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    Tanya_Solid State Physics End Sem Notes

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    10 views79 pages

    Tanya - Solid State Physics End Sem Notes

    Uploaded by

    m9461309595

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    § Quantum Viebratton 2 The conept a wave £ poucticler ou actualty Approximation si th deeper lying thoosuy 6{ QM, known a7 MET, : Jp trelds arr Ha medium ef wove £ guantizatten the. waver filo partes: Monvactom? chain of atorny | mein = Cl bans FE%n/~ 28%) coupled osetllation problem. exutattons behaves ay totally findipendlant. pserllatrons + th, tevfat dotn 4 Sys ett Ce tn fwi- TKNa) . Oe ee a= tate Spacing : spat we fave 4 burch of coupled Haxmunie o Note & we nud & gesinteqate tim, whith we fo {claton “hy cotting te sotutten tke above on alreod, é ’ ¢ es uh ell Antrecluet Ayfereat ampli, : ae for a ept Ferns Th mast i gol” can be wHittn ag gu Xned= 244 + Zo [op ele Hera) os that aay Poa spine (abe pr * i Nepe Be Bait tiepe areata (3 2 ua? L Het 4 if ute fu) Hesendeg pic dug can Work fn Ake Schrodéngex -pecluset ty settng Aro To dats plete, _% atte i : RA [oye Nite by)na at etanns) Hee 4 PSSEEETL IST Tee a yt ue hove fo use | bn = 4 e nv f 1a Bs xy erthene sa[mpy ety pis a eens | nr = , tery anan Spy t= Spy % ettrtp asad Shap Lo = Spy xg fRpna + x, 3, nee x {ep Shp + Me Spy MF = [4p+ afJn —@ Stmtharly , x Fetiss = CN mvdpltp— ff) { ape} Rett eee he 2) Heme, Xn &Py needs to be Henmitan, Soduing gD 4D por a, g af a ee ee | a n P Sragn So ele [muy 2, 4th] wrt s, alfa 7 i Frog muy te ~ CF J For tu com twordinader, hot Oe [eee ihe CXasb d= th Samy Te RTs tk Cp ays : PeeTs Ho Shp [epee] = Tet, hts 0 The vreatfon Z annthilaton, eperatort are ebtacned prom the Fu sealing . ape at Hs [ay] Shp + C8, 1 (7.93) = The Howsttowan Of Hs system, under Constderatton, He Pe 4 £05 OG" Xm)? a» ie ce haar ™ + Quanta ¢ phonon. py = Rp | Np? > annihilatr’on jiMpy = Mpa INH creation = Ey Wwe atay Op lo7 = Gheit Guctted slate E = haps cacdes Hu Cuystal momentum ak Ang rulHpanttdly pate ler= we COPY ' hh gtode ta A ‘ : whe ta eed bed by zn arbor of phonon 4. decomposes Inte Ty phonons ull rmmenhum Rp fox each ‘he [Hiey = ¥ Tphw — pan ‘Yat Catrect § ¢ L Holbert sfacu) jhe total net stowed In al the vitrattnal modes at a gun <7? ‘ = Ss hep lips) r Je : ~ Bowe slettatas = 7 pl phw) = ey cLee- Ro fe Oyital_Snteraciton 5 Vere Wie) 4 4dr + gud | , Tro harmonic theo ytbratton { solids st In the Latte, fous Bu naghected order anhanmont& Regulitng conaequencts! scoyf af ternal erp @ These tt no thermal exparsfon (s-0) @ Elastte constanu don'+ 4ehend en poemud or Hemperatusy * ens and non Int eacting harrnonfe elagife, wave » vihatt => ty utinathton Havel thnough Fatt Winatéen, -uithout any dcattertng of wtthat meetng any Yer phares - (1) Thermal conductvtty La afénite ® Thr feat capactty fH consfant at higher temp. & beating wth wahth prohiem 64 Ideal phonon Gos . lath’a Energy derstity Dp, = Etat he Phonon dintity Etauita of £ hug) % kay ut us introduce the higher ord ex dooms rn Haat Lattice p bs Lewtezgut ums uf + (xtey 44 4 4 tome a +t fic ar “3 aa % Relative dtiplacament Ye Ge cea Vin) = ced gad fat — oo CG #9 70) 24 oron tnieac® . ae me, atata? 3 enon tnferace” The average Atsplaume Iq d tt of Hu fond Ue given by ae ie axon ohn oe an. UY Taking UB ced. we wilt Lave Co perc { “dn. a ePIC ER? fx A ’ da 2 EH tT! e PEM - | ax 1 PO ca patti pea [on ene fat pgr's ppt + pfx?) 2 aes + fos ah pagat = 9 TS 3 Ygx WIE oe pm owh = aS g ph a ech den = a eh pr py ° J = f da BA 14 gadociepat) ee J L ; eRe de J ~ wring from cuble torr th Int nek fevel appxer- hena, #0, East constant will become temperatos eben dent fon 4 2--L fa Confitutent Thoxmal Expansion * of +35, Lecditoterd af Thuxmal Exponufore a $ We Enews Hat He proms of Hib system (2%) y * a ... = ~ OF ' (3), Fouts Aue, Fs - Line Fox phonon madi of freq. bw" the paxiiten fr wlll be 7]. eth, “ \=e-BRo Fe -KeT int = _ bho = teat [4% + tog (ey) Fox a uaysiely the pus Grusgy fs given by FUWT) = uty) + kyT z [pase rn tog ((-e™)] taking 9 ak Jemnp Teo ° ae ty (2h, = Be (3) > Ath 0 0 phonon Be bulk modulus < er o, Poa = emi kept Df ae + 150 ePhayy Y u V don't Rave has a kang 7 Ory HOP dependent herd BT la lk zs) + (48) Cy 9 OSS CSB ae (BR) fe) Th prtrtpte we can define 44, HOR. HO 4 Hes phon ee _.. 4 ea. “at > 2a Sum over tndivtewal Vv bhonen smades Be 4 ee vr Boat av Soe = tf Veo a 20 4 Tut-2 oe Oy seve 4 Pititive ata vectors Rove min one 4 aga — primitive © ue ctons hog eG (2)> (4 SD peel ee ra oy de @b Wis 3a) +4428 Bis 3a 4 2h 4% B= A, +a, + 34, 2 3f 6-1 4-42 (39) ' a2 1 = pruane FUEL. ° ‘ way Kener, Huse aldo vepresent prirative Latta vectors. N ore : a Bs @ fae dy ef | Rae al 1 n=] Nl @ Ge Ne pee ‘ =y, ete* OY eleea 18) = ep eta ot, ata, ata, geo 2c MRF) PG GMT gute) (1 ME) eR [ettan_ FH) u stn{ NB) COR ae oved Gin (Bale) @lBOH Proved, @ % fH > prdrmike labia vec, fa Br RE > veelprecad ’ Bebo, Wyte ze. BG ———— Qiy ba t Oy byy = air Abana + Aiyhy © ° Aga br Ayby = Ayn bay + Gy by = 2 “fs uty silts) yy JL EY bay oR AB INI O18 B= wan T B= anat Now, TALS ay %, dy = (Gx | adj P= io -Og¢ 7 Hy ye 83 ae ct bly bey = 2 * TR {@y) 0 P., Tez gn -(Oyt—4s.}) ta x3) Bee ah ~4ytt 45) Taxa | Y= te [Brad (yt 247 1ayxa, I 4 zon { {0% =, 044) (My ~ net) oe aw son fF MG TH ONO ud ay > Sbigoyl + yas ays | ton t (a0 93, ¢ + ah ay3) ~ (Oudteys + $044) 20 J Cantet P+ayah f+2n%352 49%) ) — ee -) { (a¢4a, Mant O4s) CTH AGI) ~ COM MyyOg > 7 anf it | era = (41%, | > lw rg — (404,)4, An feat, Gems Strrlar Hu oer can be derived . © af &, a= tat, Ba, = af ’ a oe os 7 Fe devsal Sant { md a aK) Ta = j j ee AGT oad a ¥ aE htt a a Ke Kettkyf RG = Gt o dh + IUTK Ky = ant sie Mays se [4] Min Valu 9 thik) fon dst Brillouin eons, Aro, kath, 2 ky = ut a a YW a lee= al. Ye = ( due) r Wy Oy / Cowenetsen rasa § anhanmroni chy In tas pardrnster Aya tem i 4a a Rui Heat Naport mal Coneduehtthy, ke Sie Kotte Phmone Pun USE Stree cut 40 Anfaxmoniaty poneny LEAR decay, 05 seater 5 ty wil Rove Entte Lifetenne $ > Kua become finite ion fonninatts _ (8 URS Enengep density of tel Le phonont Jurtiatn = Trenad fregy cays = Pama vetoing Ti) = demperatue gradient along tr -~decth Type Tez s0 To He prasence 98 temperature gradient ut) wulhs vaty from plact de plac, 2 The phonon moan vel'free pate Ths trewpe Mw bin collided » Te t/y, pant Blo m7 % Ms noxal Ary phenee olvtuing at a onptad — or eee: cemn fom 0 ti 4 radiug 9 onted at F. Form Ho atts Aigion will have more vomntng tem ace erongy from igh Phonon a em said Hin Hoe mh Alun ef theraral regime Thnrefom , ’ ab = cuinodedd > fos T will give dy avelage J> iga | Uood a! J \Sthore Fenty / tome Surface ag ~~ — of Sphou bphere t | cere ula —keore) Lhenadé Tiere fy ule) 1co1o a) y cose Hn do ee \ =e | in26 udiae— vf du] dtd itches Sa ar ae 7 Thy AF se -Gulh ate - at “> a de Kae cw) ty 3 3 At righ Senopeaartina kgT 77 AWdenye vee 1 we Fe Mela T “hep Bue, °C See oti inp : Cys ke \K“4] tReimal ucrent plorment araa On HA Sungaul Of Hee The yout majasty phone rey cc Wpebdt | c at Cpe ware such He ae tn He fiat BxiDlouln Zon . 2 all Hu phord sf qu yelated paaneng pros knowin as nomrnat = qu vt Acactte ng (tn His no Of PRonor, fu consexved ) Note- Gr type ef scattering Noxmal scatkertg (A) - Beattering) AY % 2 . Pel qs Fy" | Be = brengy @ monertum £1 pea Conteued n_youseide Ne a47! by Eneyy & momentum BEA Phonon mornentu Ld no} consesued divect® of G" will Change Th nu Oo sealesing So momentum dleshoyeng pyoceu ot dead ty thermal netiiong feon' The phoren wave vert on uniquety deeed (ace oe cece utvalent a: Lec 82 MMhet ws Abdath+ ptomid deter § Shaw group £ tocnt group :- froputes '- ® Uosure? The product of He two elements alo ft an cement of Hy tam ae earls oe ensemble contatns +N element © E/T? (Leently oferdiny © 3) ® alec) = care => anoclateve property sea e @ ov) clement has a suctpwocat elernint contatned tn the ensemble - Gten an element *a?, tr ensemble Contarr an olerumt BY such dat ppettan stp © AB> BASE 4 Tramslaiton Symmeliy 2 Hay Lah ax squfvatent/ & Represent the translatfon symmmetiy s} a Brovata Latitce. Wy TREE Symmeyy dllant ut fo generate He wtete Latta by The ( making alt fosathle Hrantbatfons Of Hu WS coll + Two succeutve translations wu equtralent toa stngde tranatat” 4 Hw0 succentve stranulations commute. with each ofer, Ue Th collect” of det fc translation usflt foun an Péellan group - a # Rotatfonal Syrmenetay. to (and type of Structural Syeom: of He Pre upialtine soktd x Hat for whlch at deast ont pelt of Hae e Latttee 4 pened Voxtout Speractfons ~ “ © Retetion about on axts patting throunh a Jattter potnt. <~. ® Reflection atout a Mont passing rheough a potat| ator - ome ® “Investor @ cu’ erent enetration & He aove sym: operation. . Tr alt these operators ot Least ent potnct of He atts fal! pred € Hueforxt such spoxations are cakted potret gymmmetstel Proper Rotattons —» atuxete rot” by angle Cre 80m» n-fold yt” Trpoper Fokations—+ Trueuensyeptett®& conshénat” (105) 59, Oh Hum tle votet™ (pepe) Rotedfong => Sp Combtnat” — Rnt be a ayrmetiy operator fox fhe n— fol aotatton about an axis ‘07’ let, Ve fleck” 4 ode” Wa Pedy =? A= hat ¥ wb The collectten, Of all He sotedtonal symmetry. Spevattens fam & group => Petnt Group - Two succesatva rotat™ dont commutat ve we Non-abeltan group, Tranilattonal qroup feypry Patnt qz0up 1 {Rio} Shact qroup symmitecer * -{ Q)TH } We ALE T Ente ape The ® = feng tty ® > TW gre of trenilat® 4 yotatfonal symmity tat harper Hu Bravad: latttee, into Aeetp porns a | group \ : teu fen oS We Pen ly oe { Rai I-eni Te YY” § Trandlation Subgroup |. Bravais latter — An Of pomnts that erfabliyhes fie Skeketon ef a chace group CG). Let Ug congiden a subgroup ¢T? of 6G? Tas qhemeré op tr? {REVS operate af a space group LAITY (Elta ee RES ronare qoip. = FRityfer -eet+T,} eee eset en 4x {el ety u a © Therefor symm seperation + ht subgroup 1” dranslatin foun an Lnvarlant Subdroup of luo a prtmittve Hanslation. vie Prt tive Sha group, FELRTAY 0 4 anotwr hanslat® vector me T? RT se gor thet reac fete ye RT. rut be a Latltce vector allourd yotrtions Lee- 23 6 Allowed sotationt tn a ouptal 3- Fel EHf ELT YER IRnt b= L EL kT} Ze Gat) both ma He Pximitive arulation vectors State eee vector, see. m- fold otatten « : thy HL ee ak D ed Row | babieer potrts seprestinted by 46D , Wa Latitee spect cD Bago ae selated clochuitse ¢ antt-clockutte trough an — angle Sep= 2? (n- fold notatiom) — Th: notational symmetry demands that Ha potnt 'E* ¢ ¢ps fe mut connespords to atiter 4p ths Crystal Laitta 5% 40 poscess an >) ° ants of n~ fold yotatto nal gymmutty Pe cen pp 2 Co. ma, r° from fqure, 1 cr = WWresn 4G. = (1+ Qe@ion)= me sed 5 01On = (m4) # re So, N conte ~—2404, (On= Bn) —— Whin NEA, CoBned 9 Onz0. = OoRAT : — aed monet 49 = 6. N= Os CO0n =0 DF On=9O' =Th of “" Wore cason= ~f 9 One [20° = Bes 3 “= Ne-9, — COWpz-1 + On= Iho = TE g § The Srveducthle supresentation af 0 Jr of Priniteve tyanshetion (8%) = TH, Ty, =y basis vectors The group of poctmittye trans battens felted = Lelntendeney here My Men, = 0, 41, 42, £3, The frecedccclle Trexndatton will fe ene dtmenstnal sue can Benote it by? Tr oxder to make the group fintte , we wilt tmpoge portod?< ‘boundary condtdten ! {ela = feIa}%= feign {Elo} = ddentity - FEla}-g ty pose ieee thu group of tranulatten, RRP Tey We can define §T? as Ky produce oH Ree tree group foun of felach= 2 LR nth TYE Raed Tard = 4 Rent Rat [neta + Ta} Now, Lemna yl el(may = LEtinenda} Fela = CElNT= FIO} - CSuentitys {Ely must be prerented by exp[1/2n4) ai] $= 0,1 j2)--)NAI a HPT PS) an] © olkna, a - Pree] Now, we can get th representatarn El Tny frye 5, Se)inh erp [PY 28 (tym + 208, Cy) an ‘nay = PUCK) —. drectucthte sepseientation. ooo 8 Block jheorem? (A conuguence Sf burulational 2ynin ) Th oupialr, the alerentany exetdattond ax Sh resented by ABpertten relation 7 Wl Ware vectors at Smnpoxdanct Hppltcation grep ean — Relater the syrnmetater £ degeneracies of Hu Alfecaten elahion, s + tw group wave vectors well be relevant. Lek us conredox fae sgrmmutry oferatin. Peay 7 bared on group elernint {eit} * Vine Voy 5 Y Praig) WON = YUREED Feeity Statement of Hoven — Ty an efgentunctten Cy Hansfoun undex te favlatter Group aeeaxoling to dhe Douductble sxeprerentaHon fob eltod by SK 5 tun WER) obeys Har ran Bee itay Pete) = LETH) = oft wiry, yd: Men whe Uptocet f 40 can be ovctHen ay HH = oT RE uy ey coho Ugh Ta) = UpCF) Rar 4 full transla ayrometiyr for 2nd 8rxfUoutn xo ny, i ah et rh ky = URE KY ae lee tithe + Bkys = oR take t ky = SMa For ard Brian ror, Ae ta, keo, 4tmrry, . HE hry y ket M/q Ge krta ce een kye tae a ae = Ww Bs Feapeek-ary 5 B= Eatebvaty B= Laj-ck+at) | d= an. “o val 7 \ fntexplanax aiitanct Hi Now cal esleting vectpyotal 4 : 7 datieu vectors, “od Bos ae (Hrd) = 2s (Lr-feoes} v = dot, { tact + te) Ig aay a | Ace e Ah foctra}} ea ae Zz, G.ya, shyt dac)-fl-aa + Eye tm (3,xa) if et v 1 = ¥mAL 1 gatft dack) ac OF Fat (aft ch) ¢ Bs = tm (4xa,) | or [ ci +ak) v i at Thy, Ge abt ki + se - $a { ete ag] # (8 (05+ eb) + Avan peal] = uf ethet + ache RE (ale ckie { at Thus, d= at Kae Bt Tetguny altainet weet TP Cha + ane RH E+ Cate) Te TaGiq¢ = 24+ BAy ys a 0 ° > and, xa) ve -4, fi, 0 yr 5 8c ean (BC ae Ser eee eee ey 7 ea sx = [B's Bae ecient |i ae} i a Tate 7 5 Be Ane Ke, bk one Yh, Ge Uh ey Wepe Meye ® “ Be c Ynu, d= Qt URRY Dembyey unten a ag ee ‘a - 1 xBoc Shey Uk +3 qltt SEM? Oe teu, O,= 23558, By = anaye AP OH1S4R nm, idSno= A 4 de A, a _ O-tsue Aatne _ Tea Tenesy = O85 es Te eas 5 B's x CA RAY Taine vats O-OTTE: orotapso: eee SBE O11), G00) 5 (220) 196M oarg (844) 21a, 1 eta. ra,} Ahnu 2! , BME FRE Fo chor be dae foURter hanuform of pa) fyey) SS fat per) lhe Ply = fer atom 25! [ wgnar- an eh: et 40 gino cL 7” : = an frtolaRee ata, ET , Ewa Ay ctmodo _ i taRcore : 2 elas Cre tee eas fr ema f cer a - gRcowe ge + oa feethaj2 { eas (ae flees aaieetg AT gg - fis ethan ( “ax ead 7 @ A i ts ns 4 alah # “ete ey Cy CE), ON) Onis acomel ® Heck sc {PM 4p, ; 14, #3)! Be or re) ye eldyr) We we) 283, ¥3,) @ yeaa = Yq 42 sponu #4 te tte) © 4 Gy Tn dein of 5, Thence along A-aru > 4 w © Lom © @ C49 Thwcpl along (a5) = edn Vovin ls tee ot c . a= 227 nm, Fe latte we Know, Ha Le Paice 4308 We gontrally fake a a4xe 2) Coat) (1,90) c d= rman Iden 8 So, yn a vale, Of Ake its B2 wey C Ecko” Creu dma = Gat = 96,,24 \ € oe 8S \ 2 Bh d= 2OKNG \ eye \ ‘ = 3694 mel yer 4B) TES ax ons xr Yen y ed a - -274 fia} wie =a - eee 5.9% =] i et sie. a. | a ff) 8 fae ive ue | KasiGie S$ t+ 7) + urery + Uh + 28 (hoe ky ne Bae a Te | Ut fet, a (Rare)! = SRATH BeR Lunes | om {tg fT a — =—o@ sf a te L(TOD= GT KG 9\ Lec a4 troeh ©} Bloch fhevem ¢ SEIT = elk Tr s fey wis ef To yi) = WC Te) = ot RR tT) Ucreta) ok weet) = eT PF of crams) el ye) = lB fF F upcesiny ther. eft Uy treta) "1 8 Rectprocal Space 3- The get of alk wave-vectoxs Gre thot yteld plant waver wtth the pertodtetly of Oo gtven Bxavels Lottce ol Gm: (FIR) © etme . Jobtce £n reall space & xeckprocaR He Bm wa Hu Bravall spact stespecttvaly. el Smt Tr Ge= I Nkep Ta Song eee Gn i my by 5 feted proup epexatton tn n keshace $ : We know Hat Tre BTn Fork aser translatton, spexate. Pe ta tarslaton spexatton Ln soctprecal barit . So, we can alto wufte PaTy Bin = ANY Now a G alto an spexation Hr gard group, Pie Ge = any. OR RC Ta) © PeGin = IT Ny ( sera scalar passuct beng a Cowtant ost frvalant Und potnd qooup oporatton ) ee Fa Grn = 8G | PZT 4 fam ans abo hati g neerprocat tabitee Yectors, im Swhectively + The eppect oy fa on a divect Jatttee equivalent to the efpeet S} opexatex Pj) on Hu connerpondtng tect puocat vec Gin + eat metals § No’ Cte) toe 2p%) Gas") 7 Cs valence o> Sodtum we rind Sle Na ts-tuev —, gat ogee. * : age 2. oo a To fone V -ensigy ter Biffoent weyys 06 dreatyng Hk problem, The Ol Hemey iy “four em Heavy’) 2) Band Hheory i » Many body Heory (Mot tn syiabur) wa bec as § Free Election Shey. 3 (I) No- ton. elredion snleracitn . ii a ee etton « UD No e-- em entera sine. UD Electrons sll follow Huy FD statisdtes, ¥ =| Lubsctution B= Probability dutsc Fl an (7 ED adadtatte A+ Teo sre fincins ty SOs 0 J MPM os Ep ,O)= Lb Bee RIEHEER (OV 1 q~ At To, scmple egttenaer at the patnh Ee = ; fleste rrr) = ghee oh f Cee te -keT) = an Rog (139 FEs b+ TI = sb-w oor (5%) CEs Ent Stet) 1 4 » FCE> HASHTI SL x O01 (649 etter, Fe) gr moved to this region Pox ket << ER , 4 tr atmost equal to EF, a As tempexature tnocasers ee e- neat Hi Feunt fevet wilt move +0 Righei enungy Bates Bae Gchange of occupation of Hater rans fhe Fer teva FEO th arma eneigy onby changes tn a dtarge MEAT abou Lin by SPP HT names electrons at any ternp = Ns [ferme ae — At Teo, fle) 1 Abep functor ag N= iz DLEDAE & DE= QvRE Ly Qn — (AE/ak) Fou fuure-, Es det og 3 Be dee WK hy —-~ “—~ «2 tuo ae Eye > ye | 2m"ex —e = _ fore hae 2b x(a _@ Fxom The assoctaded quantities — Fesemt tempexatwy ; 6p = tate Vetoct+y 1 Ep sd nyt " Vectox Sp = eee are Typreally Onden ef Mag nttuder 5 Ee wy Sev, TRY (loys) k , kx ls eo? (Room temp 6 Tp) Me lo bolt ; Heat Capoetty, / Claittcal Horry. Cea Sure = ae /- te str p) T glee Rot Ce Migr a1) : Looking at te funetton $o% TK dents] BE GlE gy E- >y kat falls exporanttally 40 0 At Eintte demp (~ fae) ur voty Pheep ualth tr manimum at ES -£ acftex tigniftcantly from we fn the Kange of Onda EMT anound 6, —>_ Auo, 2ffe is an even fr around bem. L. Lec- as asia = Ye= Guuenelian factor. Ce YT. 5 Jl af 4 le-%) FO = Temes | ve © ker CHT, Euppegy Sommer eld Eaparucen, =~ > =~ = -_ Lt us denote a -funtifen H(E) , we will show that — — B(u-e) — TH And 40M Hegults focom aod HCE) & F(E). axowd the Chimécal potential ‘W’, Puoet— Let up fnbroduct another function Kce) degtned al kted= ie Heese’ Hie Ja AKC) oS dé - o 5 \ eee]? ” ~] PRM Bg renee ¢ =™7 L = Feith at ye ne J = Tee tia te. eu Print Bo ne | aa - eo Specie haat tha Sommenfitd UL NOt,p) be HN total mumber @ electxon at To & WUT) =f Dee) freae a usng 0, u = footage + Herat pray ce = (& a = J pterde + y\ eDlelde + CesT pica) STET £1 neatly constant tn He reqeon Ee J DLEdE + (M-te) DC Er) + = (eet 9143 <6 SO WH (te Gp) De) wet ott fo He Epes}, [uw F0e) pd J FDEME + KTH. pee Due]. fi . = JEOEH+ ae [' SolBde + HE teat) | paws HDYLy] autos eT ED ERDEED HEE Cea (pvang ualean Usted BD, wwe out ger” 1 Suge, Oe) +E cegr tote) ee = Us - . Us +a ¢ Ckgt)* Dt &) So, speife tust co Ett ole (elle Sera Lec-34 Sanu Huu a untfoum coulombic potintial fad by He e, fH Keds fo (H.-F, 4) T= -env--ef OFT aE _ . oad fm Wuedmann ~ Frane -Lorenty Lqw=s Ke oT ~~ Lorunde numbey Tra mitatitc geteg Ceonstant fox muitals) + elect motten of Hu Conduction a tusment 41 produced by He Ts ef Ser RH ate ' © Crectuestate nteraiton 7 ttomte potential @© cobteten, een teen cuptel potental? sum over al Hos atomic polenttals- Pesto dte lr The resulant motten Of +4 €~ wlll be Uniform ar all dtrections tynoughout Hu vuystal, Tr quillbotum 4 S541 © fol FFs) even fn, B-ef ey cnt au so Ths appitetion ef EF changer the dus dufbrchton function, for two Hecuens + OD dseyt veloctty, © coltusten strleraction. Wete- The snteractton Hr wll be lece than the relaraph fc Hw Cte) toil rare | - inf! wll be given by oF OF ancy * ee leua Henet, a af Tho steady wate. Sf 20 4 oi oe] at 2] ma Conktdn a segton of elemental onca Sdadu? Ln phare space» ) oe = f(y ar dnduy Yo: of = at Heru S47 , Assume tat di! mr die number of e> ata Latex time ttdt, pad te paint (ntdr, atdy) , AM =f Catda, Wtdy teat) dady, Tn He eqm aks dry’. ek itdees Vette ptt) = AGG wot) , of Ath + Ot du pat] At= 0 : ot BVn oF , (qv) } ; Baue of tH Boltzmann 2qh, ee au net = yok 9 la 5 lap ary + nee @ ot o Pets © at fs Te eo <3 = ee © dn (ffs) ie sot Te i 4 FO tet (ptr gy eoUr The volanatton tne fy the Hr auocfated with thr vale of (etusn do tht £queitydum distxtbdfon hin Hy GF alt be DP xernoved , the ol Qiherd bel de Leif buclfon sfaincifon exponentially to HH a tren consted (Te Prom er £@ — From C40) 6], ue wl get - ~He&) = wat om “Te Ce : A ~~ a f-4-tlusts & # J-O© Lec- 38 a: The e- fallow FD stattestta , fo (BT — f, (EMT). Me. Bf. dk hy Op at ya aw at BX Br" ax whin The i Cee ei od, E, iL f f+ ehh ae __ © (rom eghs) af. 2. BEL : BVa” JE BU, ™, a ™oE —@ Furm eo © €@, we watt get f= fot ene, t ca —@‘ vo the dlecbele cunt density 1 given by Tee ~ eft der : “ef (fe ete 3) diy [ ¢xom®) = mets (TAB ap. 2 {Te BI Bf ay _@ [fo if even fo op, fi ut" Fox Juotebte cage , : gd Luby = = aw ‘The general erpression tox the electrteal conaucttusyy, TS] WD. vt ae wy —_© : . bE Fos dosstcot cae ie $ Od He det manual ati tithutton . for dowicak cau but depand on E fo quonten ) Now, teeing. tha quantum (ase 4 uwOwnrwrrrrrr (rata a pelume fv" with ‘Ne? nurbr of electrons, = J4e dy dv. = Vifdiv. Bo il ¥ : Ins a © fy Nerf eee sere] Th the quantum wtatieticn , Ne= BM. { 4, Cemut) ak (Qn de sper Ae . dt 18 opin Ae? Map atrction Mik $ Unit volun, Ne = av \ tani? (ee 3, = av av (B ) (sal al [om y em oH ¢ O— = Me \3 1 eee . (a [seme | —® . From. : © 1@— 7 v ~a/ \ a : @ (ae) ] 2 ( gemrgey) Te ee ee > on Este ° ? gsue Yrutde €. J Tee \ A (ean we conan? at) 2 <= afin et ad ab- ero seit {e Tete) BefelEMM 48 Shoply peaked at & —) eae She darlin divewutonr, ye tam afpronteactt, . ee = S(E~EF) fox Tao" os Te HP OF: wre efor | ee Te (Ef). 33 cos ge ge (6): EF Te CER) —@ Fxom eqn @- mee Ne = ica) ) [tema Un fae ae me me #) 4 = & [fleur JE dae. At Aldolutt done tum , T=0 *(fa) TR as = $a (4s)" ee i = OE qe ler): & {Fxom eq” ©} So = ie Tee fem 2g" @ 4@ 1 we wilt get, ws paesetees (Met a tonstunt) Oe Lec aq -§ Them ton ducki E- ext da usd BER 6 Lead wilh 4 awoctaa ith the flow of electron > rrutelle solisl Alo, Aare will At Lhdumal Aprodivad AT fa-deuetion) « The alee 4 uot coment Bumatites along hu x- Aéreetion oe -€! Uftamrt) av, ——@ Ge = (weftizet Py ——@ for fut) tn 44”Oe@, Substituting ght sapruston 7 ‘ woes = a ae a 2k S [$8 eo =.) = . : —e ae 7 From a'@ , ct 5 from g'® avi ] MO oitng ug Z GPO Bin POLO, we wilt ge; . a eS — ¢ [arr Oo) vt [ete +4 (a) 2 £4] 7 fe _ |. T T a - 4 Jo UWE th Pe are nye Eat 3E H(4 a 3.) [ae om MOS eter TEA) gy 2D) Sh ° 7 Jee 0 eee cary ie Andsprtion, ruse COR Lie Cermrnef old apantion det au abut bos Lrdeaiat FO RK Ue frou Ke soph, eRe (Fe) Le ney af 5 Tee (eee et (4) )] s+ $40 y ion G:) gs —@ = Teme ray S{+)] R-t WA Lam whrlte y 6 [se fol E 44,7) 4, [en 1.16] c= moe (2 . Smgt 2 a Ricolt that ge &) : 4% dk Si CEWE f 240 dE + a (kT? KL) ee a = - 4 gu Be Cf fuews EM Tete} + EE CeaTI AE (em. ey head dante teripttps es clu Mh Te(My +: (ker a (eNreco) | i] Unoy Yoh eadnteal mdattity ee a portal cil, en. dr. os diy am da Fe e*r& ae — 77S) "Pete « kage Heng; . = —_®&) tem Soe erect [remem rece | > ee Oe con Leulate Ox sn ths -aluence ef 'F,7 » eo : eX @ will tua, i dat cht tg (A) = + Fe fifronn 4% GH} Oe rend. ge +(Ia + ont ae (3) Se Ts Be ee pay Chegry® —- oa Te kgr) 2 T= Mee Tu ter ame Thus, ) ehh =p met epee ee fy» Retponailela fox Halt voltage & > applied Eieerte frold 4 = abblted magneHte field - a Feorenty = 2 (PKA) > y-dtvection. u changes wcll be deflected 4a cunwent tn 4 Y-dfreckton aut daevelep - uv Elecere fleld oh hall voltage . we can define Hu watt cool [Rye= Gy TH Bh Feacte etre) Fye (ey + teu] Fame abeng y-dtu chm. Follasing Boltemann tranfort equatfon FeGt , po change, He Let ut Hecatt that = af = Rie ~ BE ectnye! & (Oa) +Etmy —@ bs Treg. f~ atrtsthutton gn deemit depend on space, Trg s0 ela O FF lau? mt” ot Due to Lorenta pee, let us consfaen Fthanye to om vali, > &+t, ——@ OS epee FH small posckiortedion duct to lore. fone putting 267 O tn e771 — Flay 7 mae rhe BH) apprortmacton rth changer tn iy He nelaxatton Hme 7 S Rhutten funckern dat te He cobltuton ty given by Pe tA gee) 45) may New, wy = i Vor, 1, Of. te Bho. 2e. nut, Bt Subsite To < Fin o@ a f= fo- TCA EIR) Tt + Wa) 7a [ Mote + Ad] > 1 pat my = fd 1 a . BIC : c~ te a AE GB. COYR =0 pnsteury only VER kup fawn 2. 9,4, E'TA 9 teem Ras fer duopped , 2nd orden From eq” @) ¢@, we concdude, fiz -2% (BF) Of — 2% (ERIE f, am a me 2nd ora = -4G (F. Ey) 2 __© oe fe f- 1% COC: Seg ) 26 —@ Relation Hn Ek Fogg + - User t, 228 2 mr at VA v 2h 26 5 mF 2h vetng 4 > TWA =-mit | FOE egy) Ate Bie 2 | ® aee —© Fuom eq ©4O©- fe fo - 9 (EF) Of - %]-4(eem) Jomy 44 ( Ey 263) are 4 % (CE TISR — (ta 4)" bey O7XE) ag ac © CAH)" Coy) *€epy Of + ne (ux Gey 26 © fe -AG CT By) oe (yn) oe FSO™M & compaction —o —® — es Ee r+ Lh (mE) —@) Le me 2 4[fH a 4 2 at OCT Ye) WA & ay Lec-34. as ea ent oe z F=f FCT Eap) TH Fe av. Vert 1 Tus © eg Tas -P fur ey U0) 2 av = -G (Mey L BRET) YF) unvldy . art) v fa OE w 3h 5 2 una ( 2)" Bey (PL ed HCE ofe.d wt (4) a (Fa) Ole Bae ConstBuctng spin degeneracy , -26%¢> STE-Ee) oe ane (A a ( PEP. Ge tytce) Conductistty 3% anh: erga Tce) Age % oq mg” (arch)? went (te Ep) (es Grant > age Tal Er) @ uv es fas he wit Meet iy 4 aa towns tn sotte ? saith vs 294 & mau Ue know Hat T= Lue. da = Ta Me, on # ausodaded wth te charge cary with aig “9% a ae how, Fe oF 2 EP] UB gi) abe wy s ZT ot [vide oo de eee Ta a 1% (Ep m™, cam) round set hughentay Canktym) ay Lec-~3a “pusposctios 8{ &- bands Tua ab 6 Can be undoutand ula a Struple tract lg Solvable model catulation - Fenton 8h He gquate eve? potent ell protlem . O Ae woe = Ret me Dm. 2 [ccm] ¢ [becca] ioe re ae By sérch(Ryb) © kyo y corh( gh) ta oo eeu get # sky b Menke 4 Coskya = cos ka. Bb stncqay + corka = CORO 3k Srv b HW ttn pa + corn = COdRe Yee Boalt Om os eine +O KA = COPk a me ee ( strong, of Jee 4 P (sind 4 cotta) = ikQy” ee kyo rH V,>0 ft man of Ser LHS waite Heach aF kaso, anger tan untty » Sotutfons oar Frou only whin He magnitude of LHs is Jn thaw sanity, - W bindeng, au oy cee theory. $e eae ind. as a ad) _ = Hrs prroporckto, Of HE Vottnce e> vf 2 VR) = V IRE PAI, can be treated a i whe a ema perturb” Not tuccenful fr cosu o> psoblem wht Veo oe he i lao be doteurrined beh) s | ehyenikctes can al Sie ——— TRL matux element of thts oe CETVIES = oy Jom ellE-EDF vex Le iIviIe> = ab Pay vo { By et CRN tami ffm [eervre> . Poa Vn 8 (ER — ant) / adel ae a 4 qe electuon model i ee ee Lec-33 NOO > weak potentiat, Lecan be treated ay a srratt electron appHoxlrmation> Pesunbation te ti gr e Veo } He = Pfam | vine VOX) Eolk = KRY Se First we can apply. , LH order boxhuibation theory, €Cel~ cee) « Zeivie> LEV ep = Goce) + (Gar arnabi constant 24 fee ty J dts Qt EDF oy grea Bik tore . mean potential e sures pu eway by He's, wed a Fou siraptethy , ‘eo At HA Ord ordur Oh He perrubactior serdes, i= Gur) +5 + le Ri voot poss a bs ae 5 (E)~ bce Go, Hat Hi tors boundaly, We have Same Energy 80, we hold n't apply. pr. Ny f= Ft, Ey = Fe oh [Reql2 = Et Oy sets EMERG) —» C= KD) Thur, Mat tat tort boundary we have fo Use sdegerrate perturbation theory , Tp dioo plant sate [E> @ IP e = LFEEY aM Ff sbhry, eh the same Envy, thin we fave dt elements Of the H-matudr, = eee 4 CRIMIR DS Qe py = y, = ye 5 ' > VE Va C8 Ve ts nat) We can wyette down He good state ay , We VIR + prey 5 MIRO 4 BI REG>. Hlyps Elb>, SO MHIRDS BHI = EXIKD A EBLE Contracting with LEY g LR oCEIHIED 4 pene = eX. —@ OUR) FBV = Ea aking 4 op * pprmeasy HiWy = 7 KEELE) Magy + feeb) [Bere + NPE EDs PV[-aEaé> = EI Py Contracting wtih Re ket vector: , we ull get the jollout ng” matrix equation, €o( ME +6) vq erauell] . [3] segenvalius art obtatnid frono, G( mE +e)~e Va «4 ver The e oe EME + e)~e (Refs) -e es ey ee Ba - \Vgitzo 6S [(ER oe EJ = [ye OmE)] T+ ber oe tes Se (ME ve] 2 TEAS Rmat #2 a aivel By = MR Hey Ivf te (42%) 1] ae WRG HE a ty Heine PARE te tll te ang = mR yey) + hte 4 Rat “ama M6 vet! may | T l nat RE ()- E Snipe TE [el is small then a 71? He (1 Kini! \ ales fonning, Hu gouiy ove for apart yo Fhroct 0th, e” cap tbe astined to 0 jontate atom - Q® Fer an Lielattd atom, tae efyenfunction £ Hs entry Cegenvalus crt know - 7 @ The potenttal vou 2 @btatned -fromm ty Lintax 2uper ~posttten 4h the relf consitant fexfodéc atomec potenttals « @ psturbatton theory can be applied Aft dams _seenple ~ fications » rE gp fuelets a 7 © Ri +. POH BH) 2 co-ordinate, are doftntd Z afore c crave fancy, 02 2 oxigen tor Se huoding ex eqnm. ~# or a a Revs UR-R)-F) OCR _@ The ators axe brought together -+o form a solid ; the eet) potenteal vos whit. Connespondéng — Schxodutng or, aqua fo the electrons fn 4% ongetal , CH A U4 VON -e] YU = oo —® \+ o> En a galed- whee VOD © 35 Us Re) {Hou ve have neglected bln the neighbouring atomy and Ha ere Sntoxaction | . D> thou well be degensrary In tee enengy as att the abr ML tdentical } Trtexattion with the netghbousing actomt have been Lgnored , then eowh of the pote far a eogerenacy Ff No.of atoms 1. The enesqy efgenvalus ech) = Ha BROT VOW) cage por Cue = -* git [ver — UIs - Bo) 4 VOR] ee ad q urbole, Pt tr emmaté go wilt act as pescscbatton , = Hot H ie . 5B ushene H, = Hows U(K- Rn) —-H vt = WOO UCH-Pn) ——© Small pert has the exgengunctton, 4 (%-Rn) ‘ ‘ d ‘en Np tr sore @.u, amoral wtih Hu grate “The wavefunctfon for He unpacturdbod Haméltonfan can Be wetter ag, Wy U0 ~ Se Chin Ba) @ aa r New, afc fo 4 Bloch theorerm , : iv z Ei YL + Ben) = ef Fike yO) attra fat = yedy \ oe te Rm 2D Chm pH Rn) gh © can be vakettien (a = Wyle Ro) = So Ga op (Ee Bn) act - Grpere oy (Re) = Sy cpu Bar GI —& From eg?"@® 4@ — el Eh = Cen = cayman OO) Brg ioscan nefined Rt ralattor w Cha = ce et Reb’ — dy) ~~ te DE GQOEE aaa ay Wik fia Gra we can wHite, . — we Y= IE Rn ~, —<3 r a iS Boch Ge) ame Wo fox ty s-state , (f=t=o) —. The matsix ofement yo, wD will be qaen by aot” re) Rin 5 1 LER op RR] a, I < Ey 19] = d Mates fel7 $05 hn) $i) —. ene We (an Use a a FPA Bie hho, Levis = pads ofthF Fo Wan Ut) Fon “@ +) \2\ . Lec- 36 se inky = AGW FRET e F Frm ha) ie ae) WHEE Hinnl Fam )= [O'R Re) H PCR BaF) Be 15? Seen 5, ae BK Re) UR -Rgeg) BA} Te tk. 2 :

    Ee of Finn Hon ee e SS ol Fe cn ae Fon Num of above eh can be wrilenar | Sefer eee te ere _ Fam Et = a 4 Rim detrg expansion of numeration, adaptve reg Sy ethim | Conga todas a - Em © thin Fam) = Hanke) + Fa eB Ee da (Fa) + vente ; oe next netghbout 7 i . a Hawlod =f gor FaLv- vutB)] CRE) din. a _ Smale Th HAs exbaniton , perth dem Hino) and cecond dun (eum &{ neontt nelhbour) axe Of Bame order of Magretude Ca) = Ete Mats +E, FF Re sca) SS § Cohastatton of EK fon Stmple Cuhte shauctuxe o~ Fou this stuuckuxe , we fave 6 neoxert nefghbouxs vbote Coordenates axe deftned ax Fe al41,0,0) , Ao, +1,0) , A(0,0, £4) _ ° ‘ si conn ens ey eee = EP + Hyktod + 8emn R [ corka eearlyst ore] Propexttes of ECR) — © eves ee) @ Pertodtetty tr k-space (haere) @ —F/ak =o ak the Bublloutn zone bound (eet —— ECR) fos mantmum value for ir tesem In the bracket ty U43] , Thoregone the kandafdts uit be « 2 Hgts 9.) > a> Lee 3, 8. Group Veloctl Quasl- momenturr 4 oe —_ Fox e> tn @ band, ” EK), Heke ute Fexfoatdly Potodte Note that Vikyx) Li not an eigenstate Sf the momentum sbexator, PUCK e ~thd. (PF MLK) tea 4 Gavin + el (474d wth Nota thysteal 2 Ukwe+ 8) We) we Bel a wee) OMIM COCUsded mornenhine) “HK)x) Con be expreyed os a bncan combinatton & plane wav 4 wave numbed | Ky ke amy keur yo. a = vy The only postble values ®{ a mearre OH Her Obsenvable 6p? om Cea) oa fky bea t(an), KeE UT, A a a Me GON deters tee q oe vik) = < HK) | BL Yuka) > via = bag Prosy- lek ua plot utth the etfenvala gh, (4. + VON >] Basa = Edo Mas» Let ug wxtte — (WCKUy = eK UCR ayy \ Cpt akat . vou) Luteo? = Eck) 1udk,0> oo axl PERK Svepiucer = de fe lec] we E Lutko> . 7 et a tehn) luca + [eee veo} thew = ae lucky 4 E bey > nL wsdl) [uc > = ag } uc? Premualecbliing by fucka] = VR) Vlas . es [vor = t 4g \ * ak CE-Omy 8 Eqgecttve Masa t- Subpose we fave an exctecnal ftud F Acting th a- dtkectfor , The tamtltontan , He £h “am tVQN— eFA, TH mt evolution S Hu Bloch's state, WG eye eM ( Pam + VG) - efa)t w = eVi[ Ent Vel eran} ver Cra 45 Py + VC ata) tf cas — —. ; % uh Fant VOU OF (2am { t eimgat etka wk S Pe Fate +t K% oe }) =e RATE ay Guts 8) . ooh 7 y ag we bes OEE Cran Tew e He YCatyF) vane) a [Adk . ef hu iecte Ra oped + ens ak, ab MES SE eal & The & ty acceteration of He e- fratand, av) od fey a dt ae = acl 45) reece 2 4 ae (-E) > PAE cer Cus yao e ts fou Hu efpecttue may a 4 de — ™ * ake + Cfeetrue ena MM a Etfectin mau ty waloted ty the By bond at Ht shearpied k y ~ vector Tt con be nugacttve / ays Lec-38 whe it A Elda SEFHOM free e- Heony , Es KE am JCAL Cusvatun of te Stet ve mass} o- tt s tt me =m : Lan rar e | A Ma ke © H Fon Highk bendeng apt rontratton, cme E Ck =f ~¥,~ a0, core. infec nfen potnt . hw se = i ys BY Béinka Tae wiggans (bag = hE HRY ob Cot ke (seek) s i S me Gay Ho feed (meme) —s parttete ty pret re \ ‘| Na i 4 fhe wmee + Heghtly bounded 4 | Degree oh reeneay - fo ee me” ar aw | A | CNeree oe dt ) Ly “l, SHOk ttop Of tu band de Ou £ =) thou Le no fae e- § Cun ent denstiy : For electkonic cystem , Hi athens dorutty Fennel Ok nh eve Ss a : a ides) filled hand , nik=4 a To tel ak ae 1 om FE =? (as 4B = odd fn) =O Fem pastioliy Qilled tand, P+ -te] we ar Gri . = ~ de] gee . ae ae feo (ane Cliente] a = @j Sk. ve charge. — Interpreted: The awvrent sendy comes efthex from e~ of Change (-2) ox “por toler ox misting e- camying sve Charge A sitting th ts unoceupled state, wv BOK desodpitons axe equal [t+ UE) = &L) cg) Bk \ Kenax ECK)= Engin tL a me Font ' lotion of th bana ale ELK) = Erm +4 E€ma |e Shop of 4H bane O te Eman 2 MME -vee a fo, as we emove a deeley e~ / Chautng ower energy) » Hee energy / Of the system ? 4 Ee Ertny - Fe | ‘cs * &a-& om wrt = Ban =A) pp : ban ae a a re, UR Baa pe > ep e868 e644. Ulm a za EX WEA - 4 pet opt tno : 2 a Soy heyy can show Con Smetabute chara FMM Ub tow au tn 4 ee a @ —= + J Ho sret crop « fe- feami suse Ley fy Ut 82 bet ay rep AA 9001 49 dnd of sro. 9.3) / > rows aad| Eph Cp D a O : . fs. & Determenatton, Pe ge. hoch elednon should be in a MF Y Relbs in ty detexmfnatfon. of HAL shape Of Fs.. The e-0-m fox the bleh e- Can be wstienas 4.48 =F From eq1@, we wilt get: Ll EP =0 “ Ku & contiant ( paraltet to B) dE. dE gp oe * ae U —(@) Alio 5 = . + EMU RL CoE S 0 The e- thats otha path &{ centiant energy fn He E-tpace ke fh HE apace w. The ombht In dh Ee space, wht we duférs a4 FS fy a gunfoue ef constank energy s ane e- Onbit He ¥y a Surfed L to ogy ue tll compute Re time taken dy the e- complere a choged obit Pn K Spau- © (rt) = ok, (rt) i hyp ! hin Lv yor gO, Be ne (xd) if a =- a ae vel= +8 |(38) | § sen (35) 09 So, (Att) = - Paes a consi, z C8 ay] : ie z Ss - tise Oe oe - ape) of at a et MS apache oe ate Take fe TAS SE ae In the Umit E> -4= He 2h _. =e Lath RL we can now caludate faa Hime taken by ty +e complete a closed ob blt. Let, ACE) 4 me a aa dosed by the onbit Te fe ACE) e8 ae The assocfaded frequency welt be Gre 2h Seb Tv Fee BALE) searfaable ae quantity + related fo the pmoheely of tas Ee WW > Lec- u a B =. dt if Pe dw = h (peng —@ tndeqer “eye tem Secipe te He = ~£[ RB) +8] —~—® from © 46 — ez RP a — pn ae CRE 4 Fd = Renex) —_ From, or O +, Suma + d= ~ R(nes bn B= B Cos par Srnagnatte Flux. faren trikiatey) > = fy Ra +402 ~Sh nan) DP - én 4 one - £8 (nex) Gre ch (nts I——- ® We compose Hiaraa ef a gtven trajectory in xeal space < Mtelpmocal dpace » Sn An, Heep. Fades s Sy 4 (RxD z (ei ‘ue HxKB) (Care - KIFL = Say ¥ Brom of, -@ goin das (nex) Ch € 2 BSne (nth) ch. e 2 Bre (nex) UTES me de Quantiiatten of the vwag- sechdnal arent of fame suxptau tn the pretence of O MF. sie Us ANB Engi En CRY Bingi- An a SE UrtB We, [n ok -tn= | QreB y, HEB. +(e

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