Cepua rr «be30MACHOCTb U1 CUCTeEMbI MPOMBILLUIEHHOV aBTOMaTM3a4uN. Onbir MpakTuyeckoro NpuMeHeHuA» C6op daHHbIix B CUCTeMax KOHTpONA U ynpaBneHua NpaktTuyeckoe pyKOBOACTBO 2>Kor Mapk Crus Makken 000 «Ipynna UGT» Mocksa 2006Cepus «Bezonacnoem u cucmembi npomblunennol aemomamuszayuu. Onwm npaxmuueckozo npumenenua» Pedaxyuonnwil cosem cepuu: Copori un C.A., 2aaenotit pedaxmop acypHa.ta «Cucmenvi npoxviutennot aamomamusay.uir, Cunenxo O.B., 2nasneit pedaxmop xypuana «Mup xonnsiomepuoit asmomamusayuur, JOpreaux E. B., zaaenvuit pedaxmop xypnaaa «Hadexnocm»>, Tlyeaves C.B., enaenviit pedaxmop xypuana «Hoaocmu mencdynapoduoi emaxdapmusayuu MOK u HCO» vAK BBK 11-18 681.518.5 32.973 1-18 Tlepesog ¢ anraniicroro Casenpesa B.B., Kyanenoxcii B.D. Tx. Map, C. Marneit COop fannerx B cucTemax KOHTpona m ynpasnenua. Ilpaxruueckoe pyKonojerso: ~ M.: 000 «I'pyrma HIT», 2006. — 504 c., una, radu. ISBN 5-94833-021-4 Kuura oxearsmaer sce acnexTst cuetem cOopa JaHHBIX or ompeyeseHua napamerpos paspaGorku 10 nporpaMMupoBanus, yeranopKu u Hacrpoiiin. Ipen- crapmena nomHas nmdbopmanua 06 oprannsanun untepdelica mexny ITK 1 astoxom- HBIMM MIpuGopaMu, UpeHASHAVEHHSIMU LIA PerHeTPALMM PEANBHBIX CHTHAIOB B aa6opaTopun m Ha TpoMBIIeHHoM mpequpuaTud. KHMra conepxKuT BceoOBeMTI0- Iie omcanme KoMMBIOTepHBIX cHeTeM COopa AAHHEIX Ht BCIO HEOOXOAUMYtO MEKbopMa- Tmo As15 GoIcTpOit m otek THBHOM paspaborkH, ycraHoBKM, HacTpoitKm m Tporpam- MupoRaiius cucrem cOopa mucopmanui. Kuna 6yser nonesHa kak (Uist HAIHHAIOINUX, TAK Ht [IA ONBITHEIX ToNbsOBATETeM. YK 681.518.5 BBK 32.973 Bee npaea sauguwyents. Huxakaa vacmb nacmoatuell KHUucu He MoxKem Guim» eocnpouscedena UU nepe- danaée mexan moper Kaxoit Oot mo HU Getto Hopme u KaKusu Got mo Hu Goi.10 cpedcmeamu, Gy mo azeKmponnwle WAU jutecKue, 6k10VAR PoMoKONUposanue u sanucs Ha MacHumHDIi HOCUmend. ITpu HapyweHUU a6- ux Npas npuReHsOMes MepeL 6 CoOMBEMcmeuL ¢ HOpNaNU PoccuitcKoeo saxoNodamenvcmea 6 o6nacmu asmopexux npas. Hannoe uayanne «COop qannnix n cHeremax Konrposs 4 ynpansienust. [paxtuyeckoe pyxononcrso» J. Tlapxa uC. Maxxes ny6amxyeres no qoronopernocru c Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidington, OX5 1 GB, England ISBN 0-7506-5796-0 © 2003, IDC Technologies. All rights reserved ISBN 5-94833-021-4 © 000 «[pynna «HIT», 2006Cofep>KaHue 1. BpegeHve....... ee dh 4.1. Onpefenenve noustua cGopa WaHHbIX UV ynpaBneHua.................. 17 4.2. OcHosbi onepaunn c6opa AaHHbIx : 18 1.2.1 Datauky wv uctosHuKky curHanos . 19 1.2.2 CoeguHvtenbHbie npoBogja U KOMMYHUKaLIMOHHbie Kabenn . . 19 1.2.3. Mpeo6pa3zopaHve CUrHanOB... 2... eee ee 20 1.2.4 AnnapatHoe o6ecneyeHve COopa AaHHbIx ... 21 1.2.5 Nporpammuoe obecneyeHne cuctem cOopa AaHHbIx 22 1.2.6 [naBHbIM KOMMbIOTep .... 6... 23 1.3. Koxepurypauus cucrem c6opa gaHHbix “ ynpasnenua 24 1.3.1 CMeHHbIe KomnbioTepHble mnaTb! BBONa/BbIBOLa 23 (352) PachipenenenHbif BeON/BbisOn st 26 1.3.3. ABTOHOMHbIe unui pacnpeneneHHbie PErUCTpaTOPbI/KOHTPOMMEPbI .. 6.6... eee eee eee eee 27 1.3.4 QuctaHyvoHHo nporpammupyemble npuGoppl Cuntepchevicom IEEE-488 (GPIB) .......- 22-222 eee eee 30 2. Axanorosbie u Undposble CUrHaMbI ..... 6... eee 33 2.1. Knaccuedpvkayns curnanos : 33 2.1.1 Ludposbie (qgou4uble) CurHanbt 34 2.1.2. Adanorosple curHan! . 35 2.2. JaTawkw uv uctrounuKky curHana ..... ae fee os 38 2.3. Xapaktepuctuku npeoGpazoBaTenen Pusv4eckux BENVYUH ............ 39 2.4 PesvctuBHble TemnepatypHbie gaTunku (PTA) .. 40 2.4.1 Xapaktepuctuku PTA, 40 2.4.2 JIMHeMHOCTb pe3sUCTHBHbIX TEPMOLAaTUVKOB 41 2.4.3 Cxembi u3MepeHui Temnepatypbl v aHanv3 Pe3UCTUBHbIX TePMOMATHUKOB ..... 22.2020. 0 6. 42 2.5 Tepmucroppt . 45 2.6 Tepmonappi . beens 46 2.6.1 KomneHcauna XONOPHbIX C Cal gee aera ee fe 46 2.6.2 Vi30Tepmuyeckuii GnoK V KOMMeHCaLMOHHbIE ae 48 26:3 22 MbeapMsalla TepMONap tis ie 48 2.6.4 TunbiuctaHfaptb! Tepmonap . 49 2.6.5 KoHctpykuwa Tepmonap . 50 2.6.6 MorpewHoctu vamepeHii . oe eee od 2.6.7 Koncburypaunn COeAMHUTENBHEIX npoBones . eee 526 _C60p AaHHbIx B CCTeMaXx KOHTPO/IA Vl ynpaBsIeHUA 2.7 Texsogarunkn 53 2.8 Moctbi Yutcrona ........ 54 2.8.1 O6wne xapakTepuicrukn . eae 54 2.8.2 Koncburypauna yeTBepTHoro mocTa 56 2.8.3. Koncburypauma nonosuHHoro mMocTa . at 2.8.4 Koncburypauma nonHoro Mocta 58 2.8.5 MpoBogHbie coeguHeHuA ..... 58 2.8.6 PaccMoTpeHue TemnepatypHbIx npo6nem .. : 61 2.8.7 MOrpeWHOCTH U3MEPEHUA .... 2. eee eee 61 3: [ipeoopasobahie CUfaOB, 63 3.1 Baegenne .......... ‘ oe 63 3.2 Tun npeo6pasosanun curHanos . 64 3.2.1 Ycunenue 64 3.2.2 | SnekTpuyeckas pa3sBA3ka . 65 3.2.3 Ounbtpauna ... 66 3.2.4 Siuneapy3auun . 72 3.3 Knaccbi npeo6pa3osanua curHanoB a 3.3.1 CmeHHble nnatbI npeo6pa3zoBaHua CurHanoB . aD 3.3.2 [pamoe MopynbHoe nogKnioveHve — AByXNPOBODHbIE MepemaTHkM ... 2... a) 3.3.3 PacnpegeneHHbi” BBop/BbIBOA — UNcpoBble NepegaTHnku fi) 3.4 CoequnutenbHble nposoga uv M3MepeHnue CUrHasioB . . ae 3.4.1 3a3emMeHHble MCTOUHMKM CurHanoB ..... 78 3.4.2 [napatouyue ucrounnku CurHanoB 79 3.4.3 OgHonposogHoe u3mepeHve curHanioB 79 3.4.4 [ucpcepenunanbHoe u3mepenne curHanoB 80 3.4.5 Cuncba3Hble Hanps>KeHua UV KOSPCUUNeHT ocna6nenna CUHDABHOFO CUTHANA 2... eee eee 80 3.4.6 ViamepeHne curHanos 3a3eMseHHbIX VCTOUHMIKOB . 82 3.4.7 Kontypb! 3a3emneHua . 83 3.4.8 SnekTpuyeckan pa3sBA3Ka CUTHANbHON CXeMbI ..... 83 3.4.9 ViamepeHne curHanos He3a3eMNeHHbIxX VCTOYHUKOB 85 3.4.10 Snektpuyeckaa pa3Ba3ka CUCTeMbI 86 3.5 3nektpyeckne wymbinnomexu ........ 87 3.5.1 Onpegenenue snektpuyecknx WyMoB MW NOMex . 87 3.5.2. VicTouHVKY M THiNbI WYMOB .............5 : 87 3.6. Munumu3zauns WyMOB...................6 02.00 93 3.6.1 SkpaHupoBahue kabenen uv 3a3emneHve akpaHOB . 98 3.6.2 3a3emneHue akpaHos KaGene........... 02. ee oS 3.7. DkpaHMpoBaHHbii KaGenb u kaGenb B Buge BUTOM Napbi .......... 97 S72 Kaccivie BAe BUTOMMaPEl boven ee 98 372 KOaKCVanbHbIeKGOCIM ee eee 99CogepxaHue 7 4. PaGota MK B pexume peanbHoro BPeMeHN.................... 107 SeeheHne ee Oe 01 4.1 OnepatmoHHbie cuctembI . Ol 21 DOS DOS OS 102 a2 Onepaunontibie cH cucTeMbI | Microsoft Windows 3. i: 95, 98, 2000 u NT ee eacnaee 104 4.1.3 UNIX eee sen ae eee 108 4.2 Onepaumanpepbipanua ...................6- ee OB. .2.1 AnriapatHbie npeppipaHna ete eee 109 HemackuposaHHble npepbiBaHna 109 MackuposaHhble mpepbiBaHuar .......... 110 Nporpammupyemble KOHTpomepb! npepbieaHnin | 110 VUxuumanv3aua KOHTponnepa NpepbiBaHUn ........ : paee lela. Yctpoiicrga BBoga/BbIBoma, Tpebyioulne oOcny>kuBaHus MpepbiBaHua . Az 4.2.7 Nognporpamme! o6pa6orKn Tpeppieanvii 114 4.2.8 Pa3sneneHvenpepbipaHun ............ : 115 4.3. Tpamoi pocryn k namatu (MQM) .. Ais: 4.3.1 Koutponneppi NON ee 4.3.2) Vanuvanv3auna NAN KouTponnepa ... . ee 18 4.3.3. Yctponictea BBoga/BbIBOLA, tpe6yiouyne nan 118 4.3.4 CurHan oKoHyaHua NN onepaunn 120 43'5) PexKUMbI AL ee 120 4.4 Mostopubie crpoKoBbie KomaHab! (REP INSW) . $23 4.5 Mepenoc qaHHbIx c NocnepoBaTenbHbIM ONpocoM ..................... 125 4.6 Ckopoctb nepegayv aHHbix (onpaluiMBaembIn seon/onnon, BBOA/BbIBOA C NOMOUJbIO NpepbiBaHni, MM) . ed 4.7 Mamatp ........ oe 140 4.7.1 Ba3opannamatb ... 140 4.7.2 Cuctema oro6paxaemori n namatu (EMS) . 141 4.7.3. PacwupeHHas namatb (XMS) 142 4.7.4 Mogynu pacwmpexna namatn . a 143 4.8 CraHgaptHple witb pacumpenua a JAS, EISA, Pci n 1 PX!) 143 28 nba lisa a eae 143 4.8.2 | MukpokananbHar WinHa 155, 482322 Waa Else : 156 4.8.4 LWnxbi PCI, compactPCl uw PX! ne 156 4.9 MocnegopatenbHas nepenaya cbopmaunn 161 4.9.1 CraxmaptHbie Hactpoiku 161 4.9.2 Mporpammupyempbie nocnegosatenbHble nopret : 162 4.10 Cnoco6b! opranv3zayun unTepdeiica NK IBM ........ 162 4.10.1 AnnapatHoe o6ecneyeHne . 163 4.10.2 flexoguposanve agpeca ... 165 4.10.3 Tpe6osaHua k CuHxpoHu3ayun npoueccos 1668 Cop AaHHbIx B CUCTeMax KOHTpOsis VM yripaBsleHun 5S) GMenHbleiiidibl COOPa aHHBIX: 169 5.1 Bpegenve ..... 169 5.2 Anatpi ALN . : .. 170 Sze Mynbtunnexcopni sees za 5.2.2 Ycunutenb BXOAHOrO curHana eal ia 5.2.3 Maccns koaccbuueHtos ycuneHna cea 5.2.4 Cxemb! BbIGopKu uv xpaHeHua Self 5.2.5 Axanoro-undpospie npeobpazosatenn AO. 5.2.6 Bycbep namatu (FIFO) ..... = 190 5.2.7 CXeMbI CMHXpOHM3aLU 2... a 5.2.8 Wntepderc wiHbi pacuupenua . fe 12 5.3. CpaBHeHve ofHonpoBomHbix UW ANdepepeHlManbHbIX CurHanoB ........ 193 5.3.1 OgHonposopHble Bxofb! . ee ae ae ice Neesnoavddepenyvanbroe nonkmouenve . ee 194 5.3.3 [ucpcbepeHuanbHble Bxopb! . . : 195 5.4 Paspewenve, AMHamu4eckum AMana30H VM TOUHOCTS nnat aHanoro-undposoro npeoGpazoBaHva 196 5.4.1 vvamuyeckui Quana30H ... 196 5.4.2 Pa3spewenve. . 1 O7: 5.4.3 TOuHOCTb CUcTeMbI . oe 198 5.5 Yactota BbiGopKy uv Teopema Haikeucta .. 199 5.5.1 Teopema Haiikencta .. 200 5.5.2 HanoxeHve CMEKTPOB ..... 6.6.00 ee eee eee eee eee 7200 5.5.3 Mpenorspauwjenue KOMEMHALIMOAHIX 4 4acTOT . .. 203 5.5.4 fpaktuyeckue npymepbi . . 205 5.6 Mertogpi auckpetu3aunn . : oe 5.6.1 HenpepbisHoe ckaHMpopanne k KaHanos . - 208 5.6.2 OgHoBpemeHHan BbIGopkKa . 22 5.6.3 MakeTHbin pexum ...... eee 5.7. Ckopoctb 4 npov3BoguTenbHOCTb . : : 215 5.8 Maat uncbpoavanorospix npeo6pazoBsannn 216 5.8.1 Uncbpoankanorosbie npeo6pa3zosatenn 218 5.8.2 Napamertpbi wndpoananorosbix npeo6pasonareneh .. 220 5.8.3 DyHkuNoHanbHble xapakTepuctuKu nnaT ALIN .... . 223 5.8.4 BycbepHaa namatb (FIFO) 224 5.8.5 Cxema CUHXpoHV3al ....... ee 5.8.6 BbixogHon 6ydepHbin ycunutenb .. 225 5.8.7 Wntepdbeiicnaa wha p22 5.9 Undppospie nnatbi BBoga/BbiBofa ...... . 226 5.10 Nopkniovenne undposeix BXOf0B/BbIXOOB ...... eee 5.10.1 Mlatuvku nepexnioueHun eee 5.10.2 flatanku nepemexHoro/noctosHHoro HanpsxKeHMA e230. 5.10.3 NopKnioyenue cBeToguogHoro UHgAUKaTopa . ea 5.10.4 Mogxniouenve pene.......... ae 231 5.11 Mnatei cyetunkos/Tavimepos .... eeeCogepxanue 9 6. NocnegosaTenbHaa Nepegaya DaHHbIx... 6.1 Omnpegenenus v OcCHOBHbIe NpUHUMNbI ........ 2... ere are caatarcgueeaeeate 6.1.1 Pexkumb! nepegaun — cumnnekc u aynneKc 6.1.2 Koguposanue coobweHnn 6.1.3 @opmar nepegasaembix QaHHbIx . ib 4] CkopocrenepenauM MaHHEIX 8) 6.2 CrangapTHbin unTepdenic RS-232-C . eae 6.2.1 Snextpuyeckue xapakTepuctuiku curHana ...... 6.2.2 MexaHvueckue xapaktepuictuku uHTepdenca : 6.2.3 DyHKUMOHanbHOe Ha3Ha4eHue NUH vinTepdevica 7 6.2.4 flocnegosatenbHocTb onepaln, NDOUZBODUMbIX ae A232 faa ae 6.2.5 Mpumeppi vxtepdpevicos RS-232 . 6.2.6 Oco6eHHoctu crargjaptHoro: wiTepdperica RS- 32 6.3 CrangapTHbii mnTepdenic RS-485 6.3.1 Penutepbi unTepcbelica RS-485 6.4 CpasHeHve craH~aptos RS-232 u RS-485 6.5 Tokopannetna20MA.................. ae 6.6 MpeoGpasosatenu nocnepozaTenbHoro unrepdenca eee 6.7 Fiporokonpi . ee 6 Mporokontt ynpasnenua n noToKaMu ..... 6.7.2 Mporokonbi, ocHoBaHHble Ha Koge ASCH . 6.8 OGHapyxeHue oumGoK ........ Sean 6.8.1 KoHTpomb cumBonos no. va6ciTouHocT 6.8.2 KOHTponb nakeTa m0 U36bITOYHOCTU ....... 6.8.3 KoHTponb c ucnonb3oBaHvem UMKnuyeckoro M3z6bITONHOrO Kona .. 271 6.9 [lposepka yctpakeHve HenonagoK KaHana NocnefoBatenbHoU Mepemayun ManHbIX . 02.2... 271 6.9.1 KommyTauoHHeiia 6oxc . 273 6.9.2 Hynb-mogem .. 273 6.9.3 Bosspaujaiowaa sarnyuska 274 6.9.4. AHanu3atop npoToKona ... Peewee . .. 274 6.9.5 MKB kayectBe aHanvzatopa npotoKona eee ee » 275 7. PacnpegeneHHbie u aBTOHOMHbIe pervctpaTopbi/KOHTpoNNepb! 277 71 Geenene TE -*—T—T_-_—-E—™T] EE FEF 277 7.2 Tipwnunnt genctaua .. 277 7.2.1 Tiporpammuposaunve u 3anvcb MaHHbIx C CnOMOIbIO PCMCIA kapt 278 2222 APIOMOMHAn PaCOld 7.2.3 Tipamoe coeamHenue c rnaBHbim NK 7.2.4 YpaneHHoe nogkmovyeHue kK rnaBHomy MK10 _C6op gaHHbix 8 CUCTeMax KOHTpona V1 yripaBneHuAa 7.3 AnnapatHoe o6ecne4enne aBToHOMHoro peructpatopa/KoHTpommepa .. 283 Muxponpoueccopsr . bebe eee ce aoe laMaibre ae 7 Yacbl peanbHoro BpemMeHU : 286 YHMBepCasbHbI ACMHXPOHHbIIA npnemonepenarank (UART) . 287 VicTouHk nuTaHuA eee 288 CxeMa YMPaBNeHUA NUTAHVIEM «0... eee eee eee p29 AHaNoroble BxOfbi M UMdpoBbie KaHanb! BBOfa/BbIBOAa . . 290 PacuwMpuTenbHble MOAYMM .... 2... ee eee ieee . 293 7.4 AnnapatHpiii KommyHuKauMoHHbti MHTepeiic 293, 7.4.1 Wntepdenc RS-232. 7.4.2 Crangapt RS-485 ..........0.0. 7.4.3 Y3kve MectTa KaHana CBA3n TponseoanTenbHocts cuctembl...... 295 7.4.4 Vicnonb3osanue cet Ethernet ana nogKknioyeHua peructpatopos .. 297 7.5. BctpoeHHbie nporpammb! aBTOHOMHbIX peructpatopos/koHTponnepos ............. ee 298 7.6 Paspa6otTKa nporpammuoro oGecneyenua ABTOHOMHOrO perucrpaTopa/KOHTpomnepa ......... = 299 7.6.1 | Dopmarb! KoMaHA Ha OcHoBe Koga ASC! ... F300 7.6.2 Mopar! AaHHbIx Ha OcHOBe Koga ASCII 304 7.6.3 CooBueus o6 ownOKax ..... -. 301 7.6.4 CuctemHble KoMaHabI . -. 302 7.6.5 KaHanbHbie KOMaHgbI . a feats 7.6.6 Pacnucanve (nporpamma onpoca ‘kaanoe) .. 305 7.6.7 Apapuruble curHanbi . 308 70:8) Saliich 4 Mepefada NaHMbING set 309 7.7 Mporpammnoe oGecneveHne rnaBHoro KomnbloTepa 310 7.8 PekomeHgaunnu no ucnonb30BaHuio ABTOHOMHbIX ay KOHTDONNGDOR soit 7.9 CpasHenne aBTOHOMHbIX peractparopos /KorTponnepos CO BCTPOCHHbIMM CHcTemaMu ee eae oe 312 7.9.1 floctovnctBa ..... ate Teo-2 CNOCIAIKM aes sence ee ee 313 8. Cranmapt IEEE-488 20 314 2 CNN 314 8.2 3nektTpnueckve uv MexaHuyeckue XapakTepucTuKN . 316 8.3 Dusnyeckan Kondurypaunsa NoAkMo4eHnA 317 8.4 Tunbl ycrpoiicre : 318 8.5 Koxeburypauma wu ...... 320 8.5.1 JIM QaHHbIx .... 320 8.5.2 JImHuv ynpasneHua uHTepdelicom . a2 | 8.5.3 SimHuu KautupoBanna . . 321CogepxaHue 1 8.6 KeuTupoBaHue B unTeptpenice GPIB . 322 8.7 CBa3b MexpYy yCTpovcTBaMN ..... 323) 8.7.1 Agpecauua B unTepdence GPIB ae B24 8.7.2 OtmeHa agpecHoro o6pawjenus K ycrpolicrey = 325) 8.7.3 Coo6weHve 06 OKOHYaHMI MaHHbIX . Se 8.7.4 Nepefaya uv npuem BaHHbix 325 8.8 Wxtepcpenc IEEE 488.2 . 326 8.8.1 TpeGosanua k KoHTponnepam IEEE 488.2 .. 326 8.8.2 Ynpasnaiowwme nocnefoBatenbHocTu uHTepdenca IEEE 488 2 326 8.8.3 Mpotokonbi uHtepdeiica IEEE 488.2 ......... 0... eee . 328 8.8.4 Bo3mMo>xHOcTU NpUBopHoro UHTepdelica . 329. 8.8.5 Mogenb nepegauv oTueTa 0 COCTOAHUN 330, 6:66 HaOOp OOWWMX KOMaHn : ae ood 8.9 CraHfapTHbie KomaHabI Ansa NporpammupyembIx U3MepuTeNbHbIX TIPHOOPOR (SCP) ee Boe 8.9.1 O6une KomMaH~bI uHTepdelica IEEE 488.2, nogmepxuBaemble SCP] ..... 6... eee eee : . 333 8.9.2 KomaHgbi, Tpebyembie craHgaptom SCPI ... : EEE} 8.9.3 KomaHgHas Mogenb nporpammuposanna SCP! npubopa 334 8.9.4 Wepapxuueckas cTpyktypa KOMaHm SCPI ...... 26.0000 . 336 9. JlokanbHble cet Ethernet .......... 00. cece eee eee eee eee 338 9.1 Wicnonb3osanne cetu Ethernet B kayectBe monesbix WMH Ans cCGopa MaHHbIX .... . 338 9.2 Dusvyeckun ypoweHb ............... 339, 9.2.1 Cuctema 10Base5 . 340 9.2.2 Cuctema 10Base2 . 343 9.2.3 10BaseT . 344 9.2.4 10BaseF .. bee sce sage 345 O25, 100BaseT (1 00BaseTX, T4, FX, 72) eee : 346 9.3 KoHTponb Hag AOcTynoM K KaHany Nepean PaHHbIX ........ 348 9.4 @Mopmat kagpa npoTtokona ynpasneHus HocTynom K cpeze 352 9.5 Pa3snvuue crangaptos 802.3 u Ethernet 354 9.6 YmeHbuWeHMe KonuyecTBa KOMNMBVA ..... 2.1... 354 9.7 Tpapuna paspaGorkn ceten Ethernet... 355) 9.7.1 Dnuna cermenta ka6ena 355 9.7.2 MakcumanbHaa anuna kaGena TpaHcuBepa 356 9.7.3 Npasuna pacnonoxeHua y3noe .. . 356 9.7.4 MakcumanbHaa anuna nepegaun .... 356 9.7.5 MakcumanbHbiii paamep cet 357 9.7.6 Mpasuna ucnonb30BaHvA NoBTopuTenen 357 9.7.7 Cuctema 3a3emneHun Kabenent 357 9.8 Nonesbie wiHbt 35812 _COo0p qaHHbIx B CUCTeMax KOHTpONA V1 ynipaBneHua 10. YHusepcanbHaa nocnegosatenbHan wa (USB) .. 362 10.1 Beemenve .................. 0 ee 302 10.2 OGujaa crpyKtypa USB wine! 363 10.2.1 Tononorma .......... : 10.2.2 [napHble xa6wi . . 10.2.3 Pa3zbembl . oe 10.2.4 Ka6env ana Hu3KOn UM BbICOKO i ckopocteh nepenaun AaHHibix i 300, 10.2.5 BHewHue xa6b! .. oS pooped : 10.2.6 USB yctponctsa ... . 367 10.2.7 AnnapatHoe oGecneuenne 1 nu apavieep koHTponnepa rnasHoro xa6a . . : ee Ba . 368 10.2.8 USB Apaisep . 7 10.2.9 Dpavseppi yerporicre 7 : 10.2.10 MoTok AaHHbIx . = 309) 10.3 Musvyeckni ypoBenb .... gy 10.3.1 Pa3zbemb! : 10.3.2 Kabem...... 10.3.3 Nepegaya curHanos 10.3.4 Cuctema NRZI u 6uToBoe 3anonHeHue . 10.3.5 Pacnpegenenue nutaHua ......... : 10.4 YpoBeHb nepemayy faHHbIX ....... . 31S 10.4.1. Tunbi nepegauy aHHbIx . aio 10.4.2 Naketbiudpemmbi ............. fone. 10.5 Yposerb npunoxkenua (ypoBeHb foneeoearens) 378 10.6 3axnouenve..... : odo. 10.6.1 BnaropapHocts : = 379 11. CneunanbHble TEXHOMOFM «ww eee ees ee 381 11.1 3amkuyTble 4 pa3sOMKHyTble KOHTypbi ynpaBneHun .. .. 381 11.1.1 Ompenenenua ......-... 06 eee ol 11.1.2 3amkHyTas CACTeMa KOHTpONA yPOBHA >-MAKOCTH cee 382 11.1.3 Nponopuvonanbyii nHTerpalbHo- anddbepenuvanvrbiit ANOPMIM VIIDaBNeHMd 2s 383 11.1.4 NepexoguHas xapaktTepuctuka — peakiMA Ha CTYMEHbKY . 11.1.5 30Ha HEYYBCTBUTeENbHOCTU ....... ee 11.1.6 OrpaHu4eHie BbIXOAHOrO YpOBHA . . . ‘ 11.1.7 Py4Hoe ynpasneHve — nnaBHas nepefaya .. . ae 11.2 Peructpauns Gbicrponpotekatoux nepexosHbIx MpoyeccoB ........... 386 11.2.1 Pa6ota aHanoro-undposon nnatbi uv TpeGoBaHva KNaMATM ..... 387 11.2.2 Pexumbl 3anycka (npeg- u nocnesanyck) ... . . 387 11.2.3 UctouHk uv ypoBeHb CurHana 3anycka ......- - 388Cogepxanue 13 12. PCMCIA Kaptbl ..... 0... 389 BRCHCH VG ee aes 389 12.1 Uctopua. . 390 12.2 Bo3moxkHocTu PC card . : 391 12.2.1 Pa3mepbi u yHBepcanbHocte. . 12.2.2 16-pa3pAgHble KapTbt . 12.2.3 Mpamom goctyn k namatu (NAN) . : 12.2.4 MHorotbyHKUMOHaNbHOCTb U NPO3Pa4HOCTb MO OTHOWWEHMIO K KoMMbIOTepy ....... 392 12.2.5 Hu3koe HanpmxKeHue .. 392 12.2.6 @yxkuna plug and play .... 392 12.2.7 BbinonHeHve Ha MecTe ... 393 12.2.8 Npobnemps : 393 12.3 Ycrpoiicrea Ha ocHoBe PC Card ..... Aone ee 12.3.1 Kaptbi namatu 12.3.2 Mpusogel auckos . 12.3.3 Nevgxeppl .. . 12.3.4 JlokanbHbie ce™m 12.3.5 Mogemot : 12.3.6 CoToBbiv Tenecpou . : 12.3.7 Mnatbi Cbopa gaHHbix . .. 12.3.8 Lucposoi mynbTumerp 12.3.9 CuctembiGPRS ....... 12.3.10 KapmanHbi” oprananzep .. . 12.3.11 AstoHomuble ycrpoictea . . 12.3.12 NonHopa3mepHbie KomnbioTepb! . 396 12.4 Konctpykuns ........ 396 12.4.1 PaaMepbIM TUMbI .. 0... een tees 396 12.4.2 Yanunennbie PC Card 397 12.5 AnnapatHoe oGecneyenne 397 12.5.1 Notpe6nsemaa aHeprua . 398 12.5.2 Ha3HayeHue KOHTAKTOB . : 398 12.5.3 Kaprtbl, cnykaujve TONbKO NaMATbIO 398 12.5.4 Kaptbi BBoga/sbiBoga . 398 12.5.5 Kaptbl s80qa/abisogacNgn .... 399 12.5.6 Uxtepcbetic ATA (AT nogkmioyeHve) fe a0 12.5.7 Untepdbelic AIMS (maccogaa namaAtb C aBTOMHAeKCauven) ....... 401 12.6 Mporpammnaa noamepxKa PC Card ..... 2.2... 402 12.6.1 OxpyxeHue PC Card ....... 403 12.7 Noppepxusaiowee nporpammuoe oGecneyenve v aKTHBU3aTOpbI PC card 403 12.8 BynywjeePCCard ....... ee AO 12.8.1 Tepesenb xkypHanos 1 u anpec accounaunn PCMCIA | eee goed 404 12.8.2 MexayHapofuaa accolmaua no Kaptam namatu AVIA MePCOHANbHbIX KOMMbIOTepOB . . 40414 _CO0p AaHHbIx B CCTeMax KOHTpoNA V4 ynipaBneHua Mpunomenne A. Mnoccapun .. ccc ee eee 405 Npunoxkenne B. CneuncduKkaunu witb! KomnbioTepa IBM PC...... 424 5.1 AnnapatHbie npepbipanus ...................... ee aoe, 65.2) KavanbiMfil........ 425 5.3 Kananbi MANWC 8237 .........2. eee 426 Perenepauna (AT) O8F ................ : 426 5.4 Koxtponnep npepbiganuii 8259 .............. 427 5.5 Cuerunk/taimep 8253/8254 428 5.6 Wxcopmauns o curdanax wb! ............ 438 5.7 Pasmepbinnat ...... . ee Aa 6.8 Crangaptupin nurepderic Centronics. ae ae ee gue ue seems 442 Mpunoxenne B. OnucaHue UC nporpammupyemoro nepudepuiHoro uHTepdenca 8255 . 444 B.1 DIOOCTRL - ynpasnatowmmn peructp iC 8255 | peveeeeeees 446 Pexum KoHdurypauimy, paspag 7 a. 446 B.2 DIOA - nopt AMC 8255 (cmewenne 0, ureHue/3anncb) 448 B.3 DIOB - nopt B MC 8255 (cmewenne 1, uteHne/3anuce) . . 448 B.4 DIOC ~ nopr CWC 8255 (cmewenne 2, ureHve/sannce) . 449 B.5 Peokum 0: npoctod BBop/BbIBOA, 451 B.6 Mporpammuposanue pexuma 0 es 451 B.7 Pexkum 1: ctpoGupyembin pecn/ececn, Reyne ae ‘ 452 B.8 Mporpammupopanue pexumat ............... 00.0005 seeee 452 B.9 Pexkum 2: crpo6upyemas asyHanpasneHnan Wha asona/sbisona fees AD B.10 Mporpammuposanne pekuma2 ............. 0... e eee ee 456 B.11 OguoGuTosan ycraHosKka/c6poc ............ bev ete eee eee ees 458 B.12 Mporpammuposanue cmewanHoro pexkuma oem vee. 459 B.13_ Bpemennbie quarpammbl pexumos 14 2WiC 8255 ..................... 459 Nipunoxenne PF. Onucanie UC tammepa-cuetunka 8254 .......... 461 [1 Apxutextypa WC 8254 ...... . 461 Perucrp cyetunka (CR) ... : . 463 CuetHbiiA anemeHT (CE) . . ee ee - 463 BbixogHan 3aujenka (OL) ........... a dodCogepxanne 15 1.2 PeructppiMC 8254 ...... ee ae . 463 Ynpasnaownin perncrp TCCTRL Talimepa/cueTanka (cmeweHue 3, TOMbKO 3anucb) . .. 464 PexKum KOHdUrypauun . : er) KomaHfa o6patHoro YTeHUA . .. 466 Komanfa Ha @uKcauuio cyeTuNiKa . . ae TCO — Taiamep/cueTunk O (cmeujeHne 0, aTenne/sanucs) Be 723) AGG TC1 — Tavmep/cueTunk 1 (cMeweHve 1, 4TeHNe/3aNUcb) ............... 467 TC2 — Taimep/cuetuuk 2 (cmeweHne 2, uTeHVe/3anucb) ae - 467 1.3 Mporpammuposanne cueTunka ... 6... eee 468 @opmart nepegaun DaHHb!x . 463 BXOg] TAKTOBBIX VMIYFIbCOB . . - 469 GipoOVpyiOW BxOn = |) 469 4 Onepauvuutenva........ -.. 469 Onepauya npoctoro uTeHuA .. 469 Komanga cbuKkcaumn cueTa ... -. 469 KomaHja o6patHoro YTeHuA -. 470 OnKcauna HECKONBKUX CHETHUKOB . oe aia Undopmauna © cocrosHun cueTUnKa ATA 3alenkUBaHve COCTOAHUA VU TeKyLUero CYeTa . 472 1.5 Onncanve pexxumos paGortpi cueTuuKa ... Sade Pexkum 0: npepbiBaHive NO KOHeYHOMY CHeTy . 7 . 472 Pexkum 1: annapaTHo nepesanyckaembiA omhoBnépatop 473 Pexkum 2: reHepaTop c perynupyemon 4acToTON ..... Ad PexkuM 3: reHepaTop npAMoyrosbHoro CurHana 474 Pexum 4: nporpamMHoe cTpo6upoBaHue : Pek 5: anrlapatHo 3anyckaeMbIA MmnynbCc . . 476 1.6 O6paGotKanpepeipaHMA ...................... 477 Mpunowenne J. TaOnuupi tepmonap ..........2 eee 478 Tepmonapa Tura B - 478 Tepmonapa Tuna BP. Tepmonapa Tuna BN . Tepmonapa Tuna E . Tepmonapa tunaJ ... Tepmoriapa Tuna JP ..... Tepmonapa tunaJN.... Tepmoriapa tuna K .. Tepmoriapa Tuna KP. Tepmonapa tuna KN TepmonapatunaR .. Tepmonapa Tuna S . ‘i Tepmonapa tunaT.... Tepmoriapa tuna TP . Tepmonapa tuna TN . - 48916 _COop AaHHbIx 8 cucTemax KOHTpONA MM ynpaBsleHA Mpuinorkenne E. Cuctemb! CUUCHEHUA ..... - 490 E.1 Baegenne bees gee 490 2) OO0GMeHHadiCNCICMa CHMCNEHUN 22h eee 490 £3 (jponynple uucna . ooo. E.3.1 Mpeo6pasosanne Mexay ecaTMuHbIMn u“ | ABOVMHEIMU yucnamu .. 492 E.4 LWlecrdaquarepnunble Ycna ..... 2.66. tte ee 493 E.4.1 Mpeo6pazosanve Mexay ABOu4HEIMU. VW WECTHADUATeEPUYHBIMU UCM... eee 494 E.5 Bocbmepmunan cuctema cuNcneHUA .. 6.2. eee eee 495 E.6 JBouyHo-pecatu4uHoe KopMpoBaHne (BCD) ......... 496 E.7 {\sovuHo-BocbMepu4Hble cuctembI ............. 496 E.8 BuytpeHHee npegcrasnenue undopmaunn . . 497 £.8.1 Uvcnosbie “aHHbie ae .. 497 E.8.2 BykBeHHO-LiNdposoe npenctasneHue AanHibix Bea - 498 E.9 Msovunas apudmetuKka 498 NpegmerHbin yKazaTenb ...... - 500BBegeHue B 1981 rogy, korga komnmanua IBM seinycrusa cBoit mepsbiit nepconanbHbtit KomubioTep, HIM IIK (uMeHHO og STUM HAaSBAHMEM OH CTA LIMpOKO usBecTeH), ero KOHCTPYKIMMA B Bue OTKPLITOM CucTeMbI cocobcTBOBAasAa COsqaHH10 HesaBH- CHMBIMM paspa6oTunKamnu GosLIIOrO KOMMYeCTBA OMOMHUTEIBHBIX COBMeCTH- MbIX KOMMOHEeHTOB. Kpome Toro, KOHCTPpyKIMA B Bue OTKPLITOM cucTeMbI oGec- nmeunsia 6bIcTpoe pactpocrpanHenue Ha MHpoBoM prrnKe [BM-copmectumprx IIK, uTO IpuBesO K CTpeMuTesbHOMY pocry ObIcTpogeiicTBua u NpoMsBo_MTeENbHOCTH TepCOHAJIBHLIX KOMITbIOTepOB OarofapA COMepHUYIECTRY KOHKYPeHTOB Ha PbIHKe. Oror nporecc, compoBoxAaembI cyWjecTBeHHLIM MaqeHveM WeHbI u GxIcT~ PHIM paclimMpeHuemM BOSMO2KHOCTeli NIPOrpaMMHOrO ObecMeYeHHA, UCHOJb3yIO- Mero BOSPOCIIy!0 MOIHOCTS Mpomeccopa, UPUBe K TOMY, UTO epcoHasbHBIi KOMIBIOTep CTasl B HacTOAIee BpeMA HanGoslee MIMPOKO MpHMeHAemOi MaT- bopMoit Ana o6pa6orKH UM¢ppoBLIx CUTHaNoB, O6padoTKu us06paxeHul, c6opa AaHHBIX, TEXHOJOPMYeCKOLO KOHTPOIA W OCyIecTBIeEHuA KOMMyHUKauui. Bo MHOPUX CIy4adX IPMMeHeHMA, ocoSeHHO AA COopa JAHHBIX M TeXHONOrMYECKO- TO KOHTpOJIA, MOIHOCTS u rHOKocts IIK nosBomsioT KONUurypupoBaTs Ux pas- RMUYHBIM 0O6paz0M, Kora kaxksad Konpurypauua oOzagaer cBoumu coOcTBeH- HEIMH ABHBIMM MpeMMyujectBamu. Houom K otphbekTHBHOMY HCHOMBsOBaHUO MePpCOHAMILHOFO KOMMbIOTepa ABIACTCA THIATebHOe COAacOBaHMe KOHKPeTHBIX rpeGopaHuli K ollpeweseHHOl sagaue cOopa JaHHBbIX HM UMeloleroca B HaNMUMH almapaTHoro u perpamMuoro o6ecneuenua. Sra riaBa paccmaTpuBaeT PyHAAMeHTAIbUbIe KOHLDEMIMU NOcTpoeHuaA cuic- rem cOopa JaHHbIX M yIIpaBJIeHUs, a TAKIKE pasIMUHble KOHMUrypaluM CucTeM, MCHOsb3yIOMIUX MepCOHALHbIe KOMMBIOTEpEI. 1.1. Onpegenenne nonatua cOopa AaHHbix v ynpapnenua C6op 7aHHEIX ABJIAeTCA Mpoleccom, B xose KoTOporo (usuueckue aABIeHUA pe- aJIbHOPO Mpa TpaHc(pOpMUpyiOTCA B BEKTPUYECKME CMPHAJIbI, KOTOPbIe MSMe- PHIOTCA U Tpeobpa3syioTca B M@poROli opmarT, HoyXoAAuUi Ana OOpasoTKH, aHamMsa M COXpaHeHMA KOMIbIOTepOM. B 6oupmtmncte cyuaes cucrema cOopa fanHbix (cucrema CJ[A) upequasna- ueHa He TONBKO AJA COopa JaHHbIX, HO H IA OCyIecTBIeHUA AeuCTBHA Cc HAMM.18 C60p AaHnbix 8 CuCTeMax KOHTpONA V ynpaBeHua Tlosromy, onpegesasa cuctempr CJA, nozesHo paciuimpuTs sto ompeyeseHue u BKJIOUMTh B HETO ACIeKTEI YIpaBJeHMA BCeii cucremoi. YupaBsenue IpexcTas- siaeT co6oi mpouecc, c MOMOMIbO KOTOpOrO HUpoBLle CurHaNEI yupaBeHUs an- nlapaTHoro oGecneyveHus CHCTeMbI BLIAaIOTCA B (popMaTe, NOAXOAALIEM Ais HC- HOb30BaKUA TAKUMM YCTPOHCTBAMM, KaK MCHOJHUTeILHBIe MeXaHU3MbI UM pe- ae, 3aTem oTu ycrpoiicrga ynpasmaior cucremoit unu mponeccom. IIpu ccpaKe Ha cucTeMy Kak Ha cucTemy cOopa JaHHBIx um cuctremy CJJA crexyer yaurur- BaTb BOSMO%KHOCTS TOFO, YTO OHA BKIIOUaeT B CeOa LH YHKUMU yupaBsenus. 1.2 OcHosb! onepaunn cGopa AaHHbix Cuctema cOopa AaHHBIX M yopaBreHuaA, NOcTpoeHHas ¢ yueTOM MoLHOcTH Hu ru6- KOCTH HePpCOHANbHBIX KOMIBIOTEPOB, MOXKET COCTOATS U3 GObIIOrO KonMUECTBA pasHoo6pasHEIxX KOMMOHEHTOR, OOpasyIoliNux anmapaTHoe o6ecneuenue u mpons- BeJCHHBIX PasIMIHbIMU HSTOTOBUTEAMM OOOpysOBaHUa. Sayaua paspaboTunka CHCTeMBI COCTONT HMCHHO B OObEAMHEHUM OTHX OTACbUbIX KOMIOHEHTOB B 3a- BepilenHy10 paGoralomy10 cucremy. usnyecroe Vicrounnin carnanos Coeamtutensiie sunenne ‘nponona a >rextpicerd Teunepatypa, naenenue, epemeuienne Mpec6pasoeanine cnrnanos Tewsonarsnk Frastelt KomnboTep Mporpanewoe oBecnevenne cvcrents ‘Bopa paHtisix Orgpansrposarsis myerneniti cursan go oy — Coeauuntensiisie 16 vamepennit 12-paspanwoe i ‘Annaparioe oBecnesenne posona Bcexyany paspewenne CccTemi Copa naHib Pueynox 11 Pynscyuonanvuas cxema cucmemvs cOopa danww1x, ocvosannoil na nepconanvnox KoMilbIoOmepeBaegexve 19 OcHOBHBIMH asleMeHTaMM CcTeMBI COopa JaHHbIX, KaK 1OKasaHo Ha pucyHKe 1, ABISIOTCH! + [arauKu 4 ucrounuKu curnanos + CoequnuTenbubie mpoBoya + Tlpeo6pasozaresm curnastos - AnnmaparTHoe o6ecneueHue cOopa JaHHbIX + Tlepconanpuntit Komubiotep (c onepalvonHolt cuctemoii) + TIporpammuoe o6ecneyenue cOopa ,aHHEIx Jina o6ecnevenua TouHocTH usMepeHult u c6opa JaHHEIX, CBA3AHHBIX C KOHTPOJMpyeMbIM MpoleccoM uM PUsHYeCKMM ABeHMeM, BaKeH Kab QJIeEMeHT BCel CHCTeMBI M 9TH dJleMeHTHI OyAyT OOcy2KAATLCA B CeLYIOUIMX pas- memax. 1.2.1 MatTunku vu ucTrouHnku curHanoB Tarauky u ucTOuRMKN curHanos ObecneuMBaIoT akKTHUECKH UATepPelc MeKAY peaJIbHEIM MHpoOM uM CuCTeMOi cOopa AaHHEIX MyTeM MpeoOpasopanua (pusnde- CKUX ABJEHHI B OeKTPHYeCKHe CMTHAIIBI, KOTOPEIe MOTYT OLITh MPUHATEL alta- paTHBIM o6ecueueHueM CucTem (bopMHpoBaHHA CUrHaoB U/usM COopa WaHHBIX. Umetouuecs JaTuuku MOryT M3MepATS TOUTH MOGEIe usM4ecKue BeEIMUn- HBI u OO6echeunBaTh COOTBeTCTBYIOMIMi sIeKTPUYeCKH BEIxoZ. Hanpumep, Tep- Monapbl, pesucTHBHBIe TemnepatypHble JaTanKu (TC), repmucropsi u ZaradKu Ha MHTerpasbHBIX CxeMax Upeoc6pasyioT TemMepatypy B aHasOroBbiii curHan, TOra Kak USMepUTeEIM NOTOKA reHepUPYIOT MOcMeAOBATeENbHOCTM ItMPOBbIX MMIYAbCOB, YACTOTA KOTOPEIX 3ABMCHT OT CKOpOCTH TOTOKA. TensofaTauukN M JATYMKM AaBeHMA USMepPAIOT, COOTBETCTBEHHO, Cuny Aapnenue. Umerorca u pyre TUIbI LAaTUMKOB, UpeHasHayeHHble AA UsMepe- HM MHeHHOFO M yrOBOro CMeLeHUA, CKOpOCTH M ycKopeHua, MHTeHCMBHOCTU cpeTa, XMMMYeCKHX cBOlicTB (HanpuMep, KoHIeHTpanuu CO, pH), Hampsoxe- HMA, 9eKTPHYECKOrO TOKA, COMPOTMBeEHUA MIM MapaMerpos uMuy.ECoB. B KaoKJOM Ciyyae COBMaBAeMEIe ONEKTPHUECKMe CUPHAJII NPOMOpUMOHAaIbHbI u3- MepseMoii (bUsMueCKO BeEMMUMHE B COOTBETCTBMM C HEKOTOPEIM ONpezeeHHEIM cooTHomeHuem. 1.2.2 CoegunutenbHble nposoga 1 KOMMYHUKaLiMOHHbie kaGenu CoequumrenbHble MpoBosa HEOOXOAMME! AA (bMsM4eCKOTO CoeAMHeHMA WaTUH- KOB M UCTOUHMKOR CHrHaOB C allmapaTHbIM oGecrieveHuem cucrem mpeo6paso- Baus curnason u/unu c6opa AaHHEIx. Ecnu annaparuoe o6ecneyenue Takux CUCTeM yyjaseHO OT TepCOHabHOTO KOMMbIOTepa, TO COeEAMHUTEALHBIC MPOBOZA oGecneunBaior (pusMyeCKy!0 CRASB MeXKy STMMM dsIeMeHTAaMM allapaTHOrO o6ecneyeHus UW riaBHLIM KomubIoTepoM. Ecam dbuswueckol cBa3sbio ABIAeTCA KOMMYHUKalHonHbit unTepdhetic RS-232 unu RS-485, ro raxoii Tum cBa3su Ha- BEIBAeTCA KaGeIbHLIM KOMMYHMKAUMOHHDIM CoequHeHueM.