A chain locker is often arranged in the position forward of the collision bulkhead, below either the main deck or the second deck. It can also be fitted in the forecastle or aft of the collision bulkhead, in which case it must be watertight and have proper means of drainage. Chain locker dimensions are determined in relation to the length and size of cable, the depth being such that the cable is easily stowed, and a direct lead at all times is provided to the mouth of the chain pipe. Port and starboard cables are stowed separately in the locker, and the inboard ends of each are secured to the bottom of the centre line bulkhead or underside of deck . It is desirable to have an arrangement for slipping the cable from outside the chain locker.Typical Forecastle Deck ArrangementHawse Pipe The main function of the hawse pipe is to guide the chain from deck level to outside the shell plating. The hawse pipe should be constructed to a size large enough to accommodate the smooth running of the chain and to provide secure stowage of the anchor, permitting it to drop freely when released without jamming or risking damage to the hull structure. —, Hawse PipeChain Stopper Two main reasons for installing a chain stopper: 1. Acts as a guide for the chain into the hawse pipe. 2. When Closed, transfer the chain forces into the ship’s structure. © culfofsea.com Chain StopperSpurling Pipe and Chain Locker The chain locker provides storage for the chain cable and is situated under the deck with a pipe connection (Spurling pipe) to the anchor windlass. The Chain locker incorporates an arrangement to facilitate drainage, with the chain cable stowed on a grating. The chain end (bitter end) is secured to the side or top structure of the chain locker by an arrangement that incorporates means for emergency release. It is recommended that this arrangement includes the facility for the chain to be slipped from outside the chain locker. Chain Stowage in a Chain Locker1. Measuring level by sounding the tank In this method, the sounding tape is inserted in the sounding pipe and bob is lowered till it touches the bottom of the tank ie. the datum plate (check figure). The tape will measure the complete depth of the liquid which will be compared to the sounding value in the sounding table. Sounding Tape Sounding Pipe ——— Fluid Surface Sounding Veloso Striker/ Datum Sounding Method Plate2. Measuring level by calculating the Ullage of the tank When measuring level by ullage method, the sounding tape is inserted only till the bob/ tape touches some part of the fluid top surface. Instead of measuring the whole depth of the tank, only the free space (from the top of sounding pipe to liquid surface) is measured (Check Figure). This method is convenient if the fluid in the tank is at a higher level. In heavy oil tanks and viscous fluids, this method does not spoil the whole sounding tape and avoids a false reading. Sounding Tape ——_ Ti Ma Ullage Value. ——" Fluid Surface | <— Sounding Pipe ~ Striker/ Datum Piet Ullage MethodFollow the steps mentioned below to take sounding on a ship using the sounding tape: 1) Make sure the bob is tightly held with the tape using a strap hook. Ensure that the tape is not damaged anywhere in between to avoid dropping of bob or tape inside the pipe 2) Know the last reading of the tank in order to have a rough idea whether to take sounding or ullage 3) Apply water/ oil finding paste to get exact readings (for Water and gas oil) 4) Drop the tape inside the pipe and make sure it strikes the striker plate 5) Coil up the tape and check for impression of paste and then note the sounding 6) Check the trim and list of the ship to read the correct reading for volumetric content of the ship 7) Note down the sounding in the record book with signature of the officer in chargeSounding Table Sounding table is a chart describing the construction, capacity and most importantly the volumetric content of the tank at given depth of sounding or ullage. All vessels have their own sounding table documents for each tank containing fluid in bulk. The sounding table is compiled to show the volumetric quantity of fluid at various trims and list for the particular sounding depth in cm. {m) ‘Sounding: Ullage: {rm) 1.5620 1.5370 15120 1.4870 1.4620 1.4370 1.4120 13870 13620. 13370 43120 12870 12620 12370 42120 1.1870 1.1620 1.1370 4.1120 1.0870 41,0620 1.0370 1.0120 0.9870 0.9620 03370 09120 0.8870 0.8620 0.8370 08120 07870 0.7620 07370 07120 0.6870 0.6620 06370 06120 05870 ETE ol osc ecscece0eC0000 Ha Seesess 5 ‘= 3 BY 8Why do we need to ventilate? To expel heat, odour, toxic gases, cold and replace compartment with fresh air. Ventilation can be done by removing all sides of the compartment to allow maximum exposure. But it is not possible as compartment sides cannot be removed. Think of a room where we have windows and door. They are nothing but small openings in walls posing limitation problem. Ventilation needs certain speed. This speed is dependent upon how much volume of air is replaced per hour. This depends on area of cross section of the opening and ventilation fan capacity.COWL ventilatorsushroom ventilatoVentilator Fan / Blower Ventilation may be natural (No fans) or mechanical (With fans). Unlike Air pipes, Ventilators have Manual closing arrangements by way of FLAPS. Hold ventilator set into hatch panelAir pipe A pipe provided to equalize the tank pressure with the atmospheric one while the tank is being emptied or filled. Air pipes terminating on the open deck shall be fitted with approved air pipe heads. However, air pipes from the fuel oil settling and service tanks should be led to the funnel in order to eliminate the risk of water ingress due to a broken pipe or head. To meet requirements of the International Convention on Load Lines it is enough to arrange 760mm high air pipes on freeboard deck and 450mm height ones on and . However such standard approach is no more valid. Efficiency of many vessels depends on their damage stability characteristics: better damage Stability allows higher permissible vertical centre of gravity. In order to improve damage stability of the vessel it is very important to arrange air pipes and vents as far as possible from ship sides and as high as reasonable.Aft Peak TK Ballast System Sea ToSea Suction Ballast ¥ J Ballast] Ballast Tk i = ™ oy Strainer Qe ’ + C} } UH Fore Peak % Ballast o Ballast e Ballast Ballast system is provided on ships for: 1. To ensure the stability of the ship in all loading conditions of the ship. N To adjust the centre of gravity of the ship in all loading conditions. wo . To adjust the trim by adding ballast water weight in the required tank and d) to ensure distribution of load, shear forces and bending moments due to self-weight and cargo are withing designed limitations. 4. To ensure distribution of load, shear forces and bending moments due to self-weight and cargo are within designed limitations.The type of valves used ina ballast system would depend on where they were placed, but most valves would be gate valves or butterfly valves. The type of valve used on a bilge system would be screw down non- return valves. Strum box Engine room bilge port aft Engine room bilge stbd aft To bilge tank Bilge pump To dirty 7 oil tank Bilge suction Engine room manifold bilge stbd fwd all valves are of screw down Engine room non-return type bilge port fwd From bilges forward Bilge system of a general cargo shipCargo Pumping and Piping Arrangements in Tankers Cargo pumps are provided in tankers to load and discharge cargo, and also to ballast some of the tanks which becomes necessary when making vo' in the unloaded condition. Many modern tankers have clean ballast capac- itya and these tanks are served by a separate pumping system. The particular cargo pumping system adopted depends very much on the range of cargo carried. A fairly straightforward system is available for the larger bulk oil carrier, carrying a single product. Where smaller tankers carry a number of oil products at one time, which must be kept separate, the pumping system is more complex.