Chp-11 ansrs 178-210.

qxd 26/5/04 4:30 pm Page 199

Answers 199

8 Regression
EXERCISE 8A
1 (a) Graph of heart mass against body mass for 14 mice
y
200

180

160

Heart
mass
(mg)
140

120

100

25 30 35 40 45 50 x
Body mass (g)

(b) y  48.4  2.75x.

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200 Answers

2 (a) Graph of blood pressure against age

y
175

150

Systolic
blood
pressure

125

100

30 40 50 60 70 x
Age (years)
(b) y  62.8  1.58x;
(c) (i) y  1.5763  20  62.766  94.3,
(ii) y  1.5763  45  62.766  133.7;
(d) (i) Extrapolation – not accurate, linear model may not continue,
(ii) Interpolation – likely to be reasonably accurate.
3 (a) Graph of hardness of shell against supplement amount
y
7.5

5.0

Hardness
of
shell

2.5

5 10 15 20 x
Supplement (g)
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Answers 201

(b) y  0.486x 2.40;

(c) y on scale 0–10, model cannot extend to values of x outside range
5–25 (approximately).
4 (a) and (c) Graph of predicted age against and actual age
y

50

40

Actual
age
(years)
30

20

20 30 40 x
Predicted age (years)

(b) y  1.03x  0.533;

(d) With the exception of G, predictions seem fairly accurate – the
points all lie close to the line. It would be advisable to investigate
person G to see if they should be excluded (been ill/in prison?).
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5 (a) and (c) Graph of price against capacity

y

Price
(£  1000)

5 10 15 20 25 x
Capacity (100 cm3)

(b) y  3.02x  237;

(d) Model J is recommended (well below line – very low price).
Discourage models A, E and K (above line – high price)
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Answers 203

6 (a) Graph of salary against score

y

20

16

Salary 12
(£  1000)

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 x
Score

(b) y  192x  3713;

(c) Points close to straight line, apart from B and C. Method should be
reasonably satisfactory.
(d) Salary  a  bx  t, where t is an additional payment for
employees who have to work away from home.
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7 (a) Graph of time to pack against number of items

y

500

400

Ada
Betty
Alice
Time to
pack (min) 300

200

100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x
Number of items

(b) r  0.897, consistent with linear relationship, more items → more

time to pack;
(c) y  166  4.62x;
(d) y  4.6161  45  165.52  373, should be fairly accurate but
would depend on packer;
(e) Betty  59.0, 31.7, 33.2, average 41.3,
Alice  47.2, 49.8, 56.7, average 51.2;
(f) (i) Betty 373.2 41.3  332,
(ii) Alice 373.2  51.2  424.
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8 (a) Graph of cost against output

y

100

90

80 y  1.6x

Cost 70
(£  1000)
60

50

40

30

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 x
Output (1000)

(b) y  0.961x  20.7;

(c) Approximately 32 000 output;
(d) If output above 32 000 a quarter, profit will be made.

9 (a) Graph of deflection against temperature

y

Deflection

3 A
B
C

2
10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Temperature (°C)
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(b) y  0.0453x  1.42;

(c) Technician B seems to give higher results than A. A and B are
both consistent, however, C’s results are very erratic;
(d) Check which of A and B is ‘accurate’. Try to find and eliminate
cause of small systematic difference between A and B. Check C’s
measurements: C needs retraining.

10 (a) and (b) Graph of takings against number of part-time staff

y

370

360

350

Takings
(£’00)
340

330

320

310
10 16 22 28 34 x
Number of part-time staff

(b) y  294  1.73x;

(c) £29 400, estimate of takings when no part-time staff employed.
£173 estimate of extra taken per extra part-time member of staff;
(d) Week with 28 staff – abnormally low takings relative to pattern;
(e) Easier to organise steady increase of part-time staff than week-
to-week fluctuations, however increasing number many coincide
with another factor – such as run-up to Christmas – which will
increase takings. From a statistical point of view, it is better to
randomly order the weeks in which the given numbers of part-
time staff are used.
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11 (a) and (b) Graph of estimated age against actual age

y

100

90

80
A
70

K
Estimated 60 D
age B
(years)
50

40 I
E
30

20 C
G
10 F
H
J

O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 x
Actual age (years)

(b) y  0.984  0.853x;

(c) D – 0.860 I – 5.44;
(d) D has a small residual but is a poor estimate.
I has a large residual but is a good estimate.
Small residual indicates similar pattern to other estimates.
As Paulo tends to underestimate ages this means a poor estimate
in this case.
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12 (a) and (b) Graph of load time against hired help

y

390
1
380

370

360 2

350
3

Load 340
time
(min)
330

4
320

5
310 6

7
300
8
290
9
280
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
Number of helpers
(b) y  396 11.5x;
(c) a – estimate of time to load van with no local people hired
b – estimate of reduction in time to load van for each local
person hired;
(d) Extrapolation, estimate would be negative, which is impossible;
(e) Cannot tell if reduction in time is due to more people hired or to
roadies gaining more experience.

Exam style practice paper

1 (a) 0.289; (b) 0.201; (c) 0.290.

2 A parameter is a numerical property of a population, a statistic is a

numerical property of a sample.

3 (a) (i) 0.333, (ii) 0.4, (iii) 0.4;

(b) (i) W, X. Member cannot be both adult and junior,
(ii) V, X P(X)  P(X | V).