Chapter-4 Types of Tourism ‘Tourism Motivators lotivation: is w state-of need, a condition that exerts. a push | the individiial towards certal ‘pes of action that are seen.as likely.tobring. satisfaction” - The touristas « consumer of tourism products, places and expertences. ‘Travel Motivators + The underlying motive for almost any type of tourist activity is escape — sometimes physical, sometimes mental. However, tourists can have multiple motives for travel, For example, a business traveller extends his trip to-visit his eonference destination to get rid of the stress he underwent, I fact, one destination can see different travel motivation by different groups. For example, one group of tourisis can be visiting Guwahati for spiritual purposes to visit Kamakhya Devi temple, another group can he visiting it for its tea gardens and yet another fo shop for Assam silk. + Itis this multi-facetedness of destinations that has to be #ealised and used by marketers for increasing sales keeping in view the motivators. ‘Travel motivation © A variety of reasons for travelling which vary from person to person, from one holiday to another + Many types of motivation for travetlers Basic trave| motivators: ‘= Physical:Motivators: include those related to physical rest, sports participation, beach recreation, relaxing entertainment, and other motivations connected with health, ‘© Cyltural Motivators: include the desire to know about other countries © Interpersonal Motivators: Pertain to the desite to meet other people, visit friends or relatives, escape from routine, from family and neighbors, + Status and Prestige Motivators: Ega needs and personal development. Included in this group are trips related to business, and conventions, study, and pursuit of hobbies edication, Travel will enhance oné’s recognition and group reputation. Tourist motivations, JR Tee neo to espe or change: The gretet reason for travel ean be summed up in one word ~=- escape 2, Travel for Health; Development in the field of medicine have influenced travel for ceniuities, giving rise to the concept of health tourism, 3. Sports: Interest in sports either as paiticipant or spectator is attracting large seqn the population 8 large segments of 4, Social Contact: Much travel! grows out of the social nature-of people + Human beings are social animals: ‘2. Varanasi: One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Varanasi is the nae city among the seven holy cities of Hinduism. Besides being the spiritual capital of India, the ct) is home to the largest residential university of Asia, the Banaras Hindu University, Varanss ‘a rich cultural history with one of the genres of Indian classical music “Banaras Gharana : fe developed here, Apart from the sacred Ghats, the city has many more fascinating tourist sites Jantar Mantar and the Ramnagar fort, ‘The fort was built by the king of Banaras in 18th century. ‘The current resident of the palace is the current king of Banaras who acts as the patron o! Varanasi and still plays a major part in teligious ceremonies. 3. Bodh Gaya: The place where Buddha attained enlightenment, Bodh Gaya has « Mahe con temple which is said to have been founded by Emperor Asoka himself. The temple under st restoration in 11th and 19th eenturies and was again excavated and renovated by the Bris fp 1800s. It is one of the oldest ancient brickbuilt temple still standing in India, A descendent of the Maha Bodhi tree under which Buddha meditated, still exists near the temple. The place also has many Buddhist temples built in Thai, Vietnamese and Japanese architectural styles. These temples have been built by the Buddhist countries of East Asia for their monks who visit Bodh Gaya, 4. Ajmer; the city of Ajmer in Rajasthan is home to the Dargah Sharif. This is the shrine housing the tomb of Sufi Saint Moinuddin Chisthi, Moinuddin Chisthi was a Sufi saint noted for establishing the Chisthi order of Sufism in Lahore and Ajmer. This order stresses on reaching lose to God through musi¢. The dargah of Moinuddin Chisthi and the mosk built by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1571 is a major center for Sufi Islam in India. The dargah has been a site of pilgrimage since as carly as 1499. The Dargah evolved to be a fantastic work in indo-islamic architecture as Mughal Emperors Akbar and Shah Jahan richly contributed to its beautification. 5. Old Goa: is a town located in one of the world’s leading tourist destinations Goa, The city ‘was originally built by Vijapur Sultanate in 15th century. It served as the capital city of Portuguese India from 1510 until 1843, The city was later abandoned due to outbreak of placue in 1800s. Old Gos has been a center tor Christianity in India since the Portuguese era, The me is especially noted for the church of Bon Jesus which was built from 1594 to 1605. The church holds the body of Saint Francis Navier. Franeis Xavier is layed a major part in fouling he society of Jesuits. It is said that the body of the saint still remains fresh and ik vero ‘years on the his death anniversary. The 400 year old church is a UNESCO Se every ten ‘and attracts pilgrims from around the world, Orig heritage site ee ‘Yourism (ST) { 3 * ST is. complex and evolving concept © Meets the needs of present tourists opportunities for the future, It is cones such a way that eeonomie, social and cultural integrity, essential ecological proe S can be fulfilled whik 1 systems, (UNWTO, 2003), et! Processes and biological diverssie wy muimtainingincome, employment ang eed for inc shave the most UBEM TT" east able to realize these Whereas ie lear developed counties Po Tourism, tandard of In a general rise of the standar nam revenues out of the host country benefits. . + Among the reasons for this and exelusion of local businesses and products are large-scale transfer of tour eee urehase needed goods or services from outside * Leakage occurs when tourists money are used to P i 2 ey Foe st expenditure that remains locally after taxes, + The direct income fot an area is the amount of touri Poi i tese tee wisuased profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after impo amounts are called leakage. : Pe tes tenes * In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers eae go to i or we and other international companies, and hot to local businesses 4 Oe In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave agai through leakage. ; * A study of tourism ‘leakage’ in Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand Estimates for other Third World countries range from 80% in the Caribbean to 40% in India. There are tuo main ways that leakage occurs: Import leakage + This commonly occurs when tourists demand standards that the host, ‘country cannot supply. * Especially in LEDC's, food and drinks must often be imy hotel's. tourist's) standards or the country simply 4 He, erase Import related leakage for most developing Countries today s betes sem POM. Of eross tourism earnings for small economies and Between 4086 and 2036 fer nee 40% and 50% ae id 20% for most advanced an of equipment, food, and other products loesn't have a'su Export leakage TNCs have a substant Often, especially in vacation pa © fom tourists se myth ts femain for thei, ect Tee® OunSts Severely reducny b Per they ned ad wpe SY 1 he same oe for local peop tere they wil make ai StUISe ship of Ble t0 prafit from tours ‘Call their ©xpendituras resOFt, Which priy ide d MES, POt Much oppor a vides tunity Is Lefti ich as better Tourism can induce the local government to make infrastructure inerryemens Water and sewage systems, roads, electricity, telephone and public transport net This can improve the quality of life for residents as well as facilitate tourism. Contribution to local economies ‘As the environment is 2 basic component of the tourism industry's assets, taurismy revenues ore Cre tas a a Se a wt gers rm ann Cae from tourism through informal employment (e.g. street vendors, informal guides, eee of informal employment is that the money is returned to the local economy, and has a great multiptier effect as it is spent over and aver again. ism The WTO estimates that turism generates an indirect contribution equal ta 100% of direct tourist expenditures, The Multiplier Concept ‘The multiplier concept is based upon the recognition that sales for one firrh require purchases from ‘ther firms within the focal economy, |e, the industrial sectors of an econamy are interdependent ‘This means that firms purchase not only primary inputs such as labor, but also intermediate goods and services produced by other establishments, Therefore, «change in level of final demand for one sectors output will atfect not only the industry in question, but also other sectors that supply goods to that sectors that act a8 suppliers to than, sectors as well, Tourism multipliers have been developed over some years based on largely Keynesian orin-+ testo of gun of ree yeas ma soe ames Mies ‘causes further income and employment, ‘The basis of a simple multiplier is that a direct injection oF cash into an economy, international tourism expenditure, means a higher income for suppliers of ron This will be distributed partly as wages and salaries, Ae rae Hy see indi i s indirect by, say, income ta suppliers of goods and sei The latter indirect income, distributed to food companies, fuel distributors, printers and so on, is als payments, increased induced. ing themselves then have more to spend, and soon, Types of Muttiptiors‘The result ean be an the social system in ceptable change Inthe c i ee of local resident euphoria, where visitors are Ve when anti-tourist attitudes begim grow! ity (li table change in jal carrying capacity (limits of accep’ h jon ofthe saa aryig gl carrying copacty (mits of nd the tation) ofthe focal community. fold through the stages of vent may unt : : thy; irtation and potentially antaganis™, overexploitat side or arcu é the culture of the host population) s towards tourism develor ry welcome, through apat! ing among local people, Cultural clashes may further arise through: peers iene ‘tng and lifestyles than what is = Many tourists come from societies with different consumption pate! current at the destination, seeking pleasure, spending large amour its of money and sometimes behaving in ways that even they would not accept at home. ‘One effect is that local people that come in contact with these tourists may develop a sort of copying behaviour, as they want to live and behave in the same way (DE) * Especially in less developed countries, there is likely to be a growing distinction between the ‘haves’ ‘and ‘have-nots’, which may increase social and sometimes ethnic tensions * In resorts in destination countries such as Jamaica, Indonesia or Brazil, tourism employees with annual salaries of USS 1,500 spend their working hours in close contact with guests whose yearly income is well over US$ 80,000, Irritation due to taurist behaviour * Tourists often, eut of ignorance ar carelessness fll to respect local customs and moral values, + When they do, they can bring about iritation and stereotyping. * They take quick snapshot and are gone, and by so acting invade the local peoples‘ ives, ‘Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in many Muslim countries, strict ‘standards i , vist regarding the ‘Musiim women, whe must. Carefully cover themselves in cue ee - ee dire aunties often disregard or are unaware of these standards, i ress code, appearing half-dressed (by local 54 li ‘even bikinis, sunbathing topless at the beach or esac ee ae Besides creating ‘ill-yeill, ee Job level friction In developing countries especialy, wee ioe ont ity hater and more Prestigious managerial jobs go to tors) the destination, people with the je i 5 Know-how needa recruited from other countries, MNEEENG Nestorm her level jobs are ote practical work, while hid vortPhysical impacts of tourism development tourist + Construction activities and infrastructure development: Te development of facies che tieate seid neg, cctnayd sot cure ner a cr al Dearest Gr eect ey aceaane ce ants CSI Cy ot sccommodation ad faites frequent requires deateg forested Irs 8 are often drained due to lack of more suitable sites. Maina dvelepeent: Development ef rearioas and BreakaGHIS Ta currents and coastlines. bs sacle derek neat Eoteocs snegese a wae ehtnaTE SO UEP Tg, development, nereased segiments in the water, trampling by tOUnStS ia Neale pollution from sewage, souvenir extra se changes 7 n Physical impacts from tourist activities «Trampling: Tourists wsng the same tal aver and over again trample the vegetal” and soil, Cventually causing damage that can lead to loss of biodiversity and other mnpee Such Gamage con be even more extensive when visitors frequently stray off established tals = Aachering and other marine activites: In marine areas many tourlst activities occur 1p OF ease trgile ecosystems. Anchoring, scuba diving, yachting and cruising are some of the activities that can cause direct degradation of marine ecosystems sich as coral reefs. Alteration of ecosystems by tourist acthities: Habitet ean be degraded by tourism leisure sctivities For example, wildlife viewing can bring about stress for the animals and alter their natural behaviour when taurists come too close. wildlife © According to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, wildlife includes any animal, bees, butterfly, crustacean, fish and moth; and aquatic or land vegetation, whi any habitat. 1. whieh form part of Therefore, wile refers to living organisms flora and fauna) in thet veir natural hal Examples include: ferbeer chim it WiabcYeeranda canons ocec e UWitaife Conservation: - Wildife conservation isthe practice of protect animal species and their habitats Protecting endangered plant and wild Importance of wildlife Conservations + \Wilstife is an essential component of various fod chains, and energy flow through various traphic levels ‘ad webs, biogeochemical cycies Large and charlsmatic mammals are by are important for ee rational parks ad wilt sanctuaries atertothese neegs NS I" India, ond several © Preserves vitality and health of environmi ronment and provides stabi lity 12 various e ious ecosystems, a5