Fluid and Electrolyte levels:

Magnesium:

Hyper: Asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic (Weakness, nausea, dizziness, and confusion)

7-12 mg/dL (Decreased reflexes, worsening of the confusional state and sleepiness, bladder
paralysis, flushing, headache, and constipation.

Electrolyte:

Sodium: 135-145

Hypernatremia: Excess sodium intake, crushing’s syndrome, Diabetes insipidus

Symptoms: Thirst, agitation, muscle weakness, GI upset

Treatment: Hypotonic iv fluids 0.45% (slowly), Diuretics (Reduce pts sodium level)

Hyponatremia: Diuretics, kidney failure, siadh, hyperglycemia, Diafereces, HF

Symptoms: confusion (Common in elderly), Fatigue, Nausea and vomiting, headache

Treatment: Hypertonic IV fluid (2-3%nacl) (Slowly), increase sodium intake, restrict fluid intake

Calcium (9-10.5):

Hyper: hyperparathyroidism, corticoid steroids, bone cancer

Symptoms: constipation, decrease deep tendon reflexes, kidney stones, lethargy, weakness

Treatment: 0.9% Iv fluid, calcitonin, (Sever) dialysis

Hypo: Diarrhea, vitamin d deficiency (Essential for absorption of calcium in the body),
Hypoparathyroidism

Symptoms: Positive Chvostek’s sign, positive trosouce sign, muscle spasm, numbness in limps
and fingers, gi upset

Treatment: calcium supplements PO-IV, encourage increase in calcium rich foods

Potassium (3.5-5):

Hyper: DKA, Metabolic acidosis, salt substitutes, kidney failure

Symptoms: dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, numbness and tingling, nausea, and vomiting

Treatment: Furosemide, kayexalate, insulin

Hypo: diuretics, GI laces (Vomiting, ng tube suctioning, diafereces, crushing’s syndrome,

metabolic alkalosis

Symptoms: Dysrhythmias, muscle spasm, weakness, constipation, ileus

Treatment: Potassium supplements, IV as well (Could cause phlebitis), encourage increase

intake of potassium rich foods

Magnesium (1.3-2.1) (MG car only fit 1-2 people):

Hyper: Kidney disease, excess intake of antacids or laxatives (That contain magnesium)

Symptoms: Hypotension, lethargy, muscle weakness, decrease deep tendon reflexes, respiratory
or cardiac arrest

Treatment: Furosemide, Calcium (to reverse cardiac effects)

Hypo: Gi losses, diuretics, malnutrition, alcohol abuse

Symptoms: Dysrhythmias (Tursods diploids), tachycardia, hypertension, increase deep tendon

reflexes, tremors, seizures

Treatment: Magnesium sups, increase intake of magnesium rich foods

GI part 1 quiz Review:

Omeprazole: Is a Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) it reduces gastric acid secretion and treats
duodenal and gastric ulcers, prolonged dyspepsia, gastrointestinal reflux disease, and erosive
esophagitis.

Dyspepsia: Indigestion

NSAID: the use of NSAID’S such as naproxen and aspirin is a major risk factor for PUD

H-Pylori: Is a gram negative bacteria that is a major risk factor for PUD

Sliding Hernia: most of the time a systematic

Paraoesophageal hernia: most aggressive

Pharyngitis: inflammation of the. Mucous membranes of the oropharynx

Diverticulitis: tear in the diverticula, results in inflammation and in some cases infection (nurse
should instruct pt to follow a low fiber diet) Could return to high fiber when inflammation
subsides

Albumin Normal Range: (3.5-5)

INR Normal Range: (0.8-1.1)

Direct Bilirubin Normal Range: (0.3-1.0)

Ammonia (Adult) Normal Range: (10-80)

Hepatic Encephalopathy: The loss of brain function when a damaged liver doesn’t remove toxins
from the blood. It occurs in people with chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis.

Symptoms: Forgetfulness, confusion, and breath with a sweet or musty odor.

Advanced Symptoms: shaking of the hands or arms, disorientation, and slurred speech

Hemoglobin Normal Range: Male (13.8-17.2) or 138-172/Liter – Female (12.1-15.1)

121-151/Liter

Someone with colorectal cancer is expected to have a low or below average hemoglobin level.
Decreased hemoglobin is an expected finding in a client who has colorectal cancer due to occult
intestinal bleeding.

Abdominal distention: bloating and swelling in the belly area

Postoperative: Following surgery hiccups can be caused by irritation of the phrenic nerve due to
abdominal distention. If the hiccups are intractable, the nurse should anticipate a prescription
for chlorpromazine because persistent hiccups are distressful to the client and can lead to
complications such as vomiting

Hepatitis B: Joint pain is an expected finding in a client who has acute hepatitis B

Colonoscopy: The nurse should instruct the client to drink clear liquids for 24 hr prior to the
colonoscopy to promote adequate bowel cleansing.