GEAS
Computer Programming & CAD 1
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
What is the purpose of a software?
• Perform complex task/calculation
• Ease complexity and reduce human error
• Reduce human intervention and perform
monotonous work
Software complexity
• Problem domain complexity
• Communication between user and
developers
• Volatile nature of requirements
• Unpredictable behavior of software
• Functional Programming - means using
functions to the best effect for creating clean and
maintainable software.
• Object Oriented Programming (OOP) - It refers
to languages that use objects in programming.
The main aim of OOP is to bind together the data
and the functions that operate on them so that no
other part of the code can access this data except
that function.
An object represents an individual, identifiable item,
unit or entity, either real or abstract, with well-defined
role in the problem domain.
An object has the following characteristics:
Classes are user-defined data types that act as the
blueprint for individual objects, attributes and
methods.
Review Questions
1. Reasons for software complexity:
A. The problem domain is complex it
requires that non-functional requirements
should be identified.
B. The user may have a vague idea of
what they expect from a software
C. Developers expect requirements in a
specific format
D. all of these choices are correct
2. In software development, requirements must
be identified in a clear and concise manner
to avoid confusion and any unexpected
outputs. What is the nature of a
requirements?
A. The requirements can be long and
lengthy pieces of information
B. They define functions and functionality
within and from the software system
therefore they are not supposed to be
modifiable.
C. The requirements can be obvious or
hidden, known or unknown, expected or
unexpected from client’s point of view.
D. all of these choices are correct
3. Functional programming means using
functions to the best effect for creating
clean and maintainable software. The
ideal in functional programming is what is
known as
A. pure functions
B. anticipated functions
C. paradigm functions
D. structured functions
4. OOP focuses on the objects that developers
want to manipulate rather than the logic
required to manipulate them. This
approach to programming is well-suited for
programs that are?
A. small, concise, and easily managed
B. large, complex and actively updated or
maintained
C. data are modifiable outside the function
D. all of these choices

2 Computer Programming &CAD
The structure and behavior of similar objects are
specified in a class.
OBJECT MODEL
Early computer languages were used for
mathematical & scientific operations, but their growth
in size & complexity led to the evolution of languages
to accommodate new features. (Automation for
business applications). Slowly, languages evolved,
and even more, they moved closer to the problem
domain and further away from machines. The newer
languages used classes & objects instead of
subprograms & algorithms as building blocks.
The object model is based on three important
concepts:
• OO Analysis
• OO Design
• OO Programming
Unified Modelling Language (UML) - It is a standard
language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and
documenting the artifacts of software systems.
• UML is not a programming language but
tools can be used to generate code in
various languages using UML diagrams
• UML diagrams are not only made for
developers but also for business users,
common people, and anybody interested to
understand the system.
OO Analysis - is a method of analysis that examines
the requirements from the perspective of the classes
& objects found in the problem domain.
• This is the first step in developing an object-
oriented system, here we examine the real-
world environment in which the system will
operate.
• Focus on what systems are supposed to do
• Created using user stories or use cases.
GEAS
5. Objects are instances of a class created with
specifically defined data. Objects can
correspond to?
A. data and methods that control the data
B. represents only the behavior of a real-
world entity
C. collaboration of identified identities
D. real-world objects or an abstract entity
6. A class is a user-defined data type. It consists
of data members and member functions,
which can be accessed and used by
creating an instance of that class. It
represents?
A. basic unit of Object-Oriented
Programming and represents the real-life
entities
B. the set of properties or methods that are
common to all objects of one type
C. only essential information about the
data
D. wrapping up of data under a single unit,
the variables or data are hidden from any
other
7. UML is a standard language for specifying,
visualizing, constructing, and documenting the
artifacts of software systems. UML stands for
A. Undying Model Language
B. Unified Methodology Language
C. United Modification Language.
D. Unified Modeling Language
8. What is the main difference between object-
oriented analysis and other forms of analysis in
developing a software?
A. requirements are organized around
objects
B. requirements integrate both data and
functions
C. they are modelled after real-world
objects that the system interacts with
D. all of these choices
 GEAS
Computer Programming & CAD 3

OO Design - In this stage, the objects are collaborated 9. It involves implementation of the conceptual
according to their intended association. After the model produced during object-oriented analysis.
association is complete, the design is also complete. A. Object Oriented Design
• Takes input from OO analysis B. Object Oriented Analysis
• High level abstractions (arrangements) from C. Object Oriented Programming
analysis are mapped onto classes D. all of these choices
• Association is formed between classes and 10. OOP Languages are built upon 4 principles,
objects what are they?
• Uses class diagrams to represent the A. Inheritance, Absolution,
structure of the system Polarization, Encapsulation
B. Abstraction, Inheritance,
OOP programming - the system is organized as a set Encapsulation, Polarization
of classes & objects C. Abstraction, Inheritance,
Polymorphism, Encapsulation
OOP Languages are built upon 4 principles D. Polymorphism, Encapsulation,
• Abstraction Incorporation, Abstraction
• Polymorphism
11. The capability of a class to derive properties
• Inheritance and characteristics from another class is called
• Encapsulation _____?
A. Abstraction
Abstraction - Denotes essential characteristics of an B. Polymorphism
object. It is a simplified specification that emphasizes C. Inheritance
only needed details D. Encapsulation

Encapsulation - the variables of a class will be hidden 12. It refers to providing only essential
from other classes, and can be accessed only through information about the data to the outside world,
the methods of their current class. hiding the background details or implementation.
A. Abstraction
Inheritance - represents a relationship where one B. Polymorphism
class is kind of another, a class will share its structure C. Inheritance
and behavior to another class. D. Encapsulation

Polymorphism - is the ability of an object to be 13. In Encapsulation, the variables or data of a

displayed in more than one form. class are hidden from any other class and can
be accessed only through any member function
Computer Program of their class in which they are declared. As in
• A computer program is a sequence of encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from
instructions written using a Computer other classes, so it is also known as _____?
Programming Language to perform a A. data freezing
B. data protecting
specified task by the computer.
C. data encapsuling
• A computer program is also called a D. data hiding
computer software, which can range from
two lines to millions of lines of instructions.
• Computer program instructions are also
called program source code and computer
programming is also called program
coding.
 GEAS
4 Computer Programming &CAD

Programming Language is an artificial language that 14. A computer program is also called computer
can be used to control the behavior of a machine, software, which can range from two lines to
particularly a computer. millions of lines of instructions. Computer
programming is also called ___________?
A. syntax coding
B. program coding
C. relative programming
Data type represents a type of data which you can D. software coding
process using your computer program. It can be
numeric, alphanumeric, decimal, etc. 15. It is a way to store some sort of information
for later use, and we can retrieve this information
by referring to a “word” that will describe this
information.
A. array
B. loop
C. variable
D. syntax

16. Loops are common types of iterations in

which a program performs certain actions an
Different programming languages have different ways infinite number of times until a new condition is
of typing data types inside a program. met. Loops also make it possible for programs to
Example in C programming: do something else while a given process is
running.
A. true
B. false
C. incomplete information
D. cannot be validated

17. A programming language used for artificial

intelligence (AI) and machine learning.
A. JAVA
B. PYTHON
Variable is a storage location and an associated C. C#
symbolic name which contains some known or D. PHP
unknown quantity or information, a value.
18. A programming language used in areas such
This program has two additional statements where we as data analysis and big data mining.
are storing 10 in variable a and 20 is being stored in A. JAVASCRIPT
variable b B. C++
C. RUBY
D. SQL

19. It’s a multi-paradigm programming language

for iOS.
A.PHP
B. SWIFT
C. RUBY RAILS
D. C
 GEAS
Computer Programming & CAD 5

Operator is a symbol that tells the compiler or 20. Exception handling ensures that the flow of
interpreter to perform specific mathematical, relational the program doesn’t break when an exception
or logical operation and produce final result. occurs. Which of the following is a reason why
exception occurs?
A. invalid user input
B. missing semicolon
C. division by zero
D. all of these choices

21. Exception handling helps ensure this does

not happen when an exception occurs. Which of
the following are the types of exceptions?
A. checked and unchecked exceptions
B. compile-time and run-time
exceptions
C. both a and b
D. none of these choices

22. It is very difficult for a compiler to find out this

error because it cannot point out the exact line
at which this particular error occurs.
A. run-time exceptions
B. compile-time exceptions
C. both a and b
D. none of these choices
Conditional statements are expressions that ask the
program to determine if a variable is true or false. You 23. While there are several different visual
may also call it Boolean values. programming languages with their own unique
advantages for the development of a graphical
user interface design, this programming
language may be considered preferable in GUI
programming.
A. PHP & Javascript
B. SQL and Rails
C. Python and SQL
D. C# and Java

6 Computer Programming &CAD
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or
group of statements multiple times.
An array is a data structure, which can store a fixed-
size collection of elements of the same data type.
Functions are self-contained modules of code that
accomplish a particular task.
Here are all the parts of a function −
Return Type − A function may return a value. The
return_type is the data type of the value the function
returns.
Function Name − This is the actual name of the
function. The function name and the parameter list
together constitute the function signature.
Parameter List − A parameter is like a placeholder.
When a function is invoked, you pass a value as a
parameter.
Function Body − The function body contains a
collection of statements that defines what the function
does.
GEAS
List of Programming Languages
• Python is an advanced programming
language that is interpreted, object-
oriented and built on flexible and
robust semantics.
• Java is a general-purpose, object-
oriented, high-level programming
language with several features that
make it ideal for web-based
development.
• JavaScript is not related to Java. It is
a client-side programming language
that runs inside a client browser and
processes commands on a computer
rather than a server.
• C Language is a structure-oriented,
middle-level programming language
mostly used to develop low-level
applications.
• C++ is a general purpose, object-
oriented, middle-level programming
language and is an extension of C
language, which makes it possible to
code C++ in a “C style”.
• C# is a multi-paradigm programming
language that features strong typing,
imperative, declarative, functional,
generic, object-oriented and
component-oriented disciplines.
• Swift is Apple’s newest open-source,
multi-paradigm programming
language for iOS and OS X apps.
• Ruby is an open-sourced, object-
oriented scripting language that can be
used independently or as part of the
Ruby on Rails web framework.
• PHP is an open-source scripting
language designed for creating
dynamic web pages that effectively
work with databases.
• SQL is a database query language
(not a development language) that
allows for adding, accessing and
managing content in a database.
 GEAS
Exception handling is the process of responding to
unwanted or unexpected events when a computer
program runs. It ensures that the flow of the program
doesn’t break when an exception occurs.
An Exception is an unwanted event that interrupts the
normal flow of the program. When an exception occurs
program execution gets terminated.
Types of exceptions
• Checked exceptions - Also called compile-
time exceptions, these errors occur when
we violate the rules present in a syntax.
Terminator- missing semicolon, Missing
parenthesis.
For example, SQLException, IOException,
ClassNotFoundException etc.
• Unchecked Exceptions - Also called
runtime exceptions, these errors occur
during the run-time program execution after
a successful compilation. Division error is
one of the most common errors (runtime). It
occurs due to the division by zero.
For example, ArithmeticException,
NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of
interactive visual components for computer software.
Computer Programming & CAD 7
• A GUI uses windows, icons, and
menus to carry out commands, such
as opening, deleting, and moving
files.
• Although a GUI operating system is
primarily navigated using a mouse, a
keyboard can also be used via
keyboard shortcuts or the arrow keys.
Elements of a GUI
Button - A graphical representation of a button
that performs an action in a program when
pressed
Dialog box - A type of window that displays
additional information, and asks a user for
input.
Icon - Small graphical representation of a
program, feature, or file.
Menu - List of commands or choices offered to
the user through the menu bar.
Menu bar - Thin, horizontal bar containing the
labels of menus.
Ribbon - Replacement for the file menu and
toolbar that groups programs activities
together.
Tab - Clickable area at the top of a window that
shows another page or area.
Toolbar - Row of buttons, often near the top of
an application window, that controls software
functions.
Window - Rectangular section of the
computer's display that shows the program
currently being used.
How does the user interact with a GUI?
A pointing device, such as the mouse, is used
to interact with nearly all aspects of the GUI.
More modern (and mobile) devices also utilize
a touch screen.
Structure in GUI Programming
• Create the icons and widgets that are
displayed to a user and organize them
inside a screen window.
• Define functions that will process user
and application events.
• Associate specific user events with
specific functions.

8 Computer Programming &CAD
• Start an infinite event-loop that processes
user events. When a user event happens,
the event-loop calls the function associated
with that event.
GUI programming is implemented using imported
modules which are often referred to as “toolkits.”
CAD
CAD or Computer Aided Design software was
introduced in the late 1960's to expedite engineering
drawing process. CAD (Computer Aided Design) is the
use of computer software to design and document a
product’s design process.
CAD software enables
• Efficiency in the quality of design
• Increase in the Engineer’s productivity
• Improve record keeping through better
documentation and communication
Types of CAD Software
• 2-Dimensional CAD (2D CAD)
• 3-Dimensional CAD (3D CAD)
3D CAD can be further classified as:
• Wire-frame models
• Surface models
• Solid models
Wire-frame models – they create skeleton like
models with lines and arcs. Since they appear to be
made of wires, and everything in the background is
visible, they are called wire-frame models.
Surface models – unlike wire frames, these models
are created by joining 3D surfaces. Since nothing in
the background is visible, the surface models are quite
realistic.
Solid models – they are considered to be the most
useful CAD models. Although they appear to be the
same as surface models, they also have additional
properties like weight, volume and density, just like
actual physical objects.
GEAS
24. CAD is the use of computer software to
design and document a product’s design
process. CAD stands for
A. Computer Aided Drawing
B. Computer Aligned Design
C. Computer Aided Design
D. Computer and Design
25. CAD is used to design, develop and optimize
products. CAD software
A. allow the object to be viewed from
any angle, even from the inside looking
out.
B. can be used to produce either two-
dimensional or three-dimensional
diagrams.
C. reduces design time by allowing
precise simulation rather than build
and test physical prototypes.
D. all of these choices
26. In this CAD classification, a team of users
collaboratively works with each other's data and
see the changes other users make to the data
as they go.
A. Single-file-mode systems
B. Referenced-file-mode systems
C. Collaborative-mode systems
D. all of these choices
27. 3D CAD allows the creation of 3D images
that are realistic. These images are called 3D
models as they can be viewed and rotated in any
direction – X, Y or Z. This model has additional
properties like weight, volume and density, just
like actual physical objects.
A. Wire-frame models
B. Surface models
C. Solid models
D. all of these choices
 GEAS
Computer Programming & CAD 9

CAD software classification - in terms of their Three types of selections

operating parameters: • one click – individual objects
• Single-file-mode systems • window selection
• Referenced-file-mode systems • cross selection
• Collaborative-mode systems
Objects in CAD
Single-file-mode systems -This type of CAD
software allows only a single user to work on a single Lines - With the Line command you can draw a
file at a time. simple line from one point to another.

Referenced-file-mode systems - In this type of CAD

software, users can work on their own files with the
files of other users attached as a background. This
enables users to leverage other users' work as
background data.
Polyline - object may be composed of a
Collaborative-mode systems - These CAD systems number of segments which form a single
take the referenced-mode system to the next level. object.
They allow a team of users to collaboratively work
with each other's data and see the changes other
users make to the data as they go.

Designing using a CAD Software

• Application menu: New, open, save, import,
export, print
• Quick access toolbar: User can save tools Rectangle - used to draw a rectangle whose
that they often use sides are vertical and horizontal.
• Info Center: Ask a question, find out answers
from Autodesk community
• Ribbon: Main menus – Home, Insert,
Annotate, View, Manage
• Ribbon tab
• Ribbon view: User can minimize and
Polygon - can be used to draw any regular
maximize the ribbon polygon from 3 sides up to 1024 sides
• File tab: Navigate files and create and open
files
• Drawing area/graphic area: Main drawing
space
• View cube: User can change the view, top,
front, 3D, or more
• Navigation bar: Zoom in and out, pan, zoon Donut - draws a solid donut shape, actually it's
to all, and more just a closed polyline consisting of two arc
segments which have been given a width.
• Command box: Can type commands and
see the previous commands
• Layout tab: Can see model space and print
spaces
• Status bar: Can set grid, snaps, scales, and
more

10 Computer Programming &CAD
Circle - used to draw circles.
Arc - allows you to draw an arc of a circle.
Spline - a smooth curve that is fitted along a number
of control points
Ellipse - command gives you a number of different
creation options.
Region - a surface created from objects that form a
closed shape, known as a loop.
Object snaps provide a way to specify precise
locations on objects whenever you are prompted for a
point within a command.
GEAS
Dimensions allow exact values to be shown on
a drawing which can then be used for
construction.
• The Linear dimension tool measures
horizontal or vertical distances.
• The Aligned dimension tool measures
the length along an object.
• The Angular dimension tool measures
an angle between two objects.
• The Arc Length dimension tool
measures the length of an arc.
• The Radius dimension tool measures
the radius of an arc or circle.
• The Diameter dimension tool
measures the diameter of an arc or
circle.
• The Jogged dimension tool measures
the radius of an arc or circle but places
the leader line in an alternative place
(inferred point) to the arc or circles
centre point.
• Ordinate dimensions are used to
locate the X or Y coordinate value of a
point
 GEAS
Computer Programming & CAD 11

7. scanf() is a predefined function

in______header file.
Answers to this exam is available at ERP A. stdlib. h
app B. ctype. h
C. stdio. h
1. Which of the following cannot be a D. stdarg. h
variable name in C?
A. volatile 8. Which command will stop an
B. true infinite loop?
C. friend A. Alt - C
D. export B. Shift - C
C. Esc
2. What is short int in C programming? D. Ctrl – C
A. The basic data type of C
B. Qualifier 9. Jay is considering adding a
C. Short is the qualifier and int is the basic data repetition statement within his
type Java programming final project.
D. All of the mentioned Jay is unsure of the number of
times each loop needs to execute.
3. Which of the following declaration is not Analyze the conditional
supported by C language? statements below and select
A. String str; which statement best fits the need
B. char str; identified by Jay within his
C. float str = 3e2; programming.
D. Both String str; & float str = 3e2; A. While loop
B. If-Else
4. Which keyword is used to prevent any C. For loop
changes in the variable within a C D. Switch statement
program?
A. immutable 10. Who is the father of C language?
B. mutable A. Steve Jobs
C. const B. James Gosling
D. volatile C. Dennis Ritchie
D. Rasmus Lerdorf
5. What is an example of iteration in C?
A. for 11. Which of the following is not a
B. while valid C variable name?
C. do-while A. int number;
D. all of the mentioned B. float rate;
C. int variable_count;
6. Property which allows to produce D. int $main;
different executable for different
platforms in C is called? 12. Which is valid C expression?
A. File inclusion A. int my_num = 100,000;
B. Selective inclusion B. int my_num = 100000;
C. Conditional compilation C. int my num = 1000;
D. Recursive macros D. int $my_num = 10000;
 GEAS
12 Computer Programming &CAD

13. Which of the following is true for 19. What will happen if the following C
variable names in C? code is executed?
A. They can contain alphanumeric characters 1. #include <stdio.h>
as well as special characters 2. int main()
B. It is not an error to declare a variable to be 3. {
one of the keywords(like goto, static) 4. int main = 3;
C. Variable names cannot start with a digit 5. printf("%d", main);
D. Variable can be of any length 6. return 0;
7. }
14. C preprocessors can have compiler A. It will cause a compile-time error
specific features. B. It will cause a run-time error
A. True C. It will run without any error and prints 3
B. False D. It will experience infinite looping
C. Depends on the standard
D. Depends on the platform 20. What will be the output of the
following C code?
15. Which of the following are C 1. #include <stdio.h>
preprocessors? 2. int main()
A. #ifdef 3. {
B. #define 4. signed char chr;
C. #endif 5. chr = 128;
D. all of the mentioned 6. printf("%d\n", chr);
7. return 0;
16. The C-preprocessors are specified with 8. }
_________ symbol. A. 128
A. # B. -128
B. $ C. Depends on the compiler
C. ”” D. None of the mentioned
D. &
-End-
17. A loop that never ends is referred to as
a(n)_________.
A. While loop
B. Infinite loop
C. Recursive loop
D. For loop

18. What will be the output of the following

C code?
1. #include <stdio.h>
2. int main()
3. {
4. int y = 10000;
5. int y = 34;
6. printf("Hello World! %d\n", y);
7. return 0;
8. }
A. Compile time error
B. Hello World! 34
C. Hello World! 1000
D. Hello World! followed by a junk value