Effect of Maintenance Culture on Existing Buildings in Nigeria

ABSTRACT
This research project on the effect of maintenance culture in existing building, Ebonyi State was used as
research topic which this research examine more of the lack of building maintenance culture and its
benefit to the state (Ebonyi State) which have been identified as a problem. The aim of the study is to
evaluate the effect of building maintenance culture in the study area in view of achieving sustainable
building, and some of the objectives is to examine ways of improving building maintenance culture in the
study area, to enhance the quality of buildings through improved maintenance and factors that affect
maintenance within the state. The research questions were structured based on the objectives. The study
was delimited to the professional bodies in building industry and contractors within the state. The study
will benefit the government of the state, contractors, professional and add as a body of knowledge in the
academic institution. The literature on the topic was reviewed and contribution was made and
summarized. The method of the research is descriptive research, the study area is Afikpo Ebonyi State.
The population for the is 100 respondents and the sample size was conveniently reduced to 36. Both
primary and secondary data were used. The method of data collected is primary and secondary data
which were used. The method of data analysis used are, tables, mean, variance and standard deviation.
The findings were presented in tables exactly the way the respondents reacted to the questions. In
conclusion building maintenance culture was observed as the bedrock of development in vision of
achieving sustainable buildings within the state. Policies on building maintenance, sensitization and
encouragement, and selection of good leaders who will lead up to expectation in achieving the aim were
recommended as follows implementation of building maintenance policies should be the priority of the
government, and people should be sensitized and encouraged to embrace building maintenance culture
for the betterment and development of the study area.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Maintenance culture refers to the set of shared values, beliefs, and practices that shape how individuals
and organizations approach the upkeep and preservation of physical assets. It encompasses the attitudes,
behaviors, and organizational structures that determine the prioritization, planning, execution, and
evaluation of maintenance activities. A strong maintenance culture is characterized by a proactive
approach to asset care, a commitment to preventive maintenance, and a continuous improvement mindset.
The concept of maintenance culture has evolved over time, reflecting the changing nature of physical
assets and the increasing complexity of modern infrastructure. In the early days of industrialization,
maintenance was primarily reactive, addressing problems as they arose. However, as assets became more
sophisticated and interdependent, the need for a more proactive approach emerged. Preventive
maintenance, which involves regular inspections and scheduled repairs, became a cornerstone of effective
maintenance practices.
Maintenance culture in this study suggests the habit of regularly and consistently keeping buildings in
good and working condition.
In support of this assertion Suwaibatul et al., (2012) posted that maintenance culture is the values, way of
thinking, behavoiur, perception and the underlying assumptions of any person or group or society that
considers maintenance as a matter that is important and practice it in their life. if a state must grow or
develop, it is importance that installation as well as maintenance of its existing building will be given
priority.
This more in developing states in Nigeria where there is a huge gap between the demand and supply for
building due to high rate of population growth and other factors Debara et al (2015).
According to Eti, Ogoji and Probert (2006), book certain economic steps towards being among the best
twenty economics in the word by the year 2020. Attaining sustainable, successive and practicing
maintenance culture are essential for development vision government (state and local), private
organizations and individuals need to have a strategy on how to maintain their buildings to ensure
sustainability of same. This can be achieved through maintenance culture which is said to have a
correction with development of the state. however, the problem of maintaining buildings has become an
important agenda for Ebonyi State and mounts pressure on government in the aspect of managing its
assets (buildings) (Annies, 2007; Ajibola, 2009; Ankeli, Dabara, Oyediran, Guyimu and Oladimeji 2015).
We therefore, as agents of national development for improving the quality of building infrastructure in
our society, need maintenance culture at governmental level and private sectors as well as individual
level. It is on this note that this research work will addresses causes and effects of poor maintenance
culture of buildings and way out of the menance can be realized.
Ebonyi State as a developing state is seriously confronted with insufficient resources for
establishment of capital overhead which are essential for the desired reshape, improve and develop the
economy in the various programmes, strategies and policies of the state.
Since the creation of the State, resources have been channeled to buildings for parastatal ministries,
schools etc all for essential services geared towards repositioning the underdeveloped economy. However
one one remarkable action needed to ensure sustainability of its building infrastructures has not been
given the right and sufficient attention.
Maintenance culture have not gained ground in the consciousness of resource managers in the state and
have resulted to a colossal waste of scarce resources and undermining the development of the state. Hence
building maintenance culture should be perceived as the key that influences the behavior of getting things
done the right way at the right time with the purposed/ goal of minimize cost and maximize profit which
will be contained in other generation as individual, groups and society at large.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Over time, lack of maintenance culture has been identified as one of the problems that hinders
development of Ebonyi State. The way people handle government/public, private and individual
properties is worrisome forgetting that these infrastructure belongs to them. It has been observed over the
years that poor maintenance culture have affected the life span of building properties. The absence of
routine maintenance of public, private and corporate buildings had remained the major source of their
short lifespan which declining maintenance culture and its effect on Buildings (public, private and
individual) has therefore become a major problem to the government at various levels and private owner/
sectors.
The causes of poor maintenance culture could be attributed to ignorance, corruption, unfavorable
government policies, poor budgetary allocation, attitudinal problem and diversion of funds meant for
project implementation. Since maintenance culture is the panacea to the development of any society
(Ebonyi State). It is therefore imperative for relevant authorities to from a policy on continuous
maintenance culture that would be effected at all level (Mini, Micro and macro) and tiers of government
within the state, to intensity the reorientation should be campaigned for resource managers to combat
maintenance culture as a matter of priority.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.3.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of building maintenance culture in the study area in
view of achieving sustainable buildings.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.
The following are the objectives of the study.
1. To examine ways of improving building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State of Nigeria.
2. To enhance the quality of building through improved maintenance culture
3. To determine the factors affecting building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State of Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research work aim to answer the following questions
1. What are the ways of improving maintenance culture in Ebonyi State?
2. What are the ways of enhancing quality buildings through improved maintenance culture.
3. What are the factors affecting maintenance culture in Ebonyi State?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho = there is no significant difference between ways of improving maintenance culture in Ebonyi State.
Hi = significant difference exist between enhancing the quality of building through improved
maintenance culture.
H2 = significant difference does not exist between the factors affecting maintenance culture in Ebonyi
State.
1.6 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research work will be focused on the effects of building maintenance culture in the construction
industry. It will be delimited to the professional bodies in building construction within Ebonyi State.
The study will be centered on the following:
i) To examine ways of improving building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State
ii) To enhance the quality of building through improved building maintenance culture.
iii) To determine the factors affecting building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
May authors have conducted research on the effects of building maintenance culture.
This researchers have not done a detailed work on building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State Nigeria.
1.8 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
The effects of building maintenance culture have not been given full attention (priority) as an activity,
way of life and attitude of primary importance in Ebonyi State Nigeria.
Hence, this research work will contributed to existing body of knowledge in the construction industry,
ministry of works in state of government agencies in policy making.
The findings of this research will enable contractors, government of the state, private building owners
and individuals to be aware of the importance of building maintenance culture as a way of life and its
health benefit and cost minimization and profit maximization within the state.
This research will further assist the public, private and occupants of buildings the implication of lack of
buildings maintenance culture within the built environment.
The research will serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers in carrying out further
research in this field to an extent to provide new explanation to the finding on the topic.

1.9 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS.

i. Building: A building is a structure that has roof and walls example house or factory.
a relatively permanent enclosed construction over a plot of land, having a roof and usually
windows and often more than one floor used for any of a wide variety of activities, as living,
entertaining or manufacturing. Dictionary.com,
Building means any structure that has roof and walls especially a permanent structure. It can
be any structure that is designed or intended for support, enclosure, shelter or protection of
person, animals or property having a permanent roof that is supported by columns or walls.
ii. Maintenance: British standard (Bs 583) (1974) defined maintenance as the combination of all
technical and associated administrative actions intended to retain an item or restore it to a
state in which it can perform it required function.
According to British Standard (Bs 3811)
Maintenance is defined as work undertaken in order to keep or restore every facility i.e every
part of a building site and concept to acceptable standard.
Maintenance according to Chartered institute of building (c1013) Uk (1982). Maintenance is
“work undertaken to keep, restore or improve every facility i.e every part of the building, its
services and surroundings to agreed standards determined by the balance between need and
available resources.
iii. Culture: Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a persons
learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted or more briefly behavior
through social learning.
Culture is a way of life of a group of people the behaviors, beliefs, values and symbols that
they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by
communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
 Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatials relations concepts of the
universe and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of
generations through individual and group of people.
iv. Building maintenance: Building maintenance refers to activities performed to retain and
restore the functionality of residential, commercial and public building properties.
v. Maintenance culture: maintenance culture defines the values, way of thinking, behavior,
perception and the underlying assumptions of any person or group or society that considers
maintenance as a matter that is important (priority) and practices it in their life.
vi. Building maintenance culture: Onwuka (1989) stated that building maintenance culture is
concerned with the planning and control of construction resources to ensure that necessary
repairs and renewal are carried out with maximum efficiency and economy to enhance the
quality of the building property.
vii. Acceptable Standard: means, generally, with respect to maintenance and repair of the works
and the private services, in a good state of repair in accordance with the requirements of this
agreement, the municipal Standards, the acceptable plans and with all applicable laws,
regulations and requirements of the municipality.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Building maintenance culture is the process of ensuring the provision of care and overseeing
maintenance over the already available research or infrastructures of a country nation.

Maintenance culture is the effort of bringing back an asset into the operating condition it ought to be, for
which it can have a normal functioning at a minimal cost which is capable of enhancing the life span of
the infrastructures and equipment involved. Over the years resource management skill has been a skill
which is rare when making reference to building maintenance culture in the nation called Nigeria. More
so, the government are busy building at the verge of collapsing, abandoned factory plants, unused
school buildings and abandoned building projects with minor problem.

These actions in a number of ways have resulted to a colossal waste of scarce resources. It is
actually a major problem among many which still keep the state on her status of developing.

Maintenance can be said to be the ability and skill of keeping infrastructures which are available
for use to their designed life span but this is present very low in especially in Nigeria and its stated
(Ebonyi).

Maintenance culture is pertinent to Nigeria as a developing country, whose infrastructure which

are essential for harnessing the available raw materials for production.

Despite several attempt embarked on by the government to reshape, improve and develop the
economy, it all amount to little or nothing as a result of poor enforcement agencies. For instance, lack of
implementation of national building code, increase in deterioration in transportation infrastructure as a
result of lack of maintenance culture which have encouraged low production, low foreign investment,
poverty and unemployment. It is important to know that people have a lot to contribute in promoting
maintenance culture. it is therefore important for the government to orientate the masses on the
importance of maintenance culture.

It is unfortunate that the consciousness of mind towards maintenance culture is at its low pace
and level. A beautiful edifice (building) is a source of great joy to all at the inception of it all, but in no
time it is allowed to determined and collapse.

Mbamali (2003) added that poor building maintenance culture has become a widely recognized problem
in Ebonyi State. Building maintenance culture in Ebonyi is very low, especially, in air principal town and
smaller cities. In Mbamali (2003) asserted that we have no building maintenance policy and therefore no
such culture exist. Neglect of building maintenance culture has accumulated consequences in rapid
increase in the deterioration of the fabric and finishes of a building accompanied by a harmful effect on
the contents of occupants (Cheong Peng Au-Yong 2014).

Inadequate building maintenance culture is a peculiar feature of almost every building in Ebonyi.
According to Adenuga (2007); is partly due to poor building maintenance culture on one hand and partly
due to the absence of an appropriate benchmark. (Wikipedia2015) asserted that lack of proper building
maintenance culture bring the life of a building last before reaching the total obsolescence state. The
declining maintenance culture in Ebonyi and its effect on building has become a major problem to both
the public and private sectors. This research examines the trend of maintenance culture and its effect n
construction, and quality of materials, design and as well as services used during constructing the
building. A great portion of wealth is evidence in the total value of its buildings; it is also an important
factor in the production of building to be preserved. A poorly maintained building in a decaying
environment depresses the quality of live and contributes in some measures to anti social behavior which
threatens the socio-political environment it finds itself in. this research is necessitated to look at the
existing knowledge about continuous negligence on maintenance and its impact on construction has been
suffered by buildings.

2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Repair Theory (K. Van Lehn) is a, attempt to explain how people learn procedural skills with particular
attention to how and why they make mistakes (i.e bugs).

“The theory suggests that when a procedure cannot be formed, an impasse occurs and the individual
applies various strategies to overcome the impasses. These strategies (meta-actions) are called repairs”.
Some repairs result in correct outcomes whereas others generate incurate results and hence “buggy”
procedures. Repair theory has been implemented in the form of a computer model called sierra.

Repair theory apply to many procedural knowledge. However, to date the theory has only been fully
developed in the domain of children solving subtraction problems. However element of repair theory
shows up in subsequent work of van Lann’s on intelligent tutoring systems and problem solving.

The theory of repair relate to building maintenance culture in knowledge, skills, procedures, development
and necessary problem. solving of building that need to be maintained as priority to help save cost and
maximize profit which have directly restore, sustain, preserve the building in the study area.

Programmed Maintenance Theory of Aging

According to alternative evolutionary mechanics theories and associated aging theories, an organism can
evolve both anti-aging functions necessary to achieve a life span loosely based on medawars’s criteria,
and a life span regulation mechanism necessary to limit life span to a species- species-specific value also
loosely based on Medawar’s criteria. A life span exceeding the optimum life span for the create
evolutionary disadvantage. Therefore assuming the same sorts of maintenance function described below.
In this concept a biological life span regulation function purposely discontinues or shows maintenance
function at a species unique age. Like most evolved biological functions, the proposed regulation
mechanism is capable of adapting local or temporary conditions via sense functions. in this concept the
major difference between mamal species is in the control (Dock, sense, signaling) mechanism as opposed
to differences in each of the maintenance mechanisms (Mark Stibich,PhD2020).

Non- Programmed Maintenance Theory of Aging

According to traditional evolutionary mechanics theory, an organism cannot evolve a mechanism whose
primary purpose is to limit life span but can evolve maintenance mechanisms whose purpose is to extend
life span. Because of Medawar’s hypotheses, organisms do not need life spans longer when some multiple
of their age of sexual maturity and therefore there is little or no evolutionary motivation towards
developing and retaining maintenances capable of delaying deterioration beyond that point.

The two theories above direct relationship towards aging of building and it necessity for maintenance
and sustenance of the life span of the building through building maintenance culture as a way of life for
the sustenance and development of the economy within the study area.

Dual Process Models and Habit Theories

In dual process models behavior is theorized to be governed by the interplay of two regulatory
systems, a reflective system which is based on conscious deliberation, controlled but effortful, which aim
to override a quicker automatic system that responds in line with habits and impulses (dual-system
models- Strack and Deutsch, 2004).

Individuals can maintain behavior through ongoing self-regulation, however, self-regulation draws on
finite Psychological resources which can be depleted. When resources are low self-regulation is likely to
fail. thus, the most sustainable mechanism for maintenance it to develop automaticity for the newly
adopted behavior.

Behavior is a function of reflective and automatic processes (health related model of behavior
change Dominika Kwasinicka et al., (2016) 2x2behaviour change matrix- Rothman et al; 2009; theory of
inter personal behavior – Schultz et al., (2005). higher levels of cognitive processing are usually not
necessary when activities become habitual. Habitual behavior are carried out with minimum awareness
while conscious behavior are performed only occasionally. Relegation of habits to lower level of
consciousness is seen as part of the human adaptation.

Learning Theories and Habit

Learning theories provides explanation for the influence of the environment on behavior and for the
development habits. Repetition and reinforcement are considered as a key to Habit formation. Behaviour
change maintenance is promoted by a number of factors such as situating new learning in the most
relevant contexts in which the new learning takes place. Learning theories provides a wide range of
explanations for how new behavior are acquired and become habitual. In order to maintain behavior it is
hypothesized that it is beneficial for individual, groups and public to be conditioned to certain behavioural
responses occurring in a given situation context.
The Dual process models and Habit theories and Learning theories and Habit are key essential in this
research work which aim at the effect of building maintenance culture,. these theories highlights the habit
and behavior which are synonym to culture and attitude as way of life and consciousness towards
building maintenance in our society have raised the alarm of priority towards building maintenance
culture to be a way of life that we need to live and pass it to the next generation which repair sustain,
restore, preserve the scares resources and enhance development of our society for economic growth,
stability and sustainability by Bertram Gawronski (2013).

Theory of Goal Maintenance

the theory of goal maintenance which posits what individual who achieve a ‘personal” transformative
goal”- such has loosing a substantial amount of weight- are more likely to maintain the progress achieved
during goal pursuit if they psychologically distance themselves from the pre-goal self and routing engage
in activities that activities memories of the past, less flattering self.

The Theory known as Structural Empowerment

This theory was proponded by Larkin, M et al., (2008). Maintained that the behavior of employees and
their performance in the organization depend on how empowered and equipped they are. Empowerment
in this theory means the level of opportunities given to the employees for growth and mobility, the
amount of power possessed by the employees to access resources and information to carry out other
duties as well as the kind of equipment available to them to carry out their function in an organization.
This theory states that when employees are provided with access to information, resources, support and
the opportunity to learn and develop, other it can be said that such an organization promotes
empowerment (Larkin, Ciepial, Stack, Morrison and Griffith 2008). The rationale for anchoring this study
on the theory of structural empowerment is because part of the problem that contributed to frequent
breakdown is probably lack of empowerment and support from the management. The operative seems not
empowered to carry out simple maintenance activities and to exercise maintenance autonomy.

Relating this theory to this work it is clear that empowerment, access to resources and information
necessary for the promotion of building maintenance will facilitate the reduction of deterioration and
dilapidation of buildings and promotes maintenance culture with optimum priority in public, private and
occupants of building within our community.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Building maintenance culture deep into the consciousness of individuals, family, small group,
private firms and the public (government) to the extent that everyone practices and advocates strict
adherence to maintenance practices in whatever domain the occupy.

Maintenance culture of buildings goes beyond keeping equipment, tools facilities, buildings and
work processes in good and stable working conditions but also ensure that there is a consciousness to
strive for continuous improvement by placing structures which checks for obsolesces in in order to adapt
to innovation and new status quo. Thus if maintenance culture is properly managed, there will be a
constant conscientized reminder of the relationship between practices for the greater good of all the
immediate environment and beyond Suwaibatul et al.,(2012).

The concept of building maintenance culture in this looked at in three dimensions.

1. macro level of building maintenance culture

2. micro level of building maintenance culture
 3. mini level of building maintenance culture
1) Macro level of building maintenance culture focuses on putting the consciousness of maintenance
culture of buildings deep in the managers of the public utilities and government owned facilities
(building) operations and processes for building maintenance that will serve as a long solution.
During the primitive time, Africa were known to have fashioned tools for fishing, farming,
communicating and for other production efforts. these tools were maintained so much that they
were always in good working conditions. The administrative processes and operation at that time
were said to be highly organized and coordinated with little or no little necks. Historical account
of traditional African system that worked very well abound and are conscisely documented
(Asimeng-Boahene, 2017; fonchingong 2018; Kangalawe, NoeTungaraza, Naimani and Mide
2009).
With the advent of modernization one would expect that the traditional maintenance
cultural practices will be taken to more sophisticated level but apparently this is not the case. This
may be observable in the level of dilapidation, damage and decay in many public buildings within
Ebonyi (amankwah, Inai, Moahmmad , and Baba 2017; Magutic and Kamweru, 2015).
Despite huge government spending on the machinery for their various establishment they
are made to rot away. Tiganiet. al (2016) believed that to achieve sustainable development goals,
there is need to have policy on maintenance in all tiars of government, such that maintenance
culture should be a course for all level of the educational curricula as well as a great need to have
maintenance managers who rose to the rank of leadership on the basis of merit who will ensure
that building structures continuously improved on. The lack of the implementation of policies and
framework in line with the tenant of maintenance culture has led to the loss of huge sum of
money and even lives due to premature replacement, avoidable accident, incessant disruption and
other critical problems have led to the continuous underdevelopment of Ebonyi state and brought
untold hardship to the citizens. There is an urgent need for maintenance culture consciousness to
this level because of its strategic importance to the development of the state to reduce increasing
implications to the environment.

ii. Micro level of building maintenance culture

This level of building maintenance culture addresses the maintenance culture consciousness of
firms and other small groups in the society. There are sad and unfortunate experiences where huge
investments are lost due to poor building maintenance culture of firms. Poku and lamptey (2014) opined
that the failure of business enterprises in terms of their facilitates and equipment can cause serious social
and economic consequences for there operation. Apart from the industry acceptable standards and
government regulations and policies, firms should take routine practices of maintenance as part of the
organizations culture noting that the maintenance practices if firm differ depending on the industry. By
doing so, they will reap ample benefits for themselves. This level should take building maintenance
culture as an advocacy social responsibility stance to create awareness to their staff and individual in their
respective homes and immediate environment.

Usman, Gambo and Chen (2012) advice “Ebonyin” leaders to allocate more resources for building
maintenance purposes and ensure strict compliance for the usage and educate the masses on the
importance of having a proactive building maintenance culture. The consciousness of building
maintenance culture will help firms improve efficiency, boost output and attract more investors. If each
one tells on the multiple multiplier effect will maximize the inherent benefits to one and all.

iii) Mini Level of Building Maintenance Culture

This level looks at learning maintenance culture from personal level and to improve the well being of
families and small households. Bandra, Dehejia & Lavie-Rouse (2017) found a systematic evidence of a
relationship where by family resource enhances human development and human development also
increases resources.

The Slogan of a “Stitch in time saves nine” should be one watch word at this level so that if an individual
notices as little as leakage in a pipe as an item a personal or household fabric the person’s consciousness
is steered to repairing it immediately. Building maintenance culture can start and end any level. However
going by the axion that “charity begins at home” one could sunrise that if there is proper maintenance
culture of building management at this level, the individual and their household will take it as normal
family practice. This individual will likely be groamed in such a way that personal and household
facilities will always be in good working condition while wastage and regular replacement will be
reduced. Besides, the individual who manage private and public owned establishments come from
families and a good mini level building maintenance culture consciousness may positively translate to
how they manage their establishments (building estates).

2.2.1 DATABASE IN BUILDING MAINTENANCE CULTURE

Despite the necessary building maintenance approach building maintenance culture database is vital
because comprehensive maintenance database is able to provide sufficient information for building
industry or other relevant people who are in charge of building maintenance.

Furthermore, it is a basis for building construction managers (builders) to conduct a condition survey as
well as minimize cost and save time. Therefore it is usual for experts to obtain complete and exact data
concerning building functioning and history of maintenance. Regardless of using objective building
database or referring to the analogous type of building, the approaches of building maintenance culture
implemented should be combined with building professionals’ judgments on the spot. Due to the reasons
that the previous data is regarding the past-time condition after of condition and building maintenance
data is not available for current condition. Hence it is necessary and important to refer too building
managers (builders) and other experts assessments.

2.2.2 THE NECESSITY OF DATABASE IN BUILDING MAINTENANCE CULTURE

The systematic collection of reliability data is the connerstone for the building maintenance culture
database. Since 1980s there are plenty of attempt to conduct researches for collecting and organizing raw
data, and standardize information and records presented in the data banks.

But these efforts and researches are partial and restrained on some particular prosperous areas. Apart from
that, it is confined by accurate data, incurring sub optional parameter estimates and imperfect decisions
about renewal cycle and preventive maintenance activities. Only a system that records the data in unified
and coherent method would be accessible for estimation and decision of strategies of building
maintenance strategies taking to inhibit the progress of defects and ratify them in full measures.

The important of such policy is obvious, and it can ensure realistic availability and building maintenance
database request a collaborative effort from the government, customers, occupants and as well as
maintenance providers. These bodies are the vertices of a collaborative triangle that is built can enhance
efficiency f strategies of building maintenance culture and can be conducted throughout a dynamic
planning of building maintenance culture operations. There are some sources of contributions to the
generation of database on the advert of e-technologies. As information is contributed to the database
which must be completed by specialist tools that can figure out the reliability and maintenance
parameters. These tools can act as a doctors to make diagnosis and prepare for schedules of building
maintenance culture activities.
Therefore, they are supposed to be regarded as indispensible element in assisting decision management
system.

2.2.3 THE REQUIREMENT AND IMPACT OF DATABASE TO BUILDING MAINTENANCE

CULTURE

Building maintenance culture database should be built based on the reliability and availability. Moreover
building maintenance culture database supposed to be related to information regarding to building
characteristics and conditions of performance. Hence, it means that in building maintenance culture,
database should be recorded specific operational data and defects data local climate data.

Building maintenance estimation for the reliability methods of maintenance, inspection and schedules for
maintenance activities should be based on building maintenance database. However, some certain
problems arise as collecting building maintenance data in different conditions, making comparism
necessary to standardize the data collected, which requires a qualitative and quantitative statistical
analysis. Furthermore, during the collection between owners and some key building maintenance
provider, forecasting techniques are essential to infer the probability of any defect and building failure.

Maintaining the condition of building allow collecting data of the parameters regarding building
valuation, all of the data is to help create a picture that show case what defect that would happen in the
future. The higher and more comprehensive volume of data and its quality, the lower the possibility of
error arises. If recorded data emphasizes a momentum in the observed value, it may be predicted when
they alarm of defects goes over the boundary. In order to achieve high effectiveness in data collection that
request a comprehensive and careful study related to the building structure and conditions of building
components for building maintenance culture data. The following keys were identified as the design and
implementation of the building maintenance culture database:

1. To rise up the standardization of information that must be linked between different departments
information system and maintenance database.
2. To establish reference data, like features of common defects building maintenance companies
government department which in charge of issues of safety and occupancy of buildings.
3. To regulate the procedures and standards of building maintenance.
4. To apply an analytical approach to maintenance analysis by means of methodology RAM
reliability availability, maintainability with regards to maintenance planning, its through that each
company should have its own policy and use its information technology system for which serve
reliable and comprehensive data. These data can support effective and efficient planning tasks.
The availability of these data to those systems in each building maintenance company can be
regarded as a sort of services.
5. To regulate process of construction to a standardized vision.
6. To establish in the clear and easy way of storing the data base on the association records for each
part of building project exposing standard building maintenance information.
7. To plot the maintenance plan by mean of the exportation of standardized building maintenance
information.
8. Sensors or other monitors can be installed to collect and transmit data about the building status.
9. Global positioning system installed to position the location of operator and maintenance tools.
10. Wireless technologies and specific standards to ensure the integration and interoperation between
different building maintenance systems.
11. Web services in the common perspective, the design and implementation of such building
maintenance database should be controlled by maintenance service providers.
As for the customers, the maintenance database can enhance its ability of proffering throughout entire life
reducing operational cost. Final occupants can have benefits from this database system and certainly the
database if building maintenance is updated and maintained for further performance.

2.3 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

2.3.0 WAYS OF IMPROVING BUILDING MAINTENANCE CULTURE

Stephen J. Thomas (2005) from this study, ten determinant factors can be implemented to the building
maintenance culture. These factors includes leadership, communication, motivation, reward system and
recognition, empowerment, involvement, policy system, strategy and work planning, teamwork, training
and education, organizational structure. All the factors will be discuss below.

2.3.1 LEADERSHIP

The building maintenance culture can be achieve through the implementation of the leadership factors
that should be done by someone who was called leader towards culture maintenance practices among all
his followers. According to Gary Yiekl (2006), who defiens leadership as “the process of influencing
others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of
facilitating other individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives”. This means that
leadership is based on commitment of the top management acting as internal resources to expedite the
attitude a person has to perform and understand the maintenance task very well. Maintenance task will not
to regarded as a burden, but as a good practice that should be implemented for the next stake. This is
where the need of the leadership qualities in a leader by showing a serious commitment to the work done
by providing a work plan that can be easily understood and followed by everyone.

2.3.2 COMMUNICATION

Building maintenance culture development process can be achieved through communication factor.
Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another that involves the exchange of
fact, ideas, suggestions and emotions with two or more people. Additionally, it also involves the
interaction of stimulus meanings through giving and receiving messages. Communication is an essential
part of human life when something needs to be done at work (Stephen, 2005). Communication plays an
important role which involves delivering information on building maintenance work practices for all
members of the organization so that the importance of building asset maintenance is understood by every
individual in the organization.

2.3.3 REWARD AND RECOGNITION

Reward and recognition is one of the factors that can develop/improve building maintenance culture. The
reward and recognition would only effective if it is meaningful and given an acknowledgement to the
work produced (Mohd Saidin et al., 2008). It is what is received by an employee as a reward for the work
they have done. The recognition is defined as some sort of public acknowledgement for superior
perforamcne on quality activities and rewards are the benefits such as salary increases, bonuses and
promotions due to an individual’s performance on improving the quality aspects of his or her job (Vilroen
and Waveren, 2008). Reward and recognition is the best as it is a powerful motivator, because when a
person is rewarded they will feel guilty, so a person will be motivated to perform the work in earnest.

2.3.4 TEAMWORK
Teamwork comprised a group of people working together to achieve a goal. Salas et al., (2002) defining
that teamwork may conceive a team to be “a distinguishable set of two or more people who interact
dynamically, interdependently, and adaptively towards a common and valued mission, who have each
been assigned specific roles or function to perform, and those who have a limited life span membership”.
Interact group collaboration can increase the effectiveness of work than working individually where doing
things together will facilitate the work being completed or was completed. In addition, each individual in
the group will feel comfortable sharing opinions on a more effective strategy.

2.3.5 TRAINING AND EDUCATION

Another factor that influences improving building maintenance culture is education and training. Training
is the development of attitude, knowledge and specialized skills required by the employees to perform
their duties properly (Mahmood Nazar, 2005). Education was for the promotion of learning and as an
added value to the generic knowledge to the improved/development of individuals and organizations
(Mohd Hizam and Zafir, 2002).

Training should not be limited to transfer of technical skills and knowledge necessary for uptimum
performance of the task. Rather it is an ongoing need to improve the skills and knowledge of workers that
will increase productivity maintenance. Through training and education an individual will have the self
awareness to keep the asset and facilities, enhance the skills and knowledge of building maintenance
culture of work and an individual is more motivated in doing the job well.

2.3.6 MOTIVATION

Motivation is one of the main elements that influences improvement and development of maintenance
culture of buildings. Motivation is considered as the process of shaping a person’s personality can be
encouraged to act in a certain goal.

Motivation can be created such as recognition, reward system, and support by management commitment,
individual motivation. In addition the motivation can be given in terms of training and education, the
involvement of top management, performance measurement and the encouragement, and support.
Motivation can create a work environment that is filled with passion and each member will be more
serious with the task they received. Additionally, through motivation regarded as psychological process
that gave rise to passion, direction, persistence and through voluntary action for the maintenance of a
confidence boost and encourage and promote carrying out a quality work.

2.3.7 INVOLVEMENT

Maintenance of cultural development can be achieved through the involvement factors. Employee
participation in the organization is a process that demands the workers participating in actions and in the
organization, involving individuals in each maintenance activity is necessary to ensure that each
individual clearly understand the maintenance task imposed upon them. The combination of employee
involvement and top management is able to develop a maintenance culture. If there is involvement of all
organizations, it is clearly capable of creating a work environment that emphasizes maintenance. In
addition this involvement also instils employees to develop them through a commitment that shows in
every job and even the desire to lead a larger staff in taking decision and bear the risk to any improvement
on the quality of maintenance.

2.3.8 EMPOWERMENT
The authorization also contributes to the development of maintenance culture. Authorization is the
process of delegating decision-making authority to lower level in the organization. Employees are
encouraged to take the initiative and expand their scope. Mark et al., (2006) stated that empowering
employees is essential in order to create commitment in the minds of the employees for this purpose, and
also stated how to achieve the goal and targets which are set ambitious but realistic. When an employee is
authorized to carry out maintenance work, the employees will be committed to engage in solving the
maintenance problems that occur without waiting for instruction from the top management. This situation
will cause an execution of maintenance work to be easy, effective and fast.

2.3.9 POLICY SYSTEM, STRATEGY AND WORK PLANNING

Policy system, strategy and work planning as part of determinant factor that improves the maintenance
culture development. According to Sadus and Grafiths (2004), the policies and strategies that comprised
the mission statement and slogan must be used to promote communication media, for example posters
exhibition, and other internet to every members in the organization. The role of this factor as a policy
system to comply with all regulations due to work is a program of policies, standards and the belief that
the rules must be followed by an individual in an organization to achieve goals. The system policy consist
the simple statement and give clear and distinct explanation on the core value and belief about common
goals that want to be achieve. Therefore, these factors are crucial to the developing of maintenance
culture, a person’s behavior depends on the objective needed to be achieved, if the policy system, strategy
and work planning are clear and easy to understand each individual will be more motivated to carry out
maintenance culture activities on buildings.

2.3.10 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

One of the important aspects must be considered on the development of maintenance culture is the
organization structure. The organization structures is a framework of rules and power relations that exist
formally to control and coordinating human actions and motivates individuals to achieve the
organization’s goals. It is typically hierarchical, which an organization arranges its lines of authority and
communications, and allocates rights and duties and has illustrated by the organization charts.
Organization structure is vital as a guideline to clarify the sense of duty and activities for everyone in
organization. The process development of building maintenance culture requires a comprehensive the
organizational management structure to present the practice of the maintenance work that should be
executed by each member in the organization or department. Furthermore, the functional of organization
structure as an advisory body, the administration and controlling the activities of maintenance work in the
department/organization.

2.3.2.0 ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF BUILDINGS THROUGH IMPROVED

MAINTENANCE CULTURE

Without regular maintenance services, a building can quickly become an unfriendly environment for
living and working, which is why maintenance technicians are valuable. “Building maintenance is work
undertaken to keep, restore, or improve every facility i.e every part of a builing its services and surrounds
to a currently acceptable standard and to sustain the utility and value of the facility”.

2.3.2.1 AIM OF BUILDING MAINTENANCE

i. To preserve the operating condition of machinery and building services, structures etc
ii. To restore them back to their original standards
iii. To improve the facility depending upon the developments that is taking place in the
concerned/relevant engineering.
 iv. Cost minimization and profit maximization

A building stands exposed in weather and is used for all purposes. Further, there would be various in-
building arrangements inviting various decaying agencies to act. Decay causes damage and again, damage
invites further decay followed by damage again and ultimately, reducing it to an unserviceable and
dilapidated structure.

2.3.2.2. TYPES OF MAINTENANCE OF BUILDING

Maintenance of building may be classified in three categories in this work.

a. Routine maintenance
b. Preventive maintenance and
c. Remedial maintenance/measure or repair

2.3.2.2.1 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Routine maintenance of the structure is essential to keep it functional and protect it against early decay. A
building is made of different parts in different locations and made of different materials. These are all
subjected to natural decay due to aging. While designing, the life-span of the members is assumed with
normal maintenance.

There are various items of work which fall under routine maintenance and are expected to be attended
regularly for up-keep of building some of the items need be attended daily, some weekly, while some at
regular interval.

Routine maintenance is post construction activity which is required to be attend for up-keeping of the
building to required to be attend for up-keeping of the building to resist its early decay causing severe
damage to it and saving it from becoming non-functional.

2.3.2.2.2. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Preventive maintenance comprises of activities which are essentially required to make the structure strong
and sound and capable of resisting early decay or damage. Preventive maintenance of a structure means
improving the quality of construction and makes it more durable and functional.

2.3.2.2.2.1 preventive action prior to commencements of construction soil investigation, collection

of information about climatic condition of the site including possible seismic dangers and taking action by
strengthening the structure accordingly against all probable future eventualities, fall under the preventive
maintenance action. Unless this information is collected and the designer is fed with these particulars, the
structure would remain to future disaster.

2.3.2.2.2.2 PREVENTIVE ACTION DURING CONSTRUCTION

Even when the above information is collected and the structures are well-designed, the may be
susceptible to early decay due to lack of preventive measures during construction. The following are the
preventive measures needed during construction for ensuring quality and durability of the structure are:

i) Selection of right material for construction and using those in roper way as per specification
and according to 1.5 code.
ii) Improvement o workmanship by engaging trained workmen.
 iii) Cement concrete is one of the main items which need the most preventive action to make it
weather-proof, sound and durable.
iv) Steel members which are used in building construction and remain exposed to weather are
susceptible to early corrosion and need preventive measure for protecting them from easily
decay.
v) Timber used in building construction in various ways is susceptible to early decay and
decomposition. This may be prevented by right selection of timber. Timber need be from
matured wood protected by seasoning treating and painting and thus prevented from early
weather action.

2.3.2.2.2.3 NATURAL CALAMITIES

During the lifetime of the structures, it may have to sustain certain natural calamity like earthquake storm,
flood etc. suitable preventive measures need be incorporated in the designed and construction to enable
the structure to with stand these disasters that naturally occur.

2.3.2.2.2.3.1 REMEDIAL MAINTENANCE

Inspite of taking all possible preventive measures and providing routine maintenance, a structure may
undergo decay and damage, which would require to be ameliorated by remedial measures. Remedial
maintenance or repair is removal of any decayed or damaged part of the structure or removal of any
defect in the structure. Due to some reasons the structure may show sign of damage or distress. Action for
repairs or restoration work should be taken up without allowing increase of the possible defect causing
further damage to the structure.

While taking up any repair work, the cause and exact location of the defect or damage should be
ascertained definitely for proper removal of those. Random repair of any defect or damage without
ascertaining the cause may lead to serious damage in future instead of rectification of the real ones.

2.3.3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING MAINTENANCE CULTURE

The primary aim of maintaining building is to retain/preserve its natal functional, structural and aesthetic
sates. This is to ensure that the building continue to remain in such and retain its investment value over a
long period of time. The ability of your building to provide the required environment for a particular
human activity is a measure of its functionality. And of the functional component of the building begin to
deteriorate, it becomes necessary for you to take measures to ensure that the desired characteristics of the
facility which provides safety and convenience are retained. These measures can be taken if your give
more attention to maintenance culture.

2.3.3.1 LACK OF PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE CULTURE

Preventive building maintenance is a planned maintenance activity aimed at preventing the damage of
your building. It helps you to preserve and enhance the reliability of your building by replacing worn out
components. When there is plans, this often result in deterioration of your building that leads to point of
collapse or demolition.

2.3.3.2 FAUTY WORKMANSHIP

Building workmanship is one of the most common factors affecting building maintenance. A fauty
worksmanship dramatically increase the likelihood of problems and reduces the life expectancy of your
building there by leading to loss of time and money.
2.3.3.3 USE OF SUBSTANDARD MATERIALS

When building the first thing that should be come to your mind is the quality and cost of the building
materials to use for the maintenance of your building. The use of substandard materials leads to structural
deformation of your building within a short period of time.

2.3.3.4 INSUFFICIENT FUND

Maintaining a building against deterioration and to a standardized level requires time and money lack of
fund is one of the most common factor affecting building maintenance where. That is, insufficient
funding for routine maintenance can cause neglects allowing minor repair work to evolve into more
serious condition.

2.3.3.5 NON-UTILIZATION OF SKILLED BUILDING MAINTENANCE PROFESSIONALS

Maintaining a building requires the full services of skilled building maintenance professionals. Not
utilizing the services of skilled maintenance personnel usually result to seeking the services of a faculty
workmanship. Property owners who fail to seek te services of skilled building maintenance personnel end
up utilizing unskilled maintenance professional thereby dramatically increasing the likelyhood of
problems to the building.
2.3.3.6 Non-Application Of Building Maintenance Policy.
Building maintenance policy is a written document that provides maintenance strategies to be adopted by
the maintenance. Professional in order to extend the life cycle of a building and its fittings. The non
availability of building maintenance policy can result poorly planned maintenance activity.
Property owners who seek the services of maintenance personnel without application of maintenance
policy do that at the risk if reducing the life span of the building.

2.3.3.7 OWNERS ATTITUDE TO BUILDING MAINTENANCE CULTURE.

This is another factor that affects building maintenance culture because most building tend to have
nonchalant attitude towards maintenance culture. This leads to neglects allowing minor repair work to
evolve into more serious condition.
2.3.3.8 WRONG BEHAVIOUR OF OCCUPATIONS.
Occupant are those who makers use of the building and it is expected that they be the ones to maintain it.
But most occupants are often reluctant when its come to building maintenance culture that result to
serious deformation of the building.
2.3.3.9 FAULTY DESIGN / DESIGN DEFICIENCY
Faults in the building design place a heavy burden on the building for rest of its life and there is no
compensation for it. In such a situation, the responsibility falls on the shoulder of the designers such that
they must think carefully with full concentration and consideration towards the completion of the project.
Explaining the link between maintenance and building design, Ramly (2006). Suggest that four sectors of
building design should be considered ands regarded base important if one is to avoid the need for
unplanned maintenance At the pos-occupation stages. These sectors are:
1. The main fabric which includes walls, floors, Roofs, doors, and windows;
2. Internal finishes which includes ceiling and wall-finishes as well as floors ;
3. Special design features such as decorative elements for the doors, windows, glass, air vents and
special bricks and stone work.
4. The last sector is cleaning and house keeping of all building components.
The study identified deterioration in these sectors that resulted from design faults, which subsequently
imposed a heavy financial burden on the occupier or the owners.
Based on the outlined of causes derived from the work of Gibson (1979), the implication of design fault
on maintenance in building has resulted from the followings:
  The consequence of thermal movement;
 The consequence of inefficient detailing;
 The consequence of improper material selection; and
 The consequence of poor design for access for maintenance measures.
The designer must understand what consequences the use of materials in combination cam impose on
their design. Thermal movement in materials can affect a building in a number of ways. It can cause
cracking in walls or plaster and fractures in structuring elements if consideration has not been given to
thermal expansion. Thermal movement can cause distortion of joint with the result that penetration of
water takes place ore there is loss of adhesion. Inadequate detailing can cause deterioration of building
façade. In the absence of proper detailing of rain water, discharge from the building face water may
penetrate into the building or stagnate within on the construction.
Ponding water is a potential source of disease, as it can harbor insects. Poor access for maintenance will
cause delay in the repair process that escalates the cost of maintenance and increase the probability of
substandard remedial actions.
2.3.3.9.1 VENTILATION
Poor ventilation design in buildings can be well understood in the context of human morphology.
Ventilation components in building such as windows and ventilation dust and air passages, serves as the
respiratory organ and passages for buildings. But in the case of substandard design these ventilation
channels requires more maintenance also if they are not to affects the health of the residents, the poor
ventilation can cause mould and fungi even in new building and which has signify\cant implication on
health.
It is fair to mention that faulty design is not restricted to anyone, but its existence is felt more wherever is
a trend for introducing new material and technology in construction. It is essential that new techniques
and materials should be suitable for the location in which they are used.
2.3.3.10 CORRUPTION
It is assumed that people will only be committed to the progress of something if they can get something
from it. Government property is regarded as nobody property so that anything can happen to it.
Government officials fails to maintain building and leave it to deteriorate so that contract sum for
replacement could be high enough to receive a high kick-back.
2.3.3.11 IGNORANCE
Many actors At mini, micro and macro levels seems ignorant of the implication of the effects of improper
maintenance culture. There is a need for education, enlightenment as well as orientation and reorientation
of all and sundry on maintenance culture conscious and practices.
2.3.3.12 EFFECTS OF NON-MAINTENANCE CULTURE
Non maintenance culture results in the misused of scarce resource which ought to be judiciously used.
 Building facilities do not live up to their life span due to lack of maintenance culture.
 Non, maintenance culture results in the abandonment of available infrastructures which are faulty
as a result of lack of maintenance culture.
 Non maintenance results in insufficient resource for overhead or infrastructure which are
essential for harnessing the available raw material for productions
 Low revenue is realized or generated in the use of assets that are not properly maintained.
 Non maintenance culture encourages low production and results in poor standard of living.
SUMMARY
The study looked into building maintenance culture with the aim of examining its implication on
community development. It was discovered or certain that provision of infrastructural facilities (building)
would lead this development would be sustained only if effects are made to embark on routing preventive,
recurrent and periodic maintenance when facilities are put in place.
It is also emphasized the need for educating the populace so that maintenance culture would not be alien
to any Nigerian and Ebonyi.
Hence, people must be adequately mobilized and carried along in all government activities since they are
the ultimate beneficiaries of the project facilities being maintained.
Again, the three tiers of government, institutions, and corporate entities should organize seminars and
conferences meant to sensitize people on maintenance culture from time to time to reduce the
implications of lack of building maintenance culture in our society.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter states the various methods used in research, as well as the population of the study, and
sampling techniques used in determining the sample size of the research. How data was collected and
analyzed is also discussed in this chapter
The main objective of this research were achieved through quantitative methods, as inferential statistics
were used to measure the level of accuracy and validate responses from the respondents in accordance to
the objective of the research.
3.1 DESIGN OF THE STUDY
The research design used for this study is the descriptive research design. Since data characteristics where
described using frequencies and percentages, and no manipulations of data or variables where necessary
The researcher chose this research design. The researcher discarded other alternatives such as casual and
explanatory research designs because accurate findings and data analysis may not be achieved.
3.2 STUDY AREA
The study was conducted in Afikpo, Ebonyi state. Ebonyi state is state in the south-east geopolitical
zone of Nigeria, bordered to the north and northeast by Benue state, Enugu state to the west, Cross River
State to the east and southeast, and Abia state to the southwest. Named for the Abonyi (Aboine) River-a
large part of which is in the state's south-Ebonyi state was formed from parts of Abia and Enugu state in
1996 and has its capital as Abakaliki, it's nickname is salt of the Nation.
The location of Ebonyi state in Nigeria coordinates is 6° 15N 8° 05 E/6.250°N 8.083°E. the state area is
total 5,533km (2,136sqm) and the population (estimated 2016) total 3,490,383 one of the smallest states
in Nigeria, Ebonyi is the 33th largest in the area and 29th most populaces.
Economically, Ebonyi state is based around agriculture, mainly of yams, rice, oil palm, and cassave crops.
A key minor industry is mining due to lead, sink and limestone deposits around Abakaliki. Ebonyi has the
joint twentieth highest Human Development Index in the country and numerous institution of tertiary
education.
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population of this study are professional employees in School Environmental, Design and
Technology Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, Afikpo Ebonyi State.
The population figure for the study is 100 respondents, comprising of academic staff from various
department of school of Environmental Design and Technology and school of Engineering Technology
with Ebonyi state.
3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Since the population for the study is not large and data could be collected from all the respondents, the
researcher adopted convenience sampling technique to successfully complete the work.
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE
A convenient sample size of 36 is selected using random sampling without necessarily reaching all the
representatives of the entire population.
3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The data used in this work were collected by hand. The questionnaire was distributed and collected by
hand. Most of the questions were answered before the respondents in the study area.
3.7 TYPES AND SOURCES OF DATA
The source of data are
a. Primary sources
b. Secondary sources
a. Primary source
The major instrument used in collecting data comprises of questionnaire and oral interview. The oral
interview was used in a situation where it was suspected that using oral interview is necessary which
would facilitate the respondents where they might accidentally avoid any question in the questionnaire.
b. Secondary source
The secondary sources of data collected here includes writing materials In similar subject matter, building
journals, information obtained from websites such as Google ask.com but most of all study carried out by
the research within the area of the study.
3.8 ORGANIZING DATA FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The following analytical tools is used to organize data for Statistical analysis tables, mean, frequency,
variance and standard deviation.
Data collected were analyzed using the above instrument to enable the researcher to clearify true data
characteristics and finding with a great deal of accuracy. Interpretation and analysis of data was also used
to describe items in tables and charts used for this study.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter is devoted to the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the course
of this study. The data is based on the number of copies of questionnaire completed and returned by the
respondents.

Thirty six (36) questionnaire was distributed to the respondents, thirty two (32) was not retrieved from the
respondents. The data are presented in tables and analyzed using standard deviation

BIO DATA OF RESPONDENT

Table 1: sex of respondents

Valid Frequency
Male 31
Female 1
Total 32
Source: Field survey

Table 1 above shows the gender distribution of the respondents

31 respondents are male and 1 respondent is female.

Table 2 age range of respondents

Valid Frequency
21 – 30yrs 0
31 – 40yrs 2
41 – 50 10
51 – 60 15
Above 60 years 5
Total 32
Source: field survey

Table 2 above shows the age range of the respondents below 20yrs 0 respondents
21 – 30yrs 0 respondents, 31 – 40yrs 2 respondents 41 – 50yrs, 10 respondent 51 – 60yrs 15 respondent,
above 60years 5 respondent.

Table 3 educational qualification of respondents

WASCE/SSCE 0
OND/HND 0
BSC/PGD 30
MSC/Ph.D 2
Others 0
Total 32
Source: Field survey, 2022

Table 3 above shows the educational qualification of respondents WASCE/SSCE and OND/HND have no
respondent 20 respondents BSC/PGD and 12 respondents MSC/PHD

Table 4 experience/years of service

Valid Frequency
0 – 2years 0
3–5 4
6 – 11years 6
Above 12year 22
Total 32
Source: Field survey, 2022

Table 4 above shows the experience/years of service of respondents 0-2yrs have no respondents, 3 – 5
have 4 respondent, 6 – 11yrs have 6 respondents above 12 yrs have 12 respondents.
Valid Frequency
Architect 6
Builder 9
Civil engineer 2
Electrical engineer 4
Estate surveyor & valuer 1
Mechanical engineer 0
Surveyors 2
Tourism planner 2
Quantity surveyor 6
Total 32
Source: Field survey, 2022

Table 5 above shows the profession of respondents 6 architects respondents, 9 builders respondents 9
builders respondents, civil engineer respondent, 4 electrical respondent, 1 estate surveyor respondent, 0
mechanical engineer respondent, 2 surveyor respondent, town planner and quantity surveyor respondent.

SECTION B

Table based on research questions

Note:

Responses 4 means strongly agreed

 3 means agreed

2 means disagreed

1 means strongly disagreed

Fx
Mean = X =
N

Where x = class

F = Frequency

N = ∑f

Variance = S2 = ¿¿

Standard deviation = √ S 2 = S
s/n Questions no Responses

4 3 2 1 N ∑f X ¿¿ S2 √ S2 =
x S
1 Public buildings maintenance have 16 13 3 0 32 10 3.41 19.69 0.64 0.80
impact on the economy of Ebonyi 9
2 Ebonyians exhibit poor building 10 14 6 2 32 96 3.00 4 0.13 0.36
maintenance culture
3 Government should do more in 28 4 0 0 32 12 3.88 2.7 0.09 0.30
building maintenance culture 4
4 Effective maintenance of building 10 22 0 0 32 10 3.31 2.65 0.09 0.29
properties is capital intensive 6
5 Building maintenance culture will 21 10 1 0 32 11 3.63 9.5 0.31 0.55
improve the economy of Ebonyi State 6
6 Buildings in Ebonyi State receive the 3 5 16 8 32 67 2.10 24.75 0.89 0.80
appropriate maintenance
7 Buildings in Ebonyi experiences poor 5 16 9 2 32 88 2.75 20.03
funding as constraints
8 Government have a legislation and 2 9 17 4 32 73 2.28 15.51 0.65 0.70
policies that ensures adequate building
maintenance
9 Strict adherence to building 21 11 0 0 32 11 3.66 7.22 0.50 0.48
maintenance will increase efficiency 7
10 Maintenance of buildings in Ebonyi 9 17 5 1 32 98 3.06 17.87 0.58 0.76
state will determine the level of
civilization and urbanization within
Ebonyi
11 Deterioration of building materials are 18 11 3 0 32 11 3.47 13.97 0.58 0.67
attributed to poor design and selection 1
of standard building materials
12 Negligence on the part of the owner I a 12 18 1 1 32 10 3.28 14.47 0.47 0.69
direct cause of deterioration of 5
 buildings
13 Inflation rate contributes to inadequate 14 10 8 0 32 10 3.19 12.14 0.39 0.62
maintenance of buildings 2
14 Poor quality material usage result in 24 7 0 1 32 11 3.69 12.88 0.42 0.65
defect and subsequently increase 8
maintenance work
15 Poor workmanship and supervision 20 11 1 0 32 11 3.59 9.72 0.31 0.56
during construction raise occurrence of 5
maintenance work
16 Lack of building maintenance culture 5 11 15 1 32 83 2.57 16.10 0.52 0.72
is attributed to the occupants of the
building
17 Orientation and re-orientation will it 24 8 0 0 32 12 3.75 6 0.19 0.44
create awareness of building 0
maintenance culture in Ebonyi Statte
18 Lack of preparation of manual affect 8 21 3 0 32 10 3.16 10.22 0.33 0.57
efficiency of maintenance work 1
19 Strict adherence to maintenance 21 11 0 0 32 11 3.66 7.22 0.23 0.48
planning and scheduling increases 7
efficiency and effective productivity in
maintenance work
20 Effects of taxation on property owners 2 7 11 1 32 63 1.97 11.29 0.87 0.93
contribute to lack of building 2
maintenance culture
21 Non involvement of building 10 18 3 1 32 10 3.16 16.23 0.52 0.72
maintenance professional at the design 1
stage is a cause of major maintenance
fault
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Data collected will be presented and analyzed statistically using statistical tools like variance, standard
deviation and most of all, mean, which is used to ascertain acceptance or rejected region of data obtained.
ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION REGION
Data obtained here were either accepted or rejected based on the mean score of the research question.
Acceptance region is the interval within the sampling.
Distribution of test statistic that answers the research question positively. It is the complementary region
to the rejection region.
The rejection region, the rejection answers the research question negatively, since this research work is
using Likert’s scale of 1 – 4, the acceptance region is taken from 2.50 to 4,000 while the rejection starts
from 1 through 2.49.
Research question 1 analysis
Questions Sa A D Sd ∑f ∑fx X ∑f Varianc Standar Remark
(4) (3) (2) (1) (x1)2 e d s
deviatio
n (
√ S2¿ ¿
Government should do 28 4 0 0 32 124 3.8 2.7 0.09 0.30 Accept
more in building 8
maintenance culture

Government have a 2 9 17 4 32 73 2.2 15.5 0.65 0.70 Reject

legislation and policies 8 1
that ensures adequate
building maintenance

Deterioration of building 18 11 3 0 32 111 3.4 13.9 0.58 0.67 Accept

materials are attributed to 7 7
poor design and selection
of standard building
materials

Lack of preparation of 8 21 3 0 32 101 3.1 10.2 0.33 0.57 Accept

manual affect efficiency 6 2
of maintenance work

Public buildings 16 13 3 0 32 109 3.4 19.6 0.64 0.80 Accept

maintenance have impact 1 9
on the economy of
Ebonyi

Strict adherence to 21 11 0 0 32 117 3.6 7.22 0.50 0.48 Accept

building maintenance 6
will increase efficiency

Building maintenance 21 10 1 0 32 116 3.6 9.5 0.31 0.55 Reject

culture will improve the 3
economy of Ebonyi State
 Research question 2: analysis
Questions Sa A D Sd ∑f ∑fx X ∑f Varianc Standar Remark
(4) (3) (2) (1) (x1)2 e d s
deviatio
n (
√ S2¿ ¿
Maintenance of building in 9 17 5 1 32 98 3.0 17.8 0.58 0.76 Accept
Ebonyi state will determine 6 7
the level of civilization and
urbanization within Ebonyi

Buildings in Ebonyi State 3 5 16 8 32 67 2.1 24.7 0.89 0.80 Reject

receive the appropriate 0 5
maintenance

Effective maintenance of 10 22 0 0 32 106 3.3 2.65 0.09 0.29 Accept

building properties is capital 1
intensive

Lack of building 5 11 15 1 32 83 2.5 16.1 0.52 0.72 Accept

maintenance culture is 7 0
attributed to the occupants of
the building

Effects of taxation on 2 7 11 12 32 63 1.9 11.2 0.87 0.93 Reject

property owners contribute 7 9
to lack of building
maintenance culture

Strict adherence to 21 11 0 0 32 117 3.6 7.22 0.23 0.48 Accept

maintenance planning and 6
scheduling increases
efficiency and effective
productivity in maintenance
work

Buildings in Ebonyi 5 16 9 2 32 88 2.7 20.0 0.65 9.42 Accept

experiences poor funding as 5 3
constraints
 Research question no 3
Questions Sa A D Sd ∑f ∑fx X ∑f Variance Standard Remarks
(4) (3) (2) (1) (x1)2 deviation
(√ S 2 ¿ ¿
Negligence on the part of 12 18 1 1 32 105 3.28 14.4 0.47 0.69 Accept
the owner is a direct cause 7
of deterioration of buildings

Inflation rate contributes to 14 10 8 0 32 102 3.19 12.1 0.39 0.62 Accept

inadequate maintenance of 4
buildings

Poor workmanship and 20 11 1 0 32 115 3.59 9.72 0.31 0.56 Accept

supervision during
construction raise
occurrence of maintenance
work

Orientation and re- 24 8 0 0 32 120 3.75 6 0.19 0.44 Accept

orientation will it create
awareness of building
maintenance culture in
Ebonyi State

Non involvement of 10 18 3 1 32 101 3.16 16.2 0.52 0.72 Accept

building maintenance 3
professional at the design
stage is a cause of major
maintenance fault

Ebonyians exhibit poor 10 14 6 2 32 96 3.00 4 0.13 0.36 Accept

building maintenance
culture

Poor quality material usage 24 7 0 1 32 118 3.69 12.8 0.42 0.65 Accept
result in defect and 8
subsequently increase
maintenance work
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
From the analysis, it was discovered that the effect of building maintenance has a major effect on the
economy of Ebonyi State.
The nature of response received from the respondents that strict adherence to building maintenance
culture will contribute positively to the development of maintenance as a way of life.
Again, response from the respondents which was observed that maintenance culture will prolong life
expectancy of buildings and it's functionality which directly reduce deterioration of building material.
The findings during this research work pinpoint that during design stage and construction stage increase
in maintenance work will be reduced if the design is free from faulty design and poor supervision at the
construction stage

5.2 CONCLUSION
This study examined the causes and implications of poor building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State.
Building maintenance culture is a bedrock of building development which should not be taken for granted
in the vision of achieving sustainable buildings within the state, is to be achieved. Poor leadership, lack of
maintenance policy, negligence, and curruption are identified among others as major causes of poor
building maintenance culture in Ebonyi State.
Different maintenance strategies that could be adopted to retain and continuously keep buildings safe and
good working condition were examined. Also suggested in this paper are formulation of maintenance
policy, inclusion of maintenance culture in our educational curriculum, appointment of maintenance
manager, all towards ensuring Ebonyi state is better positioned in the accomplishment of her goal towards
maintenance culture.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
On personal levels, we must imbibe building maintenance culture to enjoy the best of our assets
(buildings) and households equipment.
Based on the above observations the following recommendations are considered.
1. There should be policy on maintenance culture that would be effective at the three tiers of
governments.
2. People should be sensitized and encouraged to embrace building maintenance culture for the
betterment and development of our dear state (Ebonyi).
3. Ebonyi State should as a matter of fact, formulate maintenance policy that will guide it's operational
activities to enhance effectiveness and efficiency.
4. Leadership selection should be by merit rather than favouritism to enable accomplishment of
maintenance goal on leadership.
5. Implementation of building maintenance policies should be the priority of government agencies of the
state for it adherence and enforcement of the policies.

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