ES ej hd.ecaee <** COMPASS PRACTICAL GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS. 2INTRODUCTION “The act of geomet cmsirton cn be tice bck 1 he wipes osibly unis price of mashing ow mle forms and meee Uh the Each wag pes a cords — gery, Ineraly Earth mes ‘naples incade seine Eyton rope eee, of hrpmedget, wi re-otablshed ld bounds afer th anal Nie ood, ami ancient Inn ala construction tecnigu foun inthe edi Seth, che clio uring ens with eometriinsruction. ln uine his beamed snore file athena dpe, paced at smaller ele, Pro (dete ft sped she sti se of only fuer nd og, the ‘deal sinpl forms of sgh ine nd ree “This bok intended 2 smal pt guide vo she el oped ly the arian’ manls peed by Abul-WE aoa (59) aod ‘Albee Diver (45). Some mathematical omen nd hiory i VD, lax no proof, Unles noted all coastuctions are matematialy exact "Reales ar highly encouraged ry th hand at some of them theres mba or acy aking ler and compas to popes “Tisbook weasinple ede Line armen dm hag he pes tino and 2 Seger awe in plac of Hr fo the eton of sight liedefined by two endpoints, Cine o-1meaus do cinerea and pacing hgh Cre lance oan draw aire of comps ping fought to Aris ed In poe of cn foe dwn only pat che cele. Soman, xr poi vent ep improv acuacy svten dang fr example ine aco dre on. Newly Kod pines Treo inches. Occaiomlly «ine made posible by new points ‘num swan merely ned and ages may alo be grouped ogee forbreiy. Fact. lll detSQUARES & RHOMBUSES from lines and circles Basic etraonal construction ar eatily mastcred. To deaw a ctle aboot a qte or rectangle festa the diagonals chen deaw che ile centered ‘on thei ntersevon and passing through che four wersces. ‘To imsibe ‘cle within a quate add the diagonals, ind the midpoint of one side, then daw che cinclecencered on the inteection of the dagoval and ping trough the edge midpoiae. pid aan ahpreda coy SEE ape eg eas Seeeg ai ieee eter gee aiepeesay epee Be ye ia as tig recall, Aa eae ct crease peered cere aoe eral Stic” (Sei ee Comtrtion ies he Ran Sanne, 20-40) a method for making ut neg aka oman Ea We, known 2 ety deg dar ih apa ee pects age shai rilaeno; clackn sa finecty aceanih "tml meso ime hee "A aa ‘ing omer 2) Snack engeeSQUARE AREAS easier than volumes Azoun 43026 the once at Delo challenged rhe Athenians to double he ‘ole of Apollos cubic alar to avere «plage (xe page 38) Doubling, lar, often goes, by ares rather than volume ie securing dee ince ‘Satbcras, the ton and subuaction of square aes. Constructions «sd Se fom the Bone Sulbsie, aud bot are clea appbeions ‘oF the Pythagorean theorem which tates tha in right eran the quae ‘on the Iypotense seal to the sn of the sqnares on the ater 80 sides. Tous construction 4 whale a square inc the dosed gona. ‘Constrsction 48 bed on Ab T-Wafi's quae dsesons. The dosed ‘ie shows an seratve way of finding £0. Trmy be otefil 0 adda deswing ip here. The mos common source of ‘ror iin the posioning of the comps point, soto redoce thi hold the ‘comps tthe top with uae hand an wethe other hand to ide she point fn to place ~ de no map hands to draw the cite fons dn pe dere oni tre on ee ade ox lag tare pa abpeaeesend Oy “fandlsn oare oeO, Minit a waa 3 te cami speebiecachenmln «BAG ¢ at ODM name 1 Sa gn fos fo Poke ia mnt mar ou se Toei) 9 tn a keno) scat: ‘Mawes 6} maeTRIANGLE CENTERS the one in the three “Tlangles have undies of diferent center, but only four of these were known to the ancient Greeks; The camer lies at the intenection ofthe sides’ peepenclar beers and is the cater of the eiangle’s ‘Sreamarle thi canbe wie co find the enter ofa ciel) The inet, ‘or center of the ince, les a che Inersetion of the angle bisector, tnd can be used to est ccs in regular polygons. The cool ies the insersecton of the medians, lines pining vertices to opposite side tmldpoins. ‘The ome ies a the intersection of che aioe. Tvanequilatera tangle hese four ceatersare concurrent: Inalloher Iviangles the eircumcenter, centroid, and orthocenter all ie on 2 line tamed he Ele line afer Leonard Euler, who discovered itin 1765. Alo ‘cresting isthe fact thatthe distance berween centroid and orthocenter ‘always twice that between crcumcenter and centroid. + char ay toes eget ernie ee 6 cama farm 2a wen mc A ine in 0)FUNDAMENTALS triangles and angle-copying ‘The Elven of Euclid (300) sone of the retest works of mathematics ‘cer writen, Starting fom simple anions Euclid procs logally 9 Prove theorems in geometry and number dhory. Fie axon ince the pony of marking a line berween any two points, and marking ere ieee ae ae ‘centered on one point and pas eheough another. He never, however, Toonami vinta bale) enkoan vest a ditanee beeen ewe point and draws a dle ofthat radius [Ac Cosloy ¢ ar Bch ee es centered eaewhere—fo bee wing a clap coms a See ee Afr fine cmscucting an equated tangle (construction +) Eo) proves th is smpler collapsible compass can tke a ditance berwesn wo points and rane it daw a cle of tha radius centered at any over Poin (construction 2). A practic ruler and compass construction that ‘ess compas diety to ander distance can therefore al be conidered ‘Bucdean, the addons sepa of constriction 2 simply aot des, ammo eiean es ere aner a den 1. apd nog be rai ye ‘earrle 5) 5 tunic ou rm 4 ‘Sf tra sheer 8 ET Eimear act si oy Seve et, Teiea ace ‘ae caoe teaINSCRIBED CIRCLES and semicircles Groups of tangent ciecles cn be very tnfingiing co construct. The eye seems pcticlsrly sensitive tothe meeting of twe elrels and itchy fall short or overlap, ven slghly, che whale Mea can appear betrayed by ‘poor drawing. To help prevent his ic can be weil 3 some stages to take compass openings fom several lengths tar shou be equal and judge a areal average by ee. Thi shown in che inractions using the equals ‘ign fr the lout tobe sed, comstactons 67 and ‘As with contruction 6 previously, construcdons 6-72 demonstrate rips weil in cc ened cele nd le dai Le eaanees ae Taner ees sin'ctin Peabo Bacco ie te A Tropa 4 sea ly oe sytney fy 4 te A a leita Puede: GC. ys umanidhemmoaTANGENTS just a touch “To draw a tangent, line that ust touches a ice, simply pu ruler ércamference and tae a line. This noe a Basie construction but ‘wll sutfce if done caf, Usslly, however, and sn most practical applications he poin of contact needs tobe exact, and since ths eannot be gauged ell by ey, ti geneally preferable to construct tangents with more rigor, Vaio techgues for doing ths areshoven here. ‘Comsretion 77 works for separate, touching or overlapping cls, ‘but not Fr those of equal radius, and poorly when che cles are of a sinsla size, If ewo crs roc, heir internal angen s the angen a ‘hele poine of contact they overlap thee are intemal tangents. rang lies tangent co cele is gute ferpving, dawing cles smakaneously tangent to more thas ove line snot — contrction 798 actully the hades contraction on these pags to get stg. 2 Ipanema Didi deel storso = pommgecona ots 3 aona, paranerontcy Eee iy Fe 7 a nga rn opal Orin) foun ce Fusion ce mans omer AiG: ceac8 Sint oro aedownr sim ok Orie af 7 toe = Pee ‘dn fipe uns re NESS. ‘cn Bheelee Ctmebe a eae Tene ene (0 (D5. re B-0 6. nO, Seu eeaehtne aie erie peas ane me ra Pe)MORE TANGENTS. will it coer end “The compas ic 2 sechasical embuainent of the concept of x cce: an ‘opening st, one pot fed, and the other traces he equdsane points from that center. The ruee, however ther than being & mechanical device embodying the concept of a straight line that draws che shortest, saeteioihd aces ‘Cit nt ora ema drone en a mtn Fac sro Al EXE ) Ger] Ot eee omane AC (8): 4 Law AP IC): paeciec ee 234 el fom tne ‘Diopaice teeth stone Tat qeesS salaELLIPSES & OVALS more heavenly curves ‘Sea cone fom ou se tthe oer che plane cos section wil bea cieleor amelie. Points ow ancl of spec ato he a of moe toimor zien be fond shown blow. Argon elie on sven areca be dr ig the Gardener met ‘Avon any cure dat ree an clipe but ota te elie ‘Ole made fom ers areca he contacted hy ler and coms, they were ws nso fr bldg chav apse ad bose popu pla a the Reals Cowsruction 6 found i Seba Seti ds5 import eae Tat” Oped Aris, expect aio ‘sappromimtely 132): Contrtion 365 uc the artes Gen Vigo 2.57) thet on ns gh eagle (oe fr expe. Hon an spect ato of 3:2 and remarkably close toate lips. Contacto 164 bs am aspect ro of V4 and ao very clo to ee lips, CConstrecion 65 works or any pet a, 1 Bids 90,60 00 8 ered aan elite ke st ew afl os om i ee eee on paleo) tne non exc elt Moetare ta hee Gh 8 mee einen dewPARALLELS. staying on the level Tn Bucdean geometry sight lines conde freer in beth dietons, ural le ace sgh line in che same plane that never meet, and there ‘ony one pile oie through a given pot. Tiss moto for non clean gomeies ich thos on spherical or hyperbole surfaces. ‘Conscuctons 18 to 20 for parallel oa line through a point not on the tine are the simplest pole; coustcions af and 19 wie thee ars of arbitrary fied rls, construction 20 vs cwo acs with one change of coma ope. Consruction 23 i bie of cheat a the parallel ot des dhrough two established points; however, it is simple and very sel, In patil work e cam perhap he corstdered not disimileto ‘exer distance with the compass — the rule romething posible Jn Bocdean comsracon bur a short eu s wed ro dat. Many ofthe basics covered so fc ae wed in subsequent constructions and included as eateuclons, fr example polar an dough. 1s ‘well worth blag fan with them al before proceeding, + paced ‘n: ate pe emerges ee 2a rm ae Breer is aranatnee ree Sete 810 4) Sesme mat ee here jondciae se ‘cre spenta oneTRIANGLES threes polygon Simple eriangular constructions are well worth earning. For example t0 constract any triangle givon the three sie lengths ake segment eal 10 one length and dra ars with idl equal to he other two lengths ‘centered on eicher endpoint the intersection of thee atc i che triangl’s vhicd vertex, Or wo construct sight engl given the wo shorter side lengths simply mark off thew lengths with arcs ceatered ot the Antertetion of two perpendiclas line, ‘Construction 26 can be sed fran sowceles ingle give ie alate and non-bse side, Consracions 30-32 ey om what may be dhe oles mathematical theorem the theorem of Thales of Miers. 54584): An aug imerbed ina semicircle aright angle. Conseuction 30 ean be ised to construct a rectangle givens diagonal acd one side with che dagoal 4s hypotense, simply complete the conucson in bah sericea a ‘complete circ. Construction 3 fom The non. AN, ZN “regen te tp te ne * Topeaear ota ‘oases 1 fertoro pricier); bean 1 Ae tg eB) Where coe) ee ieee adtagea taettogias, tanked gategeateeye ital eccaflare ty) Laiteed wine a Ccp ey gg pens gt geme a adeetaeae fatness at fa lt ot) ccmee eee aoa cera ree