Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(TNCs)
• Corporations that
operate in multiple
countries
Impact on Environment
Role of Government
Ethnic Groups
Shell
Policy Prescriptions
Environmental Degradation of
Delta
Three main
responses
to anti-oil protests
1 - grant concessions
2 - depend on public
relations
• Racism; marginalization of
minority ethnic groups
“Those who make
peaceful revolution
impossible will make
violent revolution
inevitable.”
- John F. Kennedy
Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni
People (MOSOP)
Economic Impoverishment
Civil Unrest
Military Repression
Insurgency
Environmental Degradation
Corporate
Economic Impoverishment Social Responsibility
Military Repression
Insurgency
Environmental Degradation
Corporate
Economic Impoverishment Social Responsibility
- Technological solutions
Insurgency - Corporatist style of policy-making
-distancing of socio-political failures
from economic circumstances
Lax Environmental
Lack of Corporate Regulations
Responsibility
Paralysis of Federal Govt.
Environmental
Degradation
Reliance on
Foreign Help
Reduced
Quality of Life
for Locals Increasing Debt
Ethnic Strife
Prescriptions
• Root out corruption - international regulation of the
"revolving door”
• Tax foreign multinationals
• Increase environmental regulation
• Increase social spending
• Nationalize resources
• Use aid to fund creation of localized clean-up jobs
• Promote development of environmental cleanup industry
Works Cited
K.K. Aaron, “Perspective: Big Oil, Rural Poverty, and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria”,
Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 2005, 11, 2, 127-134.
Osuji, Leo and Augustine Uwakwe. “Petroleum Industry Effluents and Other Oxygen-Demanding Wastes in Niger Delta,
Nigeria”, Chemistry & Biodiversity, 2006, Vol. 3, 705-717.
Jike, V.T., “Environmental Degradation, Social Disequilibrium, and the Dilemma of Sustainable Development in the Niger-
Delta of Nigeria”, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 34, No. 5 (May, 2004), pp. 686-701.
Ikelegbe, Augustine, “Civil society, oil and conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Ramifications of civil society for a
regional resource struggle”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 2001, 39, 3, 437.
Adams, W. M., “Indigenous use of wetlands and sustainable development in West Africa”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 159,
No. 2, July 1993, pp. 209-218.
Osuji, Leo; Benjamin Ndukwu, Gordan Obute, and Ikechukwu Agbagwa, “Impact of four-dimensional seismic and production
activities on the mangrove systems of the Niger Delta, Nigeria”, Chemistry and Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 5, October 2006, 415-
424.
Frynas, George J. “Corporate and State Responses to Anti-Oil Protests in the Niger Delta.” African Affairs. 2001.
<http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/100/398/27>.
O’Neill, Tom. “Curse of the Black Gold: Hope and Betrayal in the Niger Delta.” National Geographic. February 2007.
<http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0702/feature3/index.html?fs=www3.nationalgeographic.com&fs=plasma.nation
algeographic.com>.
Polgreen, Lydia. “Corrupt Nigerian election a setback for democracy.” International Herald Tribune. 23 April 2007.
<http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/04/23/news/africa.php?page=1>.
“Criminal Politics: Violence, ‘Godfathers’ and Corruption in Nigeria.” Human Rights Watch. Vol. 19, No. 16(A). October 2007.
<http://hrw.org/reports/2007/nigeria1007/nigeria1007webwcover.pdf>.Gore, C., Pratten, D. (2003). "The Politics of Plunder:
the Rhetorics of Order and Disorder in Southern Nigeria." African Affairs: 102, 407. p. 211-240.
Manby, B. "The Price of Oil: Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria's Oil Producing Communities."
New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999. 202 pp.
O'Rourke, D. (2005). "Market Movements: Nongovernmental Organization Strategies to Influence Global Production and
Consumption." Journal of Industrial Ecology: 9(1-2).
Pretty, J., Ward, H. (2001). "Social Capital and the Environment." World Development: 29(2). 209-229.
Image Credits
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Oil_platform.jpg
http://www.pr-ac.ca/images/prac/userimages/Shell_Logo.jpg
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0702/feature3/images/mp_download.3.pdf
http://www.artheos.org/images/3132.jpg
http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/ken/ken.gif
http://en.epochtimes.com/news_images/2006-6-7-mend56930155.jpg
http://www.dismalworld.com/im/violence/armed-ijaw-militants-in-nigeria.jpg
http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/images/shell_nigeria_2006/slides/EG_Shell%20barrel%20in%20Port%20Har55.ht
ml
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2007/08/19/2003844297.jpg