8.2 Problem Solving

Problem Solving
Footer Text 10/30/2015 1

Learning Outcome
• List five (5) steps in problem solving 8.2.1
• Identify input, process and output from a given
problem. 8.2.2
• Define algorithm. 8.2.3.1
• Solve a given problem using algorithm. 8.2.3.1
• Explain the purpose of each control structure. 8.2.3.2
• Apply appropriate control structure in problem
solving. 8.2.3.2

Steps in Problem Solving
• There are five (5) steps in problem solving.
Problem Design a
Implementation Testing Documentation
Analysis Solution

•Be sure you understand what the program should do,
•What the output should be. IPO
Problem •Have a clear idea of what data (or input) are given and the
Analysis •Relationship between the input and the desired output.
•Find a logical sequence of precise steps that solve the problem Algorithm
Design a •Such a sequence of steps is called an algorithm •Pseudocode
•Every detail, including obvious steps, should appear in the algorithm
Solution •Flow chart
•Translate the algorithm into a programming language

•Coding is the technical word for writing the program. C++ Coding
Implement

•Locate and remove any errors in the program Output /
•Testing is the process of finding errors in a program, and result
debugging is the process of correcting errors that are found
Testing •An error in a program is called a bug
•Organize all the material that describes the program

•intended to allow another person or the programmer at a
later date, to understand the program
•consist of a detailed description of what the program does
Documentation and how to use the program

Error in the program
 Syntax error :
Program error that occurs when the code violates the syntax
or grammar of the programming language.
e.g : misspelling a command, leaving out require command.
 Logic error :
Flow in program design that causes inaccurate results.
e.g : sum = no1- no2
 Runtime error :
Program error or event that causes the program to stop
running.
e.g : error when using the internet

8.2.2 Problem Analysis
• Input-Process-Output (IPO) Analysis
o to analyze problems and develop algorithms
o to organize and summarize the results of a problem analysis
o to shows where in the solution the processing takes place
o It can also be represent using IPO chart/table.

8.2.2 Problem Analysis with
Input-Process-Output (IPO) Chart

Input Processing Output
Read Data Perform Display

An item – an Computation Results
input/data that is an intermediate value Print result/s on
needed by that the algorithm uses screen, on paper
computer. when processing the etc.
input into the output

Examples 1 How to make a tea drink
1. Put water into a

Sugar cup Tea drink
Water 2. Add tea bag and
Tea bag sugar into a cup
3. Stir

Examples 6
input process output

Math’s Problem
Example 1
Problem statement: calculate total of two numbers
Problem Analysis:
no1 Calculate total total

no2 total = no1+ no2

Math’s Problem
Example 2
Problem statement: Calculate the area of a rectangle
Problem Analysis:
width Calculate area of rectangle area of rectangle

area = width x height
height

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• step-by-step instructions that will transform the input
into the output
• can be represent using 2 methods;
o pseudocode OR
o flow chart

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
Pseudocode Flow Chart
• a graphical representation of a
• an artificial, informal language algorithm in relation to its sequence
(similar to English) used to develop of functions
algorithms
• special-purpose symbols connected
• a notation resembling a simplified by arrows (flow lines)
programming language, used in
program design

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
Solve a problem using an Algorithm
Conclusion Flow Chart symbols and Meaning
Flow line
Terminal
Input/output
Process
Decision

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General’s Problem
o Feeling thirsty
o Withdrawing money from an ATM machine.
• Mathematical Problem
o Finding an area of shape (rectangle, triangle)
o Mean for marks

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General’s Problem  Feeling Thirsty
o Do Problem Analysis (prepare an IPO)
Water Drinking Happy Face !

•Buy any drinking water •Open the cap and start drinking.
from shop or a vending •Repeat the process until satisfy.
machine, OR
•Get it from friend, OR
•…

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General’s Problem
 Feeling thirsty
o Examples of
START
Pseudocode WALK TO NEAREST SHOP
• a notation BUY A DRINK
resembling a DRINK
simplified HAPPY FACE
programming END
language, used
in program
design

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General Problem  START
Feeling thirsty
WALK
o Examples of Flow TO THE NEAREST SHOP
Chart
• a graphical
BUY
A DRINK
representation of
algorithm in DRINK
relation to its
sequence of HAPPY FACE
functions
END

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General’s Problem  Withdraw Money from ATM

• Auto-teller machine • Insert ATM card on the intake • Money
(ATM) card. slot. • Transaction Slip
• PIN Number. • Enter correct PIN number upon
request.
• Choose Withdrawal from menu
list.
• Enter an amount to withdraw.
• Collect money from the money
output deck.
• Collect slip from the slip output
deck.
and a Happy Face !

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General’s Problem 
Withdraw Money from START
ATM INSERT ATM CARD
ENTER PIN NUMBER
o Examples of CHOOSE WITHDRAW
Pseudocode ENTER AN AMOUNT
COLLECT MONEY AND SLIP
• a notation resembling END
a simplified
programming
language, used in
program design

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• General’s Problem  START
Withdraw Money from ATM

o Examples of Flow Chart INSERT
ATM CARD
• a graphical
representation of a ENTER
algorithm in relation to
PIN NUMBER
its sequence of CHOOSE

functions WITHDRAW
ENTER
AMOUNT
A
8.2.3.1 Algorithm
A
• General’s Problem 
Withdraw Money from COLLECT
ATM MONEY AND SLIP
o Examples of Flow Chart END
• a graphical
representation of
its sequence of
functions

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• Math’s Problem 
Calculate total of START
two numbers. enter no1, no2
o Examples of Calculate total
Pseudocode total = no1 + no2
• a notation resembling a Display total
simplified programming END
language, used in
program design

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• Math’s Problem  START
Calculate total of two

numbers. Input no1, no2
o Examples of Flow Chart

• a graphical Calculate total
representation of total = no1 + no2
algorithm in relation to its
sequence of functions
Display total
END

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
Finding an Area of a START
Rectangle
o Examples of
enter width, height
Pseudocode Calculate area of rectangle
• a notation resembling a area of rectangle = width x height
simplified programming
language, used in program
design
Display area of rectangle
END
Note:
** input/enter/key in/ read
** output / display / print
8.2.3.1 Algorithm
Finding an Area of
Rectangle Input width, height
• a graphical representation of
algorithm in relation to its
sequence of functions
area of rectangle = width x height
Display area of
rectangle
END

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
• Math’s Problem  Mean for 2 Marks

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
Mean for 2 Marks START
o Examples of ..
Pseudocode ..
• a notation resembling a
simplified programming ..
language, used in ..
program design
..
END

8.2.3.1 Algorithm
Mean for 2 Marks

• a graphical
representation of
its sequence of
functions
END

8.2.3.2 Algorithm
Control Structures
Sequence Selection Repetition

series of statements statement is used to statement is used to
that execute one determine which of repeat statements
after another two different while certain
statements to conditions are met
execute depending
on certain
conditions

8.2.3.2 An Overview of
Control Structures
Sequence • all examples from previous slide
series of statements have already shown a
that execute one sequence control structures.
after another
An arrow shows the
execution of every
block (in a flow chart),
one after another, this
is a SEQUENCE
control structure to
solve a problem.

Control Structures
• Example: How to make a tea drink
Start
Input Sugar, water, Tea bag
1. Put water into a cup

2. Add tea bag and sugar into a cup
3. Stir
Tea drink
End

Control Structures
Selection
statement is used to
determine which of A diamond (in this
two different case is a SELECTION)
statements to determine whether the
resulting process is
execute depending TRUE or FALSE – and
on certain it will flow to one
conditions direction

Control Structures
Selection
speed FALSE
determine which of
> 90
two different
statements to TRUE
execute depending
“ OVER LIMIT “
on certain
conditions
The program will display the message “Over limit” if

speed > 90

Control Structures
Selection
determine which of UPS FALSE
two different > 50

statements to TRUE
execute depending
“ PASS“ “ FAIL “
on certain
conditions
The program will display the message “PASS” if

UPS > 50, otherwise, display message “FAIL”.

Control Structures
Selection If the program receive an input of UPS = 60 , then
the data flow is presented by the dotted line ..
determine which of
two different
statements to
execute depending
UPS FALSE
on certain
> 50
conditions
TRUE

Control Structures
Selection If the program receive an input of UPS = 30 , then
the data flow is presented by the red line ..
determine which of
two different
statements to
execute depending
UPS FALSE
on certain
> 50
conditions
TRUE

Control Structures
UPS FALSE UPS FALSE
> 50 > 50
TRUE TRUE
“ PASS“ “ FAIL “ “ PASS“ “ FAIL “
Conclusion For Control Structure : SELECTION

decisions (selections): statement(s) is (are) executed if
certain condition gives TRUE or FALSE value.
Control Structures
Repetition A diamond (in this case is
a REPETITION) if the
statement is used to value is TRUE, data will
repeat statements loop (in the loop body)
while certain and will out-of-loop when
the reach FALSE.
conditions are met
dashed line
show an area
of the Loop
Body

Control Structures
Repetition If water boil is FALSE (meaning not yet boil to 100
degree Celsius, temp < 100 ), keep it boiling until the
statement is used to water is boiled (temp = 100 deg. Celsius)
repeat statements
while certain
conditions are met
FALSE
WATER
BOILING
BOIL ?
TRUE dashed line

show an area
of the Loop
Body

Control Structures
Repetition If temp < = 100 is TRUE (meaning water still not
boil) keep it boiling until the temp reach 100, then it
statement is used to will stop.
repeat statements
while certain
conditions are met
TRUE
TEMP
BOILING
< = 100
FALSE
dashed line
show an area
of the Loop
now you can Body
make a coffee for
me !

8.2.3.2 Apply Appropriate
Control Structures
START A
PUT WATER IN POUR WATER IN CUP

ELECTRIC KETTLE
ADD TEA BAG
TURN ON
KETTLE
SUGAR ?
FALSE
WATER
BOILING
BOIL ?
ADD
SUGAR
TRUE
A END
Control Structures
START A
PUT WATER IN
SEQUENCE POUR WATER SEQUENCE
IN CUP
ELECTRIC KETTLE
ADD
TEA BAG
TURN ON
KETTLE
SELECTION
REPETITION
NO
SUGAR ?
FALSE
WATER
YES
BOILING
BOIL ?
ADD
SUGAR
TRUE
A END
Control Structures
START A
POUR WATER
PUT WATER IN IN CUP
ELECTRIC KETTLE
ADD
TEA BAG
TURN ON
KETTLE
NO
SUGAR ?
FALSE
WATER
YES
BOILING
BOIL ?
ADD
SUGAR
TRUE
A END
EXERCISE
• 1. (a) Write a pseudocode to display “ Kolej
Matrikulasi Perak”.
(b) Convert the pseudocode info flowchart.
• 2. (a) Write a pseudocode to calculate average of

two numbers.
(b) Convert the pseudocode info flowchart.

8.2 Problem Solving

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

8.2 Problem Solving

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Problem Solving

Footer Text 10/30/2015 1

Footer Text 10/30/2015 2

Footer Text 10/30/2015 3

•Translate the algorithm into a programming language

Footer Text 10/30/2015 4

•Organize all the material that describes the program

Footer Text 10/30/2015 5

Footer Text 10/30/2015 6

Footer Text 10/30/2015 7

Input-Process-Output (IPO) Chart

Read Data Perform Display

Footer Text 10/30/2015 8

1. Put water into a

Footer Text 10/30/2015 9

input process output

Footer Text 10/30/2015 10

Problem statement: calculate total of two numbers

no1 Calculate total total

Footer Text 10/30/2015 11

Problem statement: Calculate the area of a rectangle

width Calculate area of rectangle area of rectangle

Footer Text 10/30/2015 12

Footer Text 10/30/2015 13

Footer Text 10/30/2015 14

Footer Text 10/30/2015 15

Footer Text 10/30/2015 16

Input Processing Output

Water Drinking Happy Face !

Footer Text 10/30/2015 17

Footer Text 10/30/2015 18

Footer Text 10/30/2015 19

Input Processing Output

Footer Text 10/30/2015 20

Footer Text 10/30/2015 21

Withdraw Money from ATM

its sequence of CHOOSE

ATM MONEY AND SLIP

o Examples of Flow Chart END

Footer Text 10/30/2015 23

Footer Text 10/30/2015 24

Calculate total of two

o Examples of Flow Chart

Footer Text 10/30/2015 25

Footer Text 10/30/2015 27

Input Processing Output

Footer Text 10/30/2015 28

Footer Text 10/30/2015 29

Mean for 2 Marks

Footer Text 10/30/2015 30

Sequence Selection Repetition

Footer Text 10/30/2015 31

Footer Text 10/30/2015 32

Input Sugar, water, Tea bag

1. Put water into a cup

Footer Text 10/30/2015 33

Footer Text 10/30/2015 34

The program will display the message “Over limit” if

Footer Text 10/30/2015 35

two different > 50

The program will display the message “PASS” if

Footer Text 10/30/2015 36

Footer Text 10/30/2015 37

Footer Text 10/30/2015 38