about water treatment Water is our most vital forrn of sustenance. It is important that we return the water we borrow from nature in such a condition that it | ] does not cause pollution , Clean water will be an important economic and political issue in the future. The availabilty of clean water willbe crucial for manking’s| development in many important respects. “about water treatment” is a book that describes the methods {and processes that are used today for treating potable water and wastewater. It also looks at the problems surrounding sludge and the ways in which itis processed. The book describes methods of water treatment that allow water to be retumed to its natural ecological cycle and permit a sustainable society. We hope that this book gives the reader a bet ter picture of water treatment. kemira wie would like to hear your ideas, comments and suggestions at: kemwater.pr@kemira.comContent Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5. Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Why clean water? Potable water treatment Wastewater treatment Coagulation & Flocculation Sludge Costs Environmental impact Glossary W 33 113 165 191 197 207List of contents 1m chapter 1 Why lean water? Potable woter tweatment Wostewater treatment Decomposition Phosphorus Niogen 1m chapter 2 Potable water treatment {Grounswoter 359 S0Urce of aw water Sorte woter as 2 sree of rw vate Chemical treatment of srace water ‘Chemical preeptation of striae water ‘What happens when coaguants ae added? Water hardness. The ime ~ carbon dioxide equim Cryptosporidium and Gird bottled water Private wll Pesticide waces ‘Who te rexponsibe for voter quality? ‘m chapter 3 Wastewater treatment The nature and compostion of wastewater ganic contaminants ‘ihe HvPRO method Inorganic substances Phosphorus ‘tvogen Other contamination parameters fmunipal wastewater treatment ‘Mechanical treatment Biologia treatment “Anaerabic decomposition ‘aerobic decomposition ‘anoxic decomposition Suspended cultures Fetivated sidge process Operating parameters mass (ined tiquer suspended Sods) ss (volatile Suspended solids) siudge index Sludge production Energy consumption sreatmenteffiency membrane bioreactor Biofi processes Biological beds sludge separation Energy consumption toad Treatment efficiency iootor Energy consumption Suspended biofilm Biologia fers rit bod Emi weaimest Great peetain Stratenen pean estprceniaten mreweeptton ree apon wih ivogen editor thet process Teament mets ten st rection Chen psp edt Ftecpaten certs recPtaten va aris eee whet ron sa Peta bint ion a Frecpttn ene tbe coolants “eponon between conan Strap! poses ema! tog removal Dalal tage weotmenk winton Dentist ection presses fre-dneaton Post donation Struts dnieation SEquercing bone reocos G8) aaa pal lvepenwestment methods Steokpot hiomaton fonexchonoe ‘amon eva ‘rename techneloay dia preataton ‘ier hal tds wastewater eatent fg side onto ‘dou nevteaton matte fon nate tment of process water and insti wastewater mrocsswoter eaten Indust water Went Ist wate entment methods Chemeal recitation tt isin tation Belo! etment Fleevodsis ton exchange fovese osmosis pasoption sing activated caibon Pulp! paper indy fw water nea eatment External treatment Sludge devaterngTeste ndisty ‘Sacinenod or westhg wasewater 1 | tng et thi ty 2 secrete ropes of Kemwaters met sts is Gare wewtrent ot | van ners 5 Biological treatment 405 Pobyscrerrides = tomo whete wastewater rom he teste eee ter industry is treated at 2 municipal plant 2 ey Cancion soles 08 Polyethylene imines 161 Slaughter industry ee Dleyandiamide polymers 161 Cenclson X The pt servo ation poymers ee concen es tee | ested meets etna erste 128 ast methods or teting wash water 2 alee 109 Mi chapter 5 sludge 165 presentment nd beng x00 ‘chemical teatment seterceais See 1 Soil treatment yr aitil cores a ‘oncsen Wak a|emaveesen cre i" |W chapter 4 Precipitation & Flocculation 13 Prepare We Sloe fom westewotertrestnt a Diferent types of tontaminantin water Me | Moterconent, v3 Tesontaneaigetdesenscdmenain 1 | kc 2 vominansinwestewater 120 | Orgone matoces a Cnr atm bene era ane nancies ia me ray | Se processing methods 1 Sorstpaes th | Shdge tutoring ci Renal aed none we | Sete 1% osiy ae contaminants removed? * oye dgeston is Goninon it) Aric ahige saben 1 oct that ocr when 3 ohn Stblootin ih tne 8 Aivorte™ sass aed to water 12 | Thermal sage processing 9 oanaton of the tem bast 30 | thar themal procesing methods 100 Precptton of pares 331 | yingandincreraton 10 Neutotsaton a errge 31 | yh 10 Mater dose to price srace 331 | Pastereaton reo ‘yecnhobic prices 331 | composing x0 ea Bost or porte moral 132 | eet of sdge 1 Patch cooglton 132 | she cnttniog 1 Sue cugaton 132 | cham! oat ondtionieg 1 Pon i | teaingatine 1s stisaton of paris : om payers 1 Diterent ways of aopegs ples 36 | Sudge ysis qt then epaacamumsa ctr | Teo at el i iss pve of tested water Phosphor acon om KREPRO 18 Meets of onhephosphate vith nents Geonires iss slum ad on sls sr | acorbity i Frecptatin of phosphate ra |avatbiy a The lance of ply sak bse on thererovl of partes and othophosohat reo | mehapter 6 cont wm ae ar iocprorss a2 hates east to proaice potable water? 3 The inc of pon the shy of Kot at does it ect to teat water? a dre lin sts us The lence of egal charged counterions in i chapter 7 Envonmental impact 7 $luminam or rnc a | hotles ie gleams HS ‘heniocne same and suphoten poor atsi8 | siadaion 200 Thevemoval otto ions ne oot aries 48 | Wastewater weoment 25 How te concent fenton les Concison ee Cenplnt dosage 1 mossy 207 ae |Why clean water?_ Water fs ou most vital form of sustenance, Every vingble water treatment _phosphorusahead n= verte EOsatment Potable water trea eS oe of undesirable substances inthe raw water and on the Groundwater as a source of raw waterSurface water as a source ofChemical treatment of surface waterI What happens when the coagulants are added? ‘Wollongong cor pacts ert ceome fonts sll Temper 4° nto cata net tate ‘const Diy mater cnene 2orel pce29s Pace cumin Toa pers Temp 02 saat Dvkrenee +072 (neato cs) Py Cohorts 2 ee ee ery ee 000 3000 > Figue 24 Langehers agroi Potable water treatment e ~ sve o eangegseg 8898885 88 Bead tL taka as 10 105 100 95 %0 ) ohana met? 15 10 60 ss 50 a - sme gears 29 88 988 ‘carn 2 | > Figure 25 Hooves nomogram. 2i who is responsible for waterChapter 3 Wastewater treatment {he nature and composition of wastewater Contaminants ‘Organ contaminants "he Hypro metiod Inorgane substances Phosphorus Niogen Other contamination parameters municipal nastewater treatment ‘Mechanical eatment Bolagial treatment ‘Anaerobic decomposition ‘aerobic decomposition ‘anoxte decomposition suspended cultures Activated sludge process ‘Operating parameters ‘suspended sols MLSS (xed laud suspended solids) {Ss (volte suspended soils) siudge index sludge production Energy consumption Treatment efficency ‘Membrane bioreactor iin processes Biological beds ‘Shudge separation Energy consumption oad Treatment efficiency ae-0t0" nergy consumption suspended boi Biological ites Fuidsed bed chemical treatment rect precipitation Simultaneous precipitation Post-preciptation Pre-precpaation Pre precipitation with itragen reduction ~ the HYPRO process Teatment methods mutrient salt reduction ‘Chemical phosphorus reduction Precipitation chemicals Precitation with aluminum salts Precipitation with tvalent iron salts Precptation wath bivalent ion salts Precipitation wath he Nitrate-based coagulants Comparison between coagulants Biological phosphorus removal 36 36 37 0 a a 3 4 4s 7 a ae 0 ° a 54 54 Sa 54 5 55 56 56 56 56 57 57 57 37 58 58 8 59 59 50 6 a a Iizagen renova ‘oat en teotrent weston Deneston Demat processes ‘re-deninaton posvaentiation iruitareous dentition Steences both reat (528) cher ge hyacal agen testment methods treapont carnation fon exchonge ‘anon remo ‘hombranetecnoleay ‘ae orectaton ote chemial meade wastewater Yeoment Buking se conto Odour netotsation ate ton ten nate smogtnet of process water and dust wastewater Process water Weatment Irdstol water estment nds wate treatment methods heme prectation se ator fotaton Betageal reatment flectocayse lon exchange toverse osmosis Asipion sing activated carbon pulp and paper matty aw water inca reatnent External treatment Sudge dewatering Texte nasty Gas methos or weating wastewater iam the ontie ndsty Chemieal vesement alogealveatment Example where wastewater fom the textile Indust isteated at 2 muni pant Concurion, sloughter industry oncuson ‘estnent of indstal wash water Basic methods for teating wash water retreatment and buleing Chemical veatment Borogeal treatment Concksion 85 108, 108 m1Chapter 3 Wastewater treatment Im he nature and composition of wastewater ‘contaminants ‘Organic contaminants The Hypro method tnorgane substances Phosphorus Nitrogen Other contamination parameters lM Mniial wastewater treatment ‘Mechanical teatrent Biologeal treatment “Anaerobic decomposition ‘Aerobie decomposition ‘anoxic decomposition suspended cultures Activated sludge process ‘Operating parameters Suspended sods MLSS (xed bque suspended sols) Ss (Volatile suspended sols) Sludge index Siedge production Energy consumption Treatment effiency Membrane biveacter Biofi processes Biological beds sludge separation Energy consumption Load Treatment efficiency Biowoter Energy consumption Suspended biofim Biological ites Fused bed chemical treatment Direct precipitation Simultaneous precipitation Post-preciptation Pre-precitation Pre-precipiation with lirogen reduction — the HYPRO process ‘Treatment methods Nutrient salt reduction ‘chemical phosphorus reduction Precipitation chemicals Precipitation wit aluminiue salts Precipitation with tnvalent ron salts Precipitation with bivalent ion salts Preepitation wath ime tate-based coagulants Comparison between coagulonts Biological phosphorus removal Bitte 36 36 7 40 a a 2 a “4 4 45 a a7 48 ° ° 51 54 5 5 5 55 55 56 56 56 56 tutrogen removal ‘ological igen treatment treatin Deritiction Denitifieaton processes redenitncatien Fostdemtcation Snaltaneaus dentition Sequenced batch reactor (S6R) hema pysical nitrogen treatment methods treakpont chionation ton exchonge ‘amon removal ‘Membrone technology a? preerstation thar chemical metrodsin wastewater weatment ukng sludge contl dour etalon irate tron ton nate mreatment of process water and industral wastewater Process water teatment Industral water treatment Indust water treatment methods ‘chemical precipitation Bek ttston Frotaon ‘logo treatment Electrodayss fon exchange Reverse osmosis ‘Adsorption using activated carbon Pulp and poper industry Raw water Internal treatment External reatment sludge dewatering Textle ndustty Basic methods for treating wastewater from the textle industry Chemical treatment Biological treatment Example where wastewater rom the textile industy 1s eated at a municipal plant Conclusion Slaughter industy Canchison Treaiment of industial wash water Basic methods for eating wash woter Pre-treatment and buffering Chemical treatment Biological treatment enchsion 85Wastewater is not a new phenomenon. Every city throughout history has produced contaminated water. in older civilisations it was simply emptied onto the street, or at best led away into a ditch. As a result, diseases such as cholera spread easily through cities, decades, we have understood the principles of mechanical, biological and ee chemical treatment for atleast a hundred years. Since then, development has isnt polation that’s harming the eed ant gn eaang about the mechan and HOW We various envionment’ the mpures incur techniques can be combined, With today’s state of Knowledge of the different RE mer aac atk 's we can combine the best of several worlds and and the stench must have been indescribable. ‘The problem of contaminated water was understood back in the time of the Romans. In around 400 8C the Romans laid the fist sewer in Rome, known as the Cloaca Maxima. By taking away wastewater in a closed system they suc ceeded in improving the city environment. There are letters from that time that describe Rome as smelling as sweet as the mountains. the treatment of wastewater is a more recent Invention. The frst places 10 in oduce wastewater treatment were early industries, which could inflit severe local pollution on the recipient water. This began at the end of the nineteenth century, butt was not until around the 1930s that municipal wastewater teat rent became more widespread. Initially the water was simply treated mech anically, but as the years passed and urbanisation increased, the treatment ‘methods became more sophisticated. Taday we can putty wastewater to any degree required; it is simply 2 matter of how much we are willing to pay and ‘what requirements have to be met. ‘Although advanced wastewater treatment has only been developed in recent water treatment processes ove tueat wastewater efficiently. se 3I The nature and composition of wastewater Contaminantsne llewnpis apes a mc seat feat ets st see Tiremodndcesbon [L206 Abie one aes1 Municipal wastewater treatmentrcenpesbolseceat tl earshr aepe mensuspended culturesoperating parameters ‘he mest marta tng oe he ne ae cessfu sg vlan ean 309 Be ee cheerymeena cbt nen beeen tpn (oh entwachertatetaeerts crn ncn Soesate ehh te oe Ha bay wwe‘he thymine ound os. ‘pectin een ave ny were leaden gc tage he convetan work al eg sed an tech ak ho congestion HD 39 rsheteninbe mato at oDeacceoo|i Nutrient salt reduction al phosphorus reduction ‘he rm Ot Che Ge ene ey ywChapter 3 Wastewater treatment foo “amet compen ‘ogee ‘Se ston ara a am eg fe asain, tc Saas Sa Suite Sepamced ach ei BE) conelptargenveent rie pa tee rane Seiwa ies a ‘rome eth ny oer aaicer a =a hemes eae cot eeeeass ene saase| rae 3a te 8 cto 889 EM Tonge ao ht marl! ene offen spas ‘rye tet ght eno, ut he acess Wak wey soy at ‘stomps Th means be doe age mast be eg peas sm 205, ars wal ear lage basin capes for beg tenant ecare the 860 reaunybacaia ae ore elective than he ng bata an dete he BOD contr oh vs teston cana neon rd car mato orn apne aes ‘he me oes hs sk gtr lance fo vane ps Denitrification Denictn mens ht moron eae ite itt to ag 35 whe eda egane rte the abe of gen, The et og 8 ested esr, 'aac bt or dng seco Saave meats. They oh eager ectecieateeee tro cmaseras Sr re a can eae Sadana atte ich tominevecamee see ee ee Soiteaton proces between Ya, Son voted ye fon he oes ao anincese malin a sy tts ng the tear pen veer oe tote fr dean canbe died wo gp anal foot soos ig al tbo ues means th han cont POs sed nated ths gars [Oe te sarains ithe ratect detest the deed Soviets te 5 =chemical-physical nitrogen treatment chen phys itrogen treatmentsembeane technologyTreatment of process water and industrial wastewater Process water treatmentAdsorption using activated catbonPulp and paper industrytreating wastews industryasic methods for treating wash water satment and bufferingconclusion a ya ew wernt ES be Sipe reset “a cae de ons sbecombn anes sare UCN earn a veany nite fee ttdmetots tetrae Kb a yin dude earn nd mentors Ween ren sh ee eanChapter 4 Coagulation & Flocculation bifferent types of contaminants in water ‘The signieance of particle size in sedimentation Dilferent phosphorus contaminants in wastewater Contaminants that can be removed by chernical treatment Removal of particles Removal of dissolved substances How easly ae contaminants removed? Coagulation and flocculation Reactions that occur when a solution of {AD of Fe salts is added to water Explanation of the term basicity Precipitation of particles ‘Neutralsation of charge ater cose to a particle surface Hydrophobic particles deal basicity for particle removal Patch coagulation siveep coagulation Floc se Restabiisation of particles Different ways of aggregating particles ‘Te influence of polyalurnium salt basicity on the pit value of teated water Precipitation of orthophosphate wit Precipitation of triphosphate ‘The influence of polylurminium salt basicy on the removal of particles and orthophosphate ‘The influence of pl on the coagulation process ‘The influence of pH on the solubility of ron() and aluminium salts ‘The inuence of negatively charged counter fons in ‘aluminium or ron(salts The influence of siicate and sulphate in polyalumini salts ‘the removal of toxic ions with the aid of hydroxides Howe the concentration of contaminants affects coagulant dosage Treating water with low alkalinity Properties of Kerrwvater’s metal salts Crganic polymers Polyacrylamides Polyarnines oly OADMAC (Poly¢lalldimet ammonia chore) Polyethylene imines Dieyandlamide polymers he plt sensitivity of cationic polymers Foc stength and methods for obtaining a drier sludge th nor-basic aluminium and on salts 6 “7 120 a 121 122 1 128 1a 130 Bt at 131 BI 1 1 132 134 135 136 137 37 138 140 wae us M6 v8 v8 us 150 351 155 156 159 161 161 161 162 163Around two-thirds of the Earth's surface is covered by water. 98% of all the water on the Earth is saltwater. The remaining 2% is sweet water or fresh water. Of the total amount of fresh water, 80% is bound as ice in cold regions, and of the remaining 20%, the majority, 99%, is present as ground water and 1% as rivers and lakes. Groundwater can easily be converted into crinking water without espectaly extensive treatment. Occasionally soluble Fe®* and sometimes Wn?” have to bbe oxidised into their solid forms, which are then removed. The oxidation is ‘often done by air, although chemicals are sometimes used, especialy for oxid- ising aan. ‘ater that is intended for consumption, whether it derives from groundwater or surface wate, is often disinfected in order to kill pathogens (microorganisms that spread disease) before itis distributed to users surface water is often coloured and contains diferent types of particles, e. bacteria, viruses, parasite eggs, organic decomposition products and waste prod- ucts, These substances should be removed before the water is disinfected, When the water closet began to be more widely used at the stat ofthe twen- tieth century the authorities were Initially reluctant to permit its widespread use, It wos feared that the recipient water would become infected. Howevet, public pressure grew strong and the authotites began granting more ancl more permits, He who neglects to drink at the spring of experience i likely to de of Uist in the desert of ignorance”IH 4% sh yaar whch 9% 8 ground sett a Ten ier ere) > Figure 4:1 The earths water esoutes. round wo thes ofthe Nowadays, water closets are widely used all over the world. Before waste is ted into the recipient water it must fst be Ueated. Ifthe wastevter eg into a river oF lake its phosphorus content should be reduced. tis ed ints sp water its nitrogen content should be reduced. In both cases iti importa jy remove oxygen-depleting substances. IV ths is not done the recipient water will suffer eutrophication, ie. algae ang ‘other microorganisms will begin to grow there and at times will ove its sufags tke a green blanket. At such times these microorganisms can release subsancs, thatare toxic to people and animals, We must therefore treat wastewater be itis released into a waterway. “his chapter describes how different chemicals can be used to treat both sur water and wastewater. Different types of contaminants in water Contaminants in water can elther take the form of particles, or beso smal that they are solble. Dissolved substances in wastewater can include sugars or orthophosphates, while soft surface water can contain fulvic and humic acids that colour the water. Table 4:1 shows the distribution of TOC, COD, proteins, fat and carbohycratesin ‘wastewater in terms of particle siz.ae ee ee ee re An A ei OOS (foes pve dor). eral Conpesten he ree actnt Dane Sewn Seva rns 316) 9596 4-24 ROA ae Gea sale Opa See oder Son 1957290 75761) ‘The table shows that most of the contaminants in wastewater are inthe form of particles. The significance of particle size in sedimentation ‘The time needed for a particle to sediment depends on its density and size, Send and clay often have a density of around 2,65 g/cm. The density of flocs depends on their size and the amount of coagulant used. The floc density decreases with increasing floc size and is often around 1,02 wil 4,7 afer Table 4:2 shows how lang it takes spherical particles of different diameters to settle 1 metre in stationary water if they have a density of 1,05, 1,10 and 2,65 g/cm? respectively, provided that their sedimentation behaviour follows Stokes’ lav. Flocs do not have a spherical form and their settling behaviour therefore does not obey Stokes’ law. However, the table does give a useful uide tothe time required for sedimentation. 0500) I DDoS UOpifferent phosphorus contaminant ‘ontaminant c rants that an be removed by a wastewater wets coe nme he bl, 5-065 chi alps ch ra cea ay,sos lt ses gh “oy tte aspen) aepics <5 e benno ht ed sna ic eyes uted ol ens regintpcucene | . i niponeene et ontheyang 3 erp eel fe pr ens Hydrophobic particlesThe influence of polyaluminium salt bax sicity on the pH value of Treated water [pes aa = m00,69- 6 | Are. 10-39, Precipitation of orthophosphate with non-basic aluminium and iron saltreeee weteeefluence of polyaluminium s ty on the removal of part Grthophosphate‘the influence of pH on the coa ae ppcProperties of Kemwater’s metal salts spect mt le 7 a a am |vmsly nbesab ten‘onerous vance 154 Tables 45 and 46 should only be used as 2 guide. Laboratory experi aitfecent coagulants should always be carried out in order to choose suitable product. In adelition to the products described in tables 4:5 and water has several products under development that are curently bei in various markets.organic polymers polymers are made up of repeating units of one or more chemical unis monomers are used for the production of polymers. ost polymers used in water treatment are linear polymets, ie. polymers without branches, ‘The repeating units can be of the same type, £0. ARAAAAAAARAAAAAA snes are called homopolymers. polymers ean also be built up of diferent types of repeating units, e.g, AAAAB- BAABBBAAAABABBAAA et @ Azone type of repeating © b= another type of repeating unit Polymers with diferent types of repeating units ate called copolymers. ‘here are also polymers in which one or more of the repeating units hes @ large. These polymers are called polyelectrolytes Polymers that contain positively charged groups are called cationic polymers ‘and polymers with negatively charged groups are called anionic polymers ‘Many types of cationic polymers can be mixed with aluminium and feric salt solutions. [Anionic polymers should not be mixed with metal salts, sine the metol ions react and can form precipitates with anionic polymers. Polymers with repeating units with no charge ate called non-ionic polymers. Polymers can be manufactured with a diferent number of repeating units (degree of polymerisation). The highest number of repeating units varies ‘greatly between different types of polymers. The molecular weight of polymers therefore varies widely, from a couple of hundred to tens of milion 100000000 99900000 > Fgue 444 fx of eae emopsiner and coptermerc eH ere crc co c=0 cm i i “ NH On cH cH No, om hen apt epg nyshen the ge i etn cage sme ge vce eeten ia sev yes cal 6 Soc ge dt ney cn-cr—} Lemnen boo fro gm NH, NH-CH.-NH ch x om ly Polyamines rie out pre ame eae ee ne nen peg oc, or cH cH onopoly DADMAC (Polya diethyl amynonum Pa tenet ne NH Ne HN-GONH=C EN > HAN-E=N-CENFloc strength and methods for obtaining a drier sludge he pen tet edt i en ‘Meow eft ten seg ee 2 tower Hers wd oh ah lca fe een ‘rnp ce nese Sagem son ge 127 ase re ete i sit hei 4 mma et 02 04 06 0B 10 12 | sme palmer > Figure 452 The nlunce ofthe dose {eon polymer onthe setting ato Stine flocs wien wastenater seated swith two meta sats 164 Flac svenath has not been sted fr al types of palyaliminr S,Sn vrudies conducted on polyaluminim siicate chlorides Indeate that scat creases the foc strength, te larger the flocs, the more fragile they are: joned, sludge thats produced with sulphate saltshas lower ter content than that produced with the corresponding amount of metal in the form of a chloride salt. This Is because sulphate 4ons screen the positive flocs more effectively than chloride fons. This effect allows the sans there is less water between the Aspreviously ment charges on the flocs to get closer to each other, which me hydroxides, so the sludge fs drier itispossibe to strengthen asludge by usinga flocuation aid, which aoredies the water content ofthe sludge. another advantage of using flccultion ads is that they substantially decrease the time needed for flocculation, and also increase the sedimentation rate of the flocs, Jation aids are negatively charged. High molecular weight anioric poly- Allfloccl tion ai, but activated water glass s 20 ‘crylamides ae often used as a floccula used, especialy where the water is col ‘before adding 2 flocculation aid the contarninants must be given time to react swith the metal salt, and the metal hydroxide flocs must be allowed to grow. The flocculation aid is then added, The flocculation aid cross-links the flocs, which are positively charged. This condenses the flocs, Water squeezed out andthe flocs become stronger. When a flocculation aid is used in combination with a metal salt the total time required for coagulation and flocculation is reduced to around 1/2-1/4 of the time that would be required without a flocculation ai. she sedimentation ate of flocs formed using a flocculation aid may be cons erably higher than that of flocs formed without a flocculation aid, This effects ilystrated in figure 453, {flocculation is carried outin an intelligent way, the flacs may be obtained in he form of a compact aggregate or pelets that have both alow water content and sink very rapidly, Research inthis area is currently being carried out in )aP=”Chapter 5 Sludge matenvorks shudge sewage sudse ‘various types of sewage siudoe Reject water sludge composition Sludge fiom wastewater treatment Water content| Sold particles (Organic substances Inorganic substances sludge processing methods Sudge thickening Stabilsation Sludge digestion ‘Aerobic sludge stabilsation Stabilsation wth ime ‘Terma shidge processing ‘ther thermal processing methods Drying and incineration Pyrolysis Pasteursation Composting Dewatering of tudge ‘Sludge conditioning Chemical oxidative conditioning eon chlonde and ime organic polymers Slucge hydrolysis ‘Thermal acd sludge hyiolyss Phosphorus fraction ftom KREPRO leaniness| ‘Accessibilty ‘svaablity 167 169 170 wm m ” 3 we wm 174 Ws 15 16 116 18 178 9 180 120 180 180 10 18 181 181 183 13 rea 185 88 188 138 0Slides as oo The purpose of water treatment is to separate undesir- able substances from the water. This is done by encour- aging dissolved substances and small particles to form larger particles that can be separated. When these larger particles clump together they form a sludge, Sludge can be defined as a mixture of particles and water. The total solids content can be high or low, and the content will vary depending on the source. sludge generally contains both useful and useless components Is because these are mixed together that sludge i oten classed as waste. But sludge is actualy 2 resource: industial sudge can contain vouable metal, waterworks sludge can contain precipitation chemicals, and sewage sludge contains nutens All these useful constituents may be los if sludge is classed as waste, We must instead regard sladge as an opportunity rather than a problem. @ Waterworks sludge ‘The aim of potable water productions to separate undesirable substances from the water Examples of such substances are day and mineral particles, algae and humic substances (which were discussed earlier in chapter 2). “Don't tow out the city water‘etic meter” Tolle wat Spe (cmesoSheon perma Geshe) store conmens mea ops aesludge composition Secrest nerarenes end tame ‘Seputonrae sha hes wcmgoanscn sass ‘emconener ey rebate staan ect Rese myberogme ‘aos ees a ao wae gene ose Sludge from wastewater treatment Sle ain ater pre toast ws lk fae de py tae DO | ema sgynn was me‘loge tent ay soe ‘scoot a Se ‘Te eendnntge ole ceiiih cern recreate > lest tinea nn Staae ‘aoa aise Iocten fom 5 _tscaorannos ray te soo om mn secondo see 0-0 xo ‘Thermal sludge processing ‘el Se ening wes pects mate ed ie ‘hrced ohh era ‘epupoc ohm pepsin hese Nps secsAvailability ‘without phosphorus, biological life on this planet would not for building genes and for transporting energy in all ving present in DNA, teeth, bones and in cell membranes, Phos replaced by any other element, St. Hise FQ phorus Phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium are the most importa plants. Cakium and suphur are also important for the vast maj and hence for the global food supply. ifthe availabilty of an substances was restricted it would mean that considerably lo brodved a cent oss. The substance thts mest Rey obec a fist fs phosphorus. Pty Oty of one of An element suchas phosphorus cannot disappear, but It canbe conan and spread in an uncontiolled manner that could make it a scarce saute the fare, particulary in pute frm, this wal naturally not happenin heen few years, but itis important to have solutions in advance, andthe phosphng ‘ssue has caused a considerable degree of concern, fora varity of reson Many people are debating the problem, and the solution that most overs ‘cycling The facts that phosphorus fllows a fairly wellknown path andalage Proportion of the phosphorus used by society ends up in wastewater dude. The ability to recover phosphorus from wastewater sludge has therefore been ‘the goal of many research and development efforts in recent yeas. Mis arty 5 food coughi Chapter 6 Costs what does it cost to praduce potable water? 193 1 does it cost to treat wastewater? 194Costs aaa » choice of process clearly has a big influence on the erating economics of different treatment processes, .2 investment cost (per volume), energy consumption, Lemical precipitants and costs of sludge processing all ‘ect operating economy. ‘What does it cost to produce potable water? ‘order to supply the consumers with potable water of satisfactory quality the ster must be put through 2 variety of processes. These treatment methods sce descibed in chapter 2. Goad quality raw water naturally requires less treat: nent than water of poorer quality. cost of coagulant for a chemical precipitation process represents relatively mall proportion of the overall water and sewage charge. sing Kem: palit ‘ond he example below illustrates the costs of producing potable water Water ALG (aluminium sulphate) at a waterworks inalarge Swedish muni The water and sewage charge, which covers the treatment of potable water wastewater, arnounts to € 1,30/m?. The production of potable water accounts forthe smaller share ofthis total, around 369% (€ 0.47/1) ‘wet i ike 309 Water: the more we dink, the thstier we become:ere tate gs mm re Man tet Somtion Sout ovine mates i what does it cost to treat wastewater?950) i > Table 63 felotive costs of ilfetent treatment processes = shat e Direct precipitation wastewater » 5 P stuige 3 3 y Tota 52 48 “oa blogic treatment wastewater st 35 a shidge 1 0 5 Total os 65 ‘a simuitoneous precipitation wastewater 56 4 a sludge 2 " 23 Total « 7 pre-preiitation wastewater so 2 a studge 15 u » Total iz e é simultaneous precipitation and pre-denitrtication Wastewater 8s 67 152 sludge 2 2 24 Total 7 7» 176 Pre-precipitation biofilm ~ post-denitriication with external carbon source Wastewater 6 B 40 sludge 18 1“ Bb Total a 87 169 For comparable processes, chemical pre-treatment of wastewater has a beneficial effect on the overall operating economy.ae ihn) 0 popuuy aeemey ap syChapter 7 Environmental impact Mati a life cycle analysis? 200 simulation 200 Wastewater treatment 205 Conclusion 206Environmental impact _ Everything in our dally lives ~ the food we eat, the news- papers we read, the lights we use, the water we drink, and so on = affects the environment in some way. The total environmental impact of our various activ- ities has caused growing concern in recent years. In order to reduce the environmental impact of a given activity or product every stage of its life must be taken into account and analysed. In other words its environmental impact must be considered “from cradle to grave" In order to identity and document environmental damage 2 variety of tools known as life cycle analyses (LCA) have been developed. These Me cycle analyses can naturally ls be used nthe wate treatment field to fet the products, processes and activities that have the least possible environmental impact. The great vers need the smal steams. 19ret peetaton pepceptton rested neictoncopa pe tome Fontes SEP (a os ee oa a Ba pep peepee Neem Nia |» gure 74 ecopints for diferent eaten processes where trogen isthe fn Facto for eutrophiation othe reapiet. aging gejsome os 03 02 2 he ePind — Preercp ro Fee reno Nii rent processes where phosphorus isthe sng > Figue 7:5 Ecopoits or diferent tat factor for eutrophication ofthe repent Conclusion processes that are based on direct precipitation of pre-preciitation are vy Competitive when compared with biological processes terms of total envi onmental impact. ae ABOUT WATER TREATIENT + ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AGlossaryGlossary A Angstrém measurement of length, 1A = 1000 m Acld fermentation digestion of sludge under formation of oan cds Activated sludge sludge formed when treating sewage with micro. organisms under aerobic conditions Adhesion the way bodies stick together touching surfaces Adsorb to concentrate or attract 3 substance on toa surface Adsorption the binding of dissolved substances tothe srlace ofa sold particle Aerobic in the presence of oxygen Affinity the tendency of substances to react with each other Aggregate collection of units ‘Agaressive free carbon dioxide ives water corrosive properties AAG iron-free aluminium sulphate in granular form sold by Kemwrater Alkali mainly sodium and potassium hydroxide Alkalinity buffering capacity, Ablity of water to neutralise acids. Alkaline basic, ie. with a pH higher than 7 Amphoteric able to act as both an acid and a base Ammonia Ni, colourless gas with an acrid smell Ammonium NH, Anaerobic in the absence of oxygen and nitrate Anionic. negatively charged ion Anionic polymer polymer with negatively charged groups: ‘Anoxic in the absence of oxygen but inthe presence of nitrate OX Adsorbable Organic Haides Ash content ash residue {Assimilation merging or synthesis of organic compounds ‘Associated free carbon dioxide the amount of carbon dioxide that's ‘needed to prevent precptation of calcium carbonate in wate ‘Autotrophic organism that produces its own nuttin, requires ight energy for growth by attraction between‘tem bre haw e sae 3 bone etapa manosetn cast ovate (ls) ough eof pac ne se ele Senda weabent sen spot al HenmanT ‘Merman lies cas pty beng Termopidigron cso ats sesetenpee Umeda one ee erst furs agaientegn ono ee aes pint ma as lle pent Soi mere a Deo vated se eco220 Z Zpotential potential ofthe electrical double layer that surrounds parti- les in 3 colloidal solution or suspension Zeolite aluminium silicate mineral of alkali metal or alkali earth metals with well defined porous structureList of contents Im chapter 1 Why clean water? Potable water treatment ‘Wastewater treatment ‘decomposition Eutrophication Phosphonis| Nitrogen chapter 2 Potable water treatment {Groundwater a6. a source of raw water Sorface water a8 a sauce of raw Water ‘chemical treatment of surface water ‘chemical precipitation of surface water ‘hat happens when coagulants are added? Water hades The lime = carbon dxide equiirigm Cryptosporidium and Giardia Bottled water Private wes Pesticide voces Whois responsible for water quay? 1 chapter 3 Wastewater treatment The nature and composition of wastewater Contaminants ‘organic contaminants ‘he HYPRO method Inorganic substances Phosphorus Nitrogen Other contamination parameters ‘Municipal wastewater treatment ‘Mechanical weatment Biological treatment “Anaerobic decomposition ‘Aerobic decomposition “Anoxic decomposition Suspended cures Activated sludge process Operating parameters IMUSS (Mixed Liqur Suspended Solids) 55 (ola Suspended Sols) Sludge index Sludge prediction Energy consumption Treatment effcency Membrane bioreactor Biofim processes Biologia beds Suge separation Energy consumption load TWeatment efficiency Biorotor Energy consumption Suspended bat Bologeal titers Fuilied bed Chemical treatment Direct precipitation Simultaneous precptation Post precipitation ‘e-precitation Pe-preciiation with nitogen redueton the HYPRO process Treatment methods Nutrient salt reduction Cherical phosphors reduction Preepitaton chemicals Precipitation vith aluminium salts Preepitation wth ivalent ion sats Preepittion with bivalent iron sls Preepitation with ime Nitate-based coagulants Comparison between coagulants Biologia phosphorus removal Nitrogen removal Siologialnitogen veatment Nitieation Dentrfication Denitifcation processes Pre-denitiiation Post-deniication Simultaneous denteavon Sequencing batch eactors (S68) Chemie physica trogen treatment methods ‘rcakpoint chlorination lan exchonge ‘ammonia removal ‘Membrane techlogy ‘MAP precipitation Other ceria methods in wastewater testment Bulking sudgecontoh, ‘odour newwasaton uate tron ton nitate “eatment of process water and ids wastewater Process water teatment Indstil water teatment tevdstil water treatment methods chemical precipitation Bett vation Flotation Bisel weatment Hecodalysis ton exhonge Reverse osmosis ‘tortion ising activated carbon Pap and paper industry Interna weatment Extemal veatment Studge dewateringext industry ex methods for tating wastewater ftom the texte industy Ghemial treatment ogi treatment faample where wastewater from the textile tat is ated at 2 municipal plant Concusion Soughtr industry onduson ‘eninent af odustrial wash water ose methods for treating wash water Dre-teatment and bulfesing emia treatment Shological treatment Concsion 1m chapter 4 Precipitation & Floceulation Deven ypes of contaminants in water ‘he sgnikance of pate size in sedimentation Ditlerent phosphorus contaminants in wastewater Contaminants that can be removed by chemical tweatment Removal of parties ‘eermoval of dselved substances How easy ate contaminants removed? ‘caglation and flocculation Reactions that occur wien 2 solution of ‘ioc Fe sats is added to water Explanation ofthe term basiy Preciptatio of particles eutalisaton of charge ‘Water dose to pate surface Hydrphobe parties ‘des bast for parte removal ach coagulation ‘seep coagulation Foc size Restabisation of particles Dileren ways of aggregating particles The yence of palyaliniym salt basicly 00 the pt value of treated water Precpitation of orthophosphate with non-basie lumina and iron salts Precipitation of tiphosphate The invence of polyalumiium salt sity on ‘he removal of particles and orthophosphate The isence of pan the coagulation process The isence of pan the solubty of rot) and alain sats The fluence of negatively charged counter ons in lumii oF wont 103 104 105 106 106 107 108 108 108 109 m nm 1 16 Ww 0 ma oro 124 330 at at Bt 2 12 132 5 136 Ww 7 138 va 5 46 The yee of lcate and sulphate in pba sas 148 The removal of oni fons withthe aid of hydrox: ow the concentration of contaminants alec oogulnt dosage ae 9 Treating wotrvath low alatnty Properties of Keriter’s met salts Organi polymers Polyacrylamide Polvamines Pol DADMAC Polyethylene imines Dicyandamie polymers ‘he pH sensity of cationic polymers Floc strength and methods for obtaining 9 drier sudge chapter 5 sladoe Waterworks shdge Senage sige Various types of sewoge sodoe Reject water Sludge composition Sludge fom wastewater teatent Soi parties Organi sibstonces Inorganic substances Sudge processing methods ‘Sdge thekening Stabisaton Shige digestion ‘roi shdgestabisation Stabistion wh iene Thermal sudge pocesing Othe thermal processing methods Deng andincneration Pyrotss Pastersation ‘composting Dewatering of sane Sludge conationng hemes oxidative conditioning tron hone and ime Corgan polymers Sludge etch “ermal bell doe cross Phosphor traction fam KREPRO ‘Geaniness decessbity ‘ality i chopter 6 costs ‘what does costo produce potable water? ‘hat does it coat to teat wastewater? chapter 7 Environmental impact ‘What a Me cycle analysis? Simulation Wastewater teatment matossary 150 156 161 163 us \e 1% mm cy oa us ve ve 1» +80 480 181 381 183 13 185 188 185 190 ar 200 205, 206