THE READING SECTION For this section, you will read three pasages and answer questions about their content. You will have 54 minutes t9 answer all the questions. You may begin The Veneration of Trees 1 In The Golden Bough, his classic catalog (of mythologies, Sir James George Frazer extensively documents the significance of trees in world religion. His chapters on tree spirits roam from Northern Europe to the Eastem Seaboard of what is now the United ‘States to the islands ofthe Pacific. Despite ‘the lack of contact among these regions, the veneration of trees united them. The woods that covered large areas of Europe and North America, in particular, were ificutt to fetta and dangerous to cross. it was ‘ot a great mental leap for people to see the ‘trees that populated them as embodiments of the natural forces that governed thelr ives. 2 On the basis of Frazer's classification, ‘one can derive three loose stages of tree ‘worship. In the first, a society sees the ‘ree as the physical body ofthe spirit that inhabits it, much as the human body can be ‘s9en as housing the mind. Itis known that both the Celtic and the Germanic tribes that inhabited ancient Northern Europe regarded Certain trees as sacred, setting them apart by species (as the Druids worshipped (oaks) or by location (the way certain natural {groves were regarded as natural temples Or sacred spaces in what is now Germany). | Early on, each of these trees was regarded as an animate being with both spirit and body. Ithad a distinct identity, ke an individual person. This suggests that it was believed to have the same impulses and reactions as the people who venerated it. 462 | forme oan vit isan3 Accordingly, ancient peoples had elaborate taboos designed to avoid causing offense to tees. These taboos were taken very seriousiy. In some places, one could be ppurished severely for injuring the bark of a ‘tee or stealing its rut. Before a tree was ‘elled for human use, woodcutters in mary ‘world cultures would offer it both apologies ‘anc thanks forthe resources it was about to provide them. This was necessary to ‘avd insulting the tree and inviting bad ‘fortune It was also the case, however, that Injuries were said to cause suttering to trees 28 they did to people. In some societies, it was claimed that trees cry out in pain when struck or cut into. A tree's spit and body are ccorsidered inseparable inthis frst stage, 4 Asociety makes a leap in sophistication ‘and reaches Frazer's second stage when it begins to regard them as separate. That is, the spirit exists independently of the physical tree, even if it chooses to dwell ‘there most of the time. The same spirit ‘may thus take up residence in any tree of a forest; itis not killed when an individual tree is cut down. itis not bound to a single tree but rather stands for a group. The distinction ‘may 2eom emall, Buti ie a significant first step toward symbolic thinking. A forest, after all, s more than the sum ofits parts. Itencompasses not only its trees but also ‘the animals and brush that flourish among ‘them. The dangers of the forest are hidden; a traveler may or may not encounter them on a given journey. To think about tree spirit identified with the forest as a whole, therefore, people had to think about ‘phenomena that were removed from them In tme and space—idéas father ta things. ‘Such a tree spirit represented the potential land abstract rather than the concrete and | immediate, 19, TEFL Pte Text | 468404 | Forno score visa cam 6 That transition is completed in the third ‘stage. Liberated from each other, trees and their spirits can begin to be seen as symbols. ‘and embodiments of other natural processes Of significance to primitive fe: the power of weather and seasons to produce good or bad harvests, the mysteries of childbirth and disease. At that point, the veneration of trees, reaches its stage of greatest complexity ‘Societies in both Eastern Europe and the ‘South Pacific brought ceremonial offerings to trees in the hopes that they would fumisHi rain and sunshine, Women who hoped to bear children might be instructed to embrace ‘special trees thought to give fertility. The appearance of these beliefs, in which the frultfuiness of trees suggests the frutfulness of harvests and family-building, indicates that a society has made its first steps toward ‘symbolic and abstract thinking1. Itcan be inferred from paragraph 1 of the passage that the peoples ‘of Europe and North America associated trees with: ‘a. travel to distant places . the religions of oer tribes G2 dangerous forces of nature the common culture of humanity Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow Bl 1 nme cota ag cee at ol mesogesSe ‘org besos ne vores as ahe ‘Sten conena le wear Caopeser een ‘cn oni rowan ne SEP enw ‘Sos uean Se nouang tering Rion hoon Cae « pxapyrtangn een wirmanatay Sea ee teen Sovaioaestafuredope ng mae Sines maneensecara taro cman areata ee Gherow ndarrascnagnisbeaen ssymasa Rosi tome wars poss logue we veh toryaare cengara rade Moat gore ‘Peveatera rcs tae of git corn ‘cine mou nary rena bm Su oe ee Seer oer stents eps ay ws ‘Shera srahre torent hopoct ba one matte ‘Smosh nn shes ena ar ‘fatasocey hn aie seit nosy ced 19, TOL aT Pte Tex | 4652. The word Beit in the passage is closest in meaning to: enter locate ‘survive ‘consider 46 | forme econo vit teagan 5 Thatta acon sta Leta toch Bicmradcnecasapemmacapteac panne ‘event bo mystres ctr rd abe Map, Sorter nero tome Seer sarap een tn hops aly ws ih Tanwssdansasapuc i ou ghey he SEES ne nin napetnwasone eat3, The author mentions the Druids in paragraph 2 as an example of a people that: ‘a. exhibited all three stages of tree worship b. punished people for stealing fruit ~@ worshipped a particular: ‘species of tree d. cut down many trees as its civilization expanded Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow a “The eneralonf Tees + pt tt ini tng a abe ac are EXpeottiemrscamrenstc ome net aa Eminem rey meee ‘rend trg res troe anh Ana puca Seer eee, atcaa etotas ances vscalon eer cranny Sieve tataageenia tao utter cate Sate mencebm at rms eterno core ‘Squcndcora ses tances ceargan say sooo ‘nc noche unc teton oer an Poems rr na pees ree {Eo Sars Entrar nates usw out ‘Reenter wenn st arte re ° sosray re pep mat oo ands Steaisteeas ee eerie tne Stout nzme pann cre casson pias ey ‘thon on nostra wate wass ae ‘Sitearne aren tne ety nea ‘Secoumyrnmacetetarsepeoewcsmenictnmores | 1. TOL TPT | 4674, Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that ancient peoples believed trees had individual ‘spirits? a. They apologized to a tree before cutting it down. b. They had rules against injuring tree bark. c. They thought trees could express pain. “4. They gave each tree a personal name, Hadgenstnetrn conan ete neyo bare Set eee Serco ‘ShoSSt inn Eun eran wea soon ace en Sphere Frees Freecall ES 468 | Front crt itnsen |5, The second stage of tree worship discussed in the passage involves @ distinction between: sacred trees and ordinary ‘wees: . the spirit and the body of a tree ©. trees with and without spirits “d. single trees and trees in forests + te Gt Boa coe cat trio Sr et ‘Saupe nana commer opened es ‘esi He es ergs nrnrur fer haren toe Emm Geor cont tow ha re as SREua ahaa betel ort Papin enon toes tre Te ‘oeleguraes romain snwte aar ‘Eocene gers et rises thane sct ras ae ‘seb tnobe nina sndonanerfousnemong hen Setaeiateiettars tee het poperadt Secateamretns fulceraretcad oe eno SEP eat inengh Sues see sp peed ‘etisnacate hsb cono ance 5 Tatrrnicouptnin te ctge efor ‘elEtrahfmararnscubegntoaeseesyebos Stucco shertuapeeon et nanent ve iio pw otwusnr ean orsign ‘tetra scar dea Mat gore ‘Stobdermazm En renews Goo esis toa ‘Senora ogee Pees te ‘Sawin heer hones eu se amo ‘ponecectoesnbelom munca etacanceso er ‘Gjertsen wey al eae [naasonyhamace feta omeowoseose smart ay 19, TOOL AT Petes | 46866. The author of the passage uses the phrase Ideas rather than things to indicate that: a. the forest was actually much less dangerous than people thought it to be 'b. people stopped ‘earing the forest at the second stage of tree worship some aspects ofthe forest ‘can be imagined but not d. many travelers were ‘seriously hurt inthe forest «70 | Forma recone vis Picea TheVenaration of Treas gan tenn to eee SSokem arate ‘Sale sos ct uopn rah srren, npr ‘Sees ni wnerpwou aoe ate (aipmaslnperppiocssebaces omompammater WEndSdnentfttscnrnocsmagoonedmernes EMfesnestchearg hetmne stow marten cone” ‘Sai arncwor mr ated cet Bore ‘Spectectcnvmes ented ting mopar sect oe ‘Retumnng ose sete aggre Nooo scan Pearle tien cy ou hpamtearamcearcara © Sosiadnciag we ceetareapeaos esas Ase naa np nsopatcaton rina Firs ‘aoc raga nemarsnw Tt ‘Step sua neesncty cepreciten met Sietaepreauens meyectataes ctates en ‘Ranger maton ea at Wegionaiktetose elsunoe, set peopel Witalteatemct ane tents anstareca eee iecia eee aoe nora Serromecaiescomemeee Siero Sieecomomeenniomenes a ee Seaeoe cee ae Sa =o = j ;7. The author implies that the most ‘The Venarton of Tress ‘complex phase of tree worship 1 wmecsn Go nacani cig orl Sr mer involves: ‘Santas cay secant says ec ceercecmonan a. the bolle that all trees are ‘ine uans be Fue Septet ener saint {feta neve teri er: Te woe SS eleven eetera ewes prcase b. distinguishing between male oes ma rs rwren con Rah and female tree spirits ‘Senecmens ote ranrtoce grant mrae c. different ceremonies for different seasons ‘d. the use of trees as symbols 5 eteaini compliant etge rs om ch ‘arena er pte con egies aye a ‘Seeker chen we omen een intreocey nmol sop tonaa see ac 19, TOE aT Pt Tt | 4718. The word fllilsl in the passage is closest in meaning to a. explain 'b. provide c.avoid d. refuse 472 | Forres conto vi nostiaen som The Veneration of roe + gre can Bagh casei meen Sr ome ‘agers eaemseycxunena encanto ecru topos nests ta emer EutguieEomen Senora aioe aes ‘pe nuns oP betel eta ere ‘aur eon he ensmon oes snd Se Te woot Severson aor seston hee, rae ‘we atop sScrwounn son ar rt (esinown perpen nheses tt oper Wendie ceva naalionaceagoes ee nee Siieeeniannngwerant airoar ton bean ‘Souangcarar oc sano arg easy sc at ‘Sse cere is oc ay xt {Enon Sora Ex cht sec wae ar WSintenchaipeons Re sigget tater ° Seeticeercinemettensces ‘ress masmarnse srecnhepunsowosey ‘ovate on neat enpaba stan, seietacteertet aceoten eer ‘Dhsemau fr acre, he gncen ye a Seco camnae ‘enuereamons pen ure incase eee Sa ceemmenereni eee pa ae Sierra ng steam samen (eisarane cow mrs posi Sapitcaets are ‘events ena omar ard Goeoe Nt ‘Eclmermogm canwn Conoco atc Soret cheng te saps be eS ‘Shoe menenonaet bene ree ‘Sporecscttesstelca rene nerinneerd ter Seite rnanmes wa ye ne ‘BEERS Es tte Onde alate tonne9. According to paragraph 5 of the passage, ancient peoples saw special meaning in: “aL the ability of trees to bear frat b, the three stages inthe fe cycle of a tree ©. trees that required itt rain and sun 4. the raising of trees by | wornen Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow Bl The Veneration tree 1 nie cotin So cnt nyooge Se samer ‘agate att dosmeiesnacar lee Exgecisarsateseletatnnor ne Uec se ‘Rod eglns htemon tvs nacre Tews at Niet acerca awe marae SEEK mi sndcrowoors ovo Newer (Sibtean elem sceses tt pope an SROGRRE Teaom natgoeectner be Seeetiecca tra esc sont sae SASH Sethe atte mrarte omen Eieeerlotearghem keiwnn matron ‘Soscescotacnee wtnona strgamsowrty snes ‘Ebi eeipnctne yen wa cra vad (Joeman trates peewee nt om Setar ey on oan vue wae ah Sravraa fron eset ott ot oe 2 Ay we pn in tor re ‘Sieben ne costa pes oy itn Sthecataectay wakemrerwaadctert EidRSlges tare rnerraseer ews tence SE taSirccresoteses tones natensar wowed ‘Pebioadiseenseneyagpete neonesoates RUA Seg athparr tran. 8 SSeS ae cen romarsnc ne rae eccentric aes seacieenieeeenetmeeoss Eee, apes areca Siiekredacemeoe nteted femme tt wesrcoorear mint an Se Stree erent [silane ane coro sntne ‘naar sue taelpeetor ot some Evemeaereeeme nee aoe Soot reemneemer ‘Srarcsvonte Wren arorpatio bw onan mertte 19. TEFL Paci Test | 7340. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief surrimiary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting ‘the THREE answer choices that express the ‘most important ideas inthe passage. Some ‘sentences do not belong in the summary becauss they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. ‘Three basic levels of tree worship can be observed in The Golden Bough. ‘Answer Choices ‘Ancient Garnans baleved corn (pores wer sared and sed thm SS temples, but Oras venerated he oak eon particular [Certain peoples came to believe | Some societies believed each tree that tee opts ate indopendet ot | was he boy for an nal Sp incvval fees ar. nstess, reso | the way th human body houses an inthe whl foe india in Society progressed Toward mare of Europe than about the carrots | 9 eae were otaved to coral SF Nortn America and the, Sout | "22 Sh 2 naturel forces suchas crops and aii. hater It was forbidden to cut down certain trees because they woud be seriously offended by an inury More is known about the ceremonies 106 | Former rae srt et eratesMercury Pollution ‘1 When most people think or tak about dangers to our environment, they focus on general terms like “pollution,” “smog,” and “acid rain” Also, they often focus on the Impact of supposedly man-made chemicals ‘and compounds. But to truly understand the risks to our environment, it's helpful to focus on the danger of specific chemicals, \wtich are often otherwise naturally- ‘occurring elements that have been spread ‘harmfully by man. One ofthe largest threats toour environment is mercury: Hg on the periodic table of elements. 2 Atroom temperature, mercury, a metal, ‘exsts as a silvry-white liquid. However, it vaporizes readily when heat is applied, and. itcan stay suspended in the alr for more than a year. The largest sources of mercury pollution in the United States are coal-fired ppawer plants. Emissions from these plants account for 70 percent of the mercury that ‘eters our oceans, lakes, and streams. Air ‘currents carry these particles far from the ‘source and are capable of polluting bodies ‘of water thousands of miles away. ‘Mercury particles released into the air fall into these waterways and quickiy enter ‘aquatic food chains. First, mercury attaches tosediments (ragments of organic and inorganic material that sette tothe bottom ‘of the body of water). Second, bacteria change the mercury into methyl mercury, a highly toxic substance. Third, phytoplankton foed on the organic matter in sediments land absorb the methyl mercury. Fourth, fisn then eat the mercury-contaminated phytoplankton; the larger the fish and the longer it ives, the more concentrated the methyl mercury in its system becomes. 19. TEL rte Tet | 4515 | Forma cre vist Pectin The mercury can then move higher up the {food chain when humans eat fish that have absorbed high amounts of mercury. Studies indicate that mercury levels in U.S. Waterways have increased anywhere from 4100 to 400 percent over the course of the last century, and no river, ake, or ocean ‘seems immune. itis important to note thet, thanks to the US. Clean Air Act and efforts by industry to cur unnecessary discharges as well as better sewage treatment methods, the levels have been in slow deciine since the 1970s. However, this minor dectine is. relatively miniscule in comparison to the ‘major increase in the years prior. It you've ever experienced that “rotten .eg9” smell during low tide at a coastal area, you've seen (or smelled) methylation Inaction. Methylation is the conversion of ‘mercury in sediments to methyl mercury by sulfate-reducing bacteria. While this ‘methylation is a natural process, the Industral discharge of mercury has greatly accelerated the process beyond what the ‘ecosystem is able to absorb safely. This ‘methylation not only impacts aquatic ‘species, but algo harms humans and other land-based wile, ‘Most of the fish and sheltsh that humans ‘at Ive solely in coastal areas or frequent ‘coastal areas and feed on the fish that live there. At the same time, most methylation takes place in coastal areas. Therefore, ‘methyl mercury moves up the food chain from plankton to lobster, blueish, winter flounder, tuna, and many other species eaten extensively by man. The methyl mercury binds to the protein in fish, residing Inthe muscle of the fish. This muscle is. ‘exactly what we eat: the filet.7 The short-term impact of digestion of toxic ‘methyl mercury is obviously a concern. « More troubling, however, is long-term Impact on species up and down the food chain. w In Wisconsin, scientists have studied the deciine of chick production in loons (aquatic birds). a They have made 2 positive link to mercury concentration in eggs which exceeds the concentration found to be toxic in laboratory studies. « Through that example, the lasting impact of methyl mercury far from the source of the: rollution can be seen. ‘One ofthe great wonders of the Earth is the interconnectivity of all the world's ‘ecosystems. This interconnectivity gives us the range and diversity of wilde that we all ‘enjoy and it also allowed ie on the planet to endure through cataclysmic events, ‘such as asteroid impacts and the ice ages. However, itis this very interconnectivty ‘that makes our ecosystems so vulnerable. ercury pollution is unfortunately one of ‘many examples of an environmental impact {far removed from the source of the pollution; Understanding the process by which the pollution spreads up the food chain is one ‘of many steps to AMeHOFBHE the Impact of ‘such pollution. 18 TORLeT te et | 77+11. According to paragraph 2, what ‘accounts for 70% of toxic mercury pollution? Ar currents Vaporization Coal-fired power plants A siivery-white liquid Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow pl _ne | Forme recone vist Bnsarevewsam12. The word ontrated in the Meroury Position ‘passage is closest in meaning to: & clustered b. thought S saharatard ‘Sieg ponds yasde wibctcceone d. reduced ae inane csr oqo oan aan ose eek sea frounmaaree te ‘sds ee pan cr Soar * crattngavert ten taco tot Seagate nce sepen 18, TORT aco Teet | 7818. All of the following are mentioned in Merry Postion the passage as reasons why mercury + yrmnoxpainer ats cnn seaman ey levels in the environment have been ‘Goyeiacions ena mptteeapponay marcas Serica’ | in slow decine since the 16708 Rees eM soetethe daar een EXCEPT: | iS aetna tie Cam A eeereemrer silent b.reduction in suifate- cea agian producing bacteria Pee ian Rear ©. better sewage treatment Seen rhe ceo gee Sey 4. changes in indus Risreetenar salvo /edntaberet practice Sioa dea a cesereen earring evant ies eae Semen feereenr oman. oe Raa ‘itaecremshenane Sanne "Tages ugemien sini ory och ont ware acan ney Saher ieremnce, Sen Sereee 490 | Forma cso vist Pcwonewcan14. According to paragraph 6, coastal areas are the locations for most: ‘tuna methylation ‘mercury pollution sources ecosystems Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow BI (aed che rey cree ioinieneei spbbpretrins tla so net Teme erens repeat 18 TORR BT ecieText | 415, The word fig in the passage refers to: Mercury Potion ari npn mere C odehan rae owurect he potwonentesacn TN Beaman mere Ee eameaeeel eam Eoecemetien cae, 42 | Ferree cone, vt intB16. Which of the folowing is mentioned In paragraph 7 as one of the long- term impacts of methyl mercury pollution? ‘a. Increase in sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediment b. Reduction ntherumber of | * areata fish in coastal areas _Sery paar nhs tase a ra os “6 Dangertothoreproducive | lar tanraratuten eerearamr, cycle of ids 6. Concentrated mercury in : aay ea cerecroeaeem | Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow pl 18. TOEFL Pete Tt | 488117. According to paragrapi 8, the Merry Potion interconnect ofthe Earth's Uren itt oer enitoener. ‘ecosystems is also: ‘rerio nt ‘Seo eee sore “athe eason the ecosystems Herne are so susceptible to pollution b. the cause of mercury | palution | ‘c. the reason methyl mercury is such a harmful substance 4d. _ the cure for poluion from coal-fired power plants Paragraph 8 is marked with an arrow Bl a a oy praca Sign iecan set torino emeyoeceene Saocecos ae 408 | Forno ecto ist Pecteiwsa18. The word amallorate in the passage Is closest in meaning to: “a enlarge impact et ez ale Rage imueatathrTorkacreeocty eae * Grate genie ete tht catia ‘relocate leno bo shoved rhe Sopa enes tro ine 19. TFL Pca Tet | 40819. Look at the four squares.athat indicate where the folowing sentence ‘can be added to the passage. ‘Thus, the harmful effects of methy! mercury are passed from adult to young and will impact the health of the species for years to come. ‘Where would the sentence best ft? Glick on a square mto add the sentence to the passage. [Here, on this practice test, circle your answer below.) Square 1 Square 2 (Squares @ Square 4 485 | formere rococo vist anctoedensam Mercury Pliton| Reeth ror One feet teeapcranoeee ramtonpene. recy ptm sh. ‘sCararancanan Sarna smmotne ghee) Bete me eom oary mmre ts rt ots gut won hth ahi eaters20. Directions: An introductory sentence fora brief summary ofthe passage is | provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer Choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some ‘sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passege or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. “Mercury pollution is one example of a type of pollution that has short-term and long-term effects far from the source of the pollution. ‘Answer Choices ‘Air currents carry Mercury particles Mercury pollution is increasing in the far from the source and are United States despite the U.S. Clean capable of polluting bodies of water | Air Act and efforts of industry. thousands of miles awe i ury is transformed into the |The methyl mercury binds to the toxic methy! mercury and moves __| protein in fish, residing n the muscle, up the food chain to cause harm for ‘organisms at every level all the way | up to humans. Suifate-reducing bacteria cause |The harmful effects of methyl the “rotten egg” smell that exists at_| mercury are passed from adult to | coastal areas during low tide: | young and willimpact the health of | many species for years to come. | 18, TOE Toco Tet | 7490 | Forme econo vist nctadensam 2 Such a coordination of processes had 3 As more hormones were discovered, they Hormones in the Body 1 Unti the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. ‘Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the Bfigifié for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, ‘experiments by Willa Bayliss and Emest ‘Staring on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food ‘enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin Ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas, bbeen thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through ‘chemicale alone, This discovery spurred Starting to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek ‘word hormon, meaning “to excite" or "to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere, were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands which make up the endocrine system—such as the thyroid and pitultary glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands thatproduce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it ‘secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part ofthe endocrine system. 4 Much has been leamed about hormones ‘noe their discovery. Some play such key ‘oles in regulating bodily processes or ‘behavior that aes came immediate death, Dut can be more far ieult re Tey mea es — a intricate. Even iu amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a ‘parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development ofthe body, regulating growth and form; others may ‘even define an individuals personality cctaracteristcs. The quantities and Proportions of hormones produced change vith age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system overtime n the nopes of alleviating alments associated with aging. 5 In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. a A combination of estrogen ad progesterone has been prescribed for ‘decades to women who want to reduce ‘mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones ‘a they enter middle age. m Known as hormone replacement therapy (HET), the treatment was also believed to prevent ‘weakening of the bones. m At least one ‘study has linked HAT with a heightened risk ‘of heart disease and certain types of cancer. 19, WELT PTs | 409190 | Forno crt, st Beton HRT may aso increase the lkelinood that blood clots—dangerous because they ‘could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels —will form, Some proponents of HRT have tefipefed their enthusiasm in the face ofthis new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal ives. Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects the growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are {generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agroe that itis foolhardy fo dispense itn cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.21. The word Bfiféin the passage is Hormones inte Boy Gonos meaning + gepceprnamenmentn tron oerecemsecieera sete aaa oo Eaeceeenee en eee C Senoe ee 4. chemical ‘Spesiatuenal mney Sete etocsege Le men sto aan Sing showed a a ‘vc teary oreotnTerarcn sereegoen. ort Seonantea ed ce ao eae rons one So sh 19. TEFL Pte Ts | 40122. The word It in the passage refers to: a. secretin b. small intestine ©. bloodstream 4. pancreas | Former rn cota vist orate Fearon erence Eee ernsemomntcsaubcaicoe © Seng aan aw areas orthr oh Buon fhe Sd eternity ch Snobs sats tune wane sorrorene se (og acer rata eyerenera ea ‘Echooytodepewe tn aer unenteraa ante coir28, To be considered a hormone, a ‘chemical produced in the body must: be partot the digestive process ». _efluence the operations of the nervous system ‘e: _ affect processes ina different part ofthe body regulate attitudes and behavior © tara outer may soe gin opsears toe ae aain chro Boca ‘Setoms we Senor accuats shares whe woo ‘Sitologet sat utwe wane Sewn es ‘inmate te teammnerctetunsure Serco eaters hema utchierieowrtca 18 TOE BT Pca Test24, The hormones mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to: a. Whether scientists Understand the function b. how frequently they release hormones into te body ©. whether the hormones they secrete infuencs the aging process ‘doth they seoete chemicals into te blood Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow co} 494 | Former fect vt Pinata ‘Sowa sceu uments nebbodanstnn aso pate sues 4 morta bom hace ramaesarca et don Sone arty care mectccpestant Siemdaasinemlsvnieraene oy25. The word fifits nthe passage is, closest in meaning to: ‘sudden smal seconds noticeable © Haranagutnnomena may anonepente pata oy 18, TORT ene | 49526. The word {@#ABBFEE in the passage is Homones int 800) closest in meaning to: gan brig ners uti eran ty Sees commer earnest decreased advertised 16 | Forma to cre: vist Pectin)27. Which patients are usually treated Hormones inte Boy with growth hormone? + Unsomenarrl i rican te es ten “Adults of smaller stature than normal Adults with strong digestive systems Children who are not at risk {rom the treatment Children who may remain abnormally small 19. TOFLr Pact Tx | 49728. Click on the sentence in bold text omones inte ody below, where the author explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy. 4) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with ‘age, so scientists have civen a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine ‘system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging, Be combination of estrogen ‘and progesterore has been prescribed for dacades to women who want to reduce mood swings, ‘sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. HRT may also increase the likelnood that blood clots dangerous because they could trave through the bloodstream and block ‘major blood vessels —will form. . Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to chitiren who ‘would be pathologically ‘smal in stature without it 198 | frnom neon vist recon in the passage, that is repeated + Yale gngetnerwezem canny wereounn iyocnstnstaeatarte ‘stem bent28, Look atthe four squares fa] that Hormanesin the Body indicate where the following sentence | + weitere nw try arn could be added to the passage. versace conmunao nen ‘fnupttodeme me onegmeemoton momar an ‘The body is a complex machine, ‘Sie pecan ac erry however, and recent studies have ‘Someta anaitmerne ttonecc rhe soma called into question the wisdom of prelate ane, essentially trying to foolits systems Bisco spencers et sar into believing they aren't aging Sloncoraseactonen cope Where would the sentence best fit? S:njwsionmcpsctinsee Suton on Stak Glick on a-square [mj to add the | ® Secacngutnegacentywncntn soomearbet : ‘sentence to the passage. | SSeS ces eect | Eeenoweeceeaee | Seger nemceseccremaaghe [Here, on this practice test, circle Sees ence areneeoe your answer below] | + seertstombarn ahem sone nn ame i ; | sisters reseaata poco \b Square 2 i Saures Square 4 ‘Boge Maca eneetonedt ans cotone i i] i i ; i * Siatgainmah tx arturcn trove Beco fe ‘Scares re genra ruses carer wade = ‘Sitologesh an ete weno crreroren se iiatmyaauctaaetesomerccimategy, | Sey Womoene cane anon sinatra bene 18. TFL ce Tet | 49880. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer Choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some | sentences donot belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. ‘The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine. ‘Answer Choices ‘The term hormone is based on a | Researchers are looking for ways to Greek word that means ‘to excite" or | decrease the dangers of treatments *to set in motion.” with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it. Hormones can be given artifcialy,| Hormones can affect not only life | ‘but such treatments have risks and | processes such as growth but also | ‘must Bo used carohuly. Dohavlor and omoti | nists have discovered that not | Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) nly the nervous system but also | may increase the risk of blood. clots Certain chemicals can affect bodily | and heart disease in middle-age processes far from their points of | women. origin. S00 | frre scone vit ise con