OPTQM

Operations management is the administration of business practices to create the highest level of
efficiency possible within an organization.
- It is concerned with converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently
as possible to maximize the profit of an organization.

- teams attempt to balance costs with revenue to achieve the highest net operating profit
possible.

- focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and
services.

- includes substantial measurement and analysis of internal processes.

What Are Goods and Services?

a product is a tangible offering to a customer
 a one-time exchange for value.
 The major key feature of a product is that it is physical and it is also tangible. This
implies that a product can be held, it can be seen, felt or smelled. As such, the sale of a
product is a once off transaction.
 the user knows what exactly he or she truly desires from a product hence the decision to
buy it.
 A product can be owned by the purchaser since ownership is transferred the moment a
transaction has been performed.
a service is an intangible offering.
 a service usually involves a longer period of time.
 the customer often judges the value of a service based on the quality of the relationship
between the provider and the customer while using the service.
 Ownership of a service can therefore not be transferred to its user.
 A service is work done by another person for another individual.
 people are usually attracted by the quality of service they get from a particular
organization instead of the product itself.
 Quality service is satisfactory and people who are satisfied will continue doing business
with the company
 The billing process of a service is continuous
 The other issue about a service is about their variability.
 Services vary according to who provide them, where, when and how.
 he marketers of a service should therefore have knowledge about what the customers
really desire
 The major difference between the two concepts is that a product is tangible while a
service is intangible.

Key Differences Between Services and Products

Need vs. Relationship– a product is specifically designed to satisfy the needs and wants of the
customers and can be carried away.
Perishability- services cannot be stored for later use or sale since they can only be used. food
products are perishable and these can also be stored for later use or sale.
Quantity- products can be numerically quantified and they come in different forms, shapes and
sizes. However, services cannot be numerically quantified.
Inseparability- services cannot be separated from their providers. a product can be separated
from the owner
Quality- quality of products can be compared since these are physical features. it may be
difficult to compare the quality of the services rendered.
Returnability- it is easier to return a product to the seller. While service can’t return it to seller.
Value perspective- the value of a service is offered by the service provider while the value of
the product is derived from using it by the customer.

Shelf line- a service has a shorter shelf line compared to a product. This is different with regard
to a service that has a short shelve line and should be sold earlier.

Operations, operations management and operations managers

Every organization has an operations function, whether or not it is called ‘operations’.
The term operations embraces all the activities required to create and deliver an organization's
goods or services.
Within large and complex organizations operations is usually a major functional area, with
people specifically designated to take responsibility for managing all or part of the organization's
operations processes. It is an important functional area because it plays a crucial role in
determining how well an organization satisfies its customers.

private-sector companies, the mission of the operations function is usually expressed in profits,
growth and competitiveness; in public and voluntary organizations, it is often expressed in
providing value for money.

Operations management is concerned with the design, management, and improvement of the
systems that create the organization's goods or services.

An understanding of the principles of operations management is important for all managers,

because they provide a systematic way of looking at an organization's processes.
In manufacturing at least, it has changed dramatically over time, and there are three major
phases
- craft manufacturing, mass production and the modern period.
Craft manufacturing
 describes the process by which skilled craftspeople produce goods in low volume, with a
high degree of variety, to meet the requirements of their individual customers.

 Craftspeople usually worked at home or in small workshops. Such a system worked well
for small-scale local production, with low levels of competition. Some industries, such as
furniture manufacture and clockmaking, still include a significant proportion of craft
working.
Mass production
raft manufacturing began to be replaced by mass production in the 19th century. Mass production
involves producing goods in high volume with low variety.
Producers concentrated on keeping costs, and hence prices
They developed aggressive advertising and employed sales forces to market their products.

An important innovation in operations that made mass production possible was the system of
standardized and interchangeable parts known as the ‘American system of manufacture’
(Hounshell, 1984), which developed in the United States and spread to the United Kingdom and
other countries.
2. innovation was the development by Frederick Taylor (1911) of the system of 'scientific
management’. Taylor argued that the role of management was to analyze jobs in order to find the
‘one best way’ of performing any task or sequence of tasks, rather than allowing workers to
determine how to perform their jobs.
3. innovation was the development of the moving assembly line by Henry Ford. Instead of
workers bringing all the parts and tools to a fixed location where one car was put together at a
time, the assembly line brought the cars to the workers. Ford thus extended the ideas of scientific
management, with the assembly line controlling the pace of production.
The modern period
However, during the 1970s, markets became highly fragmented, product life cycles reduced
dramatically and consumers had far greater choice than ever before.

New Japanese production techniques, such as total quality management (TQM), just-in-time
(JIT) and employee involvement were emulated elsewhere in the developed world, with mixed
results.
The different approaches for managing operations that are currently popular include:
Flexible specialization (Piore and Sabel, 1984) in which firms (especially small firms) focus on
separate parts of the value-adding process and collaborate within networks to produce whole
products. requires highly developed networks, effective processes for collaboration and the
development of long-term relationships between firms.

Lean production (Womack et al., 1990) which developed from the highly successful Toyota
Production System. It focuses on the elimination of all forms of waste from a production system.
A focus on driving inventory levels down also exposes inefficiencies, reduces costs and cuts lead
times.

Mass customization (Pine et al., 1993) which seeks to combine high volume, as in mass
production, with adapting products to meet the requirements of individual customers.
(becoming increasingly feasible)

Agile manufacturing (Kidd, 1994) which emphasizes the need for an organization to be able to
switch frequently from one market-driven objective to another. (only become feasible on a large
scale)

role of the operations manager

argue that operations management involves everything an organization does. In this sense, every
manager is an operations manager, since they are responsible for production of products and
services.
others argue that this definition is too wide, and that the operations function is about producing
the right amount of a good or service, at the right time, of the right quality and at the right
cost to meet customer requirements.
Their direct responsibilities: managing both the operations process, embracing design,
planning, control, performance improvement, and operations strategy.
Their indirect responsibilities: interacting with those managers in other functional areas within
the organization, include marketing, finance, accounting, personnel and engineering.

Operations managers' responsibilities include:

 Human resource management – the people employed by an organization either work
directly to create a good or service or provide support to those who do. People and the
way they are managed are a key resource of all organizations.
 Asset management – an organization's buildings, facilities, equipment and stock are
directly involved in or support the operations function.
  Cost management – most of the costs of producing goods or services are directly related
to the costs of acquiring resources, transforming them or delivering them to customers.
 private sector, gives them a critical competitive edge.
 not-for-profit sector, the ability to manage costs is no less important.

Decision making is a central role of all operations managers. Decisions need to be made in:
designing the operations system, managing the operations system and improving the operations
system.

The five main kinds of decision in each of these relate to:

1. the processes by which goods and services are produced 2. the quality of goods or
services 3. the quantity of goods or services (the capacity of operations) 4. the stock of
materials (inventory) needed to produce goods or services 5. the management of human
resources.

The transformation model

Figure 1, which represents the three components of operations: inputs, transformation processes
and outputs. This basic transformation model applies equally in manufacturing and service
organizations and in both the private and not-for-profit sectors.

Inputs
Some inputs are used up in the process of creating goods or services; others play a part in the
creation process but are not used up.
To distinguish between these, input resources are usually classified as:
 transformed resources – those that are transformed in some way by the operation to
produce the goods or services that are its outputs
 transforming resources – those that are used to perform the transformation process

Three types of resource that may be transformed in operations are:

materials – the physical inputs to the process
information - that is being processed or used in the process
customers – the people who are transformed in some way.
alloway (1998) defines operations as all the activities concerned with the transformation of
materials, information or customers.

The two types of transforming resource are:

staff – the people involved directly in the transformation process or supporting it
facilities – land, buildings, machines and equipment.
The staff involved in the transformation process may include both people who are directly
employed. They are sometimes described as ‘labor’. The facilities including buildings,
machinery and equipment – are sometimes referred to as ‘capital’.
Outputs
Transformation processes may result in some undesirable outputs as well as the goods and
services they are designed to deliver. An important aspect of operations management in some
organizations is minimizing the environmental impact of waste
Protecting the health and safety of employees and of the local community is also the
responsibility of operations management. In addition, the operations function may be responsible
for ethical behavior both locally and globally.
Transformation processes
A transformation process is any activity or group of activities that takes one or more inputs,
transforms and adds value to them, and provides outputs for customers or clients. Where the
inputs are raw materials, it is relatively easy to identify the transformation involved, as when
milk is transformed into cheese and butter.
Where the inputs are information or people, the nature of the transformation may be less
obvious.
For example, a hospital transforms ill patients (the input) into healthy patients (the output).
Transformation processes include:
 changes in the physical characteristics of materials or customers
 changes in the location of materials, information or customers
 changes in the ownership of materials or information
 storage or accommodation of materials, information or customers
 changes in the purpose or form of information
 changes in the physiological or psychological state of customers.
 Often all three types of input – materials, information and customers – are transformed
by the same organization.

One useful way of categorizing different types of transformation is into:

manufacture – the physical creation of products (for example cars)
transport – the movement of materials or customers (for example a taxi service)
supply – change in ownership of goods (for example in retailing)
service – the treatment of customers or the storage of materials (for example hospital wards,
warehouses).
 The overall transformation can be described as the macro operation, and the more
detailed transformations within this macro operation as micro operations. For example,
the macro operation in a brewery is making beer (Figure 2). The micro operations
include:
Feedback
Feedback information is used to control the operations system, by adjusting the inputs and
transformation processes that are used to achieve desired outputs.
feedback is essential for operations managers. It can come from both internal and external
sources. Internal sources include testing, evaluation and continuously improving goods and
services; external sources include those who supply products or services to end-customers as
well as feedback from customers themselves.
The boundary of the operations system
The simple transformation model in Figure 1 provides a powerful tool for looking at operations
in many different contexts. It helps us to analyze and design operations in many types of
organization at many levels.

This model can be developed by identifying the boundaries of the operations system through
which an organization's goods or services are provided to its customers or clients.
Suppliers, customers and the environment.

However, most macro operations are made up of a number of micro operations, or sub-systems.
Only the outputs of the final micro operation go directly to a customer or client who is not part of
the organization that is carrying out the macro operation. The final user or client of the good or
service is the organization's external customer, and the users or clients of the outputs of the other
micro operations internal customers.

Suppliers provide inputs to the operations system. They may supply raw materials, components
(as in car assembly), finished products, and services (as in the case of a law firm providing legal
advice).
All operating systems are influenced by the organization's environment.
Traditionally, organizations have kept the operations function separate from both its customers
and its suppliers, in order to protect it from environmental disturbances (Thompson, 1967).
This can lead to a ‘closed system’ mentality, in which the operations function loses contact with
external customers and suppliers, and focuses only on the transformation process
A closed system tends to limit flexibility and result in a loss of competitiveness.
An ‘open system’ mentality, in which communication with customers and suppliers is
encouraged, seeks to reduce the barriers between the operations function and its environment, in
order to enhance the organization's competitiveness.

Most operations systems are part of a supply chain that involves materials, information and
customers, and the distribution of finished goods or services to customers or clients.

It is therefore the responsibility of the operations function to co-ordinate the flow of information
that links these activities through the supply chain. Thus, while some operations managers are
concerned only with the transformation process within a single organizational unit, such as a
factory or service outlet, many are involved in managing operations across several organizational
units or even across separate organizations.