RTRMF – BSN 1B
NCM 100: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING
LECTURER: LOLLYVIC MATE
___ (BLACK) – ppt
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN WOMEN
BACKGROUND
▪ Violence against women – particularly intimate
partner violence and sexual violence – is a major
public health problem and a violation of women's
human rights.
▪ The United Nations defines violence against
women as:
o "any act of gender-based violence that results
in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or
mental harm or suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in
public or in private life."
▪ Violence and abuse against women in intimate
relationships refer to the systemic power and
control that an abuser attempts to exercise over
his wife or intimate partner.
▪ These incidences are considered grave and
fundamental violation of human rights and
universal freedom
CONTROLLING BEHAVIOR?
▪ This refers to how an abuser maintains control or
dominance over the victim.
o They usually believe they are justified in their
controlling behavior, and the consequent
abuse is the core issue in domestic violence.
▪ In the United States, controlling behavior or
coercive control is currently not illegal unless it
escalates to physical violence.
o Many justice systems usually depend on
physical evidence to charge individuals with
specific criminal actions such as rape and
assault.
▪ Controlling behavior is still domestic abuse despite
the latter and can create prolonged lasting
psychological trauma.
▪ Unfortunately, controlling behavior is not a
particular act but a pattern of behaviors.
o It also usually leaves less physical violence than
violence.
1ST SEMESTER | A. Y. 2023-2024
JANUARY 19, 2024
o Controlling behavior is still domestic abuse
despite the latter and can create prolonged
lasting psychological trauma.
CONTROLLING BEHAVIOR CAN INCLUDE THE
FOLLOWING ACTS:
▪ Monitoring the partner’s phone calls; failing to
allow the victim to make or receive phone calls.
▪ Calling or coming home unexpectedly to check up
on the other partner
o At first, this may appear as a loving gesture.
o It, however, can escalate to become a sign of
jealousy and possessiveness.
▪ Invading a partner’s privacy by not allowing them
time and space
▪ Not allowing a person’s freedom of choice
o Not allowing a person’s freedom of choice
regarding hairstyles and clothing style.
o This can include forcing the victim to dress in a
particular way, for example, more seductively
or conservatively than they are comfortable.
▪ Threatening to hurt, kidnap, kill, or physical and
sexual abuse.
▪ Encouraging or forcing dependence
o Encouraging or forcing dependence by making
the victim believe they are incapable of
surviving or performing simple tasks on their
own or without the abuser.
▪ Checking the mileage of the odometer after the
partner uses the car.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND CONCEPTS
▪ Domestic violence is devastating to women and
children who are its victims.
▪ Though the woman may survive the abuse, there
are still scars left which will manifest in the future
as low self esteem and helplessness.
▪ Most victims may cope through different strategies
which may be more dangerous, unhealthy and
ineffective.
▪ The effects may severely affect the victim in
different aspects- effects may be temporary or
lifetime.
▪ Others may lead to homicide or suicide.
▪ Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - You may
be easily startled, feel tense or on edge, have
difficulty sleeping, or have angry outbursts.
o You may also have trouble remembering things
or have negative thoughts about yourself or
others
▪ Depression. Anxiety - it can be a sudden attack of
intense fear.
▪ Different coping strategies:
o Alcohol or drug abuse
o Physical problems and illness
o Frequent job change
o Stress reactions
o Promiscuity
o Child abuse
o Eating disorders
o Denial
o Troubled relations with others
o Minimization - This is a form of denial.
- The survivor minimizes when she says,
“This isn’t really abuse. Abuse is more
serious” or “Well, he only hit me once with
his fist.”
o Prostitution
o Shock and dissociation - These two reactions
can numb the survivor’s mind and body while
the assault takes place and for a time
afterward.
- The reactions help her avoid dealing with
immediate feelings until she has found
safety.
▪ Where To Turn For Support
o Even after the survivor finds safety and
supportive people, she may continue to use
these coping strategies until she realizes they
are no longer necessary or helpful.
o At that point, the survivor may be interested in
receiving counseling or other supportive
services.
FACTORS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
- These factors make it difficult for a woman to out
an end to an abusive violent situation.
▪ Emotional Factors - includes the victim’s hope that
the abuser will change, concern for her children,
love and emotional investment on the relationship
and the lack of confidence to decide.
▪ Structural Factors - refer to lack of resources to
sustain themselves due to their:
o lack of emotional support
o lack of education or awareness on the part of
the women about domestic violence as an
acknowledged social problem
o lack of legal protective measures
o lack of employment and training opportunities
▪ Social Factors- ranges from:
o the women’s patriarchal orientation that men
should be the ones holding power over the
family.
o her concern for the preservation of the family’s
intactness.
o the woman’s belief that abuse and violence is
usual for any relationship.
FORMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
▪ Physical Abuse - one of the most common and
known forms of domestic violence.
o This form of abuse refers to physically
aggressive and indirectly physically harmful
behavior
▪ Psychological and Emotional Abuse- any behavior
exploiting the victim’s insecurity, vulnerability, or
character.
o It involves undermining or attempting to
undermine the victim’s self-worth and self-
esteem.
o It is a common experience many deal with in
most relationships.
▪ Sexual Abuse - any behavior that utilizes sex to
control or demean the victim.
o You should note that having consent in the
past does not guarantee current permission.
o This form of abuse typically involves physical
and verbal behavior.
▪ Financial Abuse - the perpetrator wields their
influence over the financial resources in the
relationship as a way to oppress the victim.
o This form of domestic abuse may appear as
denying or limiting the victim’s access to funds
▪ Verbal Abuse- typically involves coercion, threats,
and blame.
o This form of abuse refers to any abusive
language used to embarrass, threaten, or
denigrate the other person.
▪ Isolation - closely related to controlling behaviors.
o It is a unique form of domestic abuse, meaning
it can be inflicted by the abuser but can also be
resorted to by the victim for several valid
reasons.
o The idea is to maintain control over their victim
primarily.
o By keeping the victim from doing what they
want to, seeing who they want to see,
controlling how the victim feels and thinks, or
keeping them from setting and meeting goals,
the abuser isolates the victim from personal
and public resources that can help them leave
the relationship.
o “if you loved me, you would want to spend
time with me, not your family .”
▪ Stalking - the unwanted and persistent pursuit of
another person.
o It may occur during or after a relationship or
marriage has ended.
o This form of abuse can harm the victims,
causing psychological traumas
BREAK THE CYCLE
▪ Patterns of abusive relationship:
o Abuser threatens violence.
o Abuser strikes.
o Abuser apologizes, promises to change and
offers gifts.
o The cycle repeats itself.
▪ The longer you stay in an abusive relationship, the
greater the physical and emotional toll.
o You might become depressed and anxious, or
you might begin to doubt your ability to take
care of yourself.
o You might feel helpless or paralyzed.
▪ You may also wonder if the abuse is your fault — a
common point of confusion among survivors of
domestic abuse that may make it more difficult to
seek help.
REASONS WHY VICTIMS ARE NOT READY TO SEEK
HELP:
▪ The abuser blames the victim for the violence in
the relationship.
o Abusive partners rarely take responsibility for
their actions.
o Don't take the blame
• You may not be ready to seek help because
you believe you're at least partially to
blame for the abuse in the relationship.
▪ The abuser only exhibits abusive behavior with the
victim
o Abusers are often concerned with outward
appearances and may appear charming and
stable to those outside of your relationship.
o This may cause you to believe that his or her
actions can only be explained by something
you've done.
▪ Therapists and health care providers who see the
victim alone or with their abuser haven't detected
a problem.
▪ The victim acted out verbally or physically against
the abuser, yelling, pushing or hitting your partner
during conflicts.
o You may worry that you are abusive, but it's
much more likely that you acted in self-defense
or intense emotional distress.
o Your abuser may use such incidents to
manipulate you, describing them as proof that
you are the abusive partner.
WHERE TO FIND HELP
▪ Still, the only way to break the cycle of domestic
violence is to take action.
o Start by telling someone about the abuse,
whether it's a friend, a loved one, a health care
provider or another close contact.
o At first, you might find it hard to talk about the
abuse.
o But understand that you are not alone and
there are experts who can help you.
o You'll also likely feel relief and receive much-
needed support
▪ In the Philippine setting , women and children are
protected by RA9262 or the Anti-Violence Against
Women and Their Children Act of 2004
o A protection order is an order issued under this
act for the purpose of preventing further acts
of violence against women or her child.
▪ RA9262 or the Anti-Violence Against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004.
o Kinds of protection orders:
1. Barangay Protection Orders (BPO) - refer
to the protection order issued by
the Punong Barangay ordering the
perpetrator to desist from committing acts
shall be effective for 15 days.
2. Temporary Protection Orders (TPO) -
refers to the protection order issued by the
court on the date of the filing of the
application after ex parte determination
that such order should be issued.
- The court may grant in a TPO any, and
shall be effective for thirty (30) days.
- The court shall order the immediate
personal service of the TPO on the
respondent by the court sheriff who
may obtain the assistance of law
enforcement agents for the service.
3. Permanent Protection Order (PPO) -
refers to the protection order issued by the
court after notice and hearing.
- The court shall not deny the issuance
of protection order on the basis of the
lapse of time between the act of
violence and the filing of the
application.
- PPO shall be effective until revoked by
the court upon application of the
person in whose favor it was issued.
WHERE CAN I APPLY FOR A PROTECTION ORDER?
▪ Application for a protection may be filed with the
appropriate Regional Trial Court/Family Court or
Municipal Court where the petitioner resides in
case of Temporary Protection Order (TPO) and
Permanent Protection Order (PPO), respectively.
▪ Barangay Protection Order may be applied for in
the Barangay where the applicant resides or in
accordance with Section 409 of the Local
Government Code of 1991.
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES AND ADAPTATION OF
PARENTS TO CHILD’S CHRONIC ILLNESS
BACKGROUND
▪ Illness as a demanding event can poise a threat to
the family’s adaptation and resources
▪ Parents have shown to exercise a number of
emotional responses to illness.
o There is a significant distinction on the
emotional responses and perceptions between
the parents when faced with a form of crisis
and this can cause various maladaptive
responses that can affect family and social
relationships
▪ The focus of nursing care is to identify and assist
the parents who are at risk or are already
experiencing maladaptive behaviors.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AND CONCEPTS
▪ Situational crisis - is an often recurring form of
crisis in the family, cancer being one of the
examples. It is the unexpected events that pose a
threat to the person’s well- being
▪ Facilitative interventions - are applied by nurses
and support groups to counteract situational crisis
▪ Parental perception on illness - gives an important
contribution on reaction towards environment
▪ Initial response - is shock or disbelief because of
the preconceived ideas associated with chronic
illnesses
▪ Fear - is the vulnerability of the child with a severe
and damaging illness
▪ Guilt and Anger - are emotions which can be
interchanged and directed to self and others,
causing conflict and disharmony
▪ Parents of some patients will at first favor a
spiritual / supernatural event as cause of illness
and will refer healthcare to an indigenous healer
for financial and cultural reasons
▪ Parental perceptions - can be different when there
is an absence of mutuality, or a general agreement
about the child’s situation
▪ Mutuality on the awareness of illness - will give a
clear, realistic view and will serve as a way for
adaptive coping mechanism
▪ Absence in mutuality between spouses - will
inevitably cause conflict or disharmony among
family members, faulty support system and crisis
development
▪ The stress of negative diagnosis - will elicit
different degrees of intense emotions which may
vary in severity or degree.