RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A dfiver was in the sea at about 4 atmosphere pressure for a period of 2 hrs. and then he suddenly tried to ascend rapidly to sea level. He faced following problems. # Pain in joints and muscles of legs and arms. # Sensation of numbness & tingling in limbs. # Shortness of breath. # Dizziness followed by collapse. QUESTIONS:- ~ Q.No.1. Name the disease from which the driver is suffering? Q.No.2. Give the physiology of all above said symptoms? Q.No.3. How will you prevent and treat this condition? Q.No.4. What is SCUBA ? & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A:25 yrs’old male’comes to hospital with Clo : # Polyuria. # Ploydypsia. Investigations revealed:- # Bid. sugar ( fasting) ----- 80mg% # Urine sugar. ----absent. # Urine sp. Gravity--------- 1002 QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What tests you will advise further to come to a diagnoses? Q.No.2. What is the most likely diagnosis and give the differential diagnosis? Q.No.3. What is the cause and how will you treat this patient? & scanned with OKEN ScannerRESPIRATORY SYSTEM A 46 yrs old male business man flew to leh from jammu and when he come out of the airport he encountered following problems. # Headache. # Nausea, vomiting. # Irritability. # Insomnia. # Brittleness. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What is the problem with this man? Q.No.2. What is the cause of all his symptoms? Q.No.3. What treatment will you give to him? Q.No.4. What advise will you offer to him for his further visits? Q.No.5. What changes occur in body during Acclimatization? & scanned with OKEN ScannerRespiratory System to neuron? 4 pies, hogy yesP™ 1. Name the type of breathing? 2. In what physiological or pathological conditions this type of breathing occurs? 3. What is the most potent stimulus for breathing to start during apnea? 4, Why there is time lag in blood pco2 and pco2 of respiratory neurons? & scanned with OKEN ScannerA patient is admitted in the medicine ward, as he is suffering from jaundice. His investigations reveal: (i) Urine Urobilinogen > _ present Gi) Urine bilirubin + — absent (iii) Facial stercobilinogen > — increased (iv) Faecal fat > absent Q:1 Comment on the type of jaundice. Q:2 What type of Van den Berg reaction do you expect in this case and why? & scanned with OKEN ScannerRespiratory System LUNG VOLUME AS RECORDED BY A SPIROMETER ge] Question: 1. Calculate the vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity from the given graph. 2. Define vital capacity and name one condition in which it is decreased. 3. What is timed vital capacity? How does it differ in a case of obstructive lung disease from that of a normal person? & scanned with OKEN ScannerLUNG VOLUMES AS RECORDED BY A SPIROMETER as aiaty 60 Volume 0 Vain expiiiony Tovel IRV = Inspiratory reserve vokeno TV = Teal volume ERV=Expiatory reserve velome RV = Q:1 Calculate the vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity from the given graph. Q:2 Define vital capacity and name one condition in which itis decreased. Q:3 What is timed vital capacity? How does it differ in a case of obstructive Jing disease from that of a normal person?) & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A‘ 55 yrs old man comes to a doctor with Clo # Generalized weakness. # Sudden loss of weight. # Polyuria. #Polydypsia. # Poor wound healing. Lab. findings are : # Bld.sugar(F)---------- 180mg% # Bld. sugar(PP)- -300mg%' # Urine sugar---------- QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What other tests will you advise to come To a diagnosis? Q.No.2. What is the path-physiology of this Disease? And name the probable diagnosis? Q.No.3. What treatment will you advise to this man? & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A 30 yrs old male comes to a medicine OPD with c/o Numbness, paraesthesia & tingling sensations in extremities. On examination:- # Trousseau’s sign is positive. # Chvostek’s sign is positive. Investigation performed showed:- # S.calcium level 8 mg% # Erb’s test/sign positive. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1.What is the condition from which Patient is suffering? . Q.No.2. How will you elicit Trousseau’s And chvostek’s sign? Q.No.3. What is Erb’s sign? Q.No4. What is the basis of these sign and How will you treat this patient? & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A 48 yrs old male comes to hospital with complaints of:- # Fatigue and weight gain. # Excessive increase in size of hands & feet. # Difficulty in closure of mouth. # Polyuria & Polyphragiadipsia On examination he has:- # Coarse features. # Large hand & feet. # Forward slanting forhead. # Protruding jaw. # Widely spied teeth. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What is the most probable diagnosis? Q.No.2. Give the reason behind all these | clinical features? Q.No.3. What is the mechanism of action of this hormone? ( Q.No.4. How will you treat this patient? vee Tames an & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A 12 yrs old boy is brought to hospital by his parents with C/o # Constant headache. # Extreme gain in height with long limbs. # Visual disturbances. # Polyuria & polydypsia. On physical examination:- # The child is extremely tall with a height of 6 feet. # Limbs are large & looks like a giant. Lab. investigations:- # Bld.sugar (random) 180mg% QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What is the most likely diagnosis? Q.No.2. What is the cause of this disease and what is the basis of all the above complaints? Q.No.3. Why is his bld. sugar elevate? Q.No.4. How will you treat this patient? Q.No.5. What tests-you will advise to confirm your diagnosis? & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A young 12yrs old boy is brought to hospital with Clo # Weakness and loss of weight. # Recurrent urinary tract infections. # Recurrent skin infections. # Non-healing wounds. # Polydypsia, polyuria & polyphagia. Laboratory investigations revealed:- # Bld. sugar ( Fasting) ------- 160mg% # Bld. sugar ( Post-prandial) ---290mg% # Urine sugar (++) QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. Name the disease from which the boy appears to suffer. Q.No.2. What is the likely cause of the disease? Q.No.3. How will you treat this boy? & scanned with OKEN Scanner© 1. Calculate the oxygen carrying capacity of blood:- a) If 100ml of blood contains 15 gms.of Hb. b) If 100ml of blood contains $gms.of Hb. 2. Comment on the findings. 3. Calculate the total Hb:content in your blood if 100ml of your blood contains 15 gms. of Hb. & scanned with OKEN ScannerA 28 year old female comes to hospital with > History of -> — Excessive menstruation - 1 yr > — Breathlessness on exertion - 6 months > Palpitation - 6 months ~ Easy fatiguability & generalized weakness - 4 months. On examination — + She appears pale. = Pulse is 90 beats/min. = Of CVS > systolic murmur * Of respiratory system —> NAD (No Abnormality Detected) Laboratory investigations show > Hb > 6 gm% TLC — 8000/mm? DLC — PeclzeMsE2Bs Q:1 What is the likely diagnosis in this case? Q:2 Name the type of anaemia. Q:3_ What additional tests you would advice? Q:4 What treatment would you give to the patient? & scanned with OKEN ScannerForward svoke \ Q:1 Name the above structure and label its ben parts. i Q:2 Name different types of cellular movements. \ Q:3 How are the flagellar movements of sperms iifferent from that of ciliary movements? & scanned with OKEN ScannerBlood A 6 years old child came to the hospital with:- History of --high grade fever 5 days Cough with blocked nose 4 days. Investigations reveal: Hb----- 12 grm% DLC-—- P-78, L-18, M-I, E-3, TLC--—- 14000/mm3 TEC------5 Million/mm3 The diagnosis made was that of upper respiratory tract infection (common cold) Questi 1. What are your comments about the blood picture? 2. What other conditions (causes) can lead to this blood picture? 3. Name conditions (causes) in which we can get an opposite blood picture & scanned with OKEN ScannerMuscle AAS yrs old male comes to hospital with a H/o Progressive muscular weakness as the day Progresses along with fatigue. 1. What can be the probable diagnosis? 2. What is this disease due to? 3. What treatment will you advise? 4. Which famous Hindi film actor suffered from this disease? & scanned with OKEN ScannerA 30 year old Rh negative lady whose husband is Rh positive delivers her first baby. The baby’s blood group is tested and it is also Rh positive. Q:1 What treatment and advice would you like to give to the mother? Q:2. What is landstenier’s law and does the Rh blood group follow it? Comment. & scanned with OKEN ScannerA semi-permeable membrane has across its two sides (A & B) non-diffusible (proteins) ions and diffusible ions (Na* & CI’) A B Na*' Nat: Nat Na* Na* Nat Pro Pr Pre eee eee After sometime the diffusible ions rearrange themselves and following arrangement is seen as an equilibrium is set. A B Na* Na* Na* Nat Na* Nat cr Pro Pr Pre cc, Q:1 What is the name of the equilibrium which is get up Across the semi-permeable membrane? Q:2. Define it and explain it 7 Q:3 What are its uses (or effects) in the body? & scanned with OKEN ScannerQt Q:2 Q:3 a4 Calculate the Dyspnoeic index from the dat given below : Tidal volume = 400m! Respiratory rate = 15/ minute Maximum voluntary ventilation = 80 Its/ mt. Is the value of MVV within normal range How is MVV measured. What is the importance of dyspnoeic index? Enumerate physiological and pathological causes for development of dyspnoea. & scanned with OKEN ScannerQ:1 Find out the alveolar ventilation, inspiratory capacity and vital capacity from the data given below: Tidal volume 500 ml Inspiratory reserve volume 3000 ml Expiratory reserve volume 1000 ml Residual volume 1100 mi Dead space volume 150 ml Respiratory rate 15 /min Q:2 Which of the lung volumes and capacities cannot be measured by the use of a spirometer? Q:3 What is the effect of posture on vital capacity? & scanned with OKEN ScannerRespiratory Questions:= 1. Find out the alveolar and minute ventilation from the following date: Tidal Volume: 500ml Respiratory Rate: 12 breaths/min. Dead Space Volume: 150ml 2. Define minute respiratory volume? 3. Explain the following terms:~ i) Ventilation- perfusion ration is equal to zero. ii) Ventilation-perfusion ratio is equal to infinity. iii) Ventilation- perfusion ratiog is normal. & scanned with OKEN ScannerQ:1 Find out the alveolar and minute ventilation from the following data : Tidal volume = 500m! R. Rate = 12/mt. Dead space = 150ml Q:2 Define Minute respiratory volume. Q:3. Explain the following terms: i (i) Ventilation perfusion ratio is equal to zero. (ii) Ventilation perfusion ratio is equal to infinity. (iii) Ventilation perfusion ratio is equal to normal. & scanned with OKEN Scanner(o> CNS A patient comes to a clinical OPD with following »mplaints:- # Drooping of right eye lid. # Loss of sweating on right half of face. On examination:- # Right papillary constriction. # Ptosis. # Enopthalmos. # No dilation of pupil on shading the eyes. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.01. What is the probable site of lesion? Q.No.02. What is the name of this syndrome? Q.No.03. Trace the pathway 6 light reflex. & scanned with OKEN ScannerQ:1 Given below is the data of lung function tests of different Persons: Identify which data belongs to — a) Normal person; b) Person with restrictive lung disease; ¢) Person with obstructive lung 1 V.C = 4.5 litres. FEV, = 3.7 litres (82% of V.C) 2. V.C = 2 litres. FEV; = 1.6 litres (80% of V.C) 3. V.C = 2.5 litres. FEV, = 1.2 litres (48% of V.C) & scanned with OKEN Scanner: ENDOCRINOLOGY A 43 yrs old female report to medical OPD with complain of ( c/o) # Increase in weight despite lack of appetite. # Extremes somnolence. # Excessive fatigue. # Swelling of face & legs. # Intolerance to cold. # Menorrhagia. On physical examination of the patient findings are:- # Puffy face. # Supraclavicular pad of fat. # Mental sluggishness. # Decreased heart rate. i.e.bradycardia. # Non-pitting oedema. # Delayed Achilles tendon reflex & other deep tendon reflexes. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.01. What is your opinion as for as the diagnosis is concerned? Q.No.02. What are the n-functions of the Hormone which is deficient? Q.No.03. What is the cause of non-gitting oedema? Q.No.04. How will you treat such a patient? & scanned with OKEN ScannerQa Q2 Q:3 A patient is to be taken up for gall bladder surgery. His investigations show (i) Hb > 14 9m% qi) TLe > — 6000/mm? iii) DLC > PealsoMsEsB: (iv) BT +> 8 minutes (v) cr > 11 minutes (vi PT + 20 seconds (vii) Urine RYE > normal, What are normal bleeding time, clotting time and prothrombin time? * 4 What are the causes of increased bleeding and clotting times? Name different anticoagulants which can be given to Patients clinically. & scanned with OKEN ScannerRespiratory system na Oe Lung volume change Clilres) ° BR “4 -5 -6 5 Pleural pressure Questions:- Cem u,o) 1. What is compliance? 2. What is the normal value of compliance for only lungs & lungs thorax together? 3, State causes for inet e and decrease of compliane & scanned with OKEN Scanner© GIT One of the old procedures in treatment of peptic ulcers is vagotomy ie. surgical cutting of vagus nerves going to the stomach. Questions :- 1. How does this procedure help the ulcers to heal? 2. Name the factors controlling HCL acid secretion in stomach. 3. How do different drugs help in treatment of pepticttl ce x ° & scanned with OKEN ScannerA 38-year-old male comes to his family physician with the C/O Increased difficulty in swallowing both solid and liquid foods. He added that he sometimes had more difficulty when he was under stress. He further added that he often had chest pain and regurgitation and difficulty with belching. After a thorough examination, he was diagnosed with ? What is your diagnosis of this patient? What part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is composed of striated muscle and smooth muscle? What factors are responsible for the tonic contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) between swallows? What are the major neurotransmitters responsible for regulating contraction and relaxation of the LES? How this patient should be treated? & scanned with OKEN ScannerBle A patient is admitted in the medicine ward, as he is suffering from jaundice. His investigation reveal:- i) Urine urobilinogen Absent ii) Urine bilirubin Present iii) Faecal €ercobilnogen Absent iv) Faecal fat Present Question: @} . I 1, Comment on the type of jaundi 2. What type of Van Den Berg reaction do you expect in this case & why? 3. What are the steps of degradation of Haemoglobin? & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A 10 yrs old boy is brought to hospital by his parents with history of (h/o) # Physical and mental growth retardation. # Lack of interest in surrounding i.e. Sluggishness. # Yellowish skin. # Scaling of skin. On examination:- # The boy appeared to be 5 yr old as he was dwarf. # Looked mentally retarded. # Face was puffy with tongue protruding out. # Skin was yellowish, thick & scaly. # Had a pot belly & supraclavicular pad of fat. # Teeth not properly developed. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What is the most likely diagnosis Of this clinical condition? Q.No.2. What is the differential diagnosis? Q.No.3. What is the reason behind all the clinical symptoms? Q.No.4. How will you treat such a child? & scanned with OKEN ScannerENDOCRINOLOGY A 36 yrs old female presents to hospital with ‘complain:- # Heat intolerance. # Palpitations. # Excessive sweating. # Insomnia. # Loss of weight, despite increase in appetite. # Diarrhea. # Polymenorrhoea. Physical examination of the patient shows:- # Anxious and restless patient. # Warm and moist skin. # Fine tremors of hand. # Seeping pulse rate (120/min.) increased. # Exopthalmos with widened palpebral fissure. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1.Give the most likely diagnosis? Q.No.2. What investigations will you advise to come to conclusion? Q.No.3. How is this (deficient) hormone regulated? Q.No.4. How the patient should be treated? & scanned with OKEN ScannerQ:1. This diagram shows which part of the cell. Label it. Q:2 What are the different chemical components of this part and in what proportion? & scanned with OKEN ScannerA pregnant 25 year old lady has Rh negative blood group. Her husband is Rh positive. Q:1 Comment on the probable consequences during a) First pregnancy b) Second pregnancy c) Subsequent pregnancies. Q:2 What is erythroblastosis foetalis? & scanned with OKEN ScannerChanne! Carer proteins Petein Q:1 What are the two main ways by which substances are transported across the membrane? Define diffusion. Q:2 What is the difference between (i) __ Diffusion and Active transport (ii) Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion Q:3 Enumerate the factors on which net diffusion depends. What is Nernst potential and equation? & scanned with OKEN ScannerlWod Jo aseas0ep pue aseaIDUI 40) Sesne? aes 49439603 xes0u3 pue s6un| Pue sBun] Aju0 40 eaueyjdwod yo anjen jewou aya S13e4UM geouerdwoa si 3euM (OH u2) onssaid yenorg £0 ad rd © scanned with OKEN ScannertN, €42] 424412 02 arun2 Usqojboulay-uabAxo FH4S Y2IYM SasnDd> quavasjip 242 auD UM ge ¢p2z0a43 Buyuosiod aPIXOUOW-Uoqud> 40 juUand Dd sy MOY ‘2 ¢nixoddy sasnvo apixouow uoquv> Yorum Aq wsiuDyzaM ay3 si 2DUM T “quawydad2 sayqung dof ozidsoy ay2 03 P23z3zWpo som puv buluosjod apixouow uoqun> YIM Pasoubvip som juaiod auL “P2DAa/2 SDM jana] UIgojboWaYyAxoquv> wnas SIH. “aaizobau som pup Paulozqo som uaai2s bnup aulun py “yurd 34614q D pauvaddo sdij s1y 3nq pasnjuoz pub 21bivyz2) som uaiod ay2 ‘uonDulWDxa uC ‘sjusejduios jeoipauw 4ofeui osy }sed ou PeY aH ‘ayoepeay e yo Bulujejdwoo pue ‘yjeaiq: Jo joys ‘pajyeasneu ‘pasnjuoo 9q 0} paseadde ay ‘Aep sajuim pjoo e uo wuem Aeys 0} BujAy sem ay asaym ‘aoeusny e 0} JxoU auoy 4194} Jo juauaseq ay) ul WY punoy Aay} Jey} paulejduios Aayy suaquiawl Ajjuey siy Aq jejyidsoy eso Bum AduaBsawa ay} 0} 1yBno.q si uew Pjo-teah-gz y < —_ \ © scanned with OKEN Scanner¢Poojq snouan ay? wy) sun] 02 sanssiz wouJ apixolp uoqiv> Jo zodsupsz Jo skom .Uasasjip ay2 auD 2DYM v © scanned with OKEN ScannerCaayyns or siseq ayy quand v yons Yoryar tuouy $1999 sIOApE 4 SUE OYA {a0InfpEAYSOH UI plow Jo You] Jo Ajo Kuw auOXp Ss} Ape sip nbayy poo} Jo sonnuenb |peus suNsuod 0} pasiape sem af “T ~ Sus Its © scanned with OKEN Scanneré) a 2 K Questions:~ 1. Name the above diagram? What are these waves due to? ce vey the normal durations and voltage of these waves? 4, What is P-R interval and what is its significance? @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(Frai curv Force of contraction of myocardium Initial length of myocardial fibers a a) Identify the Graph b) State the Law c) Explain the role of this law in regulation of Cardiac output & scanned with OKEN Scanner@ 1. What are the various waves seen ina normal arterial (aortic) pulse tracing? 2. With what parts of cardi; cle do these waves coincide? 3. What is collapsing pul @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFigure depicts the relationship b/ distending pressure (P) and well tension(T) in a hollow viscera. QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. Name the law relating to P & T? Q.No.2. What does the law state? Q.No.3. Give an example of the operation of this law in cardiovascular system. Where else in body is the law operable? & scanned with OKEN Scannercvs JUGULAR VEM&QS PRESSSURE BADEN 4G FROM A NORMAL SUB!3CT TRACING Questions: 1. In what position are ve 10us pulsations best observed? 2. In which vein and why are these pulsations observed? 3. What is the significance of 4 c, v, waves and», x’ & y descent? 4, Co-relate these waves with various phase ot cardiac cycl:? 5. What is the importance of studying the jugular venous pressure uvpy? & scanned with OKEN ScannerCVS A.56 yrs old female comes to a doctor with Clo “ # Headache off & on. — # Palpitations. “ On examination:- # BP---------- 160/110mmHg. ‘~ QUESTIONS:- Q.No.1. What is the likely diagnosis? Q.No.2. What laboratory investigations will you Advise to this patient & why? Q.No.3. How will you treat her? & scanned with OKEN ScannerGiven:- 250 ml/min. 9.5ml/100ml —14,5mil/100ml + mM Resting ©2 consyption: Arterial O2 concentration ~ Venous 02 concentiation— Question: 1. Galculate the cardiac output from the above given values? >, Name the methods for calculation of cardiac output? 3, Which method is employed to calculate the cardiac output using above given data? 4,State Fick’s principal? 5, What are the factor affecting ce? & scanned with OKEN Scannercys A 60 yrs old hypertensive female comes to the emergency department of the hospital wi History of (H/o) ‘pain on left side of chest for last half an hour «palpitations for the same duration . On examination:- Her pulse is 92 beats/minss regular BP -100/60 mmHg Investigations:- ECG show T wave inversion © Trop-T test positive She was immediately given inj.streptokinase after the diagnosis was made. uestions:- What is your diagnosis? 2. What is streptokinase? What is its use? 3. How is human tissue plasminogen activator produced? Why is it less usec? © scanned with OKEN Scanner