IET Wireless Sensor Systems

Research Article

Impact of access class barring in narrow band ISSN 2043-6386

Received on 4th March 2019
Revised 29th May 2019
internet of things Accepted on 18th July 2019
E-First on 15th August 2019
doi: 10.1049/iet-wss.2019.0036
www.ietdl.org

Chaturasan Ramineni1, Venkatesh Tiruchirai Gopalakrishnan1

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
E-mail: tgvenky@ee.iitm.ac.in

Abstract: Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) is an important category of internet of things network topology. LPWAN
connects a massive number of low-cost devices with low-power consumption and long coverage range. Narrow band internet of
things (NB-IoT) is a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard specifically designed for LPWAN. Owing to massive
connectivity random access channel (RACH) of NB-IoT often gets overloaded. This potential problem needs to be addressed
immediately. For controlling the RACH overload, 3GPP has introduced two access barring mechanisms in LTE, which are (i)
access class barring and (ii) extended access barring (EAB). In NB-IoT only EAB mechanism has been adopted. In this study,
the authors show through simulations that broadcasting of the access barring factor and barring time in system information
block-2 can be used to improve the success probability and reduce the access delay of random access mechanism of NB-IoT
for different traffic models.

Nomenclature
N total number of UEs in the cell
δi periodicity of NPRACH/slot length in CE level I
Ni initial number of UEs in CE level I
Si number of sub-carriers allocated to CE level I
M maximum number of attempts in all CE levels
Ri maximum number of attempts per preamble allowed in CE
level I
Wi size of back-off windows in CE level I
α access barring factor
T acb access barring time
Ps probability of successful access
D mean delay of the successfully accessed UEs
1 Introduction
Recently, internet of things (IoT) has attracted great attention due
to the advancement of wireless technologies. Basic idea is to
connect a wide variety of physical devices through the internet. An
important class of IoT networks is the low-power wide-area
network (LPWAN). LPWAN connects devices, that have stringent
requirements on battery life and cost, over the wide area [1, 2].
Some of the promising IoT applications based on LPWAN include
automated energy metre reading, smart grid, smart homes etc. [1].
Narrow band IoT (NB-IoT) is the standard introduced by Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in release 13 specifically
for LPWAN [1, 2]. NB-IoT is similar to LTE with differences in
radio structure, for adapting to low bandwidth. In NB-IoT, user
equipment (UE) can talk to E-UTRAN Node B (eNB), the base
station, only after uplink synchronisation. Random access (RA) is a
crucial step for UE in synchronising with the network. There are
two types of RA procedures namely contention-based and
contention-free procedures. In the contention-free RA procedure,
the eNB allocates resources to UE for accessing the network. In the
contention-based RA procedure devices compete for the resources
to access the network. NB-IoT follows contention-based RA
procedure. RA procedure in NB-IoT is similar to LTE. However,
NB-IoT deals with huge number devices and hence there will be
severe congestion.
Many solutions have been proposed by 3GPP to deal with
congestion reduction in LTE/LTE-A. The proposed schemes
include (i) access class barring (ACB), (ii) extended access barring
(EAB), (iii) separate resources for MTC, (iv) dynamic allocation of
RA channel (RACH) resources, (iv) back-off specific schemes, and
(v) slotted access and pull-based RA [3]. There are also non-3GPP
based solutions for dealing with congestion in IoT. Notable
schemes include self-optimisation overload control RA [4],
prioritised RA [5], group-based RA [6], spatial group-based
reusable preamble allocation [7], a reliability guaranteed RA [8],
non-aloha-based RA [9], and collision-resolution-based RA [10].
3GPP has adapted ACB and EAB for LTE/LTE-A. However, in
NB-IoT only EAB mechanism has been accommodated.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the benefit of ACB
mechanism in improving the RA procedure of NB-IoT as
compared to the traditional back-off method. We carry out the
extensive simulation on different traffic models and demonstrate
that broadcasting access barring (AB) factor and barring time
information in system information block-2 (SIB-2) can improve the
access probability and reduce the access delay of RA mechanism
of NB-IoT.
Rest of the paper is organised as follows, Section 2 explains the
RA procedure in NB-IoT. The AB mechanisms are presented in
Section 3. Simulation results on the effect of access bearing
mechanism on the access probability and access delay of NB-IoT
are presented in Section 4. Finally Section 5 concludes the paper.
2 Random access procedure
RA procedure starts only after the UE has obtained downlink
synchronisation, decoded master information block (MIB) and had
valid SIBs. In NB-IoT cell is divided into three coverage
enhancement levels (CE levels). CE level is decided by the UE by
comparing received power with the received signal received power
(RSRP) thresholds broadcasted by the eNB in the SIB-2. SIB-2
also carries information pertaining to RA configuration for three
CE levels. RA in NB-IoT involves four steps as outlined below
[11].
2.1 Preamble transmission (Msg1)
The first step, involves the transmission of Msg1 or preamble in
the narrow-band physical RACH (NPRACH). NPRACH is a set of
48 sub-carriers which are divided into four sets of 12 each. Those
four sets of 12 sub-carriers are mapped to the three CE levels.
Unlike in LTE, the preamble in NB-IoT is based on sub-carrier and

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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019

the hopping pattern [12]. The preamble in NB-IoT is a set of four
symbol-groups with each symbol-group transmitted in different
sub-carrier as per the hopping pattern. Each symbol-group consists
of one cyclic prefix plus five symbols. The preamble is transmitted
by randomly selecting the initial sub-carrier. Further preamble
transmission is repeated several times. After preamble
transmission, UE starts RA response (RAR) timer.
2.2 Random access response (Msg2)
After preamble is received and decoded at the eNB, the eNB sends
the RARAR that includes the RA preamble identifier, timing
advance, temporary cell radio network identity (TC-RNTI) and
some scheduling messages. UE expects the RAR reception before
RAR timer expiration. If RAR is not received before RAR timeout
the UE re-transmits the preamble after waiting for the back-off
interval. Due to the presence of multiple CE levels, UEs from
lower CE levels can transmit preamble in higher CE level. For
adapting to transmission in higher CE levels, a new counter has
been introduced in addition to the original counter. The original
counter keeps track of the total number of preamble transmission
attempts made by a UE in all CE levels. The new counter counts
the preamble attempts in the current CE level, once the maximum
preamble attempts of the current CE level is reached before the
original counter reaches the maximum value then the new counter
resets to zero and UE considers itself to be in the next CE level and
continues with the contention. This process continues until either
UE moves to the next step or all preamble attempts are exhausted.
RA is considered to be a failure once the original counter reaches
the maximum number of attempts.
2.3 RRC connection request (Msg3)
Upon receiving the RAR, UE transmits the TC-RNTI and some
MAC layer information in case of data transmission, on the
scheduled resources and starts contention resolution timer.
2.4 RRC connection setup (Msg4)
In the last step, eNB decodes the TC-RNTI and assigns a
permanent C-RNTI, which acts as an UE identifier for further
communication. All UEs that have selected the same initial sub-
carrier in preamble transmission will receive the same RAR and
they send the TC-RNTI through the same scheduled resources.
Since eNB cannot decode multiple UEs, a collision occurs.
Collided UEs re-transmits the preamble. Even if Msg4 is not
received within contention resolution window UE re-transmits the
preamble.
3 AB mechanisms
AB Mechanism is used for regulating the access request traffic by
barring some UEs from accessing the network for certain interval
of time. ACB and EAB are the AB mechanisms adopted by 3GPP
[13]. Both mechanisms are used in LTE/LTE-A.
3.1 Access class barring
In ACB, a barring factor (α) and a barring time (T acb) are
broadcasted by eNB in SIB-2 from the available set of barring
factors and barring times. If ACB parameters are not present in
SIB-2 all UEs are allowed to access the network. When parameters
are present UEs randomly generate a value (p) in between 0 and 1,
if p < α then UE will be able to access the network else it is barred
and has to wait for the time T barring which is defined as follows:
T barring = (0.7 + 0.6 × random) × T acb
where random is uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. This
process is repeated until the UE generates random value p < α.
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3.2 Extended access barring
In EAB UEs are divided into ten classes numbered from 0 to 9
based on the number stored in their subscriber identity module.
There are other classes 11–15 which are allocated for emergency
cases. In EAB, a bitmap is broadcasted in SIB-14 with 10 bits. The
UEs belonging to class with bit indicated as one can access the
network while UEs belonging to other classes are barred from
accessing the network. EAB mechanism is activated only in case of
high traffic load. EAB activation is indicated by a bit in SIB-14.
Only when EAB activation bit is set to one, the bitmap is
broadcasted.
There are many works analysing ACB and EAB in LTE. In
[14], the authors presented an analytical model for the EAB
algorithm used in LTE. In [15], the authors explained the limiting
factors of EAB algorithm. While the impact of barring rates and
barring time of ACB on network performance has been studied in
[16]. Few works have appeared recently in the literature comparing
EAB and ACB. In [17], the authors showed that optimal
performance of ACB is better than EAB in terms of energy
consumption.
NB-IoT system adopted only the EAB mechanism and the UEs
in NB-IoT system reads SIB-14 only when the AB bit is set to one
in MIB [13]. During bursty arrivals, if AB bit is set to 0 then
collision happens before the activation of EAB. Even if EAB is
activated in case there are a large number of UEs belonging to the
same class then the problem of congestion remains. In this paper,
we show that the combination of ACB with back-off method
improves access probability.
4 Simulation and comparison
In order to study the effect of ACB on the RA mechanism of NB-
IoT we carried out an extensive simulation. Simulations were
performed using C++ program executing on the linux platform. For
the purpose of simulation, the RA algorithm of NB-IoT has been
modelled as multi-band multi-channel slotted ALOHA as in [18].
An ideal physical layer has been assumed to isolate the effect of the
physical layer on the RA performance. UE re-transmits the
preamble only when the collision happens due to initial sub-carrier
selection. Notations used in our study are given in Nomenclature
section.
4.1 Configuration of parameters and traffic models
The values of parameters used in the simulation of RA procedure
of NB-IoT are set to be the same as in [18]. We have assumed that
the parameters of the ACB to be static, that is AB factor and AB
time does not change with load. Simulations are done for the above
parameters for N UEs which access the network and each UE
generate a single access request during a period of time T i.e. all
devices activate between t = 0 and t = T. The RA intensity is
described by distribution p(t). The number of UEs which generate
their access requests in the ith access opportunity is defined as
follows
ti + 1
A(i) = N ∫
ti
p(t) dt
where ti is the time of the ith access opportunity. p(t) follows one
of the three traffic distribution models [18].
(i) One-shot communication i.e. all N UEs access the network at
the same time and M be the number of contended UEs. Let
p(N, M) be the probability that N UEs send access requests and M
UEs collided so P(N, M) is like the probability that N balls into M
cells and the pdf is defined in [19]
(ii) Arrival time is uniformly distributed over some time interval.
The pdf of the uniform distribution is as follows:
1
p(t) = for a ≤ t ≤ b
b−a
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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019

we consider the packets to N UEs arrive uniformly over first 5 s.
(iii) Beta distribution is a continuous probability distribution
defined on the interval [0,1] with two positive shape parameters α
and β and the pdf p(t) is defined as follows:
tα − 1(1 − t) β − 1
p(t) = for α, β > 0
B(α, β)
Packets arrive to N UEs in the first 5 s based on Beta distribution
with shape parameters α = 3, and β = 4.
One-shot traffic occurs during group paging, uniform traffic is
considered as a realistic scenario and beta traffic is considered as
an extreme scenario [3]. For simulations, N is varied from 60 to
1200 in steps of 60.
4.2 Validation of our simulation procedure
We first validate the correctness of our simulation procedure before
presenting the results. To this end, we first try to compare our
Fig. 1 Probability of successful access: comparison of our simulation results for α = 1 with one shot traffic model and network configuration given by
Table 1 against the analytical results of [18]. N denotes the number of UEs
Fig. 2 Mean delay of the UEs: comparison of our simulation results for α = 1 with one shot traffic model and network configuration given by Table 1 against
the analytical results of [18]. N denotes the number of UEs
Table 1 Configuration of network parameters
Parameters
M 10
R0, R1, R2,
δ0, δ1, δ2
N0 : N2 : N3
W 0, W 1, W 2
S0, S1, S2
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simulation results for certain configuration of NB-IoT against the
corresponding analytical or simulation results reported already in
the literature. Since ACB was not a recommended access bearing
mechanism in NB-IoT standard, no analytical model has been
reported in the literature for modelling the performance of the NB-
IoT with ACB mechanism. The closest model that can be used for
validation of our results is that of Harwahyu et al. [18]. Harwahyu
et al. [18] reports analytical and simulation results for the
probability of successful access and the mean delay experienced by
a UE of NB-IoT, for the case of normal backoff mechanism (i.e.
without access bearing factor and bearing time). In order to carry
out the above-mentioned comparison for the normal backoff
condition we carried out our simulation as follows. We ran our C+
+ simulation code by setting the access bearing factor α = 1 (please
refer Section 3.1). The value of access bearing time is immaterial if
α = 1, but we have set T barring = 0.
In Figs. 1 and 2, we compare our simulation results for NB-IoT
with normal backoff (α = 1) against the analytical results reported
by the authors of [18] for probability of successful access and mean
delay experienced by the UEs. The network configurations of NB-
Values
5, 5, 10
80 ms, 160 ms, 640 ms
1:1:1
512 ms, 1024 ms, 4096 ms
12, 12, 12
401

Fig. 3 Probability of successful access by UEs against the number of UEs
in ‘One-shot’ model. Network configuration is given by Table 1
Fig. 4 Average packet transmission delay of successful UEs against the
number of UEs in ‘One-shot’ model. Network configuration is given by
Table 1
IoT used is given by Table 1. We have considered the one-shot
traffic model. We notice from Fig. 1 a good coincidence between
the two results for success probability. Fig. 2 for mean delay,
indicates a matching trend between the two results. This validates
our simulation procedure. All the simulation results reported in this
paper have been carried out using the same C++ code, with an
appropriate change in, T barring, and other parameters.
4.3 Results and inference
The simulation results of probability of successful access denoted
as Ps, and the mean delay, (average packet transmission delay
experienced by successful UEs), denoted as D, have been plotted.
We have considered the case of three traffic models and for each
traffic model we have simulated for three different values of ACB
parameters α and T acb {(0.9,4), (0.7,8) and (0.5,16)} [17]. For all
these cases we have also plotted the results for the case when ACB
was not used, in other words only the backoff mechanism is used to
resolve the contention among the UEs.
Figs. 3 and 4 shows the plots for the probability of successful
access (Ps) and mean delay (D), respectively against the number of
UEs for the case of one-shot traffic model. Figs. 5 and 6 show the
simulation results for Ps, and D for the case of the uniform traffic
model. Similarly Figs. 7 and 8 show the simulation results for Ps,
and D for Beta traffic model. In all the traffic models we find an
increase in the success probability compared to ‘only back-off
method’ for all three sets of α and T acb. In the case of (0.5,16)
almost most of the packets of all UEs can successfully access the
network without getting dropped for all three traffic models.
402
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Fig. 5 Probability of successful access by UEs against the number of UEs
in ‘Uniform’ model. Network configuration is given by Table 1
Fig. 6 Average packet transmission delay of successful UEs against the
number of UEs in ‘Uniform’ model. Network configuration is given by
Table 1
However, it comes with a price which is the increase in the average
delay for accessing the network. Since NB-IoT is mainly for the
delay-tolerant devices it is okay to have an increase in delay
compared to the only back-off method.
In a massive IoT application deployed in LPWAN, the UEs will
spend most of their time in sleep mode to conserve power.
Whenever the UE gets a packet, it wakes up and contend to
transmit the packet to the eNB. Therefore, the energy spent by the
IoT devices in successfully transmitting a packet is proportional to
the packet transmission delay as well as the throughput (which is in
turn proportional to probability of successful access). The trade-off
between transmission delay and the success probability can be
achieved by adjusting the parameters of α and T acb.
The values of Ps and D for suitably adjusted combinations of α
and Tacb are presented in Table 2. The values in Table 2 are
obtained for N = 1500 under Beta traffic model. As T acb increases,
the barring time will have a wide range. Therefore, congestion will
be less and the probability of successful access increases as it can
be observed from the table. The back-off values also affect the
values of barring factor and barring time. Derivation of the optimal
value of α and T acb is left for future work. Finally, we have shown
that inclusion of barring factor and barring time information in
SIB-2 dramatically increases the Ps in the system with a high
number of UEs. In case of a low number of UEs, there is not much
improvement in Ps due to ACB. However, it is better to have the
value of α and T acb to be broadcasted in SIB-2 and dynamically
adjust it so that congestion due to the sudden arrival of packets can
be mitigated.
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Fig. 7 Probability of successful access by of UEs against the number of UEs in ‘Beta’ model. Network configuration is given by Table 1

Fig. 8 Average packet transmision delay of successful UEs against the number of UEs in ‘Beta’ model. Network configuration is given by Table 1

Table 2 Ps and D for different sets of α and T acb for Beta traffic model for N = 1500
α T acb = 2 s T acb = 4 s T acb = 8 s T acb = 16 s
Ps D Ps D Ps D Ps D
0.5 0.71 8.07 0.82 14.74 0.98 22.21 0.999 29.008
0.7 0.57 4.90 0.69 7.85 0.79 14.49 .95 23.49
0.9 0.40 2.83 0.49 4.25 0.57 7.05 0.64 13.17

5 Conclusion
In this paper, we have demonstrated the benefit of using ACB for
better performance of RA mechanism of NB-IoT. We showed the
trade-off between the probability of successful access and mean
packet transmission time. We further showed how this trade-off is
affected by the parameters of ACB namely AB time and AB factor.
Optimal adjustment and/or dynamic adjustment of AB factor and
barring time are possible future extensions to the reported work.
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