8 goo sea to intensify the eivider mane with an indelible pencil so that it will be easily followed.” ‘Chop the Rotch out roughiy, ug lustreted in figure 4 than chip down as say as porate othe ti, supplying te ining tous with ‘gouge cide. ‘The Snished note shoul be espped ost fast enone ical the eight of the log to come on ie extn gs, ts Ingaring a tight foun ‘When the next sido log is rolled into place the dividers shoold be set pat for the width of the spac beter the top of the ft and the bottom af the following log, and the mating rpested ss tefore Tf you wish to have the upper log "ride? the lower one a Hitt so that en especially tight joint is obtsinal, the dividare should bp t's little wider apart than the space sctealy requires, te tog Comat ‘The dorsail or box, comer (figs. 6 and 7) is strong comer, and considerable experince is fete in oder to tae « ht” Woking jot This tye has soverl undtabl features: (1) ‘The loge afe'spt co uerdlgp t'wide eck bee the orner tamed fam the part of the log fn hich the leat shrinkage occurs, and (5) since the fogs ate fewed’ dawn to form Ue coven the wood 1s laden 2 cole aa ain mite which son rls tea. Aino this corner detracts noceably fron the loggy” appear. Snoxtocbataceriatio und ducirble in log stracures. Ti drtvings {in igure 6 show the moe practical methods of marking and framing fin ovat or Box comer 5 ve itr Pain, tenon comer (Gg. 8), i so common. It may tate i bed way none oly fe ating susen are framed, ‘hile inthe other, al four aes ofthe tenon iro framed fat. Ths ain tenon cornet dows not hve the highly dedrable featare of being self-locking. However, itis smple'to wake and economical and Sherefoe epecially bultable for temporary structure" ‘The log matt be pinned togeie, as sown in. Agare All the framing Gabe dono on the ground, before the logs are put in plese "Oa lly ‘teed, this maken a heat-looking Jo. ‘Directions for eonstrcting the fat or plain, enon corner Sauate oe end of logo it Byure SA at, the marae ‘egured england sa tho opposite end aur, at 2. on Har any carvatore, tur it on the sxids uot to back is up. Dela mine the thickness of the tangn, bused upon the average top and ‘Dutt dieters of the Tog. Th take an T8-nch length of board the eune width or Che thine af the tenons driving shal throng Hts cauter und into the center of che log. Plane the sprit level on top of the board and man line on the log w the top and bottom mos I aa PRE) re ae = teiges ‘The width of x tanon varies with the diameter of the logs; {to iovinch diameters will produce 6" T-ineh wie tenons, Nua Tin Tih lato he pier boa opt @ aad 2 a hen mk sar cts oh ech el tt chip of tl seat te surface. ‘Turn log over and repeat on the ote de, “Aer fuming ut the sides ofthe tenon, the og i ead to be place on the wae Some fiting between compere i usually hesesidy Diy 1 the logs fans alt and anon the wok tbe mination, ns upright, oF grooreandtenom, commer (fe 8) i ued to a considerable extent in te Wats eine desiable features fom Iechaniea! standpoint: (1) ‘The weight of the building we cared ‘on the full eng of the loge and does not ret solely on fhe cory, 6 In other types, and (2) makes tight wall becuse no openings vet deyeop Uxtween the Jes. Although na dient o eonsracty EAU? ce faults Sosterble mechan ail and wo Isto carpet cn tune eer tango be rs wide logs spend the foundaon after ch a Gras HSE al tines Nest to the round-otch or’ the‘upright, or grooreandctanon corner, probably has the best appear= DOOR AND WINDOW JAMBS Dov and indo, juni mld infeed ath he core except that ea ora doe iyo ay Shae {Tih lg in ely Gs ‘Citeha shold br left at eal corer for satemest dds Costa ‘ge; otherwia moe or las space should be allowed as conditions Zesuire. Ti about © months the exp log wil comme down oes iis gap, Siler provisions chould Be made for selenest vee floor tnd window ofeniags 1008 Joists ‘As soon as the fet round or ter of logs is Ini, the flor joita should be et in plac, notching them into the bottom. ede fog TE fe building hus'a continugus masonry foundation, the jon may bow on top of i, a2 in a fame building. ir hn he ts hare tn a ‘ox how the later off onthe Inside A simple nthe ss to et She otc in the side logs before they are rolled inta plac. Poe fois Seat eto 12 Tce nlc nl wero "upper ldo to provide a soi for nailing the flooring. Sar= al diferet way of amiog the lor jas a hows Beare 1, LAYING THE WALL Loos 3 laying the susesve rounds of logs in the walls several dass mast Be clfserved to keep the lined sp so that tae top Togs tose a evel seat for the roof framing. The comers should be Kept 2 Jovel a poms as each round ie fad. ‘This can be done by meas wertcally from the top of the for Jats, from tine f9 time, as f shock. “A'variation of 1 inch in height will not cause n sonoua Othe elt of ated ) Bs tof the comers is fn two ways: (1) increasing or decreasing the depth of the ote, and (2) by roca, the top aud butt ends ofthe logs when laying the Se Whe wal ‘hn ul bed cade ly a pmb tn the «ase of somevhat irregalarly surfaced log it muy’ be nesaxary to ‘woth off eertain portions of the under cds of te per eo fears a tight ft Only in exceptional instanos, howe, seu {Bla be dane to the top of the over ‘The fae of tho log on the Snide of the building most be kept plumb, ht ie inthe sume vertical plane An ondnacy x api, level may be use, but n to fous lamb board i con, Siered most satisfactory teausn ofits greta en ‘The log shouldbe pinned together with a wooden pin or lange spike (86 10). Spiking ie dane by boring « fo fle Su the upper log tad continuing withs 1/46 inch ele rough (he botiom halt. Then drive 10- or 12n0h spe into'place ‘until t penetrefes half the nest log below. ‘The spikes should bo et rawine sayen FRauiné, poue PARR SNE Floor .cits eg oF fone a ° Faun. secon POLE JOISTS CUT UKE THIS Bon Jeiers Shes Ewe ein alternate rounds o ters of logs. T! wooden pins are too or nk ogy ae preferbl" Nether wooden Pw csp, however fe intarferece tothe stlng of she walle “Th un eho ener aod gia, wnt Ya aiatory the wooden pin. The logs should bo pined approrimataly 9 fet fom each corner and at each sido ofthe window an door opening. For small siructares, where the alinanent of the wails nooo Snnportant, pinning thay be elinated, hut tis exmntal to anesafien ee a wood in sayare larger buildings accurtely in order to prevent individual logs from, springing out of place ‘Where the us of logs hing 2 docided curve, or sweep, is unavold- ble thay should be et in the wall with the how or back up. Such Tog may be struightoned by making enough saw cuts in the upper ‘ie of the curved surface to allow them to straighten oat. ‘The feats shoal be from onethind to one-half Uhe depeh of the log, oF slightly more, i€ neessry (By. 12) ‘WINDOW AND DOOR OPENINGS arly Ameren log structures sre charactatined by relatively dake Interiors bmcause window opesings, designed for protective purposes, were small and far apart. Since protection is no longer ‘consideration, window frames may be of standard size and located tvhere hey axe nose suitable for adequate day lighting. ‘As won as the frst round of loge and the oor joists are lid in plac, mati ths location of door and window openings on the inside face,” Next saw ont the door openings and chop out the notch in ‘he doorsll ogo within an inch ofthe true or finished line as shown fn figure 18. Leave fina catting of the openings to the exact dimen- sions until the window snd door frames are tobe placed in postion, ‘thor Innaring «good Suished wood surfece, Also, determine the Insight ofthe openings above the or Tine and mark thea ix Sure sat man ‘on the bottom log for referee from time to time, The necary ‘uta should be made inthe log direc over each opening, befor placing itn" portion. When’ the log’ which cares the window gels ri» auch mat bee Fr tenor the doom provide the necemary doors und windows openings faust cut inthe walls after the loge eve orm peed Sx potion. At $n ae log sn he wall i ct jn two, the problem te of bow tofhold che loos ends in place “Alo, th doors snd windawerequre ‘he proper ind of fren to iaasie aight closre betwee the latier and the ends of the wall loge. ‘The ost practicable and fetisfactory moliod $e to frame a yertcal notch in tho endo of -‘he wall logy, into which can be, Site « spine stashed to the back" of the abo sidepeces of the door"and. window trans ‘This method of framing Nols the wal logs n'plac, slows then fo shrink and tle wiuowt hindrance, and mates a < joint Between then and the door and window frames The rathal Sotch inthe ond of the wall logs may be frsned by boring 2 inch fager hole in each fog na tf laid Un place ‘Tho hole should be Tocted 0 that when the yall lags are tamed ost forthe opening, tho saw eat peas down chong the edgy of the hole mares te fing ete up air fo fae the nth wo tak he Shine‘ inside face‘ the notch can bo left founded and the Spline chuatered to fi ‘To Eo the hols ne fom ig flog, the the plumb board itststed in figure 16 ELEVATION "WALL SECTION ‘WINDOW AND DOOR FRAMES ‘There are two ways of making window and door frames—in three inn (yo stb and one an), ca for pio (oo fide jembs, one ead jamb, snd «sill plow). When thee pets fram is uwed, the bottom Tog of the Gpening it cit er shaped to make tle winow or dooril and the jen piece are then Bled to the sil Tf tho junts are framed fron pier of log sabbed on to opposite dan pratt frame In Keeping withthe og chase the structure obtainad The window oF door face of the jumb ices maybe abbeed for the windows aad doors, respecte, or may have separate woodan’ Pics, Inown as 0pe na Ti olive the ac of te mma be Fed, ot oF inch by 2 inch plow of straght-greinel wood nailed n- Ihe jam can'be framed in the sane Way; ft dose not require 8 16 ete thar ol 0 ‘eran cae CASEMENT WINDOW —OOUBLE-HUNG window FRAME USING LOG FRAME USING SAWED sas MATERIAL ar eat‘splineon the back, Each side jamb has a dowel framed on each cha" he bottom dowel Ses Inta'a monies tho sll and the top {loyal Sito a similar movie in the head ema "in a four-piece frame, the sil Jog 8 eat with a slope, in the cattomary way, and che Jambo are Med a fore thrve plese frame, ‘Bare 12 ate the rtalation of thre nd oar pes window "When the head jamb or top log over the opening is reached, the fees ure ready for installations Tie opening Is ow oat, ot, She fil Fashioned, th vertical spline lot fasted, and the fad jamb log Gato to. one none” At hs pon he ent of wt ‘eat resulting frou the sieiskage of the well loge ao they Gry on most bo datarnined and a corresponding allowance provided in the ‘Opening. This allowince is made bucesn the upper aide of the tce of the frame a the bottom of the Tog directly over the ‘pening, nd shoal bw from 2 to incl fora door 6 fo 8 aches {o'T fect in height, or 1)2 to S inches for am ordinary double hung Window. The fog over the opening should be notched out on the ide Sige so tat can be drop in pce ster the fae has st Ik ation ‘When the type of window or door frame here decribed Se usdy ruithor outs nor inte casings, comimes called wood tim. 508 Zegulred. The Tom telectad for the jam material shonld ‘be from, 2°08 inches larger in damneter thar the wall logs, in onder to At properly. Als, Hey will be much easier to work {f well seasoned, Geers), 2 sano on ron isos X—Mypln opal eto, ke roagh window. 1»Tf standard millwork frames are un, alse se jambs of euved anh gees as eat ad heaping old the Togs ih place, For n'wall made of 10-inch Tope w pk Finches by 0 inches should be sue forthe Jombe wd the stand Frame ted in place between thers after pouviding the necossty allowance for te wall Toys to rin or settle. ‘The head exsing, frdinatly will cover the space allowed for shinkage ‘Some kind of inulating material which will take copresion, sacl ae erunped iewspapte,abestos wool fiber, or tose wool ty Invune to il che space over the hea allowed for wetlament, Tam — ELEVATION A Iating materi must be installed Toot, so eno to take eny weight Srihe elgg gratay sate ine For the lonetype foune, copper or galvanized steal flashing should be fastened tothe boon of the et tthe top loge leaing the loner Sdge of te flashing free to she an the fact of the log feu jum, ‘Sti wal sete boton oft fling can bo tad a too mech of the face of tho bend jun ie Sovered. This nukes 4 Meathertight Jorma ootects the faulting untried wth witch bmn‘ sn igu' 1, Head seton, the sri se space has | caste AND PURLIN Los CONSTRUCTION Porling spaced pproximerely ot 2a ntervola fo foke 30" 0 36] Tong shokes eg Loo eRacKeTs UaDER Bir ive: seance survont Bi NemeASES veRvaNs ‘Beet z PART ELEVATION AT EAVE. EAVE. SECTIONS 1ROOF FRAMING Roots may be framed in several ways, depending upon the kind ‘of material avaiable and the sppearsiee decved. She famtag for 4 slingla roof, whether of suet material ot round poles is one inte bane way ay chat of a frame building The Up fog on ee ral nay be cit with a fat seat forthe rafters to ret ebontas at Fy Ruse 18) or notched out to receive then asad 2 igre 8B The gable ends may be ran up with te logs which ie preferable for nlledarl splash lr of fae trac {uy and then covered with wood siding, shingles oss (ig 19), She shingles may le ald over siatling Tocris ih aay ‘uanier oF on shingle stripe placed acrom the roof rafters paral Ith the ge an erat sped to eee them, cosine known ‘The particular method to be followed in faving the eaves depends Jargely upon theit projection. Where the elec of = considerable ovesug is desired. an enve pura lg tnay’be used to support Drojeting shakes us shown tiga fore. ‘Po snpport 36 to 3 Inch Tong shakes having 8, inch lap, 'ihe Tog puns shoul be Spaced at approximately teh interes as in pe 1,14 regione f hieary iow the etve Ing inay' be place. sity forweed te Jp suppor the ovniang of an ela! eve fg tay be placa 4 poston, as shown In figure 19,3. ‘The publ log egutd be nan HOE the’ ste tne a8 the rot logs, and bot rigidly framed gether 2 Tt is often desiablo to uw handaplit shakes for the root cove ‘The ‘uly fos co bt ay be of ny Sag rained wood, fre {vom knots which aplte ex. Fisly the Epcot in length of 3) to 0 incest then the shoes are phe Go with «took called a fre (hg. 20) ‘After the log cuts aro set om en, the fre is bsld on the upper sod of te bio ad in trac ow wt open at we ‘aust a pies of the block oF shake to split of. Being hand spit the thickness varies eonembat; the miiaium i 4 mele A root of tin shingles, lacking sulciet scale never a elfstive 0 Fog textured one uring 3. to 1vcinch Thek sakes to harmonise wi the sturdy appeuranea of the fog wali. he wid, normally 608 Inches, governed bythe ze of tho locks of wood und vats sccordingly, wile th length is governed by Ue spacing ofthe 200 Hopson puri “Stak yaaa ul oth fas Usage coures, lapping the side 13g to aches and crerappng the elds ft fe ict nan Sa lig tally dove ‘with sis. or eight penny gnivanizad box nails Copper nale ma be used for greater permdience. A ood tale foo! will not jak atclough from the fside of the bufding ie nay appear to have any tes intresting, cenght-lne elect atthe butts may ng them fron 1 to 2 inches a9 i often we. ‘hismsthod produces an elect nuove kes drith the log wall, Aithoigh involving eater care and additonal Ito i prefer an arutatual jo of ign, fo to ‘At the ridge of the root, wire the singles oF shakes iutersect, prisons tbe made fo wailerproaiy Th shingled Bets dg, comb intersection, or pole ridge, sows is figure Sl are prac: tical apd much more aitetacory ftom the sandjoint of alte: furl effec than stock metal sige, ridge boards sd other sethods. If tho log building ie to be divided into sereral rooms, at east to diferent methos maybe used to constrat the pasttion walls, AF the log-eonstructon plan is o be earned Uhwaghout te structure Boston eso Ridge rate——— ting intoior Jog-wall partitions, thee should be Id oxt and pce ree plac inva crow all where J not inaidri trablet ve Bee Tog onde project nta the room opposite face of the wall, they aagy be sawed off Hus wits the fac of the cross wal, fe shown at 2, figure 22, Plan A, “This. wll not weal the jane ince the log dre both planed and locked in place, PUAN A PLAN 8 ‘Where frame pastitions are used, they should be constructed os ins frame building. A gain on'n ito Linch dep grote should be eat in the log’ well to which the end cuddling of the feme, Darttion is to bese (fg. 22 Plan 8). “Te ent should be ade ia ‘ach og before it is placed in the wall. In no eam should the Sluting at the ends, the partitions eye to the Tog wal whch they intareetin order’ net to interfere with be elected by their sheilage and settlement FLooRING A subflor shouldbe laid fist using shiplap or sheathing, Onye fhis a finished floor of euch hardwoods ex maple or cal or the Aare softvond.scies such a» Dosis, Western leh, goutharn pin, may be Tait Vertical ean and fat gra ey $6 Inad in boli softwood and hardwood, bat the vertical grain eae sec ero ft re nomi etn war ceenly, and the jotats oped, much les. Finished footing cones oF ata ror mtr of ron stan an ite a sit tendency to splinter and ‘wear ieoguary Ofer rod of yen, pain wide planking of randometh bosrds an appropriate for for log balding, “An aitractive effk may be had by using serowe instead’ of nails Countersunk fo 6 dest (of Minch and concealed hy inertng false wooden dowels glued i ace as shown in figure 28,2, Keying the bonds together with rouse Tanda song ts olgt Side ws eee ee ore: INTERIOR WOOD FiNaSHNG Hhnging doors and windows, and many oller customary details of uiling contruction should bo dove in the usual manner building wit logs. Whenever capboards or ener built-in unite are ‘constructed, tcy must be framed to be independent or ete fee eo all eth tartar” oer wc rao ar fovies may be attach fo tro edjecenfogywithont iy subwequan Structural compliestions. ” ead eee on Zz << z ‘When round loge arw lad up ina wall there is always an opening between then tale they are ronved onthe thder a co sale ‘ne bow, ts deserted later nde eines log tabi cogsrusign Tn exteicy "walla this opening. or cack: mst be closed ty ardey {Ean tin rr wrth, Thy ae dos of dling this Tf the logs ve reasonably atch and uniform nso tac fae corer eureeliy made, the opesig eevee te SS lotta barely percep.” Wien Chis fie che, th epeninge as 3‘haul Med wih some tof alkng compound appli wih ‘iter « presare gun or a trowel (Sg. 21 My recat pears several Kinds of king material have been pat ‘onthe market. ‘They ar applied bat with's gun having a pret: -_ release trigger wherehy tho calking compourd is forced through 0 Bosal made tn varus sheper end sna to net Gfer tte ents, "These eaking compounds ar not adversely tested Wo weet «cold, retain thei natural exiblity, and lave oo adhesive peat fea rich caus thin to adhere othe sure to wich tipo ‘A good plastic compound will adhere to the logs under all condi- tongland can be patched easly by aitply applying mote wasn A ‘black fer seal isnot objectionable tu at the Same tine srs & practical Tash. The sel should be appliel te bath nds Of tee fxevion and interior log wally produchg sa tlmoat Incest ‘saled building: ‘When epolied with a posture gun having eae ee, otal, | gallon will Al abont 0 nee fot cf Opennee e coeted in eald weather, the material should be heated tS taapersteee ot cumin ‘Wheo using logs that are somewhat rough and irregular in shape, the resulting spare between then tay beso ‘atge Sey the mente dstisfuctorly of theropening. sack cases, it will be necesary to insert “chinkitge” ehick asses applied tothe interior aud exterior walls tn obs of too Seca 1, Split chinking Segments of» log er slit out in sizes which St ihe opening and, after bang earefally sloped wide eae rake a tight, ure wcurely nafed in poston “This beds cnt tng sequites considerable work and patlanee fo cure a end sae 2. Pole hinting Saal round polon shige (Ap 38). Tally ‘Sls an Teng to fi ‘ils an Tength to A opening from wall to wal This wt of chsking may be applind Feu ite e uoide palaog ane a apd {ie precatng methane he ou an ate ee Stal pes Smetnes have teniney Sate ee When cg aa tyes net a diced utes in wid Toa the aE ee ee Toplad cal cles trom pote. in Jog contro to dein « pacal medind for porn degen eae erin § Bins on tah fe Zo a went ang ih jay be iy eon ap Se Bh lege sn peng oy nea nag ala Oe Ueland the pleas applied fo ll A Cais Matas a Bote pata te cols i here soutaanne Pe ed Pinon ily in Boe” Seta” cosy sod heey aldlower log to old the plaster in positon, es shown in figure 98, but they ure‘unsightly CChinklous construction, awcisted with the building of Jog etae tures "in" Seaniinavien” countsicy slintinstes Cho Ginkiag and Iuiing so prevalent in many log buildings. consists of owing {ate ste of ene Ie. noth is nt teen the og loeneath, soaking a cle fint for itsentive length. “Tie groove minted By tool whiehy for convenience, ry be clled’s cabin fevibe or 8 drug (Og. 3 Directions for chinks Joq-eabin. contruction —Mark_and ext a th noth jt a's due oan cer Nes do the Jog im place and sevib, making the additional mank shown By tina ge (ge 2T)e Then ext a tne uid, nally, drop Tog Postion The svibe is 12 inches Jong, made prefersbly of Yeinch square sie orto bent in much the ae tne the peg iia tnap; the to eas aro turned down about 114 inches Like fro fingers, Aliverging to shout 3 of an inch at the pots and then sharpened vith @ fit susface ot the side of the point toward the loon.” The Toop shout be amamered out thin to provide nfiient esitity to alow the points fo spread or close eaiy. ‘A ring is welded srcned the two hives of the tool whieh when aligped Spor down, makes, Ie‘pousible Co wjust the points and thersly prevent any farther spreading while the tol iin sm._A Tink from a small chain, placed rer the ign bone he points ar tarned, wi seve the sane Parpece fn to prevent the points from spring opti ‘raat ray be freed betwee then "To Ata tog fry frame ft the ends and ten ft down to-within about 3 ince of the lower log where the opening inthe widest. 4" diteat to lo «good fod of serbing when the loge are too ese fogetier. “The oxbe st then bw adit atthe point where ‘soul pece of SoRIBING THE ROUND NOTCH "CORNER (CHOPPING THE GROOVE.the opening is the widest 90 that, when holding the tool parallel ‘is desiced, n strip of plumber's oakun shoul be laid on the bottom Sometinos itis sible to inko advantage of a portable mill (0 Tow om thre ales aie tito bew thea by Mand. Tee ket the logs no well ht eng tized he sooth mii of eagy oahiig. putiulary where wood the senallest possible gx the closest ft is obtained with the leust aterthg or pe al, while a cf gar nce ea ie ang tr oe he principle of th ssl is based on paral Tins and it ean ; aes treat nee anes rea realy be xen the tf there isn ap othe fone ge a etre 2 race bul in thee et gouge in de upper one "Whe the Wek aan the spate renting negligible “Where oo con et : EWING TinaeRs owever, a numer of mechanical sds (hg 0) which should i sg ahve rai ig otra ae to the work’ nunc ae pombe, "Fhe carpenters sprit level, the ate re And chalk ioe amd chalk'are eens te Les of tha Thea be follow in hawing Guibert ‘ia di sil of'on ac eal of the ogni the Th eth the cht in carefully nay nan tae ae of te ete ary as craecy aes el FIREPLACE FRAMING The ti Breplce, invariably the ment prominent interior feature bation bot wih» log tesin tt built of stone ad Provided witha emule log sist ‘The feplie itelf may’ be sitet . the’ tratsional nine type or the ware rover nce oe one cuippel with « hea The tnson its chine ion aways start ke the feuulations ofthe batt ing iti Signy’ dom uot satiy unl te surrounding, log onstruction. Consus, stir tecomnenub that 4 self support Fog rine be bt su ad wih ne of hata af the feplace and chimnes. as illustrated in guse 1. The opening ‘howl be fred in the sime Way as windoe and door opeeingeTn building an ovdinaey fireplace, the firebox and inner earth stot be tio free to kh intense andthe as javts proportioned in accordance with standard ‘practie 10 tare Eat operation The heatilater ie a built-in recirculating ste! unit consisting of seta sites an beck to form 8 heating Chaney adjacent to the fire pit, whieh awe cold air chrough f rpiner at each side heat the doot and after the air i beted secs i thnugh similar repiters Above. It shouldbe installed in conformity with the manufacturers Girecions, taking ene to atlect'q suci-see unit eutable for the dimension ofthe Grelace opening and to we he surrounding OWING AND PAINTING. After all the openings have. been properly ealked andthe J bused cleat soften deicable along not absolutely nectar, fo treat the log surfaces with some sort of preservative material Logwood cil in excellent for the exterior. ‘Ti colores variety 8 preferable ii mos eases but. if smb colori desired adjust enc frum umber, row senna paste to give the proper shade. Por Sntecior finish, apply cout of clon shellac tl then one or (eo oats of dull varnnl ‘Tlse trim can be trated Ins siilar ser te preserve the pleating effect produced hy the natural surface wal or ofthe wood. THE FINISHED STRUCTURE Baamples of moder tog constrction are sine in figures 32, 38, and 84: Eso types of log seructures sxe iistated in Agate 88The 2 ntevior furnishings ie alvays of great concern to those who build log eabins. Odds and ends'pr too many wht nots” muy prove to be melts. Dieces of Early American design ‘ve perhaps the most appropriate ready-made furniture, but stan ustie plo Yield the grentestsnisacton Many cabin owners have found « great desl of please in making secantial Forniture, such as bunky beds, fable, Gairy satees and Similar tema. Tn the East, Vtch is prefered s.a malera, and in the Wet, lodgepole pine i mse satisfactory, Other naive specie however will d ll. Tn waking frnitae i i advisable toremove the bare frm the logs bcnnse ark collec naet, eases the wood to deteriorate and eventually fall of, leaving imperfect, Unsightly suvfucen Figures 20 and 87 show types of furniture su able for Tog residences For roti effects, the use of stain of the following proportion gives a satisfactory appearanee’ 2 quarts tupentine, quits sew finseod il, and 1 pint liquid sien to whic add 1 pit of raw enna, % pint of furat uber, anda touch of birnt senna. The top surface of tables, bullets lsts, unt ranide seats should have ‘bro coats of spar varnish, iVhere countersunk screws are ted i fonaeetion with a stain finish, insert false In preferine to plastic wood to conceal the sewhea Simplicity, for producing reelike pgs tthe keynote onions elf in farniae, in keeping Armehairs can be built with wellseasonec ligepole oF casters pine, or biseh (lig- 8). ‘The cornerpices slould be mortsad and fenoned to the frame and ral and snchore i Place with Sy Grinch lng serews. "Tho armor shonld be fasted fo the comerpienss swith ag-by beinch cartiage bolts aid to the sl support with 3g by dink fag sxzees Tho vertical slab support ssi be rigidly sured to tho frame with 3g- by inch cariage bella. Cushion With farnitre tacks, to support te cu ‘Upright chairs and stools (Fig, 39) can be made from the same ator as the sruchnir. Cow the poles To ine the loge igh The eropieces of the chs hold be eurve to fit the Inman aok. The joins ‘ited, morse, and tenene Birch or wellsesoned lodgepole or eastern pine is suitable for making « bed or bunk In making bed (Ay 40) the srespiocesSSS ea Sipe ANGLE VIEW ‘icc Phan fr sake Gabe bd forte resideace i | should impale the corer posts tightly; the joints should be glued tui toe-ailed from below. ‘Do note the sie or end pieces ont tte ns ten eased and he low gh jn both directions in ating the angle runs, in order to fa ingestion and removal of the matress, "Use 2 by Si gis to Tse the ape ons othe wood fame. Figure 40 pl fr malig «double ed Yor a ingle bd evn th width ‘A double-deck bunk is made in much the same way as 4 bad (fig. ini be i rh 2s los IN a js ey att wk a eee eae, 1 ce “see. le or sl \ats AaB Ese absleeeFRONT SIDE “ [No log residanca Is complete withoat turitare for storing clothe: ‘A combination chest and bafee suitable for big cabins cate msds from wellsuasoned lodgepole or easter itty tammrack, or birch (ig 42). ‘The ends, doors shelves, end drtwer fronts should be ct frm No. 9 tongue-and-groove contmersal Pine Toner A sutteecan bo mae from ellseasoned pine or birch (fg. 42 Jon the corner pols tothe slab Srume andra rth Tog and {anon joints; then anchor the joins by means of 3 by inch a sevews. Fasten tho arms to the corner poles with 32. by inch carriage bolts and tothe slab support with 3 by singh lag sero «‘Woe by S:inch carrings bolts to fasten the slab eupport to the Erne! ‘Toe is by Snel hasiwood erompleee should be sectrely fattened atthe top enda and botched ino the ing at the baton sede held Uy Zach wood sere riven sto place ten angle Hic clits shouid be mortaed and tenoned fo the ail nd. frue ‘he os ald eto let ype whan springs fv dsr, And covered with hotespun fabs Peale pine or birch is ideal material for building «dining table (ig 4), "aah a Gah saddle jot between andthe legs Crom poles to ipa the lps tightly. Notch £ forthe com poles” Upper ERD SIDE Prac 44—Disngaie pas 6 Mote: the front, Healer ih. as ‘half of each ”‘surface of C should be slab-faced and fitted between D and cross Gountersink any sorews, then conceal the ais with false. wooden ols ll sgily brass aguas. op pine of tabla: shoud bp ‘omel ke pings te painted, uso plastic wood. ioweled at places indicated sn the drawing with 95 by 4iteieoed ‘hook rad may be made of the sane material ual for th Benth, dowels, glued and clamped to ingore tight joints, "Notch top plese ‘acopt coda, which is unsuitable (Bg. 40). ‘The sides end botion 4 nck deep fo recite and D. ‘Pup outside wiges of eee ‘ind 2 should be hewed. Wltseasoned lodgopole o eastern pine tumarack, cde, or birch sve muitnble for batches (Bar 48)" Pike oats daald be pnt Si should be rabbaced and thovowghlyglaed. Te two inter: Fens hele can be made adjsate byborng 3 ole i toh Siepiece inches apace, above and below the pation shown for Te alge of shel. DETAILS. END FRONT Prova 4 fan tok rac Troon Ps fo «epee woe bt, % 4 aves in figure £8, into which loo wooden pins may be inert should be wae for fstaning the loner sidepicow and bottom, Secure the fee mi suppeee Setew the top fn place, eotntersial scxowheas ‘the wrought iron bandle tcl, de toppiees with 3 by 13gineh ad inset od cover plugs or false Sowele for concelient where ‘arrage bolt. ‘The wood sides should have hawed tges Of 4¢ Inch ‘ained finish is umd. If pasate, ‘minutia thickness "A freplnce wood hed (Rg. 4) may be UUme well seasoned. lodgepole or eastern pine, amareck, or birch feeere ecaie Mike's git ra jog between borg ad vera ie pew, BUGE, cine gag rae ot wilina's oe a > pT Ale individual taste” In hooting & location oue mst consider all Paces Foe pl fo earn i Rela Piedad Sas the Meeeability of transportation, shopping centers, water “isposal electiefueliies, and kindred factore ed wit respect t the necessary accommodations; (2) ntons enforced ‘by loca! authori wll be eberved; and P and plan "pens fur autable for-room log reside @erHOy sau for « ve-roo struct if Figure 51 Psshows the layout of « United States Foret Service two-room guard ‘ibun edaptable for sue residence tse ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Additional usetul information on, building log cabins ray be ‘obtained fru the following pubtintions: percaces axo enisesire. Farmers’ Bul 1889, $2 pp, illus 106 eacrie faaucres Farmers’ ule {Be 20 pp lls, 1D ‘enor Logg ap noes iy Fanae cveravoriox. emer! Bul. 1000, 6 pps illus 198% og senator, Wis. Agr. Col. Est. Stencil Cir. 188, 39 pp itl ‘sit. oo Ones cosermveniox. A.B Bowatas. Mich Tul 2881 pp ills. 1041 ub eoniee and ervers; wow so mex ax runsasn tua Ws. “Broxrm ci 90 pp. illus New Yor sie mene ban ease G, De Atomieat. 278 pp. ila. 1994, New otk sume, wages, oxo nuasmins, D.C. Baw. 243 pp. illu, ‘882. New York State Col. Ket